325:
since they had started having private fire engines. Following the fire, insurance companies changed the way they insured wharves, and their fire insurance policies, to encourage safer storage of goods. They also raised their insurance premiums by between 50 and 100%. The fire and insurance premium rises led to the 1865 Metropolitan Fire
Brigade Act, which established the London Fire Brigade. The Act also mandated that iron doors be used as these were less flammable, and recommended that they be shut at all times, which was not the case during the Tooley Street fire. The fire also contributed to the establishment of many new fire insurance firms. These included the Commercial Union and Mercantile companies; and in 1867 the Reinsurance Company in London who specialised in insuring damaged buildings was also established.
161:
248:
31:
292:"For near a quarter of a mile, the south bank of the Thames was on fire: a long line of what had been warehouses, their roofs and fronts all gone; and the tall ghastly sidewalls, white with heat, standing, or rather tottering, side by side in the midst of a mountainous desert of red & black ruin, which smouldered & steamed here, & there, sent up sheets of savage intolerable flame a hundred feet high."
239:
as it was low tide and so the river was too shallow. The fire was so great that the river fire engine was forced to retreat. The firefighters were also inhibited when the spice warehouses caught fire, which distributed spices into the air. The Royal
Society for the Protection of Life from Fire (which
324:
According to the 1862 House of
Commons Report, insurance companies lost over £1 million from the fire. It is believed that one of the owners of Cotton's Wharf was insured for £400,000, and the Royal Insurance Company lost £75,000. It was the first time that most insurance companies had lost money
320:
did, and the water company only supplied water to houses in Tooley Street for 90 minutes a day. An 1867 House of
Commons report also criticised the ineffectiveness of the allegedly fire proof floors, and general fire protection in the South London District. It recommended that oil should not be
270:
Around 10 hours after the fire started, it was stabilised and confined to a single area. The fire took two weeks to put out, during which time around 20 police officers remained present at the scene. Over 30,000 people watched the fire burn. The fire caused damage to buildings up to 0.25 miles
337:
An 1836 fire destroyed
Topping's Wharf on Tooley Street, and an 1843 fire on Tooley Street destroyed St. Olave's Church. In 1891, there was another large fire which took 19 days to extinguish, and was described as the worst fire since the 1861 Tooley Street fire.
328:
The wharves destroyed in the Tooley Street fire were rebuilt as separated buildings, to make them safer from fire in future. A plaque to commemorate the fire, and memorialise James
Braidwood, is located on Battle Bridge Lane, on the corner of Tooley Street.
208:, although it has also been suggested that someone smoking in the wharves may have started the fire. Whilst Cotton's Wharf was classed as good for fire protection, the surrounding buildings were less well protected, which enabled the fire to spread quickly.
271:(0.40 km) away from Cotton's Wharf, and destroyed 11 acres (45,000 m) of land. The range of the fire spanned from St Olave's Church to Battle Bridge Stairs. During the fire, tallow and oil from the wharves spilled into the
283:
also caught fire in the blaze, but the fire was put out by the station's private fire engines. The fire could be seen from up to 15 miles (24 km) away. In total, the damages from the fire were around £2 million. In his diary,
267:, the superintendent of the London Fire Engine Establishment, killing him. Another firefighter was killed in the same incident. Braidwood had been giving his firefighters their brandy rations at the time of the collapse.
1038:
886:
737:
204:
at the time of the fire. Unsafe jute and hemp storage in Cotton's Wharf and nearby wharves helped spread the fire. The cause of the fire is believed to have been
227:
until the London Fire Engine
Establishment arrived, as his distillery had two private fire engines. A number of other private fire engines were also used. By 6
381:
1386:
1091:
416:
1342:
1406:
540:
235:, from the London Fire Engine Establishment were at the scene. The Fire Establishment's river fire engine was unable to draw water from the
1234:
497:
148:
reports cited multiple failures in fire prevention, and the fire led to the 1865 Metropolitan Fire
Brigade Act, which established the
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989:
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report into the fire noted the lack of availability of water when the fire started, as the area did not have a
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p.m. Cotton's Wharf was around 100 by 50 feet (30 m × 15 m), and contained around 5,000 tons of
137:
377:
1030:
866:
721:
1123:
1182:
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Market
Services and the Productivity Race, 1850–2000: British Performance in International Perspective
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8:
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247:
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149:
979:
828:
644:
918:
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Governing Future
Emergencies: Lived Relations to Risk in the UK Fire and Rescue Service
1152:
959:
876:
727:
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458:
951:
Handbook of International Insurance: Between Global Dynamics and Local Contingencies
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30:
132:, London, England, on 22 June 1861. The fire lasted for two weeks, and caused £2
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At the time, the fire was described as the worst London fire since the
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1086:
763:
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220:
833:
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185:
794:"Great Fire of 1861. Total destruction of Cotton's Wharf, etc"
276:
197:
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189:
181:
86:
829:"Nostalgic photos show 150 years of London Fire Brigade"
168:
The fire started on 22 June 1861, at Cotton's Wharf on
263:
30 p.m., a section of a warehouse collapsed on top of
692:
The Victorian City: Everyday Life in Dickens' London
948:Cummins, J. David; Venard, Bertrand (2007). "4.1".
