1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine

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Despite this, however, the Arab campaign of murder and sabotage continued and Arab gangs in the hills took on the appearance of organised guerrilla fighters. Violence continued throughout 1938. In July 1938, when the Palestine Government seemed to have largely lost control of the situation, the garrison was strengthened from Egypt, and in September it was further reinforced from England. The police were placed under the operational control of the army commander, and military officials superseded the civil authorities in the enforcement of order. In October the Old City of Jerusalem, which had become a rebel stronghold, was reoccupied by the troops. By the end of the year a semblance of order had been restored in the towns, but terrorism continued in rural areas until the outbreak of the Second World War.

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meet demands to provide financial aid to strikers). The AHC's functions in this capacity were truncated when it was abolished by the British authorities in October 1937. Displaced in Damascus, its leaders were cut off from contact with field units and donations gradually dried up. al-Husayni, by then in exile, proved unable to raise money, and in Syria militant contacts were informed by July 1938 that they would have to make do on their own. By 1938 the drop in revenues caused militant gangs to resort to extortion and robbery, often draining villages of ready cash reserves set aside to pay government fines, which then had to be met by the sale of crops and livestock. Some contributions were obtained from American sources.

2327: ... when you'd finished your duty you would come away nothing had happened no bombs or anything and the driver would switch his wheel back and to make the truck waver and the poor wog on the front would roll off into the deck. Well if he was lucky he'd get away with a broken leg but if he was unlucky the truck behind coming up behind would hit him. But nobody bothered to pick up the bits they were left. You know we were there we were the masters we were the bosses and whatever we did was right ... Well you know you don't want him any more. He's fulfilled his job. And that's when Bill Usher said that it had to stop because before long they'd be running out of bloody rebels to sit on the bonnet. 1252: 4282:"the silencing of the opposition and humiliation of its leaders continued in the months that followed. In July 1938 an armed squad appeared at the home of a family of Nashashibi supporters in the village of Beit Rima, ...Before they left, the gang offered an explanation for their behavior: The jihad, they said, was directed against any person who did not obey the mufti. In the passion of the moment, they revealed the militants' fundamental tenet: Their national struggle was a religious holy war, and the incarnation of both the Palestinian Arab nation and Islam was Hajj Amin al-Husseini. Anyone who rejected his leadership was a heretic and his life was forfeit." 1341:

nationalist rebellion. At the same time, Jewish immigration peaked in 1935, just months before Palestinian Arabs began their full-scale, nationwide revolt. Over the four years between 1933 and 1936 more than 164,000 Jewish immigrants arrived in Palestine, and between 1931 and 1936 the Jewish population more than doubled from 175,000 to 370,000 people, increasing the Jewish population share from 17% to 27%, and bringing about a significant deterioration in relations between Palestinian Arabs and Jews. In 1936 alone, some 60,000 Jews immigrated that year – the Jewish population having grown under British auspices from 57,000 to 320,000 in 1935

1609:, he alluded to the Haganah weapons smuggling operation. Questioned at the time by a confidant about his preparations, he stated that he had 15 men, each furnished with a rifle and one cartridge. Soon after, perhaps fearing a pending preemptive arrest, he disappeared with his group into the hills, not to start a revolution, premature at that point, but to impress upon people that he was a man ready to do what he said should be done. Some weeks later, a Jewish policeman was shot dead in a citrus grove while investigating the theft of grapefruit, after he happened to come close to the Qassamites' encampment. Following the incident, the 2850: 1805: 1746: 421: 401: 759: 733: 285: 1578: 436: 2161: 1337:

Moulins flour mills and the Nesher cement factory, could take advantage of cheap Arab labour pouring in from the countryside. After 1935 the slump in the construction boom and further concentration by the Yishuv on an exclusivist Hebrew labour programme removed most of the sources of employment for rural migrants. By 1935 only 12,000 Arabs (5% of the workforce) worked in the Jewish sector, half of these in agriculture, whereas 32,000 worked for the Mandate authorities and 211,000 were either self-employed or worked for Arab employers.

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this procedure is well-known and it can be safely assumed that cordon-breakers have good reasons for wishing to avoid the troops. A number of such cordon-breakers have been shot during searches and it is probable that such cases form the basis of the propaganda that Arab prisoners are shot in cold blood and reported as "killed while trying to escape". After the cordon is established the troops enter the village and all male inhabitants are collected for identification and interrogation.

384: 370: 359: 342: 717: 585: 557: 535: 515: 501: 487: 4015:. One British military commander asserted that 'If the Germans were in occupation in Haifa we'd not have any bloody troubles from the Arabs.' Nonetheless, while moderating forces did mitigate the violence, atrocities were committed, torture used, brutality commonplace. Collective punishment, the razing of villages, the smashing of personal property in homes, and the destruction of foodstocks was widespread. Britain's pacification succeeded and 'left Palestine in ruins.' 2412: 3377: 2341: 2467:

convoys and patrols. During rebel attacks these vehicles could issue emergency "XX calls" (XX with a coded location), which were given priority over all other radio traffic, to summon aerial reinforcements. Bombers, which were usually airborne within five minutes, could then either attack insurgents directly or "fix" their position for infantry troops. Forty-seven such XX calls were issued during the revolt, causing heavy losses to the rebels. In the June 1936

13132: 10102: 3742: 3833: 243: 2870: 3730: 1765:. This was repeatedly bombed at various points along its length. Other attacks were on railways (including trains) and on civilian targets such as Jewish settlements, secluded Jewish neighbourhoods in the mixed cities, and Jews, both individually and in groups. During the summer of that year, thousands of Jewish-farmed acres and orchards were destroyed, Jewish civilians were attacked and murdered, and some Jewish communities, such as those in 2032:

dissent from some of its members, the Commission instead recommended a plan that would leave the Galilee under British mandate, but emphasised serious problems with it that included a lack of financial self-sufficiency of the proposed Arab State. The British Government accompanied the publication of the Woodhead Report by a statement of policy rejecting partition as impracticable due to "political, administrative and financial difficulties".

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very most only for the duration of the war. In the event the White Paper quotas were exhausted only in December 1944, over five and a half years later, and in the same period the United Kingdom absorbed 50,000 Jewish refugees and the British Commonwealth (Australia, Canada and South Africa) took many thousands more. During the War over 30,000 Jews joined the British forces and even the Irgun ceased operations against the British until 1944.

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rebels were never implemented due to distrust of the Saudi middlemen. Italian attempts to furnish arms by the same venue were thwarted by British intelligence. The British never found arms or munitions of German or Italian provenance. RAF intelligence dismissed these claims as either referring to 'comparatively small' sums or as purveyed to bring discredit on the Palestinians. al-Husayni and his associates received limited funding from

2985: 1971: 179: 457: 191: 2740: 2392:, the British Consul in Damascus, corresponded with Syrian and Transjordan authorities regarding border control and security to counteract arms smuggling and "terrorist" infiltration and produced a report for Tegart on the activities of the Palestine Defence Committee in Damascus. Tegart recommended the construction of a frontier road with a barbed wire fence, which became known as Tegart's wall, along the borders with 9799: 4229:"it was the first manifestation of the Nashashibi group's armed defense against those who had violated the honor of their family and the honor of ... But when the general strike ended, he once again began coordinating his moves with the Zionists. The opposition's principal motivation for security cooperation was the assassination campaign pursued by the rebels at the behest of the Husseini leadership." 1350: 1777: 2552: 3287:(restraint)," Arabs were killed in simultaneous attacks around Palestine. More deadly attacks followed: on 6 July 1938 21 Arabs were killed and 52 wounded by a bomb in a Haifa market; on 25 July a second market bomb in Haifa killed at least 39 Arabs and injured 70; a bomb in Jaffa's vegetable market on 26 August killed 24 Arabs and wounded 39. The attacks were condemned by the Jewish Agency. 3829:

heretic and his life was forfeit. After the Peel report publication, the murders of Arabs leaders who opposed the Mufti were accelerated. Pressed by the assassination campaign pursued by the rebels at the behest of the Husseini leadership, the opposition had a security cooperation with the Jews. The flight of wealthy Arabs, which occurred during the revolt, was also replicated in 1947–49.

1536:, founded early in 1936, became active in the general strike. Women's organisations, which had been active in social matters, became politically involved from the end of the 1920s, with an Arab Women's Congress held in Jerusalem in 1929 attracting 200 participants, and an Arab Women's Association (later Arab Women's Union) being established at the same time, both organised by feminist 3389: 3704:, new general counsel of Jerusalem, to request support for the "battle against the Jews". Doehle found that Germany's hesitation in supporting the rebels had caused pro-German sentiment among Palestinian Arabs to waver. Some limited German funding for the revolt can be dated to around the summer of 1938 and was perhaps related to a goal of distracting the British from the on-going 2768:, including the communications network, pipelines, police stations, army outposts and British personnel. It was this aspect of the revolt, rather than attacks on Jews or violence between rivals for leadership of the national movement, that most concerned the high commissioner. The mandate authorities were further disturbed by the unity of purpose displayed during the six-month 213: 2211:, 1936–37 'statutory' martial law, a stage between semi-military rule under civil powers and full martial law under military powers, and one in which the army and not the civil High Commissioner was pre-eminent was put in place. Following the Arab capture of the Old City of Jerusalem in October 1938, the army effectively took over Jerusalem and then all of Palestine. 1739:(AHC). The Committee resolved "to continue the general strike until the British Government changes its present policy in a fundamental manner"; the demands were threefold: (1) the prohibition of Jewish immigration; (2) the prohibition of the transfer of Arab land to Jews; (3) the establishment of a National Government responsible to a representative council. 3777:, hostilities dictated the construction of a separate Jewish-run seaport for Tel Aviv, inspiring the delighted Ben-Gurion to note in his diary "we ought to reward the Arabs for giving us the impetus for this great creation." Metal works were established to produce armoured sheeting for vehicles and a rudimentary arms industry was founded. The settlement's 3403: 2046: 1935:, had failed to create a unified political structure embracing both Palestinian Arabs and Palestinian Jews in constitutional government with joint political institutions. This failure facilitated internal institutional partition in which the Jewish Agency exercised a degree of autonomous control over the Jewish settlement and the 1181:. The second phase, which began late in 1937, was a peasant-led resistance movement provoked by British repression in 1936 in which increasingly British forces were targeted as the army itself increasingly targeted the villages it thought supportive of the revolt. During this phase, the rebellion was brutally suppressed by the 4193:. Hughes states that this was denied by the Jewish press at the time:'The only basis for the suggestion that the assailants were Jews was apparently the fact that they were dressed in khaki shorts and jackets. It is submitted that this form of dress is not uncommon amongst the Arab workingmen of this particular neighbourhood.' 2590:. These searched as many as 150 vessels per week and were an effective preventive measure. At the request of the Army additional naval platoons landed in July to help protect Haifa and Jewish settlements in the surrounding countryside. The Navy also relieved the Army of duties in Haifa by using nine naval platoons to form the 4220:"The British government initially accepted the report in principle...With war clouds looming over Europe, they began to have second thoughts about the practicality of partition, fearing that to attempt to implement it against the will of the Palestinian Arab majority would rouse up the entire Arab world against Britain." 3700:

expressing its sympathy and moral support. Soon after the outbreak of the revolt, in December 1936, Germany was approached by the rebel commander Fawzi al-Qawuqji and in January 1937 by representatives of the Arab Higher Committee, both requesting arms and money, but again in vain. In July al-Husayni himself approached

3258:. The agreement brought 52,000 German Jews to Palestine between 1933 and 1939, and generated $ 30,000,000 for the then almost bankrupt Jewish Agency, but in addition to the difficulties with the Revisionists, who advocated a boycott of Germany, it caused the Yishuv to be isolated from the rest of world Jewry. 2263:

thing happened he would take punitive measures against the nearest village to the scene of the mine. Well the nearest village to the scene of the mine was a place called al-Bassa and our Company C were ordered to take part in punitive measures. And I will never forget arriving at al-Bassa and seeing the

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garrison. The drastic measures taken included house searches without warrants, night raids, preventive detention, caning, flogging, deportation, confiscation of property, and torture. As early as May 1936 the British formed armed Jewish units equipped with armoured vehicles to serve as auxiliary police.

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revolt: the support of all senior Arab officials in the political and technical departments in the Palestine administration (including all of the Arab judges) and the "interest and sympathy of the neighbouring Arab peoples", which had resulted in support for the rebellion in the form of volunteers from

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were enhanced and Jewish unemployment was relieved owing to the employment of police officers, and replacement of striking Arab labourers, employees, craftsman and farmers by Jewish workers. Most of the important industries in Palestine were owned by Jews and in trade and the banking sector they were

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and wished not only to disrupt the British rear but also to extend Italian influence in the region. The rebels utilized the Italian funding to smuggle weapons into Palestine via Syria. Total Italian funding amounted to approximately £150.000. It stopped in late 1938 and played no decisive role since

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tax was placed on citrus groves, the industry being the backbone of Palestine's export trade; Palestinians on the government payroll contributed sums anywhere up to half of their salaries; levies were imposed on wealthier Arabs (many of whom went abroad to avoid paying them, or because they could not

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The majority of funds raised to finance the uprising came from Arab/Muslim sources. In the broader Arab/Muslim world a measure of financial aid, never vast, filtered in from Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Muslim India for some time. In Palestine, the peasantry, often debt-ridden, could offer little towards

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was responsible for the area south of Tulkarm and was known for evading capture whilst being pursued by the security forces. He signed his bulletins as 'The Ghost of Sheikh Qassam'. Razzik assumed a place in British army folklore and the troops sang a song about him. Razzik was capable and daring and

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From October 1937 the Irgun instituted a wave of bombings against Arab crowds and buses. For the first time in the conflict massive bombs were placed in crowded Arab public places, killing and maiming dozens. These attacks substantially increased Arab casualties and sowed terror among the population.

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In response to these challenges the British army command ("I" Branch) and battalion headquarters across Palestine issued a daily intelligence bulletin every afternoon detailing political developments. Special Service Officers (SSOs) assigned to intelligence gathering reported directly to their local

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In addition to actions against property, a large amount of brutality by the British forces occurred, including beatings, torture and extrajudicial killings. A surprisingly large number of prisoners were "shot while trying to escape". Several incidents involved serious atrocities, such as massacres at

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Although the Mandatory government introduced measures to limit the transfer of land from Arabs to Jews, these were easily circumvented by willing buyers and sellers. The failure of the authorities to invest in economic growth and healthcare for the general Palestinian public and the Zionist policy of

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The volume of Germany's funding was intentionally limited, as its goal was neither the collapse of the British Mandate nor the establishment of an independent Arab state (which would have been counterproductive to Germany's policy of expelling the Jews to Palestine), but to cause additional nuisance

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Although the Jewish settlement in Palestine was dismayed by the publication of the 1939 White Paper restricting Jewish immigration, David Ben-Gurion remained undeterred, believing that the policy would not be implemented, and in fact Neville Chamberlain had told him that the policy would last at the

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In the contest of wills between the British Empire and Palestinian aspirants for statehood, the respective efforts to secure the financial means to sustain the hostilities also played out as a battle for funding. The Mandatory Authority's repression of the revolt was bankrolled directly from London

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liaison officer for intelligence and security affairs between the Political Department of the Jewish Agency and the intelligence arms of the Royal Air Force and the C.I.D. Zaslany sifted through intelligence collected by Jewish-controlled field operatives and forwarded it to the British military. He

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could undermine intelligence gathering operations and thereby impair their ability to predict and respond to inter-communal disorder. The rebellion had brought together urban nationalism and peasant economic grievances arising from rural poverty and landlessness, which was blamed on British misrule.

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A cordon round the area to be searched is first established either by troops or aircraft and the inhabitants are warned that anybody trying to break through the cordon is likely to be shot. As literally hundreds of villages have been searched, in some cases more than once, during the past six months

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peppering Bassa with machine gun fire and this went on for about 20 minutes and then we went in and I remembered we had lighted braziers and we set the houses on fire and we burnt the village to the ground ... Monty had him up and he asked him all about it and Gerald Whitfeld explained to

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In the final fifteen months of the revolt alone there were 936 murders and 351 attempted murders; 2,125 incidents of sniping; 472 bombs thrown and detonated; 364 cases of armed robbery; 1,453 cases of sabotage against government and commercial property; 323 people abducted; 72 cases of intimidation;

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considered three different plans, one of which was based on the Peel plan. Reporting in 1938, the Commission rejected the Peel plan primarily on the grounds that it could not be implemented without a massive forced transfer of Arabs (an option that the British government had already ruled out). With

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The Mufti, Hajj Amin al-Husseini and his supporters directed a Jihad against any person who did not obey the Mufti. Their national struggle was a religious holy war, and the incarnation of both the Palestinian Arab nation and Islam was Hajj Amin al-Husseini. Anyone who rejected his leadership was a

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British troops also left Arab wounded on the battlefield to die and maltreated Arab fighters taken in battle, so much so that the rebels tried to remove their wounded or dead from the field of battle. Sometimes, soldiers would occupy villages, expel all of the inhabitants and remain for months. The

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collected around fifty men from al-Bassa and blew some of them up with explosion under a bus. Harry Arrigonie, a policeman who was present said that about twenty men were put onto a bus; those who tried to escape were shot and then the driver of the bus was forced to drive over a powerful land mine

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by Quassemite gunmen in Nazareth. Andrews was widely hated by Palestinians for supporting Jewish settlement in the Galilee, and he openly advised Jews to create their own defense force. On 30 September, regulations were issued allowing the Government to detain political deportees in any part of the

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The pressures of the 1930s wrought several changes, giving rise to new political organizations and a broader activism that spurred a far wider cross-section of the population in rural areas, strongly nationalist, to join actively in the Palestinian cause. Among new political parties formed in this

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and anti-British militia. He recruited and arranged military training for impoverished but pious peasants but also for ex-criminals he had persuaded to take Islam seriously and they engaged in a campaign of vandalizing tree plantations and British-constructed rail lines, destroying phone lines and

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In the overall context of the Jewish settlement's development in the 1930s the physical losses endured during the revolt were relatively insignificant. Although hundreds were killed and property was damaged no Jewish settlement was captured or destroyed and several dozen new ones were established.

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units" were made up of disaffected Arab peasants recruited by the British administration and the Nashashibis in late 1938 to battle against Arab rebels during the revolt. Despite their peasant origins the bands were representative mainly of the interests of landlords and rural notables. Some peace

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In June 1936 the British involved their clients in Transjordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Egypt in an attempt to pacify the Palestinian Arabs and on 9 October the rulers made an appeal for the strike to be ended. A more pressing concern may have been the approaching citrus harvest and the attractive,

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The strike began on 19 April in Nablus, where an Arab National Committee was formed, and by the end of the month National Committees had been formed in all of the towns and some of the larger villages. On the same day, the High Commissioner Wauchope issued Emergency Regulations that laid the legal

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into its then most refined form during the Arab Revolt. Air patrols had been found effective in keeping convoys and trains free from attack, but this did not help to expose insurgents to battle conditions likely to cause their defeat. From the middle of June 1936 wireless vehicles accompanied all

4202:"while the Zionist movement, after much agonising, accepted the principle of partition and the proposals as a basis for negotiation"; p. 49 "In the end, after bitter debate, the Congress equivocally approved – by a vote of 299 to 160 – the Peel recommendations as a basis for further negotiation." 3686:

A great deal of speculation later arose around the purported role of Germany and Italy in backing the revolt financially, based on early claims by Jewish operatives that both countries were fomenting the uprising by funneling cash and weapons to the insurgents. German plans to ship arms to the

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and carried out nighttime attacks against British targets in the revolt's early stage in 1936. When the revolt was renewed in April 1937, he established a more organised command hierarchy consisting of four main brigades who operated in the north-central highlands (Tulkarm-Nablus-Jenin area). He

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had written to Moshe Shertok stating his full willingness to co-operate with the Jewish Agency and to agree with whatever policy it proposed. From early in 1938 the Nashashibis received funding specifically to conduct anti-rebel operations, with Raghib al-Nashashibi himself receiving £5,000. The

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The rebellion also inspired the Jewish Agency to expand the intelligence-gathering of its Political Department and especially of its Arab Division, with the focus changing from political to military intelligence. The Arab Division set up a network of Jewish controllers and Arab agents around the

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In June 1937, the British imposed the death penalty for unauthorised possession of weapons, ammunition, and explosives, but since many Jews had permission to carry weapons and store ammunition for defence this order was directed primarily against Palestinian Arabs and most of the 112 executed in

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Despite these measures Lieutenant-General Haining, the General Officer Commanding, reported secretly to the Cabinet on 1 December 1938 that "practically every village in the country harbours and supports the rebels and will assist in concealing their identity from the Government Forces." Haining

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Now I will never forget this incident ... We were at al-Malikiyya, the other frontier base and word came through about 6 o'clock in the morning that one of our patrols had been blown up and Millie Law had been killed. Now Gerald Whitfeld had told these mukhtars that if any of this sort of

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and then the Mandate authorities levied high taxes on farming and agricultural produce and during the 1920s and 1930s this together with a fall in prices, cheap imports, natural disasters and paltry harvests all contributed to the increasing indebtedness of the fellahin. The rents paid by tenant

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The general strike lasted from April to October 1936. The revolt is often analysed in terms of two distinct phases. The first phase began as spontaneous popular resistance, which was seized on by the urban and elitist Arab Higher Committee, giving the movement an organized shape that was focused

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Towards the end of the revolt in May 1939 the authorities dissolved the peace bands and confiscated their arms. However, because members of the bands had become tainted in the eyes of the Palestinian Arabs, and some were under sentence of death, they had little choice but to continue the battle

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against Arab civilians as a form of what the group called "active defense" against Arab attacks on Jewish civilians. The British authorities set up military courts, which were established for the trial of offenses connected with the carrying and discharge of firearms, sabotage and intimidation.

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The commission, which concluded that 1,000 Arab rebels had been killed during the six month strike, later described the disturbances as "an open rebellion of the Palestinian Arabs, assisted by fellow-Arabs from other countries, against Mandatory rule" and noted two unprecedented features of the

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The measures taken against the strike were harsh from the outset and grew harsher as the revolt deepened. Unable to contain the protests with the two battalions already stationed in the country, Britain inundated Palestine with soldiers from regiments all over the empire, including its Egyptian

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further compounded matters. The government did, however, set the minimum wage for Arab workers below that for Jewish workers, which meant that those making capital investments in the Yishuv's economic infrastructure, such as Haifa's electricity plant, the Shemen oil and soap factory, the Grands

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There was a growing feeling among British officials that there was nothing left for them to do in Palestine. Perhaps the ultimate achievement of the Arab Revolt was to make the British sick of Palestine. Major-General Bernard "Monty" Montgomery concluded, "the Jew murders the Arab and the Arab

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In the first years after 1933 Germany was approached by a variety of Arab nationalist groups from Palestine and abroad asking for aid, but Germany categorically refused. Maintaining good relations with the British was still considered to be of the uppermost priority, hence it limited itself to

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In principle all of the joint units functioned as part of the British administration, but in practice they were under the command of the Jewish Agency and "intended to form the backbone of a Jewish military force set up under British sponsorship in preparation for the inevitable clash with the

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The British had already formalised the principle of collective punishment in Palestine in the 1924–1925 Collective Responsibility and Punishment Ordinances and updated these ordinances in 1936 with the Collective Fines Ordinance. These collective fines (amounting to £1,000,000 over the revolt)

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General strikes had been used in neighbouring Arab countries to place political pressures on Western colonial powers. In Iraq a general strike in July 1931, accompanied by organised demonstrations in the streets, led to independence for the former British mandate territory under Prime Minister

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The ongoing disruption of agrarian life in Palestine, which had been continuing since Ottoman times, thus created a large population of landless peasant farmers who subsequently became mobile wage workers who were increasingly marginalised and impoverished; these became willing participants in

1312:, the country's peasant farmers, made up over two-thirds of the indigenous Arab population and from the 1920s onwards they were pushed off the land in increasingly large numbers into urban environments where they often encountered only poverty and social marginalisation. Many were crowded into 2816:

In 1937 the Jewish Agency's intelligence groups were responsible for bugging the Peel Commission hearings in Palestine. Eventually, the Arab Revolt convinced the Agency that a central intelligence service was required and this led to the formation of a counter-intelligence agency known as the

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by forcing them to ride with military convoys to prevent mine attacks and sniping incidents: soldiers would tie the hostages to the bonnets of lorries, or put them on small flatbeds on the front of trains. The army told the hostages that any of them who tried to run away would be shot. On the

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There was no single body within the Jewish settlement capable of co-ordinating intelligence gathering before 1939. Until then there were four separate organisations without any regular or formal liaison. These were an underground militia, forerunner of the first official information service,

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The British authorities maintained, financed and armed the Jewish police from this point onward until the end of the Mandate, and by the end of September 1939 around 20,000 Jewish policeman, supernumeraries and settlement guards had been authorised to carry arms by the government, which also

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Al-Hajj Muhammad refused to carry out political assassinations at the behest of political factions, including al-Husayni, once stating "I don't work for Husayniya ('Husanyni-ism'), but for wataniya ('nationalism')." He is still known by Palestinians as a hero and martyr and is regarded as a

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It was quickly evident that the only way to regain the initiative from the rebels was by initiating measures against the villagers from which the rebels and saboteurs came ... I therefore initiated, in co-operation with the Inspector-General of Police R. G. B. Spicer, village searches.

