337:
579:. By using a 1-bit architecture for the individual processors a very large array (e.g. the Connection Machine had 65,536 processors) could be constructed with the chip technology available at the time. In this case the slow computation of a 1-bit processor was traded off against the large number of processors.
514:
The memory for this system is composed of one MCM7641 512-word by 8 bit PROM memory. Because the program counter is only 8 bits wide, only 256 words, (half of the memory), can be used at any one time. However, by wiring the most significant bit of the memory's address high or low, the system designer
477:
Computers and microcomputers may also be used, but they tend to overcomplicate the task and often require highly trained personnel to develop and maintain the system. A simpler device, designed to operate on inputs and outputs one-at-a-time and configured to resemble a relay system, was introduced.
504:
chained together to create 8 bits of memory address. This gives the system the capability of addressing 256 separate memory words. The counters are configured to count up on the rising edge of the ICU clock (CLK) signal and reset to zero when the ICU is reset. Notice that the program counter count
725:
Probably my most favorite is the Wang 500. It's got several unique things about it: a very unusual ROM memory made of hundreds of long enamel-coated wires wrapped around iron cores; a super-fast single-bit CPU built out of SSI logic chips; and of course tons of really cool-looking colorful
957:
582:
1-bit CPUs can now be considered obsolete; not many kinds have ever been produced, still as of 2022 some MC14500B chips are available from brokers for obsolete parts.
323:
835:(NB. Also available in German language under the title "Motorola MC14500B Industrial Control Unit Handbuch - Theorie und Anwendung eines Ein-Bit-CMOS-Prozessors".)
2122:
862:
886:
Ludwig, Volker; Paschenda, Klaus; Schepers, Heinz; Terglane, Hermann-Josef; Grannemann, Klaus; John, Burkhard; Komar, Hermann; Meinersen, Ludwig (1986).
641:
515:
can select between two separate programs with only a jumper option. This might be a desirable feature if extremely fast system changes are required.
1094:
701:
820:
2233:
1416:
316:
896:
1935:
1058:
751:
676:
1213:
809:
Motorola MC14500B Industrial
Control Unit Handbook - Theory and Operation of a CMOS one-bit processor compatible with B series CMOS devices
553:
There are also several design studies for 1-bit architectures in academia, and corresponding 1-bit logic can also be found in programming.
2092:
1658:
1475:
505:
sequence cannot be altered by any operation of the ICU. This confirms that the system is configured to have a looping control structure.
2446:
920:
455:
1438:
309:
256:
2087:
949:
3030:
2159:
262:
987:
2441:
1912:
245:
234:
546:
This architecture was considered superior for programs making decisions rather than performing arithmetic computations, for
2856:
1980:
1243:
1087:
816:
611:
482:(PLC). The Motorola MC14500B Industrial Control Unit (ICU) is the monolithic embodiment of the PLC's central architecture
223:
1027:
1007:
634:"First Computer Made From Carbon Nanotubes Debuts - The modest 1-bit, 1 kHz machine could usher in a new post-silicon era"
2866:
2007:
1134:
401:
which, on modern systems, is implemented in an on-chip register, but is not implemented on-chip in some 1-bit systems.
17:
473:
Industrial
Control Unit (ICU), introduced in 1977 and manufactured at least up into the mid 1990s. Its manual states:
2174:
2002:
1975:
1354:
928:
2989:
2552:
1445:
1411:
1406:
1325:
1290:
296:
849:
780:
2964:
2861:
2262:
2169:
1970:
1191:
1080:
485:
There are functions for which one bit machines are poorly suited. Under some circumstances, a combination of an
291:
286:
397:. A 1-bit register can only store two different values. This is very restrictive and therefore not enough for a
1990:
1709:
1144:
2164:
2012:
1985:
1846:
1460:
1421:
1278:
713:
672:
633:
557:
479:
341:
2601:
2363:
1839:
1800:
1455:
1450:
1384:
1196:
420:
276:
213:
55:
39:
2228:
1925:
1623:
1320:
412:
is still used in modern computers, that are otherwise e.g. 64-bit, and thus also have much larger buses.
2878:
2525:
1942:
1433:
1401:
1171:
1159:
1139:
356:
200:
195:
190:
2969:
2932:
2922:
1310:
806:
Gregory, Vern; Dellande, Brian; DiSilvestro, Ray; Malarkey, Terry; Smith, Phil; Hadley, Mike (1977).
210:
807:
2984:
2391:
2327:
2304:
2154:
2116:
1952:
1902:
1897:
1374:
1268:
1176:
1050:
887:
416:
738:
2937:
2720:
2614:
2578:
2495:
2479:
2321:
2110:
2069:
2057:
1920:
1834:
1755:
1520:
1181:
1124:
747:
663:
591:
451:
375:
35:
2743:
2715:
2625:
2590:
2339:
2333:
2315:
2049:
2043:
1947:
1851:
1742:
1681:
1543:
1186:
273:
2917:
2826:
2572:
2284:
2102:
1861:
1829:
1787:
1699:
1500:
1315:
1305:
1295:
1285:
1255:
1238:
1103:
571:
computers used 1-bit architectures for the processors as well. Examples include the May 1983
379:
349:
2947:
2883:
2469:
2191:
2081:
2028:
1560:
1273:
1129:
1111:
409:
175:
423:(and has only 178 transistors; since it has only one instruction though it can emulate 20
8:
2994:
2979:
2799:
2650:
2632:
2596:
2584:
2238:
2185:
1962:
1878:
1760:
1615:
1510:
1369:
536:
405:
for at least one 1-bit processor architecture were 4-bit and the address bus was 8-bit.
