29:
220:
36:
282:, with fill of up to 700 metres (2,297 ft) and 800 metres (2,625 ft) respectively. Onshore, two ages of faulting have been recognised, an earlier phase trending NW-SE and a later phase trending SSW-NNE that clearly offsets the first group, including the Avola fault and the Rosolini-Ispica fault system.
389:, with no significant eruption. As with the 1693 earthquake the 1169 event seems to have followed after a major period of eruptive activity. Calculations have shown that a major eruption may significantly increase the stress on the normal faults to the south-east of the volcano.
500:
Barbano, Maria
Serafina; De Martini, P.M.; Pantosti, D.; Smedile, A.; Del Carlo, P.; Gerardi, F.; Guarnieri, P.; Pirrotta, C. (2010). "In search of tsunami deposits along the eastern coast of Sicily (Italy): state of the art". In Guarnieri, Pierpaolo (ed.).
384:
at the time of the earthquake, blaming most of the deaths in
Catania and the tsunami on the eruption. However, most later workers believe the tsunami was triggered by the earthquake and that the only effect on Etna was the collapse of part of the cone above
258:
zone, a zone of extensional faulting which runs for about 370 kilometres (230 mi), forming three main segments through
Calabria, along the east coast of Sicily and immediately offshore, and finally forming the southeastern margin of the
371:
correlated with this earthquake have been found both onshore and offshore. The tsunami is also thought to be responsible for moving several large boulders from the middle of the sublittoral zone onto the coast between
Augusta and Syracuse.
772:
Smedile, A.; De
Martini P.M.; Pantosti D.; Bellucci L.; Del Carlo P.; Gasperini L.; Pirrotta C.; Polonia A. & Boschi E. (2011). "Possible tsunami signatures from an integrated study in the Augusta Bay offshore (Eastern Sicily—Italy)".
423:
Estimates of the death toll in the earthquake vary, with 15,000 being often quoted, sometimes for the overall total and sometimes just for
Catania. A few sources give the higher estimate of 25,000.
439:
would take part in a
Byzantine invasion of the island. However, these disaffected exiles were soon allowed to return and there was no invasion, nor the rebellion that it might have triggered.
1155:
732:
401:
collapsed, killing the Bishop John of Ajello, 44 of the
Benedictine monks, and many others who were crowded into the building for the feast of St. Agatha. Lentini, Modica,
596:
Catalano, S.; De Guidi G.; Monaco C.; Tortorici G. & Tortorici L. (2008). "Active faulting and seismicity along the Siculo–Calabrian Rift Zone (Southern Italy)".
420:
the flow of another spring, known as Tais, stopped after the earthquake. Two hours later it returned with much greater force than before and had the colour of blood.
1105:
1148:
874:
Hirn, A.; Nicolich R.; Gallart J.; Laigle M.; Cernobori L. & ETNASEIS Scientific Group (1997). "Roots of Etna volcano in faults of great earthquakes".
808:
Scicchitano, G.; Monaco C. & Tortorici L. (2007). "Large boulder deposits by tsunami waves along the Ionian coast of south-eastern Sicily (Italy)".
417:
260:
1141:
1877:
1551:
298:. The damaged area is similar to that for the 1693 earthquake, suggesting that both the location and magnitude were similar. Intensities of X (
294:
is quite uncertain, with different seismologists giving locations offshore and onshore; there is similar uncertainty regarding the
28:
1831:
1826:
1649:
1085:
1051:
1019:
992:
858:
1513:
361:
The tsunami affected most of the Ionian coast of Sicily and caused inundation from
Messina in the north to the mouth of the
140:
1821:
1035:
Barbano, M.S.; De
Martini P.M.; Pantosti D.; Smedile A.; Del Carlo P.; Gerardi F.; Guarnieri P. & Pirrotta C. (2011).
576:
Azzaro, R.; Barbano M.S. (2000). "Analysis of the seismicity of Southeastern Sicily: a proposed tectonic interpretation".
416:
described the effects on the Arethusa spring in Syracuse, which increased its rate of flow greatly and became salty. Near
90:
747:
345:
The magnitude of the earthquake has been estimated from intensity information and these estimates vary from 6.4 on the M
1544:
1112:
1036:
679:
1867:
1790:
680:"A unique 4000 yrs long geological record of multiple tsunami inundations in the Augusta Bay (eastern Sicily, Italy)"
637:
515:
327:
1498:
914:
1816:
1508:
1604:
1418:
1367:
1164:
475:
1862:
1537:
1483:
1341:
1244:
1178:
274:, dipping to the east. Most of these lie offshore, and some control basins that contain large thicknesses of
1463:
678:
De Martini, P.M.; Barbano M.S.; Smedile A.; Gerardi F.; Pantosti D.; Del Carlo P. & Pirrotta C. (2010).