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Thousands of Palestinian houses were destroyed, and massive financial costs were incurred because of the general strike and the devastation of fields, crops and orchards. The economic boycott further damaged the fragile Palestinian Arab economy through loss of sales and goods and increased

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in August 1938 almost 5,000 men were held in a cage for two days and interrogated one after another. During their detention the city was searched and then each of the detainees was marked with a rubber stamp on his release. At one point a night curfew was imposed on most of the cities.

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area was a deeply religious, intellectual man and as a fervent anti-Zionist, he was deeply committed to the revolt. He was regarded second to Qawukji in terms of leadership ability and maintained his independence from the exiled rebel leadership in Damascus. He personally led his

1605:. The news sparked Arab fears of a Jewish military takeover of Palestine. A little over two weeks later, on 2 November 1935, al-Qassam gave a speech in the port of Haifa denouncing the Balfour declaration on its 18th anniversary. In a proclamation to that effect, together with 3749:

Despite the intervention of up to 50,000 British troops and 15,000 Haganah men, the uprising continued for over three years. By the time it concluded in September 1939, more than 5,000 Arabs, over 300 Jews, and 262 Britons had been killed and at least 15,000 Arabs were wounded.

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eventually became a heavy burden for poor Palestinian villagers, especially when the army also confiscated livestock, destroyed properties, imposed long curfews and established police posts, demolished houses and detained some or all of the Arab men in distant detention camps.

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Matthew Hughes, a leading authority on the Revolt, notes that it is a standard move in British historiography to contrast the relative mildness of British counter-insurgency achievements with those of other Western colonial powers. A contrast is frequently drawn between the

2384:, and the security proposals he introduced exceeded measures adopted down to this time elsewhere in the British Empire. 70 fortresses were erected throughout the country at strategic choke points and near Palestinian villages which, if assessed as "bad", were subjected to 3908:

approached, British policy makers concluded that although they could rely on the support of the Jewish population in Palestine, who had no alternative but to support Britain, the support of Arab governments and populations in an area of great strategic importance for the

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The British government initially accepted the Peel report in principle. However, with war clouds looming over Europe, they realized that to attempt to implement it against the will of the Palestinian Arab majority would rouse up the entire Arab world against Britain. The

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In reality the measures created a sense of solidarity between the villagers and the rebels. The pro-Government Mayor of Nablus complained to the High Commissioner that, "During the last searches effected in villages properties were destroyed, jewels stolen, and the Holy

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Jewish and British officials worked together to co-ordinate manhunts and collective actions against villages and also discussed the imposition of penalties and sentences. Overall, the Jewish Agency was successful in making "the point that the Zionist movement and the

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in October 1935 and the deteriorating situation in Europe toward the end of the 1930s probably made British policy makers more willing to make concessions to Arab governments on the Palestine issue following the furore over the recommendations of the Peel Commission.

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the RAF contingent in the region until September 1939. "Limited" bombing attacks on Arab villages were carried out by the RAF, although at times this involved razing whole villages. Harris described the system by which recalcitrant villages were kept under control by

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for "defence"), a Jewish paramilitary organisation, actively supported British efforts to suppress the uprising, which reached 10,000 Arab fighters at their peak during the summer and fall of 1938. Although the British administration did not officially recognise the

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of low-lying Category A farming land in Arab possession supported a farming population of 590,000 whereas the 102,000 dunums of such land in Jewish possession supported a farming population of only 50,000. The late 1920s witnessed poor harvests, and the consequent

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Peel's main recommendation was for partition of Palestine into a small Jewish state (based on current Jewish land ownership population and incorporating the country's most productive agricultural land), a residual Mandatory area, and a larger Arab state linked to

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that worked alongside it in the 1920s and 1930s behaved fairly well—certainly with a good deal more self-restraint than security forces of other imperial states. There is nothing in the British record in Palestine to compare with the devastating violence of the

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and the howitzers were moved quickly between these positions by day and night to confuse bandits as to the likely direction of fire. Periodically, the guns were used to fire warning rounds close to the vicinity of villages believed to have rebel sympathies.

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From December 1937 the main opposition figures among the Arabs approached the Jewish Agency for funding and assistance, motivated by the assassination campaign pursued by the rebels at the behest of the Husseini leadership. In October 1937, shortly after

3821:, thus counterproductive. During the uprising, British authorities attempted to confiscate all weapons from the Arab population. This, and the destruction of the main Arab political leadership in the revolt, greatly hindered their military efforts in the 3768:

The hostilities contributed to further disengagement of the Jewish and Arab economies in Palestine, which were intertwined to some extent until that time. Development of the economy and infrastructure accelerated. For example, whereas the Jewish city of

2108:

Despite cooperation of the Yishuv with the British to quell the revolt, some incidents towards the end of the conflict indicated a coming change in relations. On 12 June 1939, A British explosives expert was killed trying to defuse an Irgun bomb near a

2144: 3578:

worked closely with Fawzi al-Qawukji in 1936, but later defected to the British authorities. He bargained for a pardon by offering to collaborate with the British on countering rebel propaganda. Once on the payroll of the British consul in Damascus,

2071:; and in fear of arrest Jamal el-Husseini fled to Syria and Haj Amin el-Husseini to Lebanon; all frontiers with Palestine were closed, telephone connections to neighbouring countries were withdrawn, press censorship was introduced and a special 1864:

from Egypt led to the railways being put under guard, placing a great strain on the security forces. On 4 June, in response to this situation, the government rounded up a large number of Palestinian leaders and sent them to a detention camp at

2784:

command headquarters and their cars were equipped with wireless transmitters so that high grade intelligence could be reported directly to "I" Branch immediately. These sources of intelligence gradually became more important than those of the

2010:

movement also opposed the recommendations. Ben-Gurion was delighted by the Peel Commission's support for transfer, which he viewed as the foundation of "national consolidation in a free homeland." Subsequently, the two main Jewish leaders,

6922: 2302:

The report was issued in response to growing concern at the severity of the military measures amongst the general public in Great Britain, among members of the British Government, and among governments in countries neighbouring Palestine.

3928:

in London but the discussions ended without agreement on 27 March.The government's new policy as published in White Paper of 17 May had been determined already and despite Jewish protests and Irgun attacks the British remained resolute.

1990:

from the proposed Jewish state to a future Arab state and Transjordan. It is likely that Zionist leaders played a role in persuading Peel to accept the notion of transfer, which had been a strand of Zionist ideology from its inception.

2754:

The Arab Revolt was the last major test of Britain's security services in the Middle East before World War II. The development and deployment of intelligence-led counterinsurgency strategies was integral to the restoration of British

4238:'The contest of wills between the British Empire and the Palestinians was also an organizational battle for funds and equipment in which London would bankroll the Palestine Government and pay for the troops needed for pacification.'( 2812:

in Palestine (who was described by Haganah leader Dov Hos as the "best Zionist informer on the English"), until the latter was posted to Iraq in 1938, and through him became acquainted with many of the British intelligence officers.

1930:

deliberated. The Royal Commission was announced on 18 May 1936 and its members were appointed on 29 July, but the Commission did not arrive in Palestine until 11 November. In the early 1920s the first High Commissioner of Palestine,

3949:

struggle of the Palestinian Arab rebels against the British Empire. According to Swedenburg's analysis, for instance, the Zionist version of Israeli history acknowledges only one authentic national movement: the struggle for Jewish

1731:

basis for suppressing the insurgency. On 21 April the leaders of the five main parties accepted the decision at Nablus and called for a general strike of all Arabs engaged in labour, transport and shopkeeping for the following day.

2808:, a British army officer and Zionist leader, was appointed chief liaison officer between the British army and the Jewish Agency Executive with Zaslany as his deputy. Zaslany also worked as interpreter for Patrick Domville, head of 1381:

began to acquire a political and nationalist dimension and new national memorial days were introduced or gained new significance; among them Balfour Day (2 November, marking the Balfour Declaration of 1917), the anniversary of the

3526:

competed for the position of General Commander of the Revolt with Aref Abdul Razzik, and the two served the post in rotation from September 1938 to February 1939, when al-Hajj Muhammad was confirmed as the sole General Commander.

2489:, known as an advocate of "air policing", commented on the revolt saying that "one 250 lb. or 500 lb. bomb in each village that speaks out of turn" would satisfactorily solve the problem. In 1937 Harris was promoted to 1894:

A Statement of Policy issued by the Colonial Office in London on 7 September declared the situation a "direct challenge to the authority of the British Government in Palestine" and announced the appointment of Lieutenant-General

2234:

was not well received by the administration and the judge was soon removed from the country. Villages were also frequently punished by fines and confiscation of livestock. The British even used sea mines from the battleship

7738: 3962:מאורעות תרצ"ו-תרצ"ט) "riots", or "happenings". The appropriate description was debated by Jewish Agency officials, who were keen not to give a negative impression of Palestine to prospective immigrants In private, however, 866: 3966:

was unequivocal: the Arabs, he said, were "fighting dispossession ... The fear is not of losing land, but of losing the homeland of the Arab people, which others want to turn into the homeland of the Jewish people."

1690:, resulting in several Jewish deaths. After four days, by 19 April, the deteriorating situation erupted into a set of countrywide disturbances. An Arab general strike and revolt ensued that lasted until October 1936. 1205:

of Amin al-Husseini, and instead sided with the British – dispatching "Fasail al-Salam" (the "Peace Bands") in coordination with the British Army against nationalist and Jihadist Arab "Fasail" units (literally "bands").

3673:

fines on the peasantry –many heavily burdened already by debt and unable to pay them – were such that revenue extracted from punitive fines exceeded, and more than compensated for, the revenue lost during the revolt.

3437:), which means "band commander". The Jewish press often referred to them as "brigands", while the British authorities and media called them "bandits", "terrorists", "rebels" or "insurgents", but never "nationalists". 968: 3484:

and was thus a significant adversary of the Mandate and Jewish settlement authorities. He was trapped by British troops in a major engagement on 2 October 1938 and was killed whilst trying to lead his men to safety.

2959:, then head of the Jewish Agency, directly with the high commissioner himself. Shertok also advised the administration on political affairs, on one occasion convincing the high commissioner not to arrest Professor 2380:) advised a greater emphasis on foreign intelligence gathering and closure of Palestine's borders. Like many of those enrolled in the Palestinian gendarmerie, Tegart had served in Great Britain's repression of the 1734:

While the strike was initially organised by workers and local committees, under pressure from below, political leaders became involved to help with co-ordination. This led to the formation on 25 April 1936 of the

4549:

p.76:'Zionist settler-colonization is particular but it is not unique. In line with common colonial practices the Israeli state was founded on the ruin, displacement and dispossession of the indigenous people of

1667:, who had allowed al-Qassam a ceremonial burial some months earlier. The refusal sparked a demonstration by 30,000 Jews in Tel Aviv who overcame the police and maltreated Arab labourers and damaged property in 2513:

Aircraft of the RAF were also used to drop propaganda leaflets over Palestinian towns and villages telling the fellahin that they were the main sufferers of the rebellion and threatening an increase in taxes.

1307:

to warn that this 'social peril ... would serve as a focus of discontent and might even result in serious disorders.' Economic factors played a major role in the outbreak of the Arab revolt. Palestine's

1655:, robbed its passengers and, stating that they were acting to revenge al-Qassam's death, shot 3 Jewish passengers, two fatally, after ascertaining their identity. One of the three, Israel Chazan, was from 1812: 1217:

estimates 19,792 casualties for the Arabs, with 5,032 dead: 3,832 killed by the British and 1,200 dead due to intracommunal terrorism, and 14,760 wounded. By one estimate, ten percent of the adult male

859: 5982: 3958:

in May 1948. Swedenburg writes that the Zionist narrative has no room for an anticolonial and anti-British Palestinian national revolt. Zionists often describe the revolt as a series of "events" (

3872:

unemployment. The revolt did not achieve its goals, although it is "credited with signifying the birth of the Arab Palestinian identity." It is generally credited with forcing the issuance of the

3616:

was a peasant leader in the southern hills below Jerusalem who caused enormous damage to security patrols in his area. He was killed by a patrol of armed police in a battle near Hebron in 1937.

9848: 3456:. The former were guerrillas who engaged in armed confrontations, while the latter committed acts of sabotage. According to later accounts of some surviving rebel leaders from the Galilee, the 1946: 961: 1918:

was murdered in his home outside Jerusalem by an Arab assassin, one of three Jews killed by Arabs on 22 August, and one of 73 Jews killed since the beginning of the Arab armed insurrection.

1836:

Ostensibly, these searches were undertaken to find arms and wanted persons, actually the measures adopted by the Police on the lines of similar Turkish methods, were punitive and effective.

1824:

The British government in Palestine was convinced that the strike had the full support of the Palestinian Arabs and they could see "no weakening in the will and spirit of the Arab people."

852: 3669:

and through the revenue stream supplied to the administration by land and property taxes, stamp duties, excises on manufactured goods and customs duties on imports and exports. Draconian

2054:

With the failure of the Peel Commission's proposals the revolt resumed during the autumn of 1937 marked by the assassination on 26 September of Acting District Commissioner of the Galilee

5943: 2276:

in these villages that if this happened to any of my officers or men, I would take punitive measures against them and I did this and I would've lost control of the frontier if I hadn't."

2289:

buried by the soldiers which completely destroyed the bus, scattering the mutilated bodies of the prisoners everywhere. The other villagers were then forced to bury the bodies in a pit.

12150: 9467:

Hughes, Matthew (September 2009). "The practice and theory of British counterinsurgency: the histories of the atrocities at the Palestinian villages of al-Bassa and Halhul, 1938–1939".

4251:

Joseph Laniado, a Jewish Syrian parliamentarian told his Jewish contacts that Germany and Italy had channeled 'large amounts of money' to foment rebellion in Palestine'. In June 1939,

3640:. Qawuqji also led the volunteer force's Iraqi and Transjordanian battalions, and al-Ashmar was commander of the Syrian battalion, which largely consisted of volunteers from Damascus's 954: 2226:

charges were used to cut long pathways through the old city, destroying 220–240 buildings and rendering up to 6,000 Arabs homeless. Scathing criticism for this action from Palestine

1620:

The death of al-Qassam generated widespread outrage among Palestinian Arabs, galvanizing public sentiments with an impact similar to the effect on the Yishuv of news of the death of

1189:

using repressive measures that were intended to intimidate the whole population and undermine popular support for the revolt. A more dominant role on the Arab side was taken by the

2943:

Arabs." The Agency and the Mandate authorities shared the costs of the new units equally. The administration also provided security services to Jewish commercial concerns at cost.

2524:

Although the British Army was responsible for setting up the Arab counter-insurgent forces (known as the peace bands) and supplying them with arms and money these were operated by

3167:

Ta'as and Rekhesh were developed and expanded during the Arab Revolt but already existed before 1936 and the Haganah had been in operation from the earliest days of the Mandate.

1891:, helped the rebels to divide their formations into four fronts, each led by a District Commander who had armed platoons of 150–200 fighters, each commanded by a platoon leader. 3534:"for a national movement that was popular, honourable, religious, and lofty in its aims and actions." He was shot dead in a firefight with British forces outside the village of 2931:, the Haganah's clandestine munitions industry, developed an 81-mm mortar and manufactured mines and grenades, 17,500 of the latter being produced for use during the revolt. 12078: 707: 1939:

performed a comparable role for Muslims. Thus, well before Lord Peel arrived in Palestine on 11 November 1936, the groundwork for territorial partition as proposed by the

3785:

As a result of collaboration with the British colonial authorities and security forces many thousands of young men had their first experience of military training, which

9841: 5791:

Statement by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty November 1938.

1117:, and the retaliatory killing by Jewish gunmen of two Arab laborers, incidents which triggered a flare-up of violence across Palestine. A month into the disturbances, 2277: 388: 8295: 620: 9073: 4291:"Capping it all, the Permanent Mandates Commission of the Council of the League of Nations rejected the White Paper as inconsistent with the terms of the Mandate."( 2214:

The main form of collective punishment employed by the British forces was destruction of property. Sometimes entire villages were reduced to rubble, as happened to

13216: 9993: 679: 589: 3880:

within ten years, although The League of Nations commission held that the White Paper was in conflict with the terms of the Mandate as put forth in the past. The

9803: 7897: 3552:

and before becoming a rebel worked as a Gazoz vendor. He was said to be a narrow-minded man who thrived on extortion and cruelty and thus became greatly feared.

3006: 1639:

Result of terrorist acts and government measures. Remains of a burnt Jewish passenger bus at Balad Esh-Sheikh outside Haifa. Picture taken between 1934 and 1938.

10392: 10105: 9834: 17: 3246:

movement led by David Ben-Gurion. The rift between the two Zionist movements further deteriorated in 1933 when two Revisionists were blamed for the murder of

10228: 9941: 3413:, 1937. He was later executed. Al-Sa'di was a key actor in setting off the revolt with his April 1936 attack on a bus, which left two Jewish passengers dead. 1742:

About one month after the general strike started, the leadership group declared a general non-payment of taxes in explicit opposition to Jewish immigration.

920: 1153:

mainly on strikes and other forms of political protest, in order to secure a political result. By October 1936, this phase had been defeated by the British

11085: 10260: 8206:

Harouvi, Eldad (1999). "Reuven Zaslany (Shiloah) and the Covert Cooperation with British Intelligence During the Second World War". In Carmel, Hési (ed.).

925: 2604:

sailed to Haifa where landing parties were put ashore to maintain calm. Various other naval vessels continued with this role until the end of the revolt.

10983: 10233: 3571: 3481: 6081: 1278:

fellah increased sharply, owing to increased population density, and growing transfer of land from Arabs to the Jewish settlement agencies, such as the

12891: 2529: 1831:, commander of British forces in Palestine and Transjordan from 1933 to 1936, reported that because the rebel armed bands were supported by villagers, 3995:

He concludes that it was the "Palestine surge"—that is, London's use of sheer weight of numbers to overwhelm and crush the Arab rebels—was a success.

3825:, where imbalances between the Jewish and Arab economic performance, social cohesion, political organisation and military capability became apparent. 10939: 5794:"Policy statement/ Advice against partition – UK Secretary of State for the Colonies – UK documentation CMD. 5893/Non-UN document (11 November 1938)" 2218:

in October 1938; more often several prominent houses were blown up and others were trashed inside. The biggest single act of destruction occurred in

8938:

Palestine Royal Commission Report Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty, July 1937, Cmd. 5479

2319:

lorries, some soldiers would brake hard at the end of a journey and then casually drive over the hostage, killing or maiming him, as Arthur Lane, a

13206: 13171: 11029: 8854: 3396: 2607:

Following the Irgun's detonation of a large bomb in a market in Haifa on 6 July 1938 the High Commissioner signalled the Commander-in-Chief of the

1154: 910: 314: 267: 8936: 5793: 4484: 13161: 10753: 10137: 667: 11735: 2955:

country. Some of the intelligence gathered was shared with the British administration, the exchange of information sometimes being conducted by

2023:

to approve equivocally the Peel recommendations as a basis for further negotiation, and to negotiate a modified Peel proposal with the British.

1237:, whereas on the Palestinian Arab side, the revolt forced the flight into exile of the main Palestinian Arab leader of the period, al-Husseini. 13246: 11056:

Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.

10255: 9977: 9322:

Palestine: Statement of Policy Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty, May 1939, Cmd 6019

3417:

At least 282 rebel leaders took part in the Arab Revolt, including four Christians. Rebel forces consisted of loosely organized bands known as

2521:, sabotaged bridges, railways and pipelines. RAF aerial photographs were also used to build up a detailed map of Arab population distribution. 1565:

had used a general strike from 20 January to 6 March in 1936 which, despite harsh reprisals, brought about negotiations in Paris that led to a

1328:

who worked among the poor in Haifa. The revolt was thus a popular uprising that produced its own leaders and developed into a national revolt.

1048: 695: 1105:

rendered landless, who as they moved to metropolitan centers to escape their abject poverty found themselves socially marginalized. Since the

12921: 12368: 10293: 9857: 6886: 3460:

maintained little coordination with the nominal hierarchy of the revolt. Most ambushes were the result of a local initiative undertaken by a

978: 663: 43: 3813:

The revolt weakened the military strength of Palestinian Arabs in advance of their ultimate confrontation with the Jewish settlement in the

3261:

Ultimately, however, the events of the Arab Revolt blurred the differences between the gradualist approach of Ben-Gurion and the Maximalist

2400:

to help prevent the flow of insurgents, goods and weapons. Tegart encouraged close co-operation with the Jewish Agency. It was built by the

1753:

In the countryside, armed insurrection started sporadically, becoming more organized over time. One particular target of the rebels was the

10672: 3814: 3705: 1194: 224: 10957: 10146: 4059: 2646: 2369: 1566: 3991:, both of which involve killing on a vastly greater scale. Many British soldiers behaved impeccably in Palestine during the Arab revolt. 2059:

British Empire, and authorising the High Commissioner to outlaw associations whose objectives he regarded as contrary to public policy.

12876: 12304: 10786: 3441:(meaning "gangs") was another Arabic term used for the rebels, and it spawned the British soldiers' nickname for all rebels, which was 1209:

According to official British figures covering the whole revolt, the army and police killed more than 2,000 Arabs in combat, 108 were

1109:

in 1920, Jews and Arabs had been involved in a cycle of attacks and counter-attacks, and the immediate spark for the uprising was the

13251: 12871: 8791:

Nicosia, Francis R. (1980). "Arab Nationalism and National Socialist Germany, 1933–1939. Ideological and Strategic Incompatibility".

7802: 2827:, who also helped to smuggle rifles, machine guns and ammunition from Poland to Palestine) and thereafter in 1940 to the creation of 2653:

established a Company Headquarters where seamen and Royal Marines manned a 3.7-inch howitzer. Sailors, Royal Marines, and men of the

1796: 1704: 1130: 2063:

was removed from the leadership of the Supreme Moslem Council and the General Waqf Committee, the local National Committees and the

13001: 12931: 12896: 12186: 11705: 11308: 11078: 10544: 9954: 4039: 1036: 2172: 1899:

as supreme military commander. By the end of September 20,000 British troops in Palestine were deployed to "round up Arab bands".

13196: 12861: 10702: 9414: 1861: 10776: 3974:, in his 2020 survey of the British Empire on the eve of the Second World War concludes that murderous incidents like al-Bassa: 3556:

was Durra's more respected lieutenant and later a leader of his own unit; he was killed by an army patrol in 1939 and buried in

2796:

was a frequent visitor at the headquarters of British intelligence and the army, the police and C.I.D. and he also travelled to

3896:

wrote that in that case, the Mufti preferred his personal interests and the ideology rather than the practical considerations.

3493:

and was the only active rebel leader on the ground who was a member of the Damascus-based Central Committee of National Jihad.

2722:

These facilities enhanced the strategic importance of Palestine and of Haifa in particular in Britain's control of the eastern

392: 5589: 2707:

to Haifa in 1935, shortly before the outbreak of the revolt. A refinery for processing oil from the pipeline was completed by

1282:, increased the number of fellahin evicted while also removing the land as a future source of livelihood. By 1931 the 106,400 13166: 11501: 10965: 10172: 9949: 9782: 9755: 9736: 9714: 9688: 9662: 9636: 9617: 9428: 9380: 9310: 9282: 9256: 9212: 9189: 9170: 9147: 9128: 9106: 9087: 9031: 9003: 8981: 8962: 8914: 8892: 8829: 8781: 8762: 8734: 8708: 8689: 8666: 8641: 8611: 8592: 8570: 8542: 8520: 8479: 8421: 8402: 8381: 8283: 8255: 8234: 8215: 8196: 8174: 8155: 8136: 8086: 8063: 8044: 8019: 7991: 7972: 7950: 7928: 7906: 7882: 7856: 7790: 7771: 7752: 6978: 6952: 5913: 5603: 4546: 3273:

firing weapons into a room through a window killing two men and one woman and injuring three people, including two children.