913:"Dreadful Conflagration and Loss of Life in London"
911:
215:(later the London Fire Brigade) were alerted by 5
1373:
332:
1170:
1168:
947:
275:, destroying four sailing boats and numerous
1282:"London's Tooley Street Fire Still Burning"
684:
682:
680:
446:
244:) also assisted with controlling the fire.
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136:million worth of damage. During the fire,
29:
1136:
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860:
858:
856:
719:
1387:19th-century fires in the United Kingdom
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595:
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246:
159:
938:
791:
782:
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401:
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1035:House of Commons of the United Kingdom
1020:
992:from the original on 21 September 2017
906:
904:
864:
853:
636:
609:House of Commons of the United Kingdom
371:
321:stored in places where it could flow.
1237:from the original on 21 February 2017
580:
543:from the original on 17 December 2016
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521:
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517:
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500:from the original on 12 November 2016
369:
367:
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361:
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231:p.m., 14 fire engines, including one
1407:1861 disasters in the United Kingdom
1215:
1094:from the original on 18 January 2017
1041:from the original on 18 January 2017
889:from the original on 18 January 2017
770:from the original on 18 January 2017
740:from the original on 18 January 2017
484:
482:
480:
478:
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442:
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419:from the original on 18 January 2017
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384:from the original on 18 January 2017
1203:from the original on 11 August 2016
901:
375:
13:
1016:. Vol. 69. Tudor Press. 1931.
512:
348:
14:
1418:
471:
435:
1231:Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co
841:from the original on 3 July 2016
720:Henderson, Ronald (March 2016).
537:Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co
213:London Fire Engine Establishment
176:, and was first noticed around 4
142:London Fire Engine Establishment
1304:
1274:
1189:
1110:
1074:
1004:
972:
956:Springer Science+Business Media
821:
752:
128:, started in Cotton's Wharf on
1090:. 9 December 1882. p. 9.
873:University of Pittsburgh Press
713:
35:The Tooley Street fire of 1861
1:
1144:Insurance Theory and Practice
341:
164:Tooley Street on 23 June 1861
1175:Broadberry, Stephen (2006).
760:"London's Other Great Fires"
649:. C. and E. Layton. p.
333:Other fires on Tooley Street
303:
174:St Olave's Church, Southwark
7:
1117:Dodd, A.; Smith, A (1861).
643:Walford, Cornelius (1876).
447:O'Grady, Nathaniel (2018).
255:, who died during the fire.
126:Great Fire of Tooley Street
78:Great Fire of Tooley Street
10:
1423:
1183:Cambridge University Press
723:British Steam Fire Engines
240:was later merged into the
1141:Thoyts, Rob (2010). "7".
1119:"Royal Insurance Company"
1082:"Tooley Street fire cost"
1031:"Reports from Committees"
932:British Newspaper Archive
922:. 25 June 1861. p. 4
865:Broich, John (May 2013).
689:Flanders, Judith (2012).
646:The Insurance Cyclopeadia
110:
102:
92:
82:
74:
63:
55:
40:
28:
1124:The Gentleman's Magazine
490:"The Tooley Street fire"
288:described the scene as:
155:
140:, superintendent of the
726:. Amberley Publishing.
316:as other areas such as
122:1861 Tooley Street fire
24:1861 Tooley Street fire
1262:Cite journal requires
1247:British History Online
1062:Cite journal requires
809:Cite journal requires
624:Cite journal requires
601:"Parliamentary Papers"
568:Cite journal requires
553:British History Online
294:
256:
206:spontaneous combustion
165:
97:Spontaneous combustion
44:22 June 1861
1199:. Plaques of London.