1694:
1560:
1473:
1382:
633:"Quaternary normal faulting in southeastern Sicily (Italy): a seismic source for the 1693 large earthquake"
470:
187:). It had an estimated magnitude of between 6.4 and 7.3 and an estimated maximum perceived intensity of X (
1811:
1518:
1438:
1377:
480:
263:, a carbonate platform in southeastern Sicily. Faults in the Calabrian segment were responsible for the
1887:
1785:
1750:
1740:
1684:
1674:
1624:
1413:
929:
646:
270:
In the southern part of the eastern coast of Sicily, investigations have identified a series of active
264:
1433:
1755:
1654:
1614:
1362:
1326:
1188:
1183:
1503:
1336:
1770:
1730:
1720:
1715:
1634:
1629:
1574:
1488:
1478:
1311:
1290:
548:"Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500)"
192:
1872:
1841:
1806:
1780:
1760:
1745:
1735:
1725:
1699:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1619:
1609:
1589:
1468:
1458:
1453:
1443:
1357:
1280:
1275:
1265:
458:
436:
432:
271:
1397:
1836:
1775:
1765:
1689:
1679:
1644:
1639:
1599:
1579:
1448:
1428:
1423:
1392:
1387:
1321:
1270:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1193:
350:
295:
75:
1075:
982:
1493:
1331:
1306:
1285:
1260:
1239:
1224:
853:. Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research. Vol. 1. Springer. p. 57.
848:
255:
224:
1014:
Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research. Vol. 13. Springer. p. 36.
1009:
967:. The Mediaeval academy of America. Vol. 31. Mediaeval Academy of America. p. 115.
891:
211:. Overall, the earthquake is estimated to have caused the deaths of at least 15,000 people.
1372:
1229:
1133:
1037:"In search of Tsunami deposits along the eastern coast of Sicily (Italy): state of the art"
933:
887:
821:
782:
698:
650:
605:
278:
sediments. The two largest faults, known as the western and eastern master faults, border
8:
1892:
1594:
1316:
232:
937:
825:
786:
702:
654:
609:
899:
547:
1081:
1047:
1015:
988:
946:
854:
663:
632:
521:
511:
446:
398:
546:
Guidoboni, E.; Ferrari G.; Mariotti D.; Comastri A.; Tarabusi G. & Valensise G.
1882:
941:
895:
829:
790:
706:
658:
613:
315:
176:
962:
833:
794:
710:
368:
339:
319:
731:
Scicchitano, G.; Costa B.; Di Stefano A.; Longhitano S. & Monaco C. (2008).
617:
1101:
502:
450:
442:
413:
244:
431:
In the chaos that followed the earthquake, there was concern that exiles like
1856:
730:
525:
454:
248:
236:
105:
92:
771:
1034:
402:
334:. The earthquake was also felt in Calabria with a maximum intensity of VI (
279:
208:
175:
occurred on 4 February 1169 at 08:00 local time on the eve of the feast of
677:
445:
saw the earthquake as God's punishment on the Sicilians for the exile of
595:
219:
1529:
630:
381:
275:
251:
240:
733:"Tsunami deposits in the Siracusa coastal area (south-eastern Sicily)"
915:"Stress interaction between seismic and volcanic activity at Mt Etna"
545:
291:
912:
883:
817:
694:
386:
873:
984:
The History of the Tyrants of Sicily by "Hugo Falcandus," 1154–69
406:
331:
303:
200:
196:
807:
499:
380:
Some accounts of this earthquake refer to a major eruption from
631:
Bianca, M.; Monaco C.; Tortorici L. & Cernobori L. (1999).
362:
307:
247:. This subduction zone is responsible for the formation of the
204:
180:
126:
184:
1163:
913:
Feuillet, N.; Cocco M.; Musumeci C. & Nostro C. (2006).
207:
were severely damaged, and the earthquake also triggered a
981:
Falcando, Ugo (1998). Loud G.A.; Wiedmann T.E.J. (eds.).
1111:. Translated by Loud G.A. pp. 4–6. Archived from
1011:
Tsunamis in the Mediterranean Sea, 2000 B.C.-2000 A.D.
746:. Società Geologica Italiana: 159–162. Archived from
1106:"Some Letters of Peter of Blois concerning Sicily"
575:
987:. Manchester University Press. pp. 216–217.
1854:
254:. Most of the damaging earthquakes occur on the
801:
35:
1545:
1149:
1007:
1001:
1080:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 205.
976:
974:
1552:
1538:
1156:
1142:
1100:
724:
541:
539:
537:
535:
493:
945:
671:
662:
409:and Syracuse were also severely damaged.
397:Catania was almost completely destroyed.