1394:

itself, at the same time, was steadily building the structures for its own state-building with public organisations like the

1031: 12499: 11175: 10590: 9330:

Yazbak, Mahmoud (July 2000). "From Poverty to Revolt: Economic Factors in the Outbreak of the 1936 Rebellion in Palestine".

1880:

on 21 June marked an escalation with the largest engagement of British troops against Arab militants so far in this Revolt.

1390:

and of transportation, communications, and especially of broadcasting and other media, all facilitated notable changes. The

1213:, and 961 died because of what they described as "gang and terrorist activities". In an analysis of the British statistics, 13241: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13221: 12539: 12258: 11531: 11344: 10024: 9534:"Terror in Galilee: British-Jewish Collaboration and the Special Night Squads in Palestine during the Arab Revolt, 1938–39" 8318: 4263:

that 'It was only as a result of the money we gave (al-Husayni) that it was possible to carry out the revolt in Palestine'.

4054: 3884:

was regarded by many as incompatible with the commitment to a Jewish National Home in Palestine, as proclaimed in the 1917

1266: 1246: 289: 9816: 6940: 3876:

in which Britain retreated from the partition arrangements proposed by the Peel Commission in favour of the creation of a

3678:

subsidising the resistance. A variety of measures were adopted. Women donated jewelry and ran fund-raising committees, a

2925:

distributed weapons to outlying Jewish settlements,and allowed the Haganah to acquire arms. Independently of the British,

1299:

in 1930 had identified the existence of a class of 'embittered landless people' as a contributory factor to the preceding

1101:

The uprising occurred during a peak in the influx of European Jewish immigrants, and with the growing plight of the rural

12911: 12856: 12174: 12108: 11071: 10996: 10719: 10211: 10130: 3955: 3933:

murders the Jew. This is what is going on in Palestine now. And it will go on for the next 50 years in all probability."

2918: 2152: 1977:

arrives in Mandatory Palestine on 11 November 1936. Privately, Peel believed that most Jews would remain in the Diaspora.

1660: 3745:

Jewish protest demonstrations against the 1939 Palestine White Paper. One of the big posters displayed the previous day.

1386:(4 July), and beginning in 1930, 16 May was celebrated as Palestine Day. The expansion of education, the development of 12851: 11386: 10660: 4533: 4004: 3501:

region of northeastern Galilee. He was killed by British forces who besieged him and his comrades near the border with

2100:

236 Jews killed by Arabs and 435 Arabs killed by Jews; 1,200 rebels killed by the police and military and 535 wounded.

1496: 6585: 3839:, St. James' Palace, February 1939. Palestinian delegates (foreground), left to right: Fu'ad Saba, Yaqub Al-Ghussein, 2634:

the following day and after another bomb was detonated on 10 July five platoons from the ship, made up of sailors and

13156: 12993: 12916: 11987: 11332: 11181: 10870: 10240: 10029: 3032: 2785: 2118: 1525: 363: 3014: 1635: 12781: 12773: 12437: 12204: 11211: 10970: 10606: 10513: 10354: 10086: 9920: 9332: 3860: 3202:, the illegal immigration service. In mid-1939 the effort to co-ordinate the activities of these groups was led by 2156:

A Jewish bus equipped with wire screens to protect passengers against rocks and grenades thrown by Arab insurgents.

51: 4180:

Hughes thinks this a conservative underestimate and calculates that a final figures might run from 5,748 to 7,272)

1663:'s request that permission be granted to allow them to conduct a solemn funeral for Chasan was turned down by the 12252: 11837: 11169: 10926: 9706: 9579: 8335: 2208: 1569:. This showed that determined economic and political pressure could challenge a fragile imperial administration. 12519: 7849:"Aryanisation" in Hamburg: The Economic Exclusion of Jews and the Confiscation of their Property in Nazi Germany 3765:

Over 50,000 new Jewish immigrants arrived in Palestine. In 1936 Jews made up about one-third of the population.

1251: 12941: 12703: 12297: 12192: 11549: 11464: 11133: 10887: 10123: 8471: 8011: 5626: 3357: 3265:

approach of Jabotinsky and turned militarist patriotism into a bipartisan philosophy. Indeed, Ben-Gurion's own

3010: 2777: 1485: 1174: 10742: 10493: 3632:(1925–27), deployed in northern Palestine. Their overall commander was Fawzi al-Qawuqji and his deputies were 2703:

Britain had completed the modern deep-sea port in Haifa in 1933 and finished laying a pipeline from the Iraqi

1903:

soaring prices on the international markets caused by the disruption to the Spanish citrus harvest due to the

13256: 13201: 11645: 11633: 11621: 11591: 11567: 11561: 11555: 11537: 11513: 10766: 10407: 10199: 9820: 8493: 8296:"The Banality of Brutality: British Armed Forces and the Repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39" 6088: 3988: 3978:

were outrageous precisely because they were unusual. On the whole, the British Army and the various colonial

3688: 3513: 3392: 3368:

against the national movement's leadership, which they did with the continuing help of the Zionist movement.

1533: 539: 12509: 12489: 12469: 11585: 10629: 10585: 12886: 12846: 12836: 12385: 11903: 11115: 11095: 10841: 10747: 10561: 10303: 9878: 9162: 8437: 8098: 2306:

In addition to actions against villages the British Army also conducted punitive actions in the cities. In

1999: 1754: 12402: 11573: 11063: 6968: 4034: 1671:. The following day, two Arab workers sleeping in a hut in a banana plantation beside the highway between 1229:

The Arab revolt in Mandatory Palestine was unsuccessful, and its consequences affected the outcome of the

13211: 13011: 12841: 12831: 12090: 12042: 11627: 11428: 10976: 10556: 10344: 10222: 10206: 9204: 8678:

Confronting an Empire, Constructing a Nation: Arab nationalists and popular politics in mandate Palestine

8369:

Britain's Pacification of Palestine: The British Army, the Colonial State, and the Arab Revolt, 1936–1939

4000: 3888:. Al-Husseini rejected the new policy, although it seems that the ordinary Palestinian Arab accepted the 3069: 3063: 2910: 2727: 2708: 1974: 1785: 164: 9320: 5797: 4011:

to the winning-the-hearts-and-minds approach Britain is said to have adopted in Kenya in containing the

3196:, the arms procurement service, which had its own intelligence gathering capabilities, and likewise the 2615:, requesting the assistance of naval vessels capable of providing landing parties. Pound dispatched HMS 13191: 13186: 13181: 13176: 12982: 12975: 12906: 12585: 12347: 11651: 11579: 11519: 11368: 10881: 10846: 10682: 10677: 10655: 10550: 10430: 10402: 10349: 9370: 9248: 8942: 8754: 8562: 8512: 8373: 7874: 4171:(the Palestinian notable class) abetted, or were incapable of stopping, land sales and dispossessions.' 2968: 2769: 2431: 2357: 1710: 930: 350: 8331:"Palestinian Collaboration with the British: The Peace Bands and the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–9" 5955:

See also WO 32/9618 Emergency Regulations 1936. Palestine Martial Law (Defence) Order in Council 1936.

2332:

Army even burned the bodies of "terrorists" to prevent their funerals becoming the focus of protests.

13135: 12936: 12826: 12723: 12412: 12390: 12290: 11909: 11296: 11223: 11139: 10829: 10450: 10444: 9420: 9079: 8129:

Arrows in the Dark: David Ben-Gurion, the Yishuv leadership, and Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust

5631: 2951:

were standing shoulder to shoulder against a common enemy, in a war in which they had common goals."

2408:. The total cost was £2 million. The Army forced the fellahin to work on the roads without pay. 2381: 1514: 1098:

in Palestine, whose concomitant effect was to marginalize and displace the indigenous Arab majority.

9600: 2535:

At the beginning of the revolt RAF assets in the region comprised a bomber flight at RAF Ramleh, an

12444: 12162: 11975: 11921: 11807: 11795: 11765: 11507: 11398: 11199: 11193: 10900: 10488: 10245: 10216: 10017: 9765:

Swedenburg, Ted (2004). "The Role of the Palestinian Peasantry in the Great Revolt (1936–1939". In

8096:

Fleischmann, Ellen L. (Spring 2000). "The Emergence of the Palestinian Women's Movement, 1929–39".

7938: 3836: 3325: 3083: 2995: 2906: 2507: 2474:

This use of air power was so successful that the British were able to reduce the regular garrison.

2264: 2185: 1781: 1687: 1510: 1489: 1426:

and jihadist groups had also been formed that advocated armed struggle; these were the Green Hand (

1304: 1262: 1222:

population between 20 and 60 was killed, wounded, imprisoned or exiled. Estimates of the number of

895: 310: 159: 6890: 3328:, the leader of the Arab Higher Committee, had fled from Palestine to escape British retribution, 3281:

in Jerusalem and then on 14 November, a day later commemorated as the "Day of the Breaking of the

13097: 13016: 12801: 12126: 12060: 11897: 11861: 11663: 11639: 11597: 11470: 11458: 11380: 11374: 11157: 10824: 10819: 10397: 10267: 10069: 9654: 8621: 4044: 3583:, he carried out many attacks against the rebels in 1938–1939 as leader of his own "peace band". 2999: 2801: 2764:

Accordingly, the Palestinian revolt targeted the political and economic apparatus of the British

2649:

for a punitive mission against Arabs who had attacked a Jewish colony near Haifa. By 17 July the

1447: 1369:

and the desire to defend indigenous traditions and institutions. Palestinian society was largely

1366: 656: 183: 11747: 11440: 9826: 9568: 8849: 3945:

historiography on Palestine, and even progressive Western scholars have little to say about the

2626:

to Haifa, which arrived the same day and landed five platoons, one to each police district. HMS

1926:

The strike was called off on 11 October 1936 and the violence abated for about a year while the

1757:

of the Iraq Petroleum Company constructed only a few years earlier to Haifa from a point on the

1628:

settlement. Huge crowds gathered for the occasion of his obsequies in Haifa and later burial in

1377:, with an urban land-holding elite lacking a centralised leadership. Traditional feasts such as 946: 12524: 12102: 11711: 11693: 11687: 11476: 11410: 11278: 11163: 11145: 10921: 10905: 10771: 9497: 8726: 8150:. Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Shiloah Institute, Tel Aviv University. 7916: 4141: 4114: 4087: 4029: 3565: 3388: 2964: 2662: 2579: 2502: 2498: 2041: 2020: 1983: 1936: 1884: 1503: 1414: 1233:. It caused the British Mandate to give crucial support to pre-state Zionist militias like the 1186: 1170: 935: 411: 154: 47: 10115: 9222:

Townsend, C. (1988). "The defence of Palestine: insurrection and public security, 1936–1939".

9041:

Sanagan, Mark (2013). "Teacher, Preacher, soldier, Martyr: Rethinking 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam".

9017: 8952: 8556: 8367: 8005: 7800:

Arielli, Nir (August 2008). "Italian Involvement in the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–1939".

6054: 2849: 2450:

from South Africa and set up a special centre in Jerusalem to train interrogators in torture.

2113:

post office. On 26 August, two British police officers, Inspector Ronald Barker and Inspector

1332:

ensuring that their investments were directed only to facilitate expansion exclusively of the

844: 13082: 12816: 12811: 12688: 12668: 12479: 12449: 11759: 11362: 11302: 11229: 10761: 10574: 10313: 10177: 10005: 9587: 8748: 8245: 6053:

Benjamin-Grob-Fitzgibbon,'Britain's small wars: the challenge to Empire,' in Randall D. Law,

3925: 3670: 3538:

on 27 March 1939, after Farid Irsheid's peace band informed the authorities of his location.

3219: 3149: 2788:

in Palestine, which had been dependent on Arab informers, and which were no longer reliable.

2385: 2165: 2064: 2055: 1736: 1477: 1198: 1158: 1122: 1110: 890: 247: 9075:

Lightning Through the Clouds: ʿIzz al-Din al-Qassam and the Making of the Modern Middle East

3448:

According to historian Simon Anglim, the rebel groups were divided into general categories:

13117: 13087: 13047: 13042: 12946: 12821: 12658: 12156: 11945: 11891: 11819: 11741: 11729: 11525: 11284: 11205: 11022: 10836: 10809: 10714: 10692: 10650: 10334: 10050: 9926: 9899: 4024: 3486: 3349: 3329: 3122: 3108: 2914: 2858: 2060: 1714: 1644: 1529: 1410: 1370: 1325: 1300: 1279: 1257: 1202: 1114: 1021: 1014: 1009: 992: 915: 569: 505: 470: 169: 3333:

British also supplied funding to the peace bands and sometimes directed their operations.

2686:

provided howitzer crews which were sent ashore to combat gun running near the border with

2184:

Military law allowed swift prison sentences to be passed. Thousands of Arabs were held in

1804: 1745: 8: 13107: 12464: 12397: 12030: 11843: 11801: 11254: 11121: 11016: 10876: 10781: 10709: 10528: 10518: 10436: 10424: 10414: 10308: 9748:

The British Defence of Egypt, 1935–1940: Conflict and Crisis in the Eastern Mediterranean

9292: 9266: 9043: 8850:"Repression and Rebellion: Britain's Response to the Arab Revolt in Palestine of 1936–39" 8468:

The Crime of Nationalism: Britain, Palestine, and Nation-Building on the Fringe of Empire

4538: 4167:

and elite parochialism" with notable families, these bonds weakened with urbanization as

4049: 3914: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3856: 3734: 3629: 3345: 3239: 3225: 3198: 3181: 3088: 2828: 2608: 2518: 2494: 2478: 2468: 2320: 2255: 2028: 1995: 1987: 1877: 1577: 1288: 1071: 644: 446: 420: 400: 327: 304: 199: 108: 91: 8996:

Out of the Limelight: Events, Operations, Missions, and Personalities in Israeli History

8558:

A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel

8458: 8432: 1921: 1686:

Jews and Palestinians attacked each other in and around Tel Aviv. Palestinians in Jaffa

1324:

where some found succour and encouragement in the teachings of the charismatic preacher

1303:, and the problem of these 'landless' Arabs grew particularly grave after 1931, causing 13112: 13092: 13052: 12968: 12951: 12926: 12733: 12544: 12534: 12514: 12484: 12459: 12198: 12066: 12048: 11999: 11963: 11951: 11939: 11885: 11657: 11615: 11446: 11422: 11392: 11320: 10814: 10697: 10666: 10612: 10580: 10523: 10359: 10250: 9555: 9520: 9484: 9455: 9357: 9349: 9302: 9060: 9023: 8871: 8808: 8454: 8354: 8148:

Despatches from Damascus: Gilbert MacKereth and British Policy in the Levant, 1933–1939

8115: 7835: 7827: 3951: 3924:

called together a conference of Arab and Zionist leaders on the future of Palestine at

3877: 3822: 3759: 3701: 3637: 3549: 3406: 3154: 3114: 2819: 2598: 2517:

Low flying RAF squadrons were able to produce detailed intelligence on the location of

2087: 2072: 1723: 1562: 1473: 1230: 1126: 763: 744: 711: 318: 12728: 5852: 3917:

concluded "if we must offend one side, let us offend the Jews rather than the Arabs."

1994:

The Arab Higher Committee rejected the recommendations immediately, as did the Jewish

13072: 12763: 12698: 12613: 12593: 12216: 12210: 12120: 11981: 11927: 11783: 11434: 11356: 11326: 11217: 10736: 10283: 10189: 10160: 9894: 9873: 9778: 9751: 9732: 9724: 9710: 9684: 9658: 9632: 9613: 9559: 9524: 9488: 9459: 9424: 9376: 9361: 9306: 9278: 9252: 9208: 9185: 9166: 9143: 9124: 9102: 9083: 9027: 8999: 8977: 8958: 8910: 8888: 8875: 8825: 8812: 8777: 8758: 8730: 8704: 8685: 8662: 8637: 8607: 8588: 8566: 8538: 8530: 8516: 8475: 8417: 8398: 8377: 8358: 8279: 8251: 8230: 8211: 8192: 8170: 8151: 8132: 8082: 8059: 8040: 8015: 7987: 7968: 7946: 7924: 7902: 7878: 7852: 7839: 7819: 7786: 7767: 7748: 6974: 6948: 5909: 5599: 5537: 4542: 4012: 3921: 3864: 3844: 3580: 3494: 3402: 3353: 3262: 3251: 2917:. The Special Night Squads engaged in activities described by colonial administrator 2759:

control in Palestine as the revolt had demonstrated to the British authorities how a

2716: 2712: 2680: 2620: 2539:

at Ramleh, fourteen bomber squadrons at RAF Amman, and a RAF armoured car company at

2463: 2447: 2389: 2231: 2177: 1915: 1904: 1825: 1816:

Palestinian Arabs search the rubble of a house demolished by the British military in

1621: 1558: 1141:, described Arab causes as fear of growing Jewish economic power, opposition to mass 1106: 1067: 997: 596: 561: 435: 333: 64:

British soldiers on an armoured train car with two Palestinian Arab hostages used as

9810: 6970:

A Discourse on Domination in Mandate Palestine: Imperialism, Property and Insurgency

3344:, also attended by the British military commander of the Jerusalem District General 2921:, as 'extreme and cruel' involving torture, whipping, abuse and execution of Arabs. 1442:

from 1929 until 1930 when they were dispersed; the Organization for Holy Struggle (

13006: 12713: 12678: 12648: 12643: 12618: 12427: 12313: 12240: 12228: 12222: 12180: 12084: 12054: 11969: 11789: 11771: 11753: 11723: 11338: 11187: 11127: 10949: 10932: 10893: 10568: 10503: 10498: 10470: 10369: 10329: 10074: 10062: 9545: 9512: 9476: 9447: 9341: 9231: 9052: 8991: 8863: 8800: 8446: 8344: 8310: 8107: 7866: 7811: 5535:"Troops Amhushed on Road, Heaviest Engagement of Palestine Revolt Follows (p. 9)". 4252: 3963: 3946: 3852: 3692: 3477: 3410: 3381: 3266: 3144: 3132: 3127: 2809: 2654: 2525: 2482: 2416: 2204: 2160: 2016: 2003: 1940: 1888: 1664: 1643:

The actual uprising was triggered some five months later, on 15 April 1936, by the

1610: 1606: 1537: 1383: 1354: 1292: 1223: 1219: 1134: 1118: 1063: 900: 748: 737: 699: 683: 671: 648: 636: 624: 612: 600: 546: 491: 204: 9550: 9533: 9235: 8552: 3277:

The first attack was on 11 November 1937, killing two Arabs at the bus depot near

1273:

World War I left Palestine, especially the countryside, deeply impoverished. The

13057: 13026: 13021: 12866: 12806: 12753: 12683: 12663: 12638: 12628: 12529: 12407: 12132: 12072: 12011: 12005: 11933: 11813: 11717: 11699: 11350: 11272: 10645: 10622: 10339: 10298: 9516: 9451: 9398: 9296: 8902: 8652: 8392: 8036: 8030: 5778: 4260: 4190: 4132: 4105: 4078: 3959: 3848: 3778: 3657: 3541: 3352:

and barricaded the gates. O'Connor had planned the operation by which men of the

3247: 2960: 2897: 2805: 2459: 2285: 1927: 1698: 1629: 1590: 1469: 1296: 1190: 1162: 905: 576: 9703:

From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948

9438:

Goren, Tamir (2004). "The Judaization of Haifa at the Time of the Arab Revolt".

8056:

The History of the British Petroleum Company: 1928–1954. The Anglo-Iranian Years

3624:

In the first phase of the revolt, around 300 volunteers, mostly veterans of the

1857:

even suggested that all villages in the area of an incident should be punished.

1597:

and their bipods, 800 rifles and 400,000 rounds of ammunition destined for the

13062: 12901: 12796: 12791: 12758: 12748: 12738: 12708: 12633: 12623: 12504: 12432: 12327: 12264: 11993: 11915: 11873: 11867: 11855: 11543: 11099: 11036: 10617: 10600: 10595: 10465: 9766: 9672: 9056: 8489: 8184: 7960: 7892: 4164: 3941:

The 1936–39 Arab Revolt has been and still is marginalized in both Western and

3910: 3790: 3691:

during the revolt as the Italians were in dispute with the United Kingdom over

3653: 3336:

Fakhri Nashashibi was particularly successful in recruiting peace bands in the

2948: 2792: 2756: 2743: 2365: 2353: 2012: 1932: 1828: 1680: 1507: 1274: 691: 460: 374: 135: 9480: 9345: 8867: 8804: 8654:

Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization

7815: 2368:

was a senior police officer brought into Palestine from the colonial force of

1086:, lasted from 1936 until 1939. The movement sought independence from British 13150: 13067: 12693: 12673: 12608: 12560: 12474: 12270: 12246: 12144: 12138: 12036: 11404: 11290: 11260: 10989: 10687: 10419: 9865: 9698: 9274: 9159:

Memories of Revolt. The 1936–1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past

9116: 8924: 8450: 8349: 8330: 7823: 7744: 3893: 3786: 3575: 3490: 3341: 3207: 3102: 2956: 2723: 2691: 2635: 2490: 2486: 2443: 2435: 2227: 2007: 1866: 1860:

On 2 June, an attempt by rebels to derail a train bringing the 2nd Battalion

1854: 1850: 1762: 1395: 1387: 1214: 716: 584: 519: 425: 404: 4535:

The Zionist Bible:Biblical Precedent, Colonialism and the Erasure of Memory,

3340:, on one occasion in December 1938 gathering 3,000 villagers for a rally in 1613:

launched a massive manhunt and surrounded al-Qassam in a cave just north of

1544:

alarm calls for inter-village help by rallying in defence of the rebellion.

13102: 12743: 12603: 12598: 12454: 12380: 12332: 12114: 11957: 11831: 11482: 11452: 11235: 11093: 10386: 10288: 10000: 9680: 9646: 9410: 9182:

Empires of Intelligence: Security Services and Colonial Disorder After 1914

8744: 8718: 8500: 8001: 7734: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7042: 6593: 4008: 3971: 3905: 3818: 3713: 3625: 3553: 3535: 3337: 3305: 3255: 3203: 3047:

Table 1: Security forces and infrastructure created during the Arab revolt

2854: 2824: 2612: 2536: 2373: 2315: 2268: 2114: 1770: 1758: 1656: 1554: 1465: 1431: 1418: 1182: 1166: 1095: 721: 632: 442: 407: 383: 369: 358: 341: 149: 65: 11777: 9651:

Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt and the Roots of the Middle East Conflict

8907:

The Palestinian Arab National Movement: From Riots to Rebellion, 1929–1939

3376: 2411: 1450:

and operative in the areas of Jerusalem (1931–1934); and the Rebel Youth (

12718: 12575: 12422: 12417: 12363: 12342: 12234: 11879: 11675: 11609: 11416: 11266: 11050: 10508: 10460: 10455: 10184: 10166: 9904: 9774: 8580: 8314: 4529: 3613: 3561: 3361: 3140: 2936: 2773: 2587: 2582:

and searchlights used to disperse Arab snipers. From the end of June two

2405: 2345: 2340: 2200: 1911: 1800:

Arab strike 1936. Car with brooms to sweep away tacks thrown by strikers.

1672: 1398:

and the covert creation and consolidation of a paramilitary arm with the

1313: 1178: 1087: 1004: 608: 9629:

The Jewish Radical Right: Revisionist Zionism and Its Ideological Legacy

9064: 7831: 7039: 12653: 12570: 12565: 12494: 11681: 11603: 11314: 11151: 9959: 9353: 8681: 8658: 8504: 8119: 3840: 3832: 3741: 3633: 3317: 3300: 3278: 2862: 2760: 2560: 2556: 2236: 2189: 2068: 1951: 1493: 1423: 1041: 7783:

Orde Wingate, the Iron Wall and Counter-Terrorism in Palestine 1937–39

7070: 6082:"File And Item Level Description of the Sir Charles Tegart Collection" 3228:

underground splinter group broke off from Haganah, calling itself the

2869: 2594:

and in August three naval platoons were landed to support the police.