3025:
2851:
2843:
2695:
2670:
2474:
2349:
1873:
1814:
1694:
1426:
1154:
576:
568:
529:. A typical sequence of instructions from a program for a 1-bit architecture might be:
526:
383:
251:
240:
2804:
2771:
2687:
2619:
2520:
2510:
2500:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2344:
2273:
2179:
2139:
1772:
1722:
1672:
1648:
1530:
1470:
1465:
1347:
1263:
983:
501:
470:
463:
424:
371:
160:
155:
150:
1049:
Schembri, Thierry; Bizoirre, Sylvain; Boisseau, Olivier; Chauvaud, Pierre-Emmanuel.
2974:
2907:
2893:
2748:
2655:
2609:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2386:
2256:
2223:
2134:
2129:
2038:
1890:
1885:
1868:
1856:
1795:
1359:
1337:
1223:
1201:
1119:
561:
360:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
1023:
2888:
2873:
2821:
2725:
2700:
2537:
2530:
2381:
2376:
2310:
2218:
2208:
1930:
1765:
1717:
1480:
1364:
1332:
1233:
1228:
1149:
539:
the value in the 1-bit register with input 2, leaving the result in the register;
497:
436:
398:
390:
185:
75:
70:
2999:
2833:
2816:
2809:
2705:
2562:
2299:
2213:
2144:
1727:
1689:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1342:
1166:
1003:
606:
3019:
2794:
2710:
1750:
1732:
1525:
1218:
486:
1653:
3004:
2942:
2758:
2735:
2547:
2268:
1206:
572:
547:
2789:
2753:
2464:
2436:
2294:
2149:
1072:
601:
596:
394:
165:
705:
2675:
2665:
2660:
2642:
2542:
2515:
1777:
1610:
1580:
1300:
776:
110:
2766:
2763:
2505:
1575:
1553:
469:
An example of a 1-bit architecture that was marketed as a CPU is the
459:
229:
2781:
1600:
858:
805:
1590:
1548:
1605:
1570:
1535:
885:
444:
402:
2063:
1595:
1565:
447:
computer using a 1-bit ALU, processing the 12 bits serially.
440:
393:
of any kind that are exclusively 1-bit for all registers and
336:
1048:
895:(in German). Neuss & Recklinghausen, Germany: DATANorf.
2927:
2075:
1995:
1585:
662:"III. System Logic - 3.4. Control Circuits - 3.4.1 Adder".
525:
One of the computers known to be based on this CPU was the
1515:
1505:
450:
An example of a 1-bit computer built from discrete logic
366:
31:
843:
841:
801:
799:
797:
638:
IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and
Science News
439:
processes data a single bit at a time. For example, the
478:
These devices became known to the controls industry as
857:. Semiconductor Technical Data (revision 3 ed.).
838:
794:
671:(4th printing ed.). Maynard, Massachusetts, US:
731:
489:MPU and an MC14500B ICU may be the best solution.
542:write the value in the 1-bit register to output 1.
710:Computer Collector Newsletter / Technology Rewind
3017:
879:
408:While 1-bit computing is mostly obsolete, 1-bit
382:(ALU) architectures are those that are based on
462:(1971/1972) word processor series developed by
1088:
625:
317:
913:
712:(Interview). Interviewed by Koblentz, Evan.
694:
2093:Computer performance by orders of magnitude
675:. August 1969 . pp. 3-14–3-15. F-87S.
533:load digital input 1 into a 1-bit register;
1102:
1095:
1081:
768:
556:Other examples of 1-bit architectures are
324:
310:
942:
700:
631:
520:MC14500B Industrial Control Unit Handbook
415:While 1-bit CPUs are obsolete, the first
335:
1001:
981:
655:
550:as well as for serial data processing.
14:
3018:
889:Fast alles ĂĽber den WDR-1-Bit-Computer
774:
500:is composed of two MC145168 binary up-
458:(1970/1971) calculator as well as the
1076:
2064:Floating-point operations per second
848:"Industrial Control Unit MC14500B".
817:Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc.
612:Enhanced Serial Peripheral Interface
24:
975:
740:Product Service - Schematic manual
25:
3042:
1042:
614:(eSPI) allows 1-bit communication
2990:Semiconductor device fabrication
706:"LED calculators rule her house"
632:Courtland, Rachel (2013-09-25).
50:Computer architecture bit widths
2965:History of general-purpose CPUs
1192:Nondeterministic Turing machine
1061:from the original on 2017-05-20
1030:from the original on 2017-03-20
1010:from the original on 2017-05-20
990:from the original on 2017-08-03
960:from the original on 2022-06-15
931:from the original on 2022-06-15
902:from the original on 2017-05-20
868:from the original on 2017-05-20
826:from the original on 2022-04-01
783:from the original on 2017-05-21
757:from the original on 2017-05-20
716:from the original on 2019-12-27
682:from the original on 2021-10-23
644:from the original on 2022-06-15
27:Computer architecture bit width
3031:Programmable logic controllers
1145:Deterministic finite automaton
558:programmable logic controllers
480:programmable logic controllers
13:
1:
1936:Simultaneous and heterogenous
984:"The famous/infamous MC14500"
777:"Wang 1200 - Wang WP History"
673:Digital Equipment Corporation
618:
342:programmable logic controller
2620:Integrated memory controller
2602:Translation lookaside buffer
1801