1559:
1165:Historical earthquakes (1000 AD–1500 AD)
1073:
1067:
980:
971:
906:
571:
569:
567:
565:
218:
1028:
589:
532:
349:(Energy magnitude scale) to 7.3 on the
1855:
765:
1878:12th century in the Kingdom of Sicily
1533:
1137:
1044:Recent Progress on Earthquake Geology
960:
954:
846:
840:
624:
562:
510:. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
504:Recent progress on earthquake geology
1094:
867:
876:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
375:
302:) have been estimated for Catania,
231:Sicily lies on part of the complex
214:
13:
964:Latin Monasticism in Norman Sicily
457:of Catania, replacing his brother
14:
1904:
922:Geophysical Journal International
638:Geophysical Journal International
290:The location of the earthquake's
947:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02824.x
664:10.1046/j.1365-246X.1999.00942.x
34:
27:
133:
476:List of historical earthquakes
449:and the appointment of Bishop
1:
1077:The Muslims of Medieval Italy
900:10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00023-X
486:
285:
834:10.1016/j.margeo.2006.12.005
795:10.1016/j.margeo.2011.01.002
711:10.1016/j.margeo.2010.07.005
471:List of earthquakes in Italy
426:
7:
740:Rend. Online SGI Note Brevi
618:10.1016/j.tecto.2007.05.008
481:List of historical tsunamis
464:
412:In a contemporary account,
10:
1909:
1832:January 2017 Central Italy
1827:October 2016 Central Italy
1046:. Nova. pp. 109–146.
930:Royal Astronomical Society
647:Royal Astronomical Society
604:(1–4). Elsevier: 177–192.
453:, through bribery, to the
356:
265:1783 Calabrian earthquakes
1822:August 2016 Central Italy
1799:
1708:
1567:
1406:
1350:
1299:
1253:
1202:
1171:
1042:. In Guarnieri P. (ed.).
392:
161:
153:
132:
121:
84:
70:
62:
51:4 February 1169
47:
23:
1868:12th-century earthquakes
193:Mercalli intensity scale
1650:1694 Irpinia–Basilicata
1008:Solov'ev, S.L. (2000).
892:1997E&PSL.148..171H
781:(1–4). Elsevier: 1–13.
1791:1997 Umbria and Marche
351:surface wave magnitude
296:1693 Sicily earthquake
272:normal dip-slip faults
228:
173:1169 Sicily earthquake
19:1169 Sicily earthquake
1499:1585 Aleutian Islands
1074:Metcalfe, A. (2009).
850:Tsunamis in the World
256:Siculo-Calabrian rift
225:Siculo-Calabrian rift
222:
1863:Earthquakes in Italy
1561:Earthquakes in Italy
961:White, L.T. (1938).
586:Viewed 25 June 2012.
365:River in the south.
328:Santi Pietro e Paolo
165:15,000–25,000 deaths
1817:2012 Northern Italy
1514:1596 Keichō–Fushimi
1419:1509 Constantinople
1118:on 10 December 2013
938:2006GeoJI.164..697F
826:2007MGeol.238...75S
787:2011MGeol.281....1S
753:on 25 February 2012
703:2010MGeol.276...42D
655:1999GeoJI.139..370B
610:2008Tectp.453..177C
578:Annali di Geofisica
437:Robert of Loritello
233:convergent boundary
223:Main faults of the
102: /
20:
1605:1456 Central Italy
1484:1580 Dover Straits
1368:1456 Central Italy
1342:1382 Dover Straits
1245:1185 East Midlands
1179:1033 Jordan Valley
847:Tinti, S. (1993).