2129: 12337: 12096: 11849: 11669: 9498:"A British 'Foreign Legion'? The British Police in Mandate Palestine" 9201:

The French Empire Between the Wars: Imperialism, Politics and Society

9013: 8078: 7626: 7624: 5595: 3729: 3557: 3348:. Just two months earlier, on 15 October 1938, rebels had seized the 3192:, which was staffed by Jews who were Arab-speaking and Arab-looking; 2583: 2570:

At the beginning of the Revolt crew from the Haifa Naval Force's two

2439: 2401: 2223: 2110: 1922:

Peel commission; break in hostilities (October 1936 – September 1937)

1896: 1842: 1647:

where remnants of a Qassamite band stopped a convoy on the road from

1614: 1594: 1582: 1540:. Myriads of rural women would play an important role in response to 1459: 1378: 346: 9325:(White Paper of 1939), London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1939 8723:

Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1999

8111: 2984: 2067:

were disbanded; five Arab leaders were arrested and deported to the

1970: 1349: 13077: 12786: 12282: 11825: 10863: 10803: 8604:

Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948

8276:

A Job Well Done: A History of the Palestine Police Force, 1920–1948

3798: 3770: 3641: 3313: 3283: 3075: 2927: 2797: 2750:, worked closely with British intelligence during the Arab Revolt. 2704: 2673: 2597:

Following publication of the Peel Commission's report in July 1937

2575: 2540: 2247: 2215: 2135: 2083: 1439: 1309: 1102: 9677:

The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood

8208:

Intelligence for Peace: The Role of Intelligence in Times of Peace

8007:

Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917–1948

7621: 7106: 7104: 6711: 6709: 1719: 10057: 9856: 7921:

Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services

7740:

Britain at Bay: The Epic Story of the Second World War, 1938–1941

7091: 7089: 7087: 7085: 6993: 6991: 6989: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5662: 3984: 3794: 3531: 3517: 3502: 3189: 3094: 2892: 2739: 2687: 2571: 2393: 2273: 1676: 1652: 1625: 1598: 1500: 1455: 1399: 1362: 1234: 1210: 1146: 1091: 976: 463: 456: 439: 194: 190: 59: 11053:

and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each

8146:

Fry, Michael G.; MacKereth, Gilbert; Rabinovich, Itamar (1985).

5744: 4644: 2905:, the British security forces cooperated with it by forming the 2180:"cleansing" Jerusalem of Arabs participating in the revolt, 1938 2035: 27:

Nationalist uprising by Palestinian Arabs in Mandatory Palestine

10145: 10081: 10012: 9798: 8941:, London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1937, archived from 8633: 7101: 6706: 3942: 3709: 3601: 3380:

Rebels, some mounted on horses, posing with their rifles and a

2879: 2874: 2844: 2832: 2765: 2747: 2586:

were used to patrol the coast of Palestine in a bid to prevent

2471:

British planes attacked Arab irregulars with machine gun fire.

2424: 2349: 2307: 2251: 2139: 1846: 1766: 1648: 1617:. In the ensuing battle, on 20 November, al-Qassam was killed. 1518: 1391: 1333: 1142: 1138: 874: 8951:

Raider, Mark A.; Sarna, Jonathan D.; Zweig, Ronald W. (2012).

8885:

Air Power and Colonial Control: the Royal Air Force, 1919–1939

7082: 6986: 6339: 5659: 4405: 2800:

to liaise with the Arab opposition's peace bands and with the

1699:

Arab general strike and armed insurrection, April–October 1936

777:

20,000 Jewish policemen, supernumeraries and settlement guards

12881: 10194: 8494:"The Palestinians and 1948: the underlying causes of failure" 6906: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6828: 6826: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6354: 5710: 5708: 3774: 3679: 3545: 3498: 3309: 3270: 3243: 3230: 2883: 2551: 2420: 2397: 2280:

said "All right but just go a wee bit easier in the future."

2219: 2079: 1960: 1870: 1817: 1776: 1668: 1602: 1435: 1403: 1321: 1317: 1283: 216: 9569:"Women, Violence, and the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39" 7871:

A Never-ending Conflict: A Guide to Israeli Military History

6389: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6025: 6023: 5732: 5095: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4211:"to negotiate a modified (Peel) proposal with the British." 4189:

Laurens states that the identification is 'certain', citing

3395:

was designated the "General Commander of the Revolt" by the

3238:). The organisation took its orders from Revisionist leader 2734: 9403:

The Arab Awakening. The Story of the Arab National Movement

7699: 7641: 7639: 7407: 7299: 7263: 7169: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6157: 5756: 5591:

Zionism and the Arabs, 1936-1939 (RLE Israel and Palestine)

5227: 5215: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4492:. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. 1946. pp. 38–49. 4395: 4393: 3649: 3645: 3476:

Abdul Khallik was an effective peasant leader appointed by

2726:. The threat to British control of the region posed by the 2284:

As well as destroying the village the RUR and men from the

1964: 1129:, declared 16 May 1936 as 'Palestine Day' and called for a 9298:

On the Eve: The Jews of Europe Before the Second World War

8632:]. La Question de Palestine (in French). Vol. 2. 7546: 7486: 7383: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7220: 7058: 6897: 6838: 6823: 6733: 6351: 6253: 5705: 5263: 5025: 3712:

gave money to al-Husayni and other sums were funneled via

3312:

who largely opposed the rebellion after 1937), and around

2314:

It was common British army practice to use local Arabs as

1462:

area from 1935, and composed mainly of local boy scouts.)

1344: 794:

2,500–7,500 (plus an additional 6,000–15,000 part-timers)

8701:

The Ill-made Alliance: Anglo-Turkish Relations, 1934–1940

7498: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7395: 7359: 7347: 7335: 7198: 7196: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7027: 7015: 7003: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6671: 6613: 6611: 6552: 6550: 6468: 6380: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6243: 6241: 6132: 6130: 6020: 5647: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5044: 5042: 5040: 4989: 4972: 4943: 4931: 4760: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4456: 3920:

In February 1939 Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs

3605:

gained a reputation as one of the army's problem heroes.

2377: 9375:. State University of New York Press. pp. 155–157. 7636: 7587: 7585: 7128: 6750: 6748: 6635: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6277: 6154: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6010: 6008: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5927: 5925: 5863: 5861: 5817: 5815: 5690:

Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, pp. 99, 104–105.

5469: 5467: 5465: 5061: 5059: 5057: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4738: 4736: 4709: 4622: 4620: 4570: 4432: 4390: 1357:, organiser of the Palestinian Arab Women's Association. 212: 9729:

The Israeli State and Society: Boundaries and Frontiers

8774:

Palestinian Political Prisoners: Identity and Community

7943:

A Military History of Britain: From 1775 to the Present

7898:

Scars of War, Wounds of Peace: The Israeli-Arab Tragedy

7687: 7462: 7419: 7244: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6492: 6480: 6411: 6399: 5885: 5518: 5516: 5503: 5501: 5179: 4842: 4830: 4422: 4420: 1074:

against the British administration, later known as the

10106:

Category:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine

9121:

Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881–1948

8750:

The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited

8267:

Anonymous Soldiers: The Struggle for Israel, 1917–1947

8145: 7965:

Terror Out of Zion: The Fight for Israeli Independence

7764:

The Rise of Israel: A History of a Revolutionary State

7675: 7663: 7510: 7431: 7371: 7311: 7287: 7208: 7193: 7140: 7076: 6760: 6721: 6683: 6659: 6647: 6623: 6608: 6547: 6504: 6456: 6423: 6320: 6265: 6238: 6214: 6202: 6127: 6062: 6035: 5545: 5479: 5389: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5251: 5239: 5203: 5143: 5131: 5107: 5071: 5037: 5001: 4673: 4656: 4593: 4553: 4501: 4499: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 3290: 3269:

conducted a punitive operation in the Arab village of

2050:

British tanks pass through the streets of Haifa, 1938.

9610:

The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence

8394:

The Palestinian People: Seeking Sovereignty and State

8075:

Anglo-Italian Relations in the Middle East, 1922–1940

7711: 7651: 7609: 7597: 7582: 7558: 7534: 7522: 7474: 7450: 7275: 7181: 7157: 6802: 6790: 6745: 6535: 6516: 6435: 6226: 6177: 6142: 6106: 6005: 5988: 5958: 5922: 5873: 5858: 5812: 5720: 5693: 5627:"3 Jews, Including Hebrew U. Teacher, Slain by Arabs" 5569: 5557: 5462: 5450: 5438: 5368: 5328: 5287: 5191: 5167: 5155: 5119: 5083: 5054: 4955: 4919: 4907: 4895: 4883: 4866: 4854: 4801: 4772: 4748: 4733: 4617: 4605: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 2886:. British authorities provided the guns and uniforms. 1749:

Male and female Arab fighters during the revolt, 1936

9817:

The First Intifada: Rebellion in Palestine 1936–1939

7323: 6862: 5981:

Palestine, 1938 Allegations Against British Troops,

5827: 5513: 5498: 5435:

Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, pp. 100–102.

5410: 5340: 5275: 5013: 4818: 4721: 4685: 4444: 4417: 4146: 4119: 4092: 2094: 1943:

in its report on 7 July 1937 had already been done.

1532:, the former anti-Zionist, the latter pan-Arab. The 1090:

and the end of the British authorities' support for

7232: 5311: 5299: 4632: 4511: 4496: 4378: 3213: 2148:

Palestinians detained by British authorities, 1938.

2130:

Role of the Mandate Government and the British Army

1845:torn, and this has increased the excitement of the 1679:were assassinated in retaliation by members of the 1161:, international diplomacy (involving the rulers of 12892:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 6932: 4697: 4313: 3808: 2974: 2838: 1780:British policemen disperse an Arab mob during the 10831:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) 5853:Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry – Appendix IV 3105:(mobile arm of the Settlement Police) 2574:were used to carry out tasks ashore, manning two 1601:, was discovered during unloading at the port of 1365:and British colonial administration crystallised 13148: 8950: 8855:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 8529: 5750: 5528: 4411: 3855:, and Alfred Roch. Facing are the British, with 3480:who caused great damage and loss of life in the 3397:Central Committee of National Jihad in Palestine 3170: 2698: 1910:On 22 August 1936, Anglo-Jewish Arabist scholar 268:Central Committee of National Jihad in Palestine 13217:Riots and civil disorder in Mandatory Palestine 10984:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) 8164: 6715: 5407:Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, p. 100. 3899: 2971:, because of the likely negative consequences. 2791:In September 1937, the Jewish Agency appointed 8290:(First published 1982 by the Palestine Police) 8053: 6345: 5386:Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, p. 97. 5365:Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, p. 96. 3753: 2453: 2088:embarked on a series of indiscriminate attacks 1726:called the revolt a "life-and-death struggle." 12922:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 12369:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 12298: 11079: 10294:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 10131: 9858:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 9842: 8165:Gettleman, Marvin E.; Schaar, Stuart (2003). 6195:Gilmour, Ian and Andrew. "Terrorism Review." 2121:, were killed by an Irgun mine in Jerusalem. 2103: 2036:Resumed revolt (September 1937 – August 1939) 1986:. A second and more radical proposal was for 1954:Kibbutz. Picture taken between 1936 and 1939. 980:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 962: 860: 82:(3 years, 4 months and 1 week) 44:intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 9416:Year Zero of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: 1929 8793:International Journal of Middle East Studies 8626:1922–1947 Une mission sacrée de civilisation 7575: 7573: 6855: 6853: 3364:recaptured the Old City, killing 19 rebels. 3304:bands also sprang up in the Nablus area, on 2939:were hanged for illegal possession of arms. 2776:nationalism as evidenced by the rise of the 2641:On 11 July provision of three platoons from 2434:where prisoners were subjected to beatings, 2293:reported the method for searching villages: 2117:, commander of the Jewish Department of the 1883:During July, Arab volunteers from Syria and 1145:and fear of the British identification with 37:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Mandatory Palestine 10147:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 9291: 9265: 8095: 8054:Ferrier, Ronald W.; Bamberg, J. H. (1994). 7959: 7915: 6945:Zionism and Arabism in Palestine and Israel 6893:on 26 August 2010 – via www.time.com. 6259: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5762: 5678: 5101: 4438: 4060:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 3489:was the main Qassamite rebel leader in the 3058:Other Yishuv defence infrastructure 3013:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 12305: 12291: 11086: 11072: 10138: 10124: 9978:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 9849: 9835: 9764: 9723: 9368: 9156: 8630:1922–1947 A sacred mission of civilization 8397:. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Incorporated. 7785:. Strategic and Combat Studies Institute. 7645: 7630: 7064: 7033: 7021: 7009: 6844: 6832: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 5891: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 4399: 4255:, an intelligence colonel in the Abwehr's 3384:emblazoned with a cross and crescent, 1937 2967:activist who had played a key role in the 2372:on 21 October 1937. Tegart and his deputy 1808:British military parade in Jerusalem, 1936 1688:rampaged through a Jewish residential area 1547: 1295:and the collapse of commodity prices. The 1049:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 969: 955: 867: 853: 9549: 8822:Zionism and Anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany 8601: 8348: 7981: 7803:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 7570: 6960: 6850: 6781: 6474: 5619: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 4471: 3733:Jewish protest demonstration against the 3568:on 25 July 1939 and subsequently hanged. 3033:Learn how and when to remove this message 2735:Role of the British intelligence services 2638:, dispersed mobs and patrolled the city. 2546: 1705:Arab general strike (Mandatory Palestine) 1255:June 1936 cartoon in the Arabic-language 13002:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic 12932:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 12897:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) 11030:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) 9955:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine 9745: 9397: 9221: 8990: 8675: 8167:The Middle East and Islamic World Reader 6966: 6941:"Qassamites in the Arab Revolt, 1936–39" 6938: 6486: 5970: 5416: 5185: 4040:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine 3831: 3815:1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine 3740: 3728: 3497:was a prominent commander active in the 3401: 3387: 3375: 3371: 2868: 2848: 2738: 2550: 2410: 2356:, who also introduced border fences and 2339: 2171: 2159: 2151: 2143: 2045: 1969: 1945: 1811: 1803: 1795: 1775: 1744: 1718: 1634: 1591:arms shipment camouflaged in cement bins 1576: 1464: 1348: 1291:grew even harsher with the onset of the 1250: 13207:Political history of the United Kingdom 13172:Arab nationalism in Mandatory Palestine 12877:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) 12862:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 10703:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 9697: 9671: 9645: 9607: 9140:The Royal Navy and the Palestine Patrol 9137: 9115: 9071: 9040: 8954:Abba Hillel Silver and American Zionism 8838: 8819: 8790: 8698: 8620: 8488: 8411: 8328: 8293: 8264: 8205: 8183: 8126: 8028: 7891: 7799: 7761: 7733: 7705: 7693: 7681: 7669: 7468: 7425: 7413: 7401: 7365: 7353: 7317: 7305: 7257: 6665: 6653: 6562: 6498: 6429: 6417: 6405: 6393: 6314: 6271: 6220: 6068: 5944:Cabinet Papers, 30 July 1946, CAB 128/6 5839: 5773: 5771: 5551: 5492: 5444: 5422: 5395: 5269: 5257: 5245: 5233: 5221: 5209: 5149: 5113: 5089: 5077: 5048: 5031: 5007: 4766: 4679: 4667: 4599: 4564: 4426: 4372: 3987:in Spanish Morocco for instance or the 3560:. Durra himself was apprehended by the 3072:(mobile arm of the Haganah) 1862:Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment 1492:-style boycott of the British, the pro- 1422:disrupting transportation. Three minor 1345:Political and socio-cultural background 276:Bureau of the Arab Revolt in Palestine 14: 13149: 12872:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) 9626: 9566: 9531: 9495: 9466: 9329: 9198: 9179: 8971: 8901: 8882: 8847: 8771: 8743: 8717: 8579: 8551: 8390: 8365: 8224: 7865: 7846: 7780: 7717: 7564: 7552: 7516: 7444: 7293: 7281: 7269: 7226: 7214: 7202: 7187: 7175: 7163: 7151: 7134: 6923:'Situation in Brief: Official Reports' 6873: 6775: 6739: 6727: 6700: 6629: 6617: 6556: 6510: 6462: 6441: 6374: 6333: 6247: 6232: 6208: 6183: 6171: 6136: 6041: 5833: 5738: 5714: 5575: 5563: 5473: 5456: 5374: 5352: 5334: 5322: 5305: 5293: 5281: 5197: 5173: 5161: 5125: 5065: 4995: 4983: 4966: 4949: 4937: 4925: 4913: 4901: 4889: 4877: 4860: 4848: 4836: 4824: 4812: 4795: 4754: 4742: 4727: 4715: 4691: 4650: 4626: 4611: 4587: 4517: 4505: 4450: 4292: 4239: 2258:, described the massacre at al-Bassa: 2203:was not introduced but in a series of 1240: 1094:, which sought the establishment of a 13247:Rebellions against the British Empire 12286: 11067: 10119: 9950:Operation Atlas (Mandatory Palestine) 9830: 9437: 9409: 9242: 9096: 9012: 8923: 8650: 8465: 8430: 8273: 8072: 8000: 7937: 7657: 7615: 7603: 7591: 7540: 7528: 7504: 7492: 7480: 7456: 7341: 7329: 7110: 7095: 7052: 6997: 6910: 6808: 6796: 6754: 6677: 6641: 6541: 6529: 6148: 6121: 6029: 6014: 5999: 5964: 5931: 5903: 5879: 5867: 5821: 5726: 5699: 5653: 5587: 5581: 5522: 5507: 5346: 5137: 5019: 4703: 4638: 4384: 3773:relied on the nearby Arab seaport of 3696:the uprising peaked after that date. 3316:without connection to the Nashashibi- 2272:him. He said "Sir, I have warned the 1988:transfer of 225,000 Palestinian Arabs 1261:newspaper contrasting the actions of 950: 848: 781:2,883 Palestine Police Force officers 12312: 11345:Regulator Movement in North Carolina 8431:Kelly, Matthew Kraig (Winter 2015). 8243: 7389: 7377: 7238: 7077:Fry, MacKereth & Rabinovich 1985 5908:. Devora Publications. p. 151. 5768: 4055:List of conflicts in the Middle East 3508: 3011:adding citations to reliable sources 2978: 2690:. Detained Arabs were used to build 2188:, without trial, and without proper 1567:Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence 1247:Association for Palestinian Products 290:Society for the Defense of Palestine 12912:National Liberation Front (Algeria) 8229:. Greenhill Books. pp. 30–48. 7984:A History of the Modern Middle East 6199:, Volume 17, Issue 2, 1988, p. 131. 6056:The Routledge History of Terrorism, 4159:'While the majority of Palestinian 4136: 4109: 4082: 3956:Israeli Declaration of Independence 3782:much better placed than the Arabs. 2746:(Shiloah), later first director of 2254:. Desmond Woods, an officer of the 24: 13162:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 12852:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) 12374:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 10940:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) 10365:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 9932:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 9804:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 9391: 9184:. University of California Press. 8929:Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel 8247:Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World 7055:, pp. 224, 226, 228, 239–240. 6887:"PALESTINE: Oozlebarts and Cantor" 6059:Routledge, 2015, pp. 177–189, 181. 4259:boasted to his chief and friend 3793:cited as one of the fruits of the 3619: 3242:who was at odds with the dominant 2661:, accompanied foot patrols of the 1524:Youth organisations emerged like 1226:killed are up to several hundred. 25: 18:1936–1939 Arab Revolt in Palestine 13268: 12917:Palestine Liberation Organization 11094:Colonial conflicts involving the 10777:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt 10030:Nazi Party in Mandatory Palestine 9792: 9631:. University of Wisconsin Press. 9538:Imperial and Commonwealth History 9405:(1945 ed.). Hamish Hamilton. 8535:The Palestinian People: A History 8131:. University of Wisconsin Press. 3936: 3608: 3592:And where that mare and Aref went 2415:Pillbox built along the route of 2095:Attacks and casualties in numbers 13252:Terrorism in Mandatory Palestine 13131: 13130: 12857:Arabian Peninsula People's Union 12540:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 10815:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) 10101: 10100: 9819:– A view from British historian 9797: 9372:Political Assassinations by Jews 8433:"The Revolt of 1936: A Revision" 7116: 6916: 6889:. 15 August 1938. Archived from 6879: 6814: 6586:"THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE IRGUN" 6578: 6447: 6189: 6074: 6047: 5949: 5937: 5897: 5855:Palestine: Historical Background 5785: 5684: 4285: 4276: 4266: 4245: 4232: 4223: 4214: 4205: 4196: 4001:German suppression of the Herero 3913:was not assured. Prime Minister 3652:. The Druze ex-Ottoman officer, 3214:Role of the Revisionist Zionists 2983: 2578:and naval lorries equipped with 2477:In 1936 an Air Staff Officer in 2082:formally rejected the policy of 1197:quickly withdrew from the rebel 757: 731: 715: 583: 555: 533: 513: 499: 485: 455: 434: 428:; AOC, Palestine and Transjordan 419: 399: 382: 368: 357: 340: 326: 303: 283: 241: 211: 189: 177: 142: 128: 58: 12500:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 11170:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 10997:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 10966:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon 10720:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 9707:Institute for Palestine Studies 9580:The Journal of Military History 8887:. Manchester University Press. 8841:Nazi Germany and the Arab World 8412:Kayyālī, Abd al-Wahhāb (1978). 8336:Journal of Contemporary History 5401: 5380: 4523: 4183: 4174: 4153: 4126: 4099: 4072: 4005:Belgium's genocide in the Congo 3809:Impact on the Palestinian Arabs 2975:Forces of the Jewish settlement 2839:British and Jewish co-operation 2335: 2192:, in overcrowded prison camps. 13197:History of Mandatory Palestine 12942:Union of Arab Republics (1972) 12704:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz 11273:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War 9567:Hughes, Matthew (April 2016). 8998:. Gefen Publishing House Ltd. 8824:. Cambridge University Press. 8472:University of California Press 8058:. Cambridge University Press. 8032:Historical dictionary of Syria 8012:University of California Press 7982:Cleveland, William L. (2000). 5751:Raider, Sarna & Zweig 2012 4477: 3358:Royal Northumberland Fusiliers 3254:between the Jewish Agency and 2566:to destroy Palestinian houses. 1534:Palestinian Boy Scout Movement 1526:Young Men's Muslim Association 1413:organised and established the 775:25,000–50,000 British soldiers 445:; Commander-in-Chief, British 80:19 April 1936 – 26 August 1939 13: 1: 11670:Black War (Van Diemen's Land) 11514:Castle Hill convict rebellion 10767:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 10408:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 9551:10.1080/03086534.2015.1083220 9469:Small Wars & Insurgencies 9224:The English Historical Review 9123:. Stanford University Press. 8651:Louis, William Roger (2006). 7901:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4302: 3989:Italian pacification of Libya 3724: 3514:Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad 3393:Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad 3171:Haganah intelligence services 3117:(counter intelligence) 2728:Italian invasion of Abyssinia 2711:, a company jointly owned by 2699:Strategic importance of Haifa 2493:and in 1938 he was posted to 1557:, and full membership of the 1511:Arab-Palestinian Reform Party 540:Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad 13167:1930s in Mandatory Palestine 12887:Federation of Arab Republics 12847:Arab Socialist Union (Libya) 12837:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) 12438:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 12386:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 10971:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 10958:Turkish involvement in Syria 10842:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 10673:Political violence in Turkey 10607:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 10514:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 10393:Italian bombing of Palestine 10355:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 10304:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 9879:Sinai and Palestine campaign 9811:The Arab Revolt in Palestine 9517:10.1080/00263206.2013.811656 9452:10.1080/00263200410001700356 9163:University of Arkansas Press 8972:Rotter, Andrew John (2008). 8839:Nicosia, Francis R. (2014). 8820:Nicosia, Francis R. (2008). 8676:Matthews, Weldon C. (2006). 8537:. Harvard University Press. 8533:; Migdal, Joseph S. (2003). 8438:Journal of Palestine Studies 8099:Journal of Palestine Studies 8073:Fiore, Massimiliano (2010). 8029:Commins, David Dean (2004). 7762:Adelman, Jonathan R (2008). 6197:Journal of Palestine Studies 5779:"Woodhead Commission report" 4412:Kimmerling & Migdal 2003 4307: 4163:were dependent on bonds of " 4009:France's violence in Algeria 3900:Impact on the British Empire 3706:occupation of Czechoslovakia 3544:, a Qassamite leader in the 3078:(weapons manufacture) 2419:, still standing today near 2222:on 16 June 1936, when large 414:, Palestine and Transjordan 52:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 7: 13242:Labor disputes in Palestine 13237:1939 in Mandatory Palestine 13232:1938 in Mandatory Palestine 13227:1937 in Mandatory Palestine 13222:1936 in Mandatory Palestine 13012:Flag of the Arab Federation 12842:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) 12832:Arab Socialist Action Party 10223:Turkish War of Independence 10207:Unification of Saudi Arabia 9612:. Oxford University Press. 9369:Ben-Yehuda, Hahman (1993). 9236:10.1093/ehr/CIII.CCCCIX.917 9205:Manchester University Press 8976:. Oxford University Press. 8974:Hiroshima: The World's Bomb 8414:Palestine: A Modern History 8225:Harris, Sir Arthur (1998). 6967:Ghandour, Zeina B. (2009), 6716:Gettleman & Schaar 2003 4147: 4120: 4093: 4018: 3904:As the inevitable war with 3859:presiding. To his right is 3779:transportation capabilities 3754:Impact on the Jewish Yishuv 3064:Jewish Supernumerary Police 2911:Jewish Supernumerary Police 2709:Consolidated Refineries Ltd 2454:Role of the Royal Air Force 2124: 1786:The Illustrated London News 1693: 1589:On 16 October 1935 a large 165:Jewish Supernumerary Police 50:, and the precursor to the 10: 13273: 12983:On the Way of Resurrection 12976:The Battle for One Destiny 12907:Lebanese National Movement 12348:Third International Theory 12187:Jewish revolt in Palestine 11832:Fenian Rebellion in Canada 11477:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign 11369:American Revolutionary War 10888:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 10882:Houthi insurgency in Yemen 10871:Balochi insurgency in Iran 10847:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 10683:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 10678:Islamist uprising in Syria 10656:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 10545:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 10431:Kurdish separatism in Iran 10350:Goharshad Mosque rebellion 9746:Morewood, Stephen (2004). 9249:Cambridge University Press 9057:10.1163/15685152-5334P0002 8909:. Vol. 2. Routledge. 8755:Cambridge University Press 8563:Princeton University Press 8513:Cambridge University Press 8374:Cambridge University Press 7967:. Transaction Publishers. 7875:Greenwood Publishing Group 7726: 6346:Ferrier & Bamberg 1994 4653:, pp. 25, 27, 37, 45. 3757: 3719: 3663: 3594:We're jiggered if we know. 3471: 3217: 2842: 2657:, who had embarked on the 2442:and what is now known as " 2432:Arab Investigation Centres 2423:industrial zone, northern 2358:Arab Investigation Centres 2133: 2104:Irgun anti-British attacks 2039: 1711:1936 Syrian general strike 1708: 1702: 1572: 1305:High Commissioner Wauchope 1244: 263:Volunteers from Arab world 13126: 13035: 12992: 12960: 12937:Unified Political Command 12827:Arab Nationalist Movement 12772: 12724:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 12584: 12553: 12520:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 12391:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 12356: 12320: 12021: 11958:Jameson Raid South Africa 11492: 11245: 11106: 11046: 11009: 10914: 10855: 10795: 10728: 10646:Black September in Jordan 10638: 10537: 10481: 10378: 10322: 10276: 10153: 10097: 10040: 9986: 9970: 9940: 9913: 9887: 9864: 9813:– A Zionist point of view 9608:Johnson, Loch K. (2010). 9481:10.1080/09592310903027090 9421:Brandeis University Press 9346:10.1080/00263200008701319 9080:University of Texas Press 8883:Omissi, David E. (1990). 8868:10.1080/03086530801889350 8805:10.1017/S0020743800026350 8329:Hughes, Matthew (2016b). 8303:English Historical Review 8294:Hughes, Matthew (2009a). 8191:. Black Swan Publishers. 7816:10.1080/13530190802180597 7579:Segev, 2000, pp. 436–441. 7113:, pp. 225, 235, 238. 6929:, Monday, 3 October 1938. 6787:Horne, 2003, pp. 237–238. 5632:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 4148:al-Thawra al-Filasṭīniyya 4121:Thawrat Filasṭīn al-Kubrā 3590:Its coat as white as snow 3291:Role of the "peace bands" 3267:Special Operations Squads 3250:, who had negotiated the 3128:Special Operations Squads 3097:(arms procurement) 2878:watching a settlement in 2772:and by the resurgence of 2388:. Accordingly, from 1938 2382:Irish War of Independence 2265:Rolls-Royce armoured cars 2168:after Arab riots in 1936. 1585:that were killed in 1936. 1430:) -active in the area of 1265:in 1936 against those of 988: 886: 801: 769: 726:Arab volunteer commanders 295: 120: 72: 57: 41: 36: 13157:20th-century revolutions 12445:1952 Egyptian revolution 12169:Arab revolt in Palestine 11766:Second Anglo-Burmese War 11508:Second Anglo-Maratha War 11399:Australian frontier wars 10748:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 10743:1980 Turkish coup d'état 10562:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 10494:1953 Iranian coup d'état 10489:1952 Egyptian revolution 10217:1919 Egyptian revolution 10200:Mount Lebanon starvation 10025:German Templar community 10018:Jewish Agency for Israel 9655:Rowman & Littlefield 9532:Hughes, Matthew (2015). 9496:Hughes, Matthew (2013). 9157:Swedenburg, Ted (2003). 9138:Stewart, Ninian (2002). 8776:. Taylor & Francis. 8703:. McGill-Queen's Press. 8602:Levenberg, Haim (1993). 8459:10.1525/jps.2015.44.2.28 8451:10.1525/jps.2015.44.2.28 8391:Kabahā, Muṣṭafá (2014). 8366:Hughes, Matthew (2019). 8350:10.1177/0022009415572401 7945:. Greenwood Publishing. 7919:; Morris, Benny (1991). 7098:, pp. 225, 228–230. 7000:, pp. 224–226, 239. 6453:Kimmerling, 1989, p. 38. 4065: 3411:British Mandatory police 3409:following his arrest by 3326:Mohammad Amin al-Husayni 3084:Jewish Settlement Police 2907:Jewish Settlement Police 2446:". Tegart also imported 2186:administrative detention 2176:British soldiers of the 1755:Mosul–Haifa oil pipeline 1563:Syrian national movement 1080:Great Palestinian Revolt 877:1936–1939 Arab revolt in 708:Mohammad Mahmoud Rana'an 492:Mohammed Amin al-Husayni 311:Arthur Grenfell Wauchope 160:Jewish Settlement Police 13098:Palestinian nationalism 13017:Flag of the Arab Revolt 12510:1966 Syrian coup d'état 12490:1963 Syrian coup d'état 12470:1961 Syrian coup d'état 12163:Second Mohmand campaign 11898:Third Anglo-Burmese War 11862:Second Anglo-Afghan War 11664:First Anglo-Burmese War 11640:Third Anglo-Maratha War 11471:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 11381:Second Anglo-Mysore War 11375:First Anglo-Maratha War 10977:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 10825:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 10820:Yemeni Civil War (1994) 10630:1966 Syrian coup d'état 10557:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 10398:Allied invasion of Iraq 10345:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) 10268:Mahmud Barzanji revolts 9243:Tripp, Charles (2002). 9199:Thomas, Martin (2007). 9180:Thomas, Martin (2008). 9101:. Henry Holt & Co. 9019:One Palestine, Complete 8772:Nashif, Esmail (2008). 8699:Millman, Brock (1998). 8466:Kelly, Matthew (2017). 8265:Hoffman, Bruce (2015). 8127:Friling, Tuvia (2005). 7633:, pp. xxii, 13–15. 7125:, 1937, Volume 3, p. 8. 6939:Kedourie, Elie (2015), 6260:Black & Morris 1991 4045:Palestinian nationalism 3628:and/or rebels from the 2580:QF 2 pounder naval guns 2537:RAF armoured car flight 1773:, fled to safer areas. 1548:Inspiration from abroad 1448:Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni 1367:Palestinian nationalism 1157:using a combination of 808:British Security Forces 779:15,000 Haganah fighters 657:Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni 621:Mohammed Saleh al-Hamad 184:Jewish National Council 12525:1969 Libyan revolution 12403:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 12103:Third Anglo-Afghan War 11988:First Mohmand campaign 11712:First Anglo-Afghan War 11411:Third Anglo-Mysore War 10922:2011 Bahraini uprising 10906:South Yemen insurgency 10787:Abu Nidal's executions 10772:1986 Damascus bombings 10551:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 10403:Syria–Lebanon campaign 10173:Middle Eastern theatre 9923:insurgency (1930–1935) 9771:The Modern Middle East 9595:Cite journal requires 9505:Middle Eastern Studies 9440:Middle Eastern Studies 9333:Middle Eastern Studies 9142:. Taylor and Francis. 9072:Sanagan, Mark (2020). 8848:Norris, Jacob (2008). 8727:John Murray Publishers 8274:Horne, Edward (2003). 8244:Herf, Jeffrey (2009). 7847:Bajohr, Frank (2002). 7781:Anglim, Simon (2005). 6575:Johnson, 2010, p. 807. 