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cardinal-bishops and cardinal-priests was intensified by the fact that
Gregory VII clearly favored the latter. When Antipope Clement III was installed in Rome, he sentenced Gregory VII to exile. Gregory was joined by seven of eighteen so-called "Gregorian" cardinal-priests and only one cardinal bishop.
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of 1059 changed electoral law to permit only the seven cardinal-bishops of the suburbicarian sees to participate in papal elections. Doubts were harboured about the papal bull had been called into question by the cardinals priests who demanded admission to the election. The antagonism between the
509:
It is not known whether the deacons of the Church participated in this election. It seems that deacons obedient to
Gregory, were not even considered cardinals. It was not until about 1088 that the deacons of the palace (around seven deacons) joined the College as cardinal-deacons. This change
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One of the reasons for the rebellion was that
Gregory VII allowed only cardinal-priests in the circle of advisors for the Holy See. Soon the schismatic clergy, those supporting the antipope, controlled 17 of 28 titular churches in Rome. Even the cardinal-priests who remained loyal to Gregory
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After
Gregory VII's death, the people expelled Antipope Clement III from Rome allowing for the return of Gregory's supporters. In May 1086, Norman troops arrived in Rome with the "Gregorian" cardinals, who proceeded to begin the papal elections. On 24 May 1086, meeting in the
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546:, that he accepted his election as head of the Catholic Church. Soon after, the Normans once again removed Antipope Clement III from Rome. On 9 May 1087, Victor III was consecrated and crowned in
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occurred due to the schismatic
Antipope Clement III. When, in 1084, three of the seven deacons of the palace joined the antipope they, in their records, began to refer to themselves as "
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Based on available data, it can also be inferred that there were only ten cardinal-priests in the obedience of
Gregory VII, although it is possible that the data are incomplete:
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In this situation, the choice of
Desiderius was upheld and he was forced to accept it under the name of Victor III. Four days later, the "Gregorian" fled from Rome to
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on 25 May 1085. Before his death, the Pope nominated three canons as his preferred successors. They were the cardinal-bishop of Ostia
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before the imperial prefect of Rome, a supporter of
Clement III. In Terracina, the pope-elect left the papal insignia and retired to
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Before appointment as
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366:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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In 1086, in the obedience of Gregory VII were six cardinal-bishops:
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De aliquis mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis
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protested against the cardinal-bishops. A "Gregorian", Cardinal
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began to distribute a doctored version of the papal bull
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Pietro Atenulfi (1085) - Cardinal-priest and abbot of
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of Lyon. Rome was at that time under the control of
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1971:
620:The Papacy, 1073-1198: Continuity and Innovation
514:". This concept was later borrowed by Urban II.
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
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634:Kardinal, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049-1130
566:Or eight of nineteen, if Cardinal-priest of
447:Basilica of Saint Lawrence outside the Walls
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682:http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15410a.htm
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382:Learn how and when to remove this message
181:'s successor after a year-long period of
169:(held 24 May) ended with the election of
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
456:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
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652:"Election of May 24, 1086 (Victor III)"
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454:(1078) - Cardinal-priest of the
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362:the claims made and adding
295:Cardinal-bishop of Tusculum
213:, supported by the emperor
16:Election of Pope Victor III
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32:This article includes a
452:Richard de Saint-Victor
61:more precise citations.
1980:11th-century elections
1698:Ingravescentem aetatem
518:Election of Victor III
470:Santi Quattro Coronati
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1287:October–December 1590
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618:Ian Stuart Robinson,
211:antipope Clement III
189:Death of Gregory VII
1820:1086 papal election
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228:at the base of the
167:1086 papal election
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347:possibly contains
284:(1072) - Cardinal
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102:Dates and location
34:list of references
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1842:Definitions
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1588:August 1978
492:Bonussenior
407:, abbot of
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107:24 May 1086
59:introducing
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67:April 2022
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158: →
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