229:
18:
1888:Medieval tsunamis
1850:
1849:
1695:1883 Casamicciola
1527:
1526:
1474:1575 San Salvador
1383:1475 Tenochtitlan
1087:978-0-7486-2008-1
1053:978-1-60876-147-0
1021:978-0-7923-6548-8
994:978-0-7190-5435-8
860:978-0-7923-2316-7
447:Stephen du Perche
399:Catania Cathedral
169:
168:
1900:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1519:1590 Neulengbach
1509:1586 Lima–Callao
1439:1522 Vila Franca
1158:
1151:
1144:
1135:
1134:
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621:
593:
587:
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560:
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459:William of Blois
433:Tancred of Lecce
376:Eruption of Etna
369:Tsunami deposits
215:Tectonic setting
195:. The cities of
149:
147:
135:
117:
116:
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106:37.217°N 14.95°E
103:
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1901:
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1853:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1795:
1786:1990 Carlentini
1751:1930 Senigallia
1741:1920 Garfagnana
1704:
1685:1857 Basilicata
1563:
1558:
1528:
1523:
1464:1570 ConcepciĂłn
1414:1505 Lo Mustang
1402:
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418:Casale Saraceno
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340:Reggio Calabria
320:Piazza Armerina
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261:Hyblean Plateau
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63:Local time
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1906:
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1873:1169 in Europe
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1797:
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1793:
1788:
1783:
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1756:1936 Cansiglio
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1748:
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1723:
1718:
1712:
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1706:
1705:
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1675:1783 Calabrian
1672:
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1363:1428 Catalonia
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1217:
1212:
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1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1189:1068 Near East
1186:
1184:1038 Dingxiang
1181:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1102:Peter of Blois
1093:
1086:
1066:
1052:
1027:
1020:
1000:
993:
970:
953:
905:
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839:
810:Marine Geology
800:
775:Marine Geology
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723:
687:Marine Geology
670:
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598:Tectonophysics
588:
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451:John of Ajello
443:Peter of Blois
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414:Hugo Falcandus
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245:Eurasian Plate
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1812:2009 L'Aquila
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1731:1915 Avezzano
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1724:
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1721:1907 Calabria
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1717:
1716:1905 Calabria
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1635:1659 Calabria
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1630:1639 Amatrice
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1800:21st century
1781:1980 Irpinia
1761:1962 Irpinia
1746:1930 Irpinia
1726:1908 Messina
1709:20th century
1700:1887 Liguria
1670:1743 Salento
1665:1732 Irpinia
1660:1706 Abruzzo
1620:1627 Gargano
1610:1570 Ferrara
1590:1222 Brescia
1584:
1469:1570 Ferrara
1459:1556 Shaanxi
1454:1555 Kashmir
1444:1536 Xichang
1434:1522 AlmerĂa
1407:16th-century
1358:1420 Caldera
1351:15th-century
1300:14th-century
1281:1275 British
1276:1269 Cilicia
1266:1222 Brescia
1254:13th-century
1234:
1203:12th-century
1172:11th-century
1120:. Retrieved
1113:the original
1096:
1076:
1069:
1057:. Retrieved
1043:
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503:
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403:Aci Castello
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280:half-grabens
269:
243:beneath the
230:
209:paleotsunami
188:
172:
170:
143:
15:
1842:2018 Molise
1837:2017 Ischia
1807:2002 Molise
1776:1976 Friuli
1766:1968 Belice
1736:1916 Rimini
1690:1873 Alpago
1680:1805 Molise
1645:1693 Sicily
1640:1688 Sannio
1600:1348 Friuli
1595:1343 Naples
1585:1169 Sicily
1580:1117 Verona
1504:1586 TenshĹŤ
1449:1531 Lisbon
1429:1513 Marash
1424:1511 Idrija
1393:1491 Cyprus
1388:1481 Rhodes
1337:1361 ShĹŤhei
1322:1348 Friuli
1317:1343 Naples
1271:1222 Cyprus
1235:1169 Sicily
1220:1138 Aleppo
1215:1117 Verona
1210:1114 Marash
1194:1088 Tmogvi
932:: 697–718.
886:: 171–191.
649:: 370–394.
109: /
1893:Mount Etna
1857:Categories
1575:62 Pompeii
1568:Historical
1494:1584 Aigle
1332:1356 Basel
1307:1303 Crete
1286:1290 Zhili
1261:1202 Syria
1240:1170 Syria
1225:1139 Ganja
550:. INGV-SGA
487:References
322:and VIII (
286:Earthquake
276:Quaternary
267:sequence.
252:Mount Etna
241:subducting
235:where the
177:St. Agatha
162:Casualties
97:14°57′00″E
94:37°13′01″N
55:1169-02-04
1398:1498 MeiĹŤ
1373:Haowhenua
1230:1157 Hama
820:: 75–91.
697:: 42–57.
526:429026456
427:Aftermath
292:epicentre
191:) on the
136:intensity
85:Epicenter
71:Magnitude
884:Elsevier
818:Elsevier
695:Elsevier
465:See also
387:Taormina
316:Syracuse
125:Eastern
1883:Catania
1122:25 June
1059:25 June
934:Bibcode
888:Bibcode
882:(1–2).
822:Bibcode
816:(1–4).
783:Bibcode
757:24 June
716:24 June
699:Bibcode
693:(1–4).
651:Bibcode
606:Bibcode
554:24 June
407:Sortino
357:Tsunami
353:scale.
332:Messina
312:Violent
304:Lentini
300:Extreme
201:Lentini
197:Catania
189:Extreme
154:Tsunami
144:Extreme
142:MMI X (
53: (
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524:
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393:Damage
363:Simeto
336:Strong
324:Severe
310:, IX (
308:Modica
205:Modica
181:Sicily
127:Sicily
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338:) in
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185:Italy
66:08:00
1124:2012
1082:ISBN
1061:2012
1048:ISBN
1016:ISBN
989:ISBN
855:ISBN
759:2012
718:2012
556:2012
522:OCLC
512:ISBN
435:and
382:Etna
330:and
318:and
306:and
227:zone
203:and
171:The
134:Max.
74:7.3
942:doi
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