4035:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 4030:1938 Tiberias massacre 3993: 3868: 3817:and was, according to 3746: 3738: 3598: 3588:Aref had a little mare 3414: 3399: 3385: 3162: 2965:Revisionist Maximalist 2887: 2866: 2751: 2663:Palestine Police Force 2567: 2559:used naval mines from 2547:Role of the Royal Navy 2503:Air Officer Commanding 2427: 2361: 2329: 2300: 2282: 2181: 2169: 2157: 2149: 2078:In November 1937, the 2075:was opened near Acre. 2051: 2042:1938 Tiberias massacre 2006:, and sections of the 1978: 1955: 1950:Fields on fire at the 1937:Supreme Muslim Council 1838: 1821: 1809: 1801: 1789: 1750: 1727: 1640: 1586: 1517:, based mainly around 1504:Palestinian Arab Party 1497:National Defence Party 1480: 1358: 1270: 1187:Palestine Police Force 1084:Palestinian Revolution 680:Hamid Suleiman Mardawi 528:Local rebel commanders 296:Commanders and leaders 256:Local rebel factions ( 155:Palestine Police Force 48:decolonisation of Asia 13083:Jordanian nationalism 12817:Arab Islamic Republic 12812:Arab Higher Committee 12689:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 12669:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 12480:North Yemen civil war 12413:Arab–Israeli conflict 11760:Second Anglo-Sikh War 11417:Cotiote (Wayanad) War 11303:French and Indian War 10762:South Yemen civil war 10661:Shatt al-Arab clashes 10586:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup 10575:North Yemen civil war 10524:1958 Iraqi revolution 10451:1948 Arab–Israeli War 10445:Arab–Israeli conflict 10314:Sheikh Said rebellion 10178:Battle of Robat Karim 10006:Arab Higher Committee 9806:at Wikimedia Commons 9627:Kaplan, Eric (2005). 8843:. Harvard University. 8606:. London: Routledge. 8509:The War for Palestine 7392:, pp. 28–29, 30. 5741:, pp. 11, 48–49. 4486:A Survey of Palestine 3976: 3954:that resulted in the 3835: 3758:Further information: 3744: 3735:Palestine White Paper 3732: 3671:collective punishment 3600:Aref Abdul Razzik of 3596:– British Army verse. 3585: 3405: 3391: 3382:Palestinian Arab flag 3379: 3372:Role of rebel leaders 3308:(a stronghold of the 3220:List of Irgun attacks 3218:Further information: 3044: 2872: 2852: 2843:Further information: 2742: 2554: 2414: 2404:construction company 2386:collective punishment 2343: 2325: 2295: 2260: 2209:Emergency Regulations 2175: 2166:Old City of Jerusalem 2163: 2155: 2147: 2134:Further information: 2065:Arab Higher Committee 2049: 2040:Further information: 1973: 1949: 1833: 1815: 1807: 1799: 1779: 1748: 1737:Arab Higher Committee 1722: 1665:district commissioner 1638: 1581:Funeral of Jews from 1580: 1490:Indian Congress Party 1478:Arab Higher Committee 1468: 1352: 1254: 1245:Further information: 1201:, led by the radical 1199:Arab Higher Committee 1159:political concessions 1123:Arab Higher Committee 802:Casualties and losses 786:2,000 Irgun militants 271:(October 1937 – 1939) 248:Arab Higher Committee 13257:Wars of independence 13202:Insurgencies in Asia 13118:Tunisian nationalism 13088:Lebanese nationalism 13048:Egyptian nationalism 13043:Algerian nationalism 12947:United Arab Republic 12822:Arab Liberation Army 12802:Arab Ba'ath Movement 12659:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 11922:Hunza–Nagar Campaign 11730:First Anglo-Sikh War 11706:Egyptian–Ottoman War 10901:Fatah–Hamas conflict 10837:Operation Desert Fox 10810:1991 Iraqi uprisings 10804:Gulf War (1990–1991) 10715:Grand Mosque seizure 10693:Yemenite War of 1979 10651:Yemenite War of 1972 10591:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup 10581:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 10335:Ahmed Barzani revolt 10246:Turkish–Armenian War 10051:Herbert Louis Samuel 9994:British commissioner 9927:1933 Palestine riots 9900:1920 Nebi Musa riots 9777:. pp. 467–503. 9475:(3&4): 528–550. 9293:Wasserstein, Bernard 9271:Israel and Palestine 9267:Wasserstein, Bernard 8324:on 21 February 2016. 7923:. Grove Weidenfeld. 7495:, pp. 439, 459. 7272:, pp. 103, 106. 7178:, pp. 107, 110. 6913:, pp. 224, 238. 5656:, pp. 210, 218. 5224:, pp. 107, 109. 4539:Taylor & Francis 4025:1929 Palestine riots 3487:Abu Ibrahim al-Kabir 3468:from the same area. 3330:Raghib al-Nashashibi 3135:(defence tax) 3123:Special Night Squads 3052:Joint British-Yishuv 3007:improve this section 2915:Special Night Squads 2859:Special Night Squads 2831:, the forerunner of 2719:, in December 1939. 2645:released men of the 2061:Haj Amin al-Husseini 1715:1936 Anabta shooting 1561:in October 1932.The 1530:Youth Congress Party 1488:which called for an 1444:al-Jihād al-Muqaddas 1411:Izz ad-Din al-Qassam 1326:Izz ad-Din al-Qassam 1280:Jewish National Fund 1177:) and the threat of 1155:civil administration 1022:1933 Palestine riots 1010:1929 Palestine riots 993:1920 Nebi Musa riots 580:(Regional Commander) 573:(Regional Commander) 570:Abu Ibrahim al-Kabir 506:Raghib al-Nashashibi 480:Political leadership 471:Raghib al-Nashashibi 170:Special Night Squads 13108:Sahrawi nationalism 12465:1959 Mosul uprising 12398:Great Syrian Revolt 12175:Waziristan campaign 12109:Waziristan campaign 11802:Revolt of Rajab Ali 11279:War of Jenkins' Ear 11049:This list includes 11017:2021 Beirut clashes 10877:2004 Qamishli riots 10754:Turkey–PKK conflict 10710:1979 Qatif Uprising 10529:1959 Mosul uprising 10519:1958 Lebanon crisis 10466:1973 Yom Kippur War 10437:Iran crisis of 1946 10425:Al-Wathbah uprising 10415:1943 Barzani revolt 10309:Great Syrian Revolt 10289:Iraqi Revolt (1920) 10212:Simko Shikak revolt 10013:Jewish Palestinians 9942:During World War II 9446:(4 July): 135–152. 9099:The Seventh Million 9097:Segev, Tom (1991). 9044:Die Welt des Islams 8250:. Yale University. 7708:, pp. 313–354. 7555:, pp. 159–160. 7507:, pp. 450–451. 7344:, pp. 109–110. 7308:, pp. 187–204. 7229:, pp. 105–106. 6859:Horne, 2003 p. 228. 6742:, pp. 153–154. 6680:, pp. 386–387. 6377:, pp. 244–246. 6032:, pp. 235–236. 5904:Golan, Zev (2003). 5717:, pp. 138–144. 5681:, pp. 106–114. 5588:Black, Ian (2015). 5236:, p. xiii,115. 5034:, pp. 345–346. 4998:, pp. 265–266. 4986:, pp. 256–259. 4952:, pp. 239–240. 4940:, pp. 262–263. 4050:Woodhead Commission 3915:Neville Chamberlain 3890:White Paper of 1939 3886:Balfour Declaration 3882:White Paper of 1939 3874:White Paper of 1939 3863:, and to his left, 3857:Neville Chamberlain 3789:and Haganah leader 3630:Great Syrian Revolt 3435:quwwa'id al-fasa'il 3425:). The leader of a 3295:The "peace bands" ( 3199:Mossad LeAliyah Bet 3048: 2609:Mediterranean Fleet 2479:Middle East Command 2469:Battle of Nur Shams 2438:, electric shocks, 2344:A surviving police 2321:Manchester Regiment 2256:Royal Ulster Rifles 2242:to destroy houses. 2029:Woodhead Commission 1878:Battle of Nur Shams 1661:Salonican community 1452:al-Shabāb al-Thā'ir 1241:Economic background 1121:, president of the 1072:Mandatory Palestine 879:Mandatory Palestine 645:Ahmad Mohamad Hasan 590:Fakhri 'Abd al-Hadi 564:Regional Commander 543:(General Commander) 447:Mediterranean Fleet 336:, High Commissioner 251:(1936–October 1937) 109:White Paper of 1939 92:Mandatory Palestine 13212:Rebellions in Asia 13113:Syrian nationalism 13093:Libyan nationalism 13053:Greater Mauritania 12969:The Arab Awakening 12952:United Arab States 12927:Rejectionist Front 12734:Gamal Abdel Nasser 12545:Yemeni unification 12535:Lebanese Civil War 12515:17 July Revolution 12485:Ramadan Revolution 12460:14 July Revolution 12049:Bambatha Rebellion 11964:Anglo-Zanzibar War 11952:Chitral Expedition 11886:Anglo-Egyptian War 11658:Anglo-Ashanti wars 11363:Lord Dunmore's War 11321:Anglo-Cherokee War 11230:King William's War 10698:Iranian Revolution 10667:Lebanese Civil War 10613:1948 Palestine war 10360:1935 Yazidi revolt 10251:Franco-Turkish War 10058:Jewish Palestinian 9971:After World War II 9725:Kimmerling, Baruch 9303:Simon and Schuster 9024:Metropolitan Books 8945:on 27 January 2012 8531:Kimmerling, Baruch 8515:. pp. 12–36. 8315:10.1093/ehr/cep002 7986:. Westview Press. 7851:. Berghahn Books. 7416:, p. 108–109. 6644:, pp. 22, 29. 6596:on 7 November 2020 5800:on 3 November 2013 5272:, p. 316-317. 4769:, pp. 21, 35. 4718:, pp. 25, 33. 4590:, pp. 93–113. 4110:ثورة فلسطين الكبرى 4094:al-Thawra al-Kubrā 3970:British historian 3952:self-determination 3926:St. James's Palace 3892:. His biographer, 3869: 3823:1948 Palestine war 3760:Tower and stockade 3747: 3739: 3638:Muhammad al-Ashmar 3550:Silat al-Harithiya 3548:area, was born in 3415: 3400: 3386: 3155:Tower and stockade 3055:Independent Yishuv 3046: 2888: 2867: 2752: 2647:West Kent Regiment 2568: 2508:aerial bombardment 2448:Doberman Pinschers 2430:Tegart introduced 2428: 2362: 2323:private recalled: 2182: 2170: 2164:Jews evacuate the 2158: 2150: 2073:concentration camp 2052: 2019:had convinced the 2000:religious Zionists 1979: 1956: 1822: 1810: 1802: 1790: 1751: 1728: 1724:Khalil al-Sakakini 1641: 1587: 1486:Independence Party 1481: 1476:and leader of the 1474:Mufti of Jerusalem 1359: 1353:Feminist activist 1271: 1231:1948 Palestine war 1143:Jewish immigration 1127:Mufti of Jerusalem 1111:murder of two Jews 764:Muhammad al-Ashmar 389:Bernard Montgomery 319:Commander-in-chief 278:(late 1938 – 1939) 232:Arab "peace bands" 103:Revolt suppressed 13192:Conflicts in 1939 13187:Conflicts in 1938 13182:Conflicts in 1937 13177:Conflicts in 1936 13144: 13143: 13073:Iraqi nationalism 12764:Constantin Zureiq 12614:Abdul Rahman Arif 12594:Butrus al-Bustani 12280: 12279: 12211:Malayan Emergency 12121:Malabar rebellion 11982:Siege of Malakand 11928:Anglo-Manipur War 11784:Anglo-Persian War 11333:Anglo-Spanish War 11285:King George's War 11206:King Philip's War 11182:Anglo-Spanish War 11061: 11060: 10284:Franco-Syrian War 10241:Greco-Turkish War 10229:Anglo-Turkish War 10195:Assyrian genocide 10190:Armenian genocide 10161:Italo-Turkish War 10113: 10112: 10041:Prominent figures 10001:Arab Palestinians 9895:Battle of Tel Hai 9874:Franco-Syrian War 9821:Charles Townshend 9802:Media related to 9784:978-1-86064-963-9 9757:978-0-7146-4943-6 9738:978-0-88706-849-2 9716:978-0-88728-155-6 9690:978-1-851-68532-5 9664:978-1-538-14880-8 9638:978-0-299-20380-1 9619:978-0-19-537588-6 9430:978-1-611-68811-5 9382:978-0-7914-1166-7 9312:978-1-416-59427-7 9284:978-1-861-97558-4 9258:978-0-521-52900-6 9245:A History of Iraq 9214:978-0-719-07755-5 9191:978-0-520-25117-5 9172:978-1-55728-763-2 9149:978-0-7146-8254-9 9130:978-0-8047-3776-0 9108:978-0-8050-6660-9 9089:978-1-477-32056-3 9033:978-0-8050-4848-3 9005:978-965-229-298-8 8983:978-0-19-280437-2 8964:978-1-136-31495-7 8947:404 pages + maps. 8916:978-1-138-90639-6 8894:978-0-7190-2960-8 8831:978-0-521-88392-4 8783:978-0-415-44498-9 8764:978-0-521-00967-6 8736:978-0-719-56222-8 8710:978-0-7735-1603-8 8691:978-1-845-11173-1 8668:978-1-84511-347-6 8643:978-2-213-61251-5 8613:978-0-7146-3439-5 8594:978-0-304-30399-1 8572:978-0-691-15007-9 8544:978-0-674-01129-8 8522:978-0-521-79476-3 8481:978-0-520-29149-2 8423:978-0-85664-635-5 8404:978-1-58826-882-2 8383:978-1-107-10320-7 8285:978-1-85776-758-2 8257:978-0-300-15583-9 8236:978-1-85367-314-6 8217:978-0-7146-4950-4 8198:978-0-552-99545-0 8189:Israel: A History 8176:978-0-8021-3936-8 8157:978-965-224-004-0 8138:978-0-299-17550-4 8088:978-0-754-66964-7 8065:978-0-521-25950-7 8046:978-0-810-84934-1 8021:978-0-520-25989-8 7993:978-0-8133-3489-9 7974:978-1-56000-870-5 7961:Bowyer Bell, John 7952:978-0-275-99039-8 7930:978-0-8021-3286-4 7908:978-0-297-84883-7 7884:978-0-275-98158-7 7867:Bar-On, Mordechai 7858:978-1-57181-485-2 7792:978-1-874-34639-5 7773:978-0-415-77510-6 7754:978-1-781-25781-4 7404:, pp. 80–81. 7380:, pp. 29–30. 7368:, pp. 81–82. 7356:, pp. 74–78. 7137:, pp. 83–87. 6980:978-1-134-00962-6 6954:978-1-317-44272-1 6396:, pp. 32–34. 6174:, pp. 74–76. 5915:978-1-930143-54-8 5605:978-1-317-44269-1 5538:The Baltimore Sun 5140:, pp. 71–75. 5104:, pp. 16–32. 4851:, pp. 96–99. 4839:, pp. 95–96. 4547:978-1-317-54464-7 4474:, pp. 74–76. 4145: 4137:الثورة الفلسطينية 4118: 4091: 3922:Malcolm MacDonald 3865:Malcolm MacDonald 3845:Jamal Al-Husseini 3837:London Conference 3581:Gilbert Mackereth 3572:Fakhri Abdul Hadi 3509:Jabal Nablus area 3495:Abdallah al-Asbah 3482:Nazareth District 3354:Coldstream Guards 3252:Haavara Agreement 3234:organisation (or 3161: 3160: 3091:(field companies) 3043: 3042: 3035: 2804:in Iraq. Colonel 2761:popular rebellion 2717:Royal Dutch Shell 2713:British Petroleum 2464:close air support 2390:Gilbert Mackereth 2232:Michael McDonnell 2205:Orders in Council 2178:Coldstream Guards 1998:. Initially, the 1916:Hebrew University 1905:Spanish Civil War 1826:Air Vice-Marshall 1788:", 13. Juni 1936) 1622:Joseph Trumpeldor 1559:League of Nations 1454:), active in the 1428:al-Kaff al-Khaḍrā 1301:1929 disturbances 1107:Battle of Tel Hai 1068:Palestinian Arabs 1057: 1056: 1037:Jewish insurgency 1032:Spillover of WWII 998:Battle of Tel Hai 944: 943: 843: 842: 833:c. 15,000 wounded 797: 792: 784: 742: 661: 597:Abdallah al-Asbah 594: 581: 574: 567: 562:Arif Abd al-Raziq 544: 524: 510: 496: 475: 432: 417: 397: 393:8th Infantry Div. 380: 366:, GOC (1937–1938) 355: 334:Harold MacMichael 323: 315:High Commissioner 279: 272: 252: 229: 116: 115: 16:(Redirected from 13264: 13134: 13133: 13007:Eagle of Saladin 12714:Amin al-Husseini 12679:Faisal I of Iraq 12649:Sultan al-Atrash 12644:Mansur al-Atrash 12619:Abdul Salam Arif 12428:War of Attrition 12314:Arab nationalism 12307: 12300: 12293: 12284: 12283: 12229:Cyprus Emergency 12055:Maritz rebellion 12043:Tibet expedition 11976:Benin Expedition 11796:Indian Rebellion 11790:Second Opium War 11772:Eureka Rebellion 11748:British Honduras 11724:New Zealand Wars 11309:Seven Years' War 11255:Queen Anne's War 11088: 11081: 11074: 11065: 11064: 11023:Israel–Hamas war 10950:Syrian civil war 10933:Sinai insurgency 10894:2006 Lebanon War 10569:Dhofar Rebellion 10504:Cyprus Emergency 10499:Jebel Akhdar War 10471:1982 Lebanon War 10461:1967 Six-Day War 10370:Dersim rebellion 10330:Ararat rebellion 10234:Al-Jazeera Front 10140: 10133: 10126: 10117: 10116: 10104: 10103: 10075:Amin al-Husseini 10070:Arab Palestinian 10063:David Ben-Gurion 9851: 9844: 9837: 9828: 9827: 9801: 9788: 9761: 9742: 9720: 9694: 9668: 9642: 9623: 9604: 9598: 9593: 9591: 9583: 9573: 9563: 9553: 9528: 9502: 9492: 9463: 9434: 9406: 9399:Antonius, George 9386: 9365: 9326: 9316: 9288: 9262: 9239: 9218: 9195: 9176: 9153: 9134: 9112: 9093: 9068: 9051:(3–4): 315–352. 9037: 9009: 8992:Sacharov, Eliahu 8987: 8968: 8946: 8932: 8920: 8903:Porath, Yehoshua 8898: 8879: 8844: 8835: 8816: 8787: 8768: 8740: 8714: 8695: 8672: 8647: 8617: 8598: 8585:The Israeli Mind 8576: 8548: 8526: 8498: 8485: 8462: 8427: 8408: 8387: 8362: 8352: 8325: 8323: 8317:. Archived from 8309:(507): 314–354. 8300: 8289: 8270: 8261: 8240: 8227:Bomber Offensive 8221: 8202: 8180: 8161: 8142: 8123: 8092: 8069: 8050: 8025: 7997: 7978: 7956: 7934: 7912: 7888: 7862: 7843: 7796: 7777: 7758: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7661: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7634: 7628: 7619: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7595: 7589: 7580: 7577: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7550: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7429: 7423: 7417: 7411: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7123:Jewish Spectator 7120: 7114: 7108: 7099: 7093: 7080: 7074: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7050: 7037: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6984: 6983: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6936: 6930: 6920: 6914: 6908: 6895: 6894: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6860: 6857: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6821: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6758: 6752: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6713: 6704: 6698: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6592:. Archived from 6590:www.etzel.org.il 6582: 6576: 6573: 6560: 6554: 6545: 6539: 6533: 6527: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6378: 6372: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6318: 6317:, pp. 7–10. 6312: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6125: 6119: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6093: 6087:. Archived from 6086: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6018: 6012: 6003: 5997: 5986: 5979: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5920: 5919: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5877: 5871: 5865: 5856: 5850: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5796:. Archived from 5789: 5783: 5782: 5775: 5766: 5763:Wasserstein 2012 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5688: 5682: 5679:Wasserstein 2004 5676: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5635:. 23 August 1936 5623: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5511: 5505: 5496: 5490: 5477: 5471: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5102:Fleischmann 2000 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5052: 5046: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4970: 4964: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4799: 4793: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4568: 4562: 4551: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4439:Bowyer Bell 1996 4436: 4430: 4424: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4296: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4253:Hans Piekenbrock 4249: 4243: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4194: 4187: 4181: 4178: 4172: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4076: 3964:David Ben-Gurion 3878:binational state 3853:George Antonious 3656:, commanded the 3642:al-Midan Quarter 3478:Fawzi al-Qawuqji 3346:Richard O'Connor 3320:power struggle. 3297:fasa'il al-salam 3240:Ze'ev Jabotinsky 3133:Community ransom 3049: 3045: 3038: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3018: 2987: 2979: 2810:RAF Intelligence 2655:Suffolk Regiment 2592:Haifa Town Force 2530:Patrick Domville 2526:RAF Intelligence 2483:Kingdom of Egypt 2021:Zionist Congress 2004:General Zionists 1941:Royal Commission 1889:Fawzi al-Qawukji 1784:in April 1936 (" 1611:Palestine police 1607:Jamal al-Husayni 1593:, comprising 25 1538:Tarab Abdul Hadi 1484:period were the 1384:Battle of Hattin 1355:Tarab Abdul Hadi 1293:Great Depression 1224:Palestinian Jews 1220:Palestinian Arab 1137:, leader of the 1135:David Ben-Gurion 1119:Amin al-Husseini 1064:popular uprising 983: 981: 971: 964: 957: 948: 947: 881: 869: 862: 855: 846: 845: 795: 790: 782: 762: 761: 760: 753: 740: 738:Fawzi al-Qawuqji 736: 735: 734: 719: 704: 688: 676: 659: 653: 641: 629: 617: 605: 592: 587: 579: 572: 565: 560: 559: 558: 551: 542: 538: 537: 536: 522: 518: 517: 516: 508: 504: 503: 502: 494: 490: 489: 488: 473: 459: 438: 430: 423: 415: 403: 395: 386: 378: 372: 364:Archibald Wavell 361: 353: 344: 331: 330: 321: 308: 307: 288: 287: 286: 277: 270: 250: 246: 245: 244: 227: 215: 205:Peulot Meyuhadot 193: 182: 181: 180: 148: 146: 145: 134: 132: 131: 107:Issuance of the 74: 73: 62: 34: 33: 21: 13272: 13271: 13267: 13266: 13265: 13263: 13262: 13261: 13147: 13146: 13145: 13140: 13122: 13058:Greater Morocco 13031: 13027:Pan-Arab colors 13022:Hawk of Quraish 12988: 12956: 12807:Arab Federation 12768: 12754:Abdullah Rimawi 12729:Mostéfa Merarda 12684:Muammar Gaddafi 12664:Ahmed Ben Bella 12639:Jamal al-Atassi 12629:Bashar al-Assad 12580: 12549: 12530:Black September 12408:Anglo-Iraqi War 12352: 12316: 12311: 12281: 12276: 12217:Kenya Emergency 12023: 12017: 12012:Second Boer War 12006:Boxer Rebellion 11934:Pahang Uprising 11814:Ambela campaign 11736:Río de la Plata 11718:First Opium War 11700:Aden Expedition 11532:Río de la Plata 11494: 11488: 11459:Irish Rebellion 11351:First Carib War 11247: 11241: 11164:Confederate War 11158:Irish Rebellion 11108: 11102: 11092: 11062: 11057: 11055: 11042: 11005: 10927:Egyptian Crisis 10910: 10851: 10791: 10724: 10634: 10623:Second Intifada 10533: 10477: 10374: 10340:Simele massacre 10318: 10299:Adwan Rebellion 10272: 10149: 10144: 10114: 10109: 10093: 10087:Gotthilf Wagner 10036: 9982: 9966: 9936: 9909: 9883: 9860: 9855: 9795: 9785: 9767:Hourani, Albert 9758: 9739: 9717: 9691: 9673:Khalidi, Rashid 9665: 9639: 9620: 9596: 9594: 9585: 9584: 9571: 9500: 9431: 9394: 9392:Further reading 9389: 9383: 9319: 9313: 9285: 9259: 9215: 9192: 9173: 9150: 9131: 9109: 9090: 9034: 9006: 8984: 8965: 8935: 8917: 8895: 8832: 8784: 8765: 8737: 8711: 8692: 8669: 8644: 8614: 8595: 8573: 8545: 8523: 8496: 8490:Khalidi, Rashid 8482: 8424: 8405: 8384: 8321: 8298: 8286: 8258: 8237: 8218: 8199: 8185:Gilbert, Martin 8177: 8169:. Grove Press. 8158: 8139: 8112:10.2307/2676453 8089: 8066: 8047: 8037:Scarecrow Press 8022: 7994: 7975: 7953: 7931: 7909: 7893:Ben-Ami, Shlomo 7885: 7859: 7793: 7774: 7755: 7729: 7724: 7716: 7712: 7704: 7700: 7692: 7688: 7680: 7676: 7668: 7664: 7656: 7652: 7646:Swedenburg 2003 7644: 7637: 7631:Swedenburg 2003 7629: 7622: 7614: 7610: 7602: 7598: 7590: 7583: 7578: 7571: 7563: 7559: 7551: 7547: 7539: 7535: 7527: 7523: 7515: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7479: 7475: 7467: 7463: 7455: 7451: 7443: 7432: 7424: 7420: 7412: 7408: 7400: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7376: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7328: 7324: 7316: 7312: 7304: 7300: 7292: 7288: 7280: 7276: 7268: 7264: 7256: 7245: 7237: 7233: 7225: 7221: 7213: 7209: 7201: 7194: 7186: 7182: 7174: 7170: 7162: 7158: 7150: 7141: 7133: 7129: 7121: 7117: 7109: 7102: 7094: 7083: 7075: 7071: 7065:Swedenburg 2003 7063: 7059: 7051: 7040: 7034:Swedenburg 2003 7032: 7028: 7022:Swedenburg 2003 7020: 7016: 7010:Swedenburg 2003 7008: 7004: 6996: 6987: 6981: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6937: 6933: 6921: 6917: 6909: 6898: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6872: 6863: 6858: 6851: 6845:Swedenburg 2003 6843: 6839: 6833:Swedenburg 2003 6831: 6824: 6820:Sayigh, p. 669. 6819: 6815: 6807: 6803: 6795: 6791: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6761: 6753: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6726: 6722: 6714: 6707: 6699: 6684: 6676: 6672: 6664: 6660: 6652: 6648: 6640: 6636: 6628: 6624: 6616: 6609: 6599: 6597: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6574: 6563: 6555: 6548: 6540: 6536: 6528: 6517: 6509: 6505: 6497: 6493: 6485: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6461: 6457: 6452: 6448: 6440: 6436: 6428: 6424: 6416: 6412: 6404: 6400: 6392: 6381: 6373: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6332: 6321: 6313: 6278: 6270: 6266: 6258: 6254: 6246: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6219: 6215: 6207: 6203: 6194: 6190: 6182: 6178: 6170: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6135: 6128: 6120: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6094:on 4 March 2012 6091: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6067: 6063: 6052: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6028: 6021: 6013: 6006: 5998: 5989: 5980: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5954: 5950: 5942: 5938: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5902: 5898: 5892:Ben-Yehuda 1993 5890: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5866: 5859: 5851: 5840: 5832: 5828: 5820: 5813: 5803: 5801: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5777: 5776: 5769: 5761: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5725: 5721: 5713: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5689: 5685: 5677: 5660: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5586: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5562: 5558: 5550: 5546: 5541:. 22 June 1936. 5534: 5533: 5529: 5521: 5514: 5506: 5499: 5491: 5480: 5472: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5333: 5329: 5321: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5292: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5256: 5252: 5244: 5240: 5232: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5055: 5047: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4982: 4973: 4965: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4876: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4802: 4794: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4637: 4633: 4625: 4618: 4614:, pp. 1–3. 4610: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4586: 4571: 4563: 4554: 4528: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4504: 4497: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4425: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4400:Swedenburg 2003 4398: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4371: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4273:to the British. 4271: 4267: 4261:Admiral Canaris 4250: 4246: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4191:Yehoshua Porath 4188: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4158: 4154: 4131: 4127: 4104: 4100: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4021: 3939: 3902: 3849:Awni Abdul Hadi 3843:, Amin Tamimi, 3811: 3762: 3756: 3727: 3722: 3702:Heinrich Doehle 3666: 3622: 3620:Arab volunteers 3611: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3542:Yusuf Abu Durra 3511: 3505:in early 1937. 