986:Yale University Press
290:
281:London Bridge station
250:
163:
1312:"Tooley Street Fire"
1286:The Buffalo Enquirer
1223:"Old and New London"
1197:"Tooley Street Fire"
1013:The Insurance Record
792:Vickers, H. (1861).
529:"Old and New London"
378:"Tooley Street Fire"
298:Great Fire of London
200:and 18,000 bales of
184:, 10,000 barrels of
1354: /
494:London Fire Brigade
455:Springer Publishing
242:London Fire Brigade
223:acted as temporary
150:London Fire Brigade
25:
18:1861 fire in London
1037:. 1862: 112, 258.
919:Caledonian Mercury
457:. pp. 37–38.
257:
166:
124:, also called the
23:
1320:. 24 October 1891
1288:. 23 October 1891
766:. 8 August 2016.
539:. 1878: 100–117.
118:
117:
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1397:June 1861 events
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1358:51.506°N 0.085°W
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415:. 25 June 1861.
407:"The Great Fire"
403:
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310:House of Commons
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196:, 3,000 tons of
192:, 1,100 tons of
188:, 1,000 tons of
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146:House of Commons
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26:
22:
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1382:Fires in London
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380:. Historic UK.
376:Appleby, Rita.
374:
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318:West India Dock
306:
265:James Braidwood
260:
253:James Braidwood
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138:James Braidwood
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111:Property damage
47:
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5:
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1402:1861 in London
1399:
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1363:51.506; -0.085
1336:
1335:
1330:Newspapers.com
1317:St. Paul Globe
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1298:Newspapers.com
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1264:|journal=
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1185:. p. 207.
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875:. p. 25.
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170:Tooley Street
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75:Also known as
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68:Tooley Street
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32:
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21:
16:
1339:
1328:– via
1322:. Retrieved
1315:
1306:
1296:– via
1290:. Retrieved
1285:
1276:
1255:cite journal
1245:– via
1239:. Retrieved
1226:
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1191:
1177:
1143:
1122:
1112:
1102:– via
1096:. Retrieved
1085:
1076:
1055:cite journal
1043:. Retrieved
1012:
1006:
994:. Retrieved
980:
974:
950:
930:– via
924:. Retrieved
917:
891:. Retrieved
867:
843:. Retrieved
832:
823:
802:cite journal
772:. Retrieved
754:
742:. Retrieved
722:
715:
691:
645:
638:
617:cite journal
604:
561:cite journal
551:– via
545:. Retrieved
532:
502:. Retrieved
449:
427:– via
421:. Retrieved
410:
386:. Retrieved
336:
327:
323:
307:
295:
291:
286:Arthur Munby
273:River Thames
269:
258:
237:River Thames
233:steam engine
225:fire marshal
210:
167:
125:
121:
119:
20:
15:
1361: /
1392:1861 fires
1376:Categories
1346:51°30′22″N
1241:17 January
1098:17 January
1045:17 January
996:17 January
926:17 January
893:17 January
845:17 January
774:17 January
744:17 January
547:17 January
504:17 January
423:17 January
388:17 January
342:References
251:Statue of
172:, near to
114:£2 million
48:1861-06-22
1349:0°05′06″W
1149:Routledge
1087:The Times
764:Londonist
412:The Times
304:Aftermath
221:distiller
59:Two weeks
1324:17 April
1292:17 April
1235:Archived
1207:17 April
1201:Archived
1092:Archived
1039:Archived
990:Archived
988:. 2014.
887:Archived
839:Archived
834:BBC News
768:Archived
738:Archived
541:Archived
498:Archived
417:Archived
382:Archived
308:An 1862
259:Around 7
70:, London
64:Location
56:Duration
611:. 1867.
46: (
1155:
962:
879:
868:London
796:: 4–7.
730:
703:
461:
277:barges
261:
229:
217:
202:cotton
186:tallow
178:
134:
103:Deaths
198:sugar
156:Blaze
93:Cause
1326:2020
1294:2020
1268:help
1243:2017
1209:2020
1153:ISBN
1100:2017
1068:help
1047:2017
998:2017
960:ISBN
928:2017
895:2017
877:ISBN
847:2017
815:help
776:2017
746:2017
728:ISBN
701:ISBN
630:help
574:help
549:2017
506:2017
459:ISBN
425:2017
390:2017
211:The
194:jute
190:hemp
182:rice
120:The
87:Fire
83:Type
41:Date
1378::
1314:.
1284:.
1259::
1257:}}
1253:{{
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