3474: 3429:was known as a 3407:Farhan al-Sa'di 3374: 3293: 3248:Haim Arlosoroff 3222: 3216: 3173: 3039: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3004: 2988: 2977: 2961:Joseph Klausner 2853:Men of Captain 2847: 2841: 2806:Frederick Kisch 2737: 2701: 2549: 2528:, commanded by 2460:Royal Air Force 2456: 2376:(later head of 2352:devised by Sir 2338: 2286:Royal Engineers 2142: 2132: 2127: 2106: 2097: 2044: 2038: 1928:Peel Commission 1924: 1717: 1707: 1701: 1696: 1645:Anabta shooting 1630:Balad al-Shaykh 1624:in 1920 at the 1575: 1550: 1470:Amin al-Husayni 1409:In 1930 Sheikh 1347: 1297:Shaw Commission 1249: 1243: 1191:Nashashibi clan 1060: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1015:Hebron massacre 984: 979: 977: 975: 945: 940: 882: 878: 875: 873: 838: 837:12,622 detained 836: 834: 832: 831:c. 5,000 killed 830: 822: 820: 815: 814:c. 550 wounded 813: 811: 793: 785: 780: 778: 776: 758: 756: 755: 749: 743: 732: 730: 729: 720: 712:Farhan al-Sa'di 710: 706: 700: 694: 690: 684: 678: 672: 666: 662: 655: 649: 643: 637: 631: 625: 619: 613: 607: 601: 595: 588: 577:Yusuf Abu Durra 575: 568: 556: 554: 553: 547: 534: 532: 531: 514: 512: 511: 500: 498: 497: 486: 484: 483: 469: 452: 449: 433: 429: 418: 398: 381: 367: 356: 339: 337: 325: 324: 313: 302: 284: 282: 242: 240: 221: 178: 176: 174: 143: 141: 129: 127: 94: 81: 63: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13270: 13260: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13138: 13127: 13124: 13123: 13121: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13039: 13037: 13036:Related topics 13033: 13032: 13030: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12998: 12996: 12990: 12989: 12987: 12986: 12979: 12972: 12964: 12962: 12958: 12957: 12955: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12902:Islamic Legion 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12792:Al-Mourabitoun 12789: 12784: 12778: 12776: 12770: 12769: 12767: 12766: 12761: 12759:Hamdeen Sabahi 12756: 12751: 12749:Fuad al-Rikabi 12746: 12741: 12739:Adnan Pachachi 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12709:Saddam Hussein 12706: 12701: 12699:Sati' al-Husri 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12634:Hafez al-Assad 12631: 12626: 12624:Zaki al-Arsuzi 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12590: 12588: 12582: 12581: 12579: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12557: 12555: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12505:Aden Emergency 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12450:Iraqi Intifada 12447: 12442: 12441: 12440: 12435: 12433:Yom Kippur War 12430: 12425: 12420: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12394: 12393: 12383: 12378: 12377: 12376: 12366: 12360: 12358: 12354: 12353: 12351: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12328:Arab socialism 12324: 12322: 12318: 12317: 12310: 12309: 12302: 12295: 12287: 12278: 12277: 12275: 12274: 12268: 12262: 12256: 12250: 12244: 12238: 12232: 12226: 12220: 12214: 12208: 12202: 12196: 12190: 12184: 12178: 12172: 12166: 12160: 12157:Barzani revolt 12154: 12148: 12142: 12136: 12130: 12124: 12118: 12112: 12106: 12100: 12094: 12088: 12082: 12076: 12070: 12064: 12058: 12052: 12046: 12040: 12034: 12027: 12025: 12019: 12018: 12016: 12015: 12009: 12003: 11997: 11994:Tirah campaign 11991: 11985: 11979: 11973: 11967: 11961: 11955: 11949: 11943: 11937: 11931: 11925: 11919: 11913: 11907: 11904:Central Africa 11901: 11895: 11889: 11883: 11877: 11874:First Boer War 11871: 11865: 11859: 11856:Anglo-Zulu War 11853: 11847: 11841: 11835: 11829: 11823: 11817: 11811: 11805: 11799: 11793: 11787: 11781: 11775: 11769: 11763: 11757: 11751: 11745: 11739: 11733: 11727: 11721: 11715: 11709: 11703: 11697: 11691: 11685: 11679: 11673: 11667: 11661: 11655: 11649: 11643: 11637: 11631: 11625: 11619: 11613: 11607: 11601: 11595: 11589: 11583: 11577: 11571: 11565: 11559: 11553: 11547: 11544:Froberg mutiny 11541: 11535: 11529: 11523: 11517: 11511: 11505: 11498: 11496: 11490: 11489: 11487: 11486: 11480: 11474: 11468: 11462: 11456: 11450: 11444: 11438: 11432: 11426: 11420: 11414: 11408: 11402: 11396: 11390: 11384: 11378: 11372: 11366: 11360: 11354: 11348: 11342: 11336: 11330: 11324: 11318: 11312: 11306: 11300: 11294: 11288: 11282: 11276: 11270: 11264: 11258: 11251: 11249: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11239: 11233: 11227: 11224:Williamite War 11221: 11215: 11209: 11203: 11197: 11191: 11185: 11179: 11173: 11167: 11161: 11155: 11149: 11143: 11137: 11131: 11125: 11119: 11112: 11110: 11104: 11103: 11100:British Empire 11091: 11090: 11083: 11076: 11068: 11059: 11058: 11047: 11044: 11043: 11041: 11040: 11037:Red Sea crisis 11033: 11026: 11019: 11013: 11011: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11003: 11002: 11001: 10987: 10980: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10962: 10961: 10945: 10944: 10943: 10936: 10924: 10918: 10916: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10897: 10896: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10867: 10859: 10857: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10799: 10797: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10789: 10784: 10782:Mecca massacre 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10758: 10757: 10745: 10740: 10732: 10730: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10706: 10705: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10642: 10640: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10632: 10627: 10626: 10625: 10620: 10618:First Intifada 10615: 10603: 10601:1964 Hama riot 10598: 10596:Aden Emergency 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10571: 10566: 10565: 10564: 10559: 10547: 10541: 10539: 10535: 10534: 10532: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10485: 10483: 10479: 10478: 10476: 10475: 10474: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10441: 10440: 10439: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10411: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10382: 10380: 10376: 10375: 10373: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10326: 10324: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10280: 10278: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10270: 10265: 10264: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10237: 10236: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10203: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10181: 10180: 10163: 10157: 10155: 10151: 10150: 10143: 10142: 10135: 10128: 10120: 10111: 10110: 10098: 10095: 10094: 10092: 10091: 10090: 10089: 10079: 10078: 10077: 10067: 10066: 10065: 10055: 10054: 10053: 10044: 10042: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10034: 10033: 10032: 10022: 10021: 10020: 10010: 10009: 10008: 9997: 9996: 9990: 9988: 9984: 9983: 9981: 9980: 9974: 9972: 9968: 9967: 9965: 9964: 9963: 9962: 9952: 9946: 9944: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9917: 9915: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9891: 9889: 9885: 9884: 9882: 9881: 9876: 9870: 9868: 9862: 9861: 9854: 9853: 9846: 9839: 9831: 9825: 9824: 9814: 9794: 9793:External links 9791: 9790: 9789: 9783: 9762: 9756: 9743: 9737: 9731:. SUNY Press. 9721: 9715: 9699:Khalidi, Walid 9695: 9689: 9669: 9663: 9643: 9637: 9624: 9618: 9605: 9597:|journal= 9564: 9544:(4): 590–610. 9529: 9511:(5): 696–711. 9493: 9464: 9435: 9429: 9407: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9381: 9366: 9327: 9317: 9311: 9289: 9283: 9263: 9257: 9240: 9219: 9213: 9196: 9190: 9177: 9171: 9154: 9148: 9135: 9129: 9117:Shapira, Anita 9113: 9107: 9094: 9088: 9069: 9038: 9032: 9010: 9004: 8988: 8982: 8969: 8963: 8948: 8933: 8931:. Herzl Press. 8925:Patai, Raphael 8921: 8915: 8899: 8893: 8880: 8845: 8836: 8830: 8817: 8799:(3): 351–372. 8788: 8782: 8769: 8763: 8741: 8735: 8715: 8709: 8696: 8690: 8673: 8667: 8648: 8642: 8622:Laurens, Henry 8618: 8612: 8599: 8593: 8577: 8571: 8553:Krämer, Gudrun 8549: 8543: 8527: 8521: 8486: 8480: 8463: 8428: 8422: 8409: 8403: 8388: 8382: 8363: 8343:(2): 291–315. 8326: 8291: 8284: 8278:. Book Guild. 8271: 8262: 8256: 8241: 8235: 8222: 8216: 8203: 8197: 8181: 8175: 8162: 8156: 8143: 8137: 8124: 8093: 8087: 8070: 8064: 8051: 8045: 8026: 8020: 7998: 7992: 7979: 7973: 7957: 7951: 7935: 7929: 7913: 7907: 7889: 7883: 7863: 7857: 7844: 7810:(2): 187–204. 7797: 7791: 7778: 7772: 7759: 7753: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7722: 7720:, pp. 15. 7710: 7698: 7696:, p. 314. 7686: 7674: 7662: 7660:, p. 433. 7650: 7635: 7620: 7618:, p. 442. 7608: 7606:, p. 443. 7596: 7594:, p. 437. 7581: 7569: 7557: 7545: 7543:, p. 122. 7533: 7531:, p. 128. 7521: 7519:, p. 121. 7509: 7497: 7485: 7483:, p. 449. 7473: 7471:, p. 250. 7461: 7459:, p. 388. 7449: 7447:, p. 295. 7430: 7428:, p. 109. 7418: 7406: 7394: 7382: 7370: 7358: 7346: 7334: 7322: 7310: 7298: 7296:, p. 133. 7286: 7274: 7262: 7260:, p. 364. 7243: 7231: 7219: 7217:, p. 109. 7207: 7205:, p. 107. 7192: 7180: 7168: 7156: 7154:, p. 106. 7139: 7127: 7115: 7100: 7081: 7079:, p. 172. 7069: 7067:, p. 121. 7057: 7038: 7026: 7014: 7002: 6985: 6979: 6959: 6953: 6931: 6927:Palestine Post 6915: 6896: 6878: 6861: 6849: 6847:, p. 139. 6837: 6835:, p. 125. 6822: 6813: 6811:, p. 167. 6801: 6799:, p. 198. 6789: 6780: 6778:, p. 154. 6759: 6757:, p. 146. 6744: 6732: 6730:, p. 153. 6720: 6718:, p. 181. 6705: 6703:, p. 147. 6682: 6670: 6658: 6646: 6634: 6632:, p. 122. 6622: 6620:, p. 242. 6607: 6577: 6561: 6559:, p. 149. 6546: 6544:, p. 426. 6534: 6532:, p. 427. 6515: 6513:, p. 292. 6503: 6501:, p. 156. 6491: 6479: 6477:, p. 255. 6475:Cleveland 2000 6467: 6465:, p. 132. 6455: 6446: 6434: 6422: 6420:, p. 154. 6410: 6408:, p. 279. 6398: 6379: 6350: 6348:, p. 165. 6338: 6336:, p. 293. 6319: 6276: 6264: 6252: 6250:, p. 246. 6237: 6225: 6213: 6211:, p. 158. 6201: 6188: 6176: 6153: 6151:, p. 416. 6141: 6139:, p. 150. 6126: 6124:, p. 428. 6105: 6073: 6061: 6046: 6044:, p. 254. 6034: 6019: 6017:, p. 425. 6004: 6002:, p. 424. 5987: 5969: 5967:, p. 399. 5957: 5948: 5936: 5934:, p. 417. 5921: 5914: 5906:Free Jerusalem 5896: 5884: 5882:, p. 239. 5872: 5870:, p. 222. 5857: 5838: 5826: 5824:, p. 125. 5811: 5784: 5767: 5765:, p. 339. 5755: 5753:, p. 100. 5743: 5731: 5729:, p. 391. 5719: 5704: 5702:, p. 401. 5692: 5683: 5658: 5646: 5618: 5604: 5580: 5578:, p. 278. 5568: 5566:, p. 279. 5556: 5554:, p. 197. 5544: 5527: 5525:, p. 213. 5512: 5510:, p. 423. 5497: 5495:, p. 196. 5478: 5476:, p. 291. 5461: 5459:, p. 274. 5449: 5437: 5421: 5409: 5400: 5398:, p. 193. 5388: 5379: 5377:, p. 272. 5367: 5351: 5349:, p. 208. 5339: 5337:, p. 129. 5327: 5310: 5298: 5296:, p. 162. 5286: 5274: 5262: 5260:, p. 117. 5250: 5248:, p. 116. 5238: 5226: 5214: 5212:, p. 344. 5202: 5200:, p. 263. 5190: 5188:, p. 237. 5178: 5176:, p. 127. 5166: 5164:, p. 295. 5154: 5152:, p. 113. 5142: 5130: 5128:, p. 264. 5118: 5116:, p. 490. 5106: 5094: 5082: 5080:, p. 339. 5070: 5068:, p. 254. 5053: 5051:, p. 341. 5036: 5024: 5022:, p. 360. 5012: 5010:, p. 106. 5000: 4988: 4971: 4969:, p. 239. 4954: 4942: 4930: 4928:, p. 109. 4918: 4916:, p. 273. 4906: 4904:, p. 106. 4894: 4892:, p. 105. 4882: 4880:, p. 103. 4865: 4863:, p. 102. 4853: 4841: 4829: 4817: 4815:, p. 159. 4800: 4798:, p. 160. 4771: 4759: 4757:, p. 381. 4747: 4745:, p. 377. 4732: 4720: 4708: 4696: 4684: 4682:, p. 313. 4672: 4670:, p. 306. 4655: 4643: 4631: 4629:, p. 136. 4616: 4604: 4602:, p. 338. 4592: 4569: 4567:, p. 333. 4552: 4522: 4510: 4495: 4476: 4472:Levenberg 1993 4455: 4453:, p. 145. 4443: 4431: 4416: 4414:, p. 103. 4404: 4402:, p. 220. 4389: 4387:, p. 128. 4377: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4295:, p. 159) 4284: 4275: 4265: 4244: 4231: 4222: 4213: 4204: 4195: 4182: 4173: 4165:patrimonialism 4152: 4125: 4098: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4020: 4017: 4013:Mau Mau revolt 3938: 3937:Historiography 3935: 3911:British Empire 3901: 3898: 3810: 3807: 3791:Eliyahu Golomb 3755: 3752: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3665: 3662: 3621: 3618: 3610: 3609:Jerusalem area 3607: 3510: 3507: 3473: 3470: 3464:or a group of 3431:qa'id al-fasil 3373: 3370: 3292: 3289: 3244:Labour Zionist 3215: 3212: 3172: 3169: 3159: 3158: 3152: 3147: 3137: 3136: 3130: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3099: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3041: 3040: 2991: 2989: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2949:British Empire 2861:, possibly in 2840: 2837: 2802:British Consul 2793:Reuven Zaslany 2778:Istiqlal Party 2770:general strike 2766:colonial state 2744:Reuven Zaslany 2736: 2733: 2700: 2697: 2611:, Admiral Sir 2548: 2545: 2510:as "Air-Pin". 2455: 2452: 2366:Charles Tegart 2354:Charles Tegart 2337: 2334: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2105: 2102: 2096: 2093: 2037: 2034: 2013:Chaim Weizmann 2008:Labour Zionist 2002:, some of the 1933:Herbert Samuel 1923: 1920: 1829:Richard Peirse 1703:Main article: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1574: 1571: 1549: 1546: 1361:The advent of 1346: 1343: 1242: 1239: 1131:general strike 1115:Qassamite band 1055: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1007: 1002: 1001: 1000: 989: 986: 985: 974: 973: 966: 959: 951: 942: 941: 939: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 887: 884: 883: 872: 871: 864: 857: 849: 841: 840: 824: 804: 803: 799: 798: 787: 772: 771: 767: 766: 692:Ibrahim Nassar 476: 468: 467: 461:Eliyahu Golomb 424:Air Commodore 387:Major-General 375:Robert Haining 298: 297: 293: 292: 281: 280: 265: 264: 261: 237: 236: 235: 234: 233: 220: 219: 209: 208: 207: 202: 173: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 136:United Kingdom 123: 122: 118: 117: 114: 113: 112: 111: 100: 96: 95: 90: 88: 84: 83: 78: 70: 69: 55: 54: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13269: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13154: 13152: 13137: 13129: 13128: 13125: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13068:Greater Yemen 13066: 13064: 13063:Greater Syria 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13040: 13038: 13034: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12999: 12997: 12995: 12991: 12985: 12984: 12980: 12978: 12977: 12973: 12971: 12970: 12966: 12965: 12963: 12959: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12779: 12777: 12775: 12774:Organizations 12771: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12694:George Habash 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12674:Izzat Darwaza 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12609:Yasser Arafat 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12591: 12589: 12587: 12586:Personalities 12583: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12561:Arab identity 12559: 12558: 12556: 12552: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12475:Arab Cold War 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12415: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12392: 12389: 12388: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12375: 12372: 12371: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12361: 12359: 12355: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12325: 12323: 12319: 12315: 12308: 12303: 12301: 12296: 12294: 12289: 12288: 12285: 12272: 12269: 12266: 12263: 12260: 12257: 12254: 12251: 12248: 12245: 12242: 12239: 12236: 12233: 12230: 12227: 12224: 12221: 12218: 12215: 12212: 12209: 12206: 12203: 12200: 12197: 12194: 12191: 12188: 12185: 12182: 12179: 12176: 12173: 12170: 12167: 12164: 12161: 12158: 12155: 12152: 12149: 12146: 12145:Ikhwan revolt 12143: 12140: 12137: 12134: 12131: 12128: 12125: 12122: 12119: 12116: 12113: 12110: 12107: 12104: 12101: 12098: 12095: 12092: 12089: 12086: 12083: 12080: 12077: 12074: 12071: 12068: 12065: 12062: 12059: 12056: 12053: 12050: 12047: 12044: 12041: 12038: 12035: 12032: 12029: 12028: 12026: 12020: 12013: 12010: 12007: 12004: 12001: 11998: 11995: 11992: 11989: 11986: 11983: 11980: 11977: 11974: 11971: 11968: 11965: 11962: 11959: 11956: 11953: 11950: 11947: 11944: 11941: 11938: 11935: 11932: 11929: 11926: 11923: 11920: 11917: 11914: 11911: 11908: 11905: 11902: 11899: 11896: 11893: 11890: 11887: 11884: 11881: 11878: 11875: 11872: 11869: 11866: 11863: 11860: 11857: 11854: 11851: 11848: 11845: 11842: 11839: 11836: 11833: 11830: 11827: 11824: 11821: 11818: 11815: 11812: 11809: 11806: 11803: 11800: 11797: 11794: 11791: 11788: 11785: 11782: 11779: 11776: 11773: 11770: 11767: 11764: 11761: 11758: 11755: 11752: 11749: 11746: 11743: 11740: 11737: 11734: 11731: 11728: 11725: 11722: 11719: 11716: 11713: 11710: 11707: 11704: 11701: 11698: 11695: 11692: 11689: 11686: 11683: 11680: 11677: 11674: 11671: 11668: 11665: 11662: 11659: 11656: 11653: 11650: 11647: 11644: 11641: 11638: 11635: 11632: 11629: 11626: 11623: 11620: 11617: 11614: 11611: 11608: 11605: 11602: 11599: 11596: 11593: 11592:Spice Islands 11590: 11587: 11584: 11581: 11578: 11575: 11572: 11569: 11566: 11563: 11560: 11557: 11554: 11551: 11550:Santo Domingo 11548: 11545: 11542: 11539: 11536: 11533: 11530: 11527: 11524: 11521: 11518: 11515: 11512: 11509: 11506: 11503: 11500: 11499: 11497: 11491: 11484: 11481: 11478: 11475: 11472: 11469: 11466: 11463: 11460: 11457: 11454: 11451: 11448: 11445: 11442: 11439: 11436: 11433: 11430: 11427: 11424: 11421: 11418: 11415: 11412: 11409: 11406: 11403: 11400: 11397: 11394: 11391: 11388: 11385: 11382: 11379: 11376: 11373: 11370: 11367: 11364: 11361: 11358: 11355: 11352: 11349: 11346: 11343: 11340: 11339:Pontiac's War 11337: 11334: 11331: 11328: 11325: 11322: 11319: 11316: 11313: 11310: 11307: 11304: 11301: 11298: 11295: 11292: 11291:Carnatic Wars 11289: 11286: 11283: 11280: 11277: 11274: 11271: 11268: 11265: 11262: 11261:Tuscarora War 11259: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11250: 11244: 11237: 11234: 11231: 11228: 11225: 11222: 11219: 11216: 11213: 11210: 11207: 11204: 11201: 11198: 11195: 11192: 11189: 11186: 11183: 11180: 11177: 11174: 11171: 11168: 11165: 11162: 11159: 11156: 11153: 11150: 11147: 11144: 11141: 11138: 11135: 11132: 11129: 11126: 11123: 11120: 11117: 11114: 11113: 11111: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11089: 11084: 11082: 11077: 11075: 11070: 11069: 11066: 11054: 11052: 11045: 11039: 11038: 11034: 11032: 11031: 11027: 11025: 11024: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11014: 11012: 11008: 11000: 10999: 10998: 10993: 10992: 10991: 10990:Yemeni crisis 10988: 10986: 10985: 10981: 10979: 10978: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10960: 10959: 10955: 10954: 10953: 10952: 10951: 10946: 10942: 10941: 10937: 10935: 10934: 10930: 10929: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10913: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10895: 10892: 10891: 10890: 10889: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10872: 10868: 10866: 10865: 10861: 10860: 10858: 10854: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10832: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10805: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10794: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10756: 10755: 10751: 10750: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10738: 10737:Iran–Iraq War 10734: 10733: 10731: 10727: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10704: 10701: 10700: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10688:NDF Rebellion 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10668: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10643: 10641: 10637: 10631: 10628: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10610: 10609: 10608: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10576: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10542: 10540: 10536: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10486: 10484: 10480: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10442: 10438: 10435: 10434: 10433: 10432: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10420:Alwaziri coup 10418: 10416: 10413: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10390: 10389: 10388: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10377: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10327: 10325: 10321: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10275: 10269: 10266: 10262: 10261:United States 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10224: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10179: 10176: 10175: 10174: 10171: 10170: 10169: 10168: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10141: 10136: 10134: 10129: 10127: 10122: 10121: 10118: 10108: 10107: 10096: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10083: 10080: 10076: 10073: 10072: 10071: 10068: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10059: 10056: 10052: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10045: 10043: 10039: 10031: 10028: 10027: 10026: 10023: 10019: 10016: 10015: 10014: 10011: 10007: 10004: 10003: 10002: 9999: 9998: 9995: 9992: 9991: 9989: 9985: 9979: 9976: 9975: 9973: 9969: 9961: 9958: 9957: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9939: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9912: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9886: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9852: 9847: 9845: 9840: 9838: 9833: 9832: 9829: 9822: 9818: 9815: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9800: 9786: 9780: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9763: 9759: 9753: 9750:. Routledge. 9749: 9744: 9740: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9692: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9647:Kessler, Oren 9644: 9640: 9634: 9630: 9625: 9621: 9615: 9611: 9606: 9602: 9589: 9581: 9577: 9570: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9499: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9436: 9432: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9417: 9412: 9411:Cohen, Hillel 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9395: 9384: 9378: 9374: 9373: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9340:(3): 93–113. 9339: 9335: 9334: 9328: 9324: 9323: 9318: 9314: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9299: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9280: 9276: 9275:Profile Books 9272: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9220: 9216: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9197: 9193: 9187: 9183: 9178: 9174: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9155: 9151: 9145: 9141: 9136: 9132: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9104: 9100: 9095: 9091: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9076: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9045: 9039: 9035: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9020: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9001: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8979: 8975: 8970: 8966: 8960: 8957:. Routledge. 8956: 8955: 8949: 8944: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8890: 8886: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8842: 8837: 8833: 8827: 8823: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8789: 8785: 8779: 8775: 8770: 8766: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8751: 8746: 8745:Morris, Benny 8742: 8738: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8719:Morris, Benny 8716: 8712: 8706: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8674: 8670: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8655: 8649: 8645: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8609: 8605: 8600: 8596: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8559: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8501:Rogan, Eugene 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8425: 8419: 8416:. Routledge. 8415: 8410: 8406: 8400: 8396: 8395: 8389: 8385: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8370: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8281: 8277: 8272: 8268: 8263: 8259: 8253: 8249: 8248: 8242: 8238: 8232: 8228: 8223: 8219: 8213: 8210:. Routledge. 8209: 8204: 8200: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8172: 8168: 8163: 8159: 8153: 8149: 8144: 8140: 8134: 8130: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8100: 8094: 8090: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8071: 8067: 8061: 8057: 8052: 8048: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8033: 8027: 8023: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8008: 8003: 8002:Cohen, Hillel 7999: 7995: 7989: 7985: 7980: 7976: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7939:Black, Jeremy 7936: 7932: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7904: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7850: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7804: 7798: 7794: 7788: 7784: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7766:. Routledge. 7765: 7760: 7756: 7750: 7746: 7745:Profile Books 7742: 7741: 7736: 7735:Allport, Alan 7732: 7731: 7719: 7714: 7707: 7702: 7695: 7690: 7684:, p. 66. 7683: 7678: 7672:, p. 51. 7671: 7666: 7659: 7654: 7647: 7642: 7640: 7632: 7627: 7625: 7617: 7612: 7605: 7600: 7593: 7588: 7586: 7576: 7574: 7567:, p. 24. 7566: 7561: 7554: 7549: 7542: 7537: 7530: 7525: 7518: 7513: 7506: 7501: 7494: 7489: 7482: 7477: 7470: 7465: 7458: 7453: 7446: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7427: 7422: 7415: 7410: 7403: 7398: 7391: 7386: 7379: 7374: 7367: 7362: 7355: 7350: 7343: 7338: 7332:, p. 89. 7331: 7326: 7320:, p. 86. 7319: 7314: 7307: 7302: 7295: 7290: 7284:, p. 87. 7283: 7278: 7271: 7266: 7259: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7241:, p. 32. 7240: 7235: 7228: 7223: 7216: 7211: 7204: 7199: 7197: 7190:, p. 80. 7189: 7184: 7177: 7172: 7166:, p. 83. 7165: 7160: 7153: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7136: 7131: 7124: 7119: 7112: 7107: 7105: 7097: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7078: 7073: 7066: 7061: 7054: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7036:, p. 30. 7035: 7030: 7024:, p. 87. 7023: 7018: 7012:, p. 88. 7011: 7006: 6999: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6982: 6976: 6973:, Routledge, 6972: 6971: 6963: 6956: 6950: 6947:, Routledge, 6946: 6942: 6935: 6928: 6924: 6919: 6912: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6875: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6856: 6854: 6846: 6841: 6834: 6829: 6827: 6817: 6810: 6805: 6798: 6793: 6784: 6777: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6756: 6751: 6749: 6741: 6736: 6729: 6724: 6717: 6712: 6710: 6702: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6679: 6674: 6668:, p. 14. 6667: 6662: 6656:, p. 99. 6655: 6650: 6643: 6638: 6631: 6626: 6619: 6614: 6612: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6558: 6553: 6551: 6543: 6538: 6531: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6512: 6507: 6500: 6495: 6489:, p. 23. 6488: 6487:Sacharov 2004 6483: 6476: 6471: 6464: 6459: 6450: 6444:, p. 80. 6443: 6438: 6432:, p. 28. 6431: 6426: 6419: 6414: 6407: 6402: 6395: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6376: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6347: 6342: 6335: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6316: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6274:, p. 33. 6273: 6268: 6262:, p. 16. 6261: 6256: 6249: 6244: 6242: 6235:, p. 30. 6234: 6229: 6223:, p. 11. 6222: 6217: 6210: 6205: 6198: 6192: 6186:, p. 51. 6185: 6180: 6173: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6150: 6145: 6138: 6133: 6131: 6123: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6090: 6083: 6077: 6071:, p. 73. 6070: 6065: 6058: 6057: 6050: 6043: 6038: 6031: 6026: 6024: 6016: 6011: 6009: 6001: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5984: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5966: 5961: 5952: 5945: 5940: 5933: 5928: 5926: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5893: 5888: 5881: 5876: 5869: 5864: 5862: 5854: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5835: 5830: 5823: 5818: 5816: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5764: 5759: 5752: 5747: 5740: 5735: 5728: 5723: 5716: 5711: 5709: 5701: 5696: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5655: 5650: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5622: 5607: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5584: 5577: 5572: 5565: 5560: 5553: 5548: 5540: 5539: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5517: 5509: 5504: 5502: 5494: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5475: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5458: 5453: 5447:, p. 80. 5446: 5441: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5418: 5417:Townsend 1988 5413: 5404: 5397: 5392: 5383: 5376: 5371: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5348: 5343: 5336: 5331: 5324: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5307: 5302: 5295: 5290: 5284:, p. 23. 5283: 5278: 5271: 5266: 5259: 5254: 5247: 5242: 5235: 5230: 5223: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5199: 5194: 5187: 5186:Matthews 2006 5182: 5175: 5170: 5163: 5158: 5151: 5146: 5139: 5134: 5127: 5122: 5115: 5110: 5103: 5098: 5092:, p. 25. 5091: 5086: 5079: 5074: 5067: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5050: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5033: 5028: 5021: 5016: 5009: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4985: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4968: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4951: 4946: 4939: 4934: 4927: 4922: 4915: 4910: 4903: 4898: 4891: 4886: 4879: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4862: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4838: 4833: 4827:, p. 94. 4826: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4797: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4768: 4763: 4756: 4751: 4744: 4739: 4737: 4730:, p. 39. 4729: 4724: 4717: 4712: 4705: 4700: 4694:, p. 27. 4693: 4688: 4681: 4676: 4669: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4652: 4647: 4641:, p. 28. 4640: 4635: 4628: 4623: 4621: 4613: 4608: 4601: 4596: 4589: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4566: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4519: 4514: 4507: 4502: 4500: 4488: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4452: 4447: 4441:, p. 44. 4440: 4435: 4429:, p. 22. 4428: 4423: 4421: 4413: 4408: 4401: 4396: 4394: 4386: 4381: 4374: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4312: 4294: 4288: 4279: 4269: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4242:, p. 82) 4241: 4235: 4226: 4217: 4208: 4199: 4192: 4186: 4177: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4149: 4143: 4134: 4129: 4122: 4116: 4107: 4102: 4095: 4089: 4083:الثورة الكبرى 4080: 4075: 4071: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3947:anti-colonial 3944: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3897: 3895: 3894:Philip Mattar 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3806: 3802: 3801:(restraint). 3800: 3797:'s policy of 3796: 3792: 3788: 3787:Moshe Shertok 3783: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3761: 3751: 3743: 3737:, 18 May 1939 3736: 3731: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3694: 3690: 3689:Fascist Italy 3684: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3606: 3603: 3597: 3595: 3584: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3491:Upper Galilee 3488: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3378: 3369: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3232: 3227: 3221: 3211: 3209: 3208:Moshe Shertok 3205: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3178:Sherut Yediot 3168: 3166: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3145:Tegart's wall 3142: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3111:(field corps) 3110: 3107: 3104: 3103:Mobile Guards 3101: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3037: 3034: 3026: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2992:This section 2990: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2972: 2970: 2969:riots of 1929 2966: 2962: 2958: 2957:Moshe Shertok 2952: 2950: 2944: 2940: 2938: 2932: 2930: 2929: 2922: 2920: 2919:Sir Hugh Foot 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2724:Mediterranean 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2636:Royal Marines 2633: 2630:relieved HMS 2629: 2625: 2624: 2619:and diverted 2618: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2565: 2564: 2558: 2553: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2491:Air Commodore 2488: 2487:Arthur Harris 2484: 2481:based in the 2480: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2444:waterboarding 2441: 2437: 2436:foot whipping 2433: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2417:Tegart's wall 2413: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2370:British India 2367: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2322: 2317: 2316:human shields 2312: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2233: 2229: 2228:Chief Justice 2225: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2174: 2167: 2162: 2154: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2101: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2056:Lewis Andrews 2048: 2043: 2033: 2030: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1900: 1898: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1867:Auja al-Hafir 1863: 1858: 1856: 1855:Jewish Agency 1852: 1851:Moshe Shertok 1848: 1844: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1819: 1814: 1806: 1798: 1794: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1763:Lake Tiberias 1760: 1756: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1732: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1706: 1691: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1637: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1579: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1515:National Bloc 1512: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1396:Jewish Agency 1393: 1389: 1388:civil society 1385: 1380: 1376: 1374: 1368: 1364: 1356: 1351: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1253: 1248: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1215:Walid Khalidi 1212: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088:colonial rule 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 999: 996: 995: 994: 991: 990: 987: 982: 972: 967: 965: 960: 958: 953: 952: 949: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 888: 885: 880: 870: 865: 863: 858: 856: 851: 850: 847: 828: 825: 821:c. 500 killed 818: 809: 806: 805: 800: 788: 774: 773: 768: 765: 754: 752: 746: 739: 727: 724: 723: 718: 713: 709: 705: 703: 697: 693: 689: 687: 681: 677: 675: 669: 668:Abdul Khallik 665: 658: 654: 652: 646: 642: 640: 634: 630: 628: 622: 618: 616: 610: 606: 604: 598: 591: 586: 578: 571: 563: 552: 550: 541: 529: 525: 521: 520:Izzat Darwaza 507: 493: 481: 477: 472: 465: 462: 458: 454: 453: 451: 448: 444: 441: 437: 427: 426:Arthur Harris 422: 413: 409: 406: 405:Air Commodore 402: 394: 391:; Commander, 390: 385: 376: 371: 365: 360: 352: 348: 343: 335: 329: 320: 316: 312: 306: 300: 299: 294: 291: 275: 274: 273: 269: 262: 259: 255: 254: 253: 249: 238: 231: 230: 226: 223: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 203: 201: 198: 197: 196: 192: 188: 187: 186: 185: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 140: 139: 138: 137: 125: 124: 119: 110: 106: 105: 104: 101: 98: 97: 93: 89: 86: 85: 79: 76: 75: 71: 67: 66:human shields 61: 56: 53: 49: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 13103:Pan-Islamism 12981: 12974: 12967: 12867:Ba'ath Party 12744:Ameen Rihani 12604:Jassem Alwan 12599:Michel Aflaq 12455:Algerian War 12381:Iraqi Revolt 12373: 12168: 12115:Iraqi Revolt 11970:Matabeleland 11946:North Borneo 11940:Matabeleland 11892:Saskatchewan 11694:Upper Canada 11688:Lower Canada 11646:Persian Gulf 11562:Persian Gulf 11502:Newfoundland 11483:Polygar Wars 11453:Kandyan Wars 11405:Nootka Sound 11048: 11035: 11028: 11021: 10995: 10994: 10982: 10975: 10956: 10948: 10947: 10938: 10931: 10886: 10869: 10862: 10830: 10802: 10752: 10735: 10665: 10605: 10573: 10549: 10443: 10429: 10387:World War II 10385: 10364: 10221: 10165: 10099: 9931: 9796: 9770: 9747: 9728: 9702: 9681:Beacon Press 9676: 9650: 9628: 9609: 9588:cite journal 9575: 9541: 9537: 9508: 9504: 9472: 9468: 9443: 9439: 9415: 9402: 9371: 9337: 9331: 9321: 9297: 9270: 9244: 9227: 9223: 9200: 9181: 9158: 9139: 9120: 9098: 9074: 9048: 9042: 9018: 8995: 8973: 8953: 8943:the original 8937: 8928: 8906: 8884: 8862:(1): 25–45. 8859: 8853: 8840: 8821: 8796: 8792: 8773: 8749: 8722: 8700: 8677: 8653: 8629: 8625: 8603: 8584: 8581:Laffin, John 8557: 8534: 8508: 8467: 8445:(2): 28–42. 8442: 8436: 8413: 8393: 8368: 8340: 8334: 8319:the original 8306: 8302: 8275: 8266: 8246: 8226: 8207: 8188: 8166: 8147: 8128: 8106:(3): 16–32. 8103: 8097: 8074: 8055: 8031: 8006: 7983: 7964: 7942: 7920: 7896: 7870: 7848: 7807: 7801: 7782: 7763: 7739: 7713: 7706:Hughes 2009a 7701: 7694:Hughes 2009a 7689: 7682:Allport 2020 7677: 7670:Allport 2020 7665: 7653: 7648:, p. ?. 7611: 7599: 7560: 7548: 7536: 7524: 7512: 7500: 7488: 7476: 7469:Shapira 1999 7464: 7452: 7426:Nicosia 2014 7421: 7414:Nicosia 2014 7409: 7402:Nicosia 2014 7397: 7385: 7373: 7366:Nicosia 2014 7361: 7354:Nicosia 2014 7349: 7337: 7325: 7318:Nicosia 2014 7313: 7306:Arielli 2008 7301: 7289: 7277: 7265: 7258:Nicosia 1980 7234: 7222: 7210: 7183: 7171: 7159: 7130: 7122: 7118: 7072: 7060: 7029: 7017: 7005: 6969: 6962: 6944: 6934: 6926: 6918: 6891:the original 6881: 6876:, p. 9. 6840: 6816: 6804: 6792: 6783: 6735: 6723: 6673: 6666:Ben-Ami 2005 6661: 6654:Nicosia 2008 6649: 6637: 6625: 6598:. 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Retrieved 5590: 5583: 5571: 5559: 5552:Kayyālī 1978 5547: 5536: 5530: 5493:Kayyālī 1978 5452: 5445:Gilbert 1998 5440: 5412: 5403: 5396:Kayyālī 1978 5391: 5382: 5370: 5342: 5330: 5325:, p. 3. 5308:, p. 2. 5301: 5289: 5277: 5270:Sanagan 2013 5265: 5258:Sanagan 2020 5253: 5246:Sanagan 2020 5241: 5234:Sanagan 2020 5229: 5222:Sanagan 2020 5217: 5210:Sanagan 2013 5205: 5193: 5181: 5169: 5157: 5150:Commins 2004 5145: 5133: 5121: 5114:Hughes 2016b 5109: 5097: 5090:Khalidi 2001 5085: 5078:Sanagan 2013 5073: 5049:Sanagan 2013 5032:Sanagan 2013 5027: 5015: 5008:Sanagan 2020 5003: 4991: 4945: 4933: 4921: 4909: 4897: 4885: 4856: 4844: 4832: 4820: 4767:Khalidi 2001 4762: 4750: 4723: 4711: 4706:, p. 5. 4699: 4687: 4680:Hughes 2009a 4675: 4668:Laurens 2002 4646: 4634: 4607: 4600:Sanagan 2013 4595: 4565:Sanagan 2013 4534: 4525: 4520:, p. 9. 4513: 4508:, p. 1. 4485: 4479: 4446: 4434: 4427:Millman 1998 4407: 4380: 4373:Hughes 2009a 4287: 4278: 4268: 4257:Abteilung 1, 4256: 4247: 4234: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4185: 4176: 4168: 4160: 4155: 4128: 4101: 4074: 3997: 3994: 3980:gendarmeries 3979: 3977: 3972:Alan Allport 3969: 3940: 3931: 3919: 3903: 3870: 3861:Lord Halifax 3827: 3819:Benny Morris 3812: 3803: 3784: 3767: 3763: 3748: 3714:Saudi Arabia 3698: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3626:Ottoman Army 3623: 3612: 3599: 3587: 3586: 3570: 3554:Yusuf Hamdan 3540: 3528: 3522: 3512: 3475: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3416: 3366: 3338:Hebron hills 3335: 3322: 3306:Mount Carmel 3296: 3294: 3282: 3279:Jaffa Street 3275: 3260: 3256:Nazi Germany 3235: 3229: 3223: 3204:Shaul Avigur 3197: 3193: 3186:Arab Platoon 3185: 3177: 3174: 3164: 3163: 3141:Tegart forts 3070:Mobile units 3029: 3020: 3005:Please help 2993: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2926: 2923: 2902: 2891: 2889: 2873: 2855:Orde Wingate 2825:Yehuda Arazi 2818: 2815: 2790: 2782: 2753: 2721: 2702: 2692:emplacements 2682: 2675: 2669: 2667: 2658: 2650: 2642: 2640: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2616: 2613:Dudley Pound 2606: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2569: 2562: 2534: 2523: 2516: 2512: 2499:Trans-Jordan 2476: 2473: 2457: 2429: 2374:David Petrie 2363: 2336:Tegart forts 2330: 2326: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2283: 2269:11th Hussars 2261: 2244: 2238: 2213: 2198: 2194: 2183: 2115:Ralph Cairns 2107: 2098: 2077: 2053: 2025: 1996:Revisionists 1993: 1980: 1957: 1925: 1909: 1901: 1893: 1882: 1875: 1859: 1849:." However, 1839: 1834: 1823: 1791: 1759:Jordan River 1752: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1685: 1657:Thessaloniki 1642: 1619: 1588: 1555:Nuri as-Said 1551: 1541: 1523: 1482: 1451: 1443: 1427: 1419:anti-Zionist 1408: 1372: 1371:clan-based ( 1360: 1339: 1330: 1314:shanty towns 1289:immiseration 1272: 1256: 1228: 1208: 1183:British Army 1167:Saudi Arabia 1151: 1100: 1096:Jewish state 1083: 1079: 1076:Great Revolt 1075: 1061: 1026: 876: 835:108 executed 826: 816: 807: 789:1,000–3,000 750: 745:Sa'id al-'As 725: 722:Hasan Salama 701: 696:Mustafa Osta 685: 673: 650: 638: 633:Yusuf Hamdan 626: 614: 602: 548: 527: 526: 479: 478: 450:(1936–1939) 443:Dudley Pound 408:Roderic Hill 373:Lt.-General 362:Lt.-General 345:Lt.-General 301: 266: 257: 239: 175: 150:British Army 126: 121:Belligerents 102: 42:Part of the 29: 12797:Arab Ba'ath 12719:Salah Jadid 12576:Arabization 12423:Six-Day War 12418:Suez Crisis 12364:Arab Revolt 12343:Pan-Arabism 12235:Suez Crisis 12133:Transjordan 12037:West Africa 12014:(1899–1902) 12008:(1898–1901) 12000:Six-Day War 11948:(1894–1905) 11936:(1891–1895) 11916:Mashonaland 11880:Mahdist War 11820:Shimonoseki 11750:(1847–1901) 11660:(1824–1901) 11628:Cape Colony 11526:Cape Colony 11485:(1799–1805) 11479:(1799–1803) 11467:(1798–1800) 11455:(1796–1818) 11429:Cape Colony 11419:(1793–1806) 11401:(1788–1934) 11297:Nova Scotia 11267:Yamasee War 11238:(1694–1700) 11212:Child's War 11200:2nd Tangier 11194:1st Tangier 11190:(1655–1739) 11140:Saint Kitts 11118:(1593–1603) 11051:World War I 10509:Suez Crisis 10456:Suez Crisis 10185:Arab Revolt 10167:World War I 9905:Jaffa riots 9775:I.B. Tauris 9230:: 917–949. 8587:. Cassell. 8505:Shlaim, Avi 7718:Hughes 2019 7565:Nashif 2008 7553:Morris 1999 7517:Morris 1999 7445:Krämer 2008 7294:Morris 1999 7282:Hughes 2019 7270:Hughes 2019 7227:Hughes 2019 7215:Hughes 2019 7203:Hughes 2019 7188:Hughes 2019 7176:Hughes 2019 7164:Hughes 2019 7152:Hughes 2019 7135:Hughes 2019 6874:Anglim 2005 6776:Morris 1999 6740:Morris 1999 6728:Morris 1999 6701:Morris 1999 6630:Bajohr 2002 6618:Krämer 2008 6557:Morris 1999 6511:Krämer 2008 6463:Morris 1999 6442:Laffin 1979 6375:Thomas 2008 6334:Krämer 2008 6248:Thomas 2008 6233:Harris 1998 6209:Omissi 1990 6184:Rotter 2008 6172:Omissi 1990 6137:Morris 1999 6042:Thomas 2008 5834:Hughes 2019 5804:11 November 5739:Morris 2004 5715:Morris 1999 5576:Krämer 2008 5564:Krämer 2008 5474:Krämer 2008 5457:Krämer 2008 5375:Krämer 2008 5335:Morris 1999 5323:Hughes 2019 5306:Hughes 2019 5294:Porath 2015 5282:Bar-On 2004 5198:Krämer 2008 5174:Morris 1999 5162:Thomas 2007 5126:Krämer 2008 5066:Krämer 2008 4996:Krämer 2008 4984:Krämer 2008 4967:Krämer 2008 4950:Krämer 2008 4938:Krämer 2008 4926:Yazbak 2000 4914:Krämer 2008 4902:Yazbak 2000 4890:Yazbak 2000 4878:Yazbak 2000 4861:Yazbak 2000 4849:Yazbak 2000 4837:Yazbak 2000 4825:Yazbak 2000 4813:Morris 1999 4796:Morris 1999 4755:Hughes 2019 4743:Hughes 2019 4728:Norris 2008 4716:Norris 2008 4692:Norris 2008 4651:Norris 2008 4627:Morris 1999 4612:Hughes 2019 4588:Yazbak 2000 4550:Palestine.' 4530:Nur Masalha 4518:Kabahā 2014 4506:Hughes 2019 4451:Morris 1999 4293:Morris 1999 4240:Hughes 2019 3660:battalion. 3654:Hamad Sa'ab 3614:Issa Battat 3566:Transjordan 3562:Arab Legion 3362:Black Watch 3226:Revisionist 3224:In 1931, a 3157:settlement 2937:Acre Prison 2823:(headed by 2588:gun running 2519:road blocks 2406:Solel Boneh 2346:Tegart fort 2201:martial law 1984:Transjordan 1912:Levi Billig 1885:Transjordan 1782:Jaffa riots 1681:Haganah-Bet 1673:Petah Tikva 1179:martial law 1171:Transjordan 1027:Arab Revolt 1005:Jaffa riots 664:Wasif Kamal 609:Issa Battat 474:(from 1937) 431:(1938–1939) 416:(1936–1938) 396:(1938–1939) 379:(1938–1939) 354:(1936–1937) 338:(1938–1944) 322:(1932–1938) 228:(from 1937) 13151:Categories 12961:Literature 12654:Tariq Aziz 12571:Arab world 12566:Arab Union 12495:Dhofar War 12139:Pink's War 12031:Somaliland 11868:Basutoland 11622:Guadeloupe 11604:Xhosa Wars 11586:Seychelles 11568:Guadeloupe 11556:Martinique 11423:Rohilkhand 11387:Gold Coast 11357:Rohilkhand 11315:Bengal War 11152:Pequot War 9960:The Saison 9921:Black Hand 9866:Background 9582:: 487–507. 9014:Segev, Tom 8682:I B Tauris 8659:I.B.Tauris 7917:Black, Ian 7658:Segev 1999 7616:Segev 1999 7604:Segev 1999 7592:Segev 1999 7541:Cohen 2009 7529:Cohen 2009 7505:Segev 1999 7493:Segev 1999 7481:Segev 1999 7457:Segev 1999 7342:Fiore 2010 7330:Fiore 2010 7111:Horne 2003 7096:Horne 2003 7053:Horne 2003 6998:Horne 2003 6911:Horne 2003 6809:Cohen 2009 6797:Cohen 2009 6755:Cohen 2009 6678:Segev 1999 6642:Segev 1991 6542:Segev 1999 6530:Segev 1999 6149:Segev 1999 6122:Segev 1999 6030:Horne 2003 6015:Segev 1999 6000:Segev 1999 5983:CAB 24/282 5965:Segev 1999 5932:Segev 1999 5880:Horne 2003 5868:Horne 2003 5822:Cohen 2009 5727:Louis 2006 5700:Segev 1999 5654:Horne 2003 5523:Horne 2003 5508:Segev 1999 5347:Horne 2003 5138:Tripp 2002 5020:Segev 1999 4704:Kelly 2017 4639:Kelly 2015 4385:Black 2006 4303:References 3841:Musa Alami 3725:Casualties 3634:Said al-As 3458:mujahideen 3450:mujahadeen 3301:Nashashibi 3023:April 2012 2863:Kfar Tavor 2584:destroyers 2557:Royal Navy 2462:developed 2190:sanitation 2069:Seychelles 2017:Ben Gurion 1952:Gan-Shmuel 1709:See also: 1595:Lewis guns 1513:, and the 1499:, the pro- 1494:Nashashibi 1446:), led by 1417:, a small 1415:Black Hand 1042:the Saison 916:Beit Imrin 823:2 executed 812:262 killed 741:(expelled) 593:(defected) 509:(defected) 12994:Symbolism 12338:Nasserism 12333:Ba'athism 12271:Falklands 12267:(1963–67) 12261:(1962–66) 12255:(1962–90) 12243:(1962–76) 12231:(1955–59) 12225:(1954–59) 12219:(1952–60) 12213:(1948–60) 12207:(1946–50) 12199:Indonesia 12195:(1945–46) 12193:Indochina 12189:(1944–48) 12177:(1936–39) 12171:(1936–39) 12159:(1931–32) 12153:(1930–31) 12147:(1927–30) 12129:(1922–24) 12127:Kurdistan 12111:(1919–20) 12087:(1916–17) 12067:Nyasaland 12063:(1914–15) 12057:(1914–15) 12045:(1903–04) 12039:(1901–02) 12033:(1900–20) 11996:(1897–98) 11990:(1897–98) 11972:(1896–97) 11942:(1893–94) 11906:(1886–89) 11882:(1881–99) 11876:(1880–81) 11870:(1880–81) 11864:(1879–80) 11852:(1875–76) 11838:Abyssinia 11834:(1866–71) 11828:(1864–65) 11816:(1863–64) 11808:Kagoshima 11804:(1857–58) 11798:(1857–59) 11792:(1856–60) 11786:(1856–57) 11780:(1854–56) 11778:Åland War 11762:(1848–49) 11738:(1845–50) 11732:(1845–46) 11726:(1845–72) 11720:(1839–42) 11714:(1839–42) 11708:(1839–41) 11696:(1837–38) 11690:(1837–38) 11684:(1831–33) 11678:(1831–32) 11672:(1828–32) 11666:(1824–26) 11642:(1817–18) 11618:(1814–16) 11612:(1812–15) 11606:(1811–79) 11600:(1810–11) 11580:Mauritius 11552:(1808–09) 11534:(1806–07) 11510:(1803–05) 11473:(1798–99) 11443:(1795–96) 11437:(1795–96) 11413:(1789–92) 11389:(1781–82) 11383:(1779–84) 11377:(1775–82) 11371:(1775–83) 11359:(1773–74) 11353:(1769–73) 11347:(1765–71) 11341:(1763–66) 11335:(1762–63) 11323:(1758–61) 11317:(1756–65) 11311:(1756–63) 11305:(1754–63) 11299:(1749–55) 11293:(1746–63) 11287:(1744–48) 11281:(1740–42) 11275:(1722–25) 11269:(1715–17) 11263:(1711–15) 11257:(1702–13) 11232:(1688–97) 11226:(1688–91) 11214:(1686–90) 11208:(1675–78) 11184:(1654–60) 11178:(1654–67) 11172:(1649–53) 11166:(1641–53) 11154:(1634–38) 11124:(1609–46) 9560:159806598 9525:144152921 9489:144764155 9460:144109522 9362:143687219 8905:(2015) . 8876:159800348 8813:161300717 8359:159743031 8079:Routledge 7840:145144088 7824:1353-0194 7390:Herf 2009 7378:Herf 2009 7239:Herf 2009 5639:5 January 5611:5 January 5596:Routledge 4308:Citations 4142:romanized 4115:romanized 4088:romanized 3693:Abyssinia 3558:al-Lajjun 3516:from the 3443:Oozlebart 3263:Iron Wall 2994:does not 2705:oilfields 2674:HMS 2576:howitzers 2495:Palestine 2440:denailing 2402:Histadrut 2224:gelignite 2111:Jerusalem 1975:Lord Peel 1897:John Dill 1887:, led by 1761:south of 1583:Givat Ada 1460:Qalqilyah 1424:mujāhīdūn 1379:Nebi Musa 1195:NDP party 1082:, or the 931:Beersheba 921:al-Khader 791:(1936–37) 466:Commander 347:John Dill 13136:Category 13078:Islamism 12787:Al-Fatat 12554:Concepts 12321:Ideology 12259:Malaysia 12181:Ethiopia 12079:Peshawar 11844:Manitoba 11826:Duar War 11122:Virginia 10864:Iraq War 10047:British 9727:(1989). 9701:(1987). 9675:(2007). 9649:(2023). 9413:(2015). 9401:(1938). 9295:(2012). 9269:(2004). 9119:(1999). 9065:24268904 9016:(1999). 8994:(2004). 8927:(1971). 8747:(2004). 8721:(1999). 8624:(2002). 8583:(1979). 8555:(2008). 8507:(eds.). 8492:(2001). 8269:. Knopf. 8187:(1998). 8004:(2009). 7963:(1996). 7941:(2006). 7895:(2005). 7869:(2004). 7832:20455584 7737:(2020). 4161:fallāḥīn 4019:See also 3799:havlagah 3771:Tel Aviv 3658:Lebanese 3466:quwwa'id 3454:fedayeen 3350:Old City 3314:Nazareth 3284:Havlagah 2875:Ghaffirs 2798:Damascus 2774:pan-Arab 2757:imperial 2683:Warspite 2572:cruisers 2274:mukhtars 2248:al-Bassa 2136:al-Bassa 2125:Response 2084:Havlagah 1873:desert. 1847:fellahin 1694:Timeline 1528:and the 1506:the pro- 1440:Nazareth 1310:fellahin 1263:Wauchope 1258:Falastin 1193:, whose 1185:and the 1103:fellahin 936:Tiberias 926:Kafr Sur 839:5 exiled 770:Strength 660:(exiled) 566:(exiled) 523:(exiled) 495:(exiled) 309:General 87:Location 12782:Al-Awda 12357:History 12253:Sarawak 12205:Sarawak 12097:Nigeria 12085:Mohmand 12073:Nigeria 12024:century 11682:Malacca 11676:Jamaica 11634:Algiers 11574:Reunion 11520:Surinam 11495:century 11441:Grenada 11435:Jamaica 11327:Jamaica 11248:century 11188:Jamaica 11116:Ireland 11109:century 11096:English 10256:Revolts 9769:(ed.). 9354:4284093 8120:2676453 7727:Sources 5985:, p. 4. 5781:. 1938. 4144:: 4117:: 4090:: 3985:Rif War 3943:Israeli 3906:Germany 3795:Haganah 3720:Outcome 3664:Funding 3576:Arrabah 3532:metonym 3523:fasa'il 3518:Tulkarm 3503:Lebanon 3472:Galilee 3439:Ursabat 3421:(sing: 3419:fasa'il 3318:Husayni 3194:Rekhesh 3190:Palmach 3188:of the 3184:); the 3095:Rekhesh 3015:removed 3000:sources 2903:Haganah 2893:Haganah 2688:Lebanon 2670:Repulse 2659:Repulse 2651:Repulse 2643:Repulse 2632:Emerald 2628:Repulse 2623:Emerald 2617:Repulse 2601:Repulse 2394:Lebanon 2267:of the 1869:in the 1853:of the 1820:, 1936. 1677:Yarkona 1653:Tulkarm 1626:Tel Hai 1599:Haganah 1573:Prelude 1508:Khalidi 1501:Husayni 1456:Tulkarm 1400:Haganah 1363:Zionism 1275:Ottoman 1269:in 1917 1267:Allenby 1235:Haganah 1203:faction 1147:Zionism 1092:Zionism 891:Tulkarm 751:† 702:† 686:† 674:† 651:† 639:† 627:† 615:† 603:† 549:† 464:Haganah 440:Admiral 258:fasa'il 195:Haganah 12273:(1982) 12249:(1962) 12247:Brunei 12237:(1956) 12201:(1945) 12183:(1943) 12165:(1935) 12141:(1925) 12135:(1923) 12123:(1921) 12117:(1920) 12105:(1919) 12099:(1918) 12093:(1917) 12091:Quebec 12081:(1915) 12075:(1915) 12069:(1915) 12051:(1906) 12002:(1899) 11984:(1897) 11978:(1897) 11966:(1896) 11960:(1896) 11954:(1895) 11930:(1891) 11924:(1891) 11918:(1890) 11912:(1888) 11910:Hazara 11900:(1885) 11894:(1885) 11888:(1882) 11858:(1879) 11846:(1870) 11840:(1868) 11822:(1864) 11810:(1863) 11774:(1854) 11768:(1852) 11756:(1848) 11754:Ceylon 11744:(1847) 11742:Canton 11702:(1839) 11654:(1823) 11652:Guiana 11648:(1819) 11636:(1816) 11630:(1815) 11624:(1815) 11594:(1810) 11588:(1810) 11582:(1810) 11576:(1810) 11570:(1810) 11564:(1809) 11558:(1809) 11546:(1807) 11540:(1807) 11528:(1806) 11522:(1804) 11516:(1804) 11504:(1800) 11461:(1798) 11449:(1795) 11447:Ceylon 11431:(1795) 11425:(1794) 11407:(1789) 11395:(1786) 11365:(1774) 11329:(1762) 11220:(1687) 11202:(1664) 11196:(1662) 11176:Acadia 11160:(1641) 11148:(1628) 11146:Quebec 11142:(1626) 11136:(1622) 11130:(1612) 11128:Swally 10082:Nazism 9987:Actors 9781: 9754: 9735: 9713: 9687: 9661: 9635: 9616: 9558: 9523: 9487: 9458: 9427: 9379: 9360: 9352: 9309: 9281: 9255: 9211: 9188: 9169: 9146: 9127: 9105: 9086: 9063: 9030: 9002: 8980: 8961: 8913: 8891: 8874: 8828: 8811: 8780: 8761: 8733: 8707: 8688: 8665: 8640: 8634:Fayard 8610: 8591: 8569: 8541: 8519: 8478: 8457: 8420: 8401: 8380: 8357: 8282: 8254: 8233: 8214: 8195: 8173: 8154: 8135: 8118: 8085: 8062: 8043: 8018: 7990: 7971: 7949: 7927: 7905: 7881: 7855: 7838: 7830: 7822: 7789: 7770: 7751: 6977: 6951: 6600:21 May 6098:31 May 5912: 5602: 4545: 4133:Arabic 4106:Arabic 4079:Arabic 3960:Hebrew 3710:Abwehr 3708:. The 3602:Tayibe 3299:) or " 3150:Guards 3066: 2913:, and 2898:Hebrew 2880:Nesher 2845:Notrim 2833:Mossad 2786:C.I.D. 2748:Mossad 2563:Malaya 2425:Israel 2350:Latrun 2308:Nablus 2252:Halhul 2239:Malaya 2140:Halhul 2119:C.I.D. 1843:Qur'an 1767:Beisan 1659:. The 1649:Nablus 1615:Ya'bad 1519:Nablus 1392:Yishuv 1373:hamula 1334:Yishuv 1284:dunums 1211:hanged 1139:Yishuv 1078:, the 901:Anabta 796:(1938) 783:(1936) 747: 714: 698: 682: 670: 647: 635: 623: 611: 599: 582: 545: 377:, GOC 147: 133: 99:Result 12882:Fatah 12151:Tirah 12061:Tochi 11850:Perak 11616:Nepal 11538:Egypt 11465:Malta 11393:Assam 11236:Ghana 11134:Ormuz 11010:2020s 10915:2010s 10856:2000s 10796:1990s 10729:1980s 10639:1970s 10538:1960s 10482:1950s 10379:1940s 10323:1930s 10277:1920s 10154:1910s 9914:1930s 9888:1920s 9572:(PDF) 9556:S2CID 9521:S2CID 9501:(PDF) 9485:S2CID 9456:S2CID 9358:S2CID 9350:JSTOR 9061:JSTOR 8872:S2CID 8809:S2CID 8628:[ 8499:. 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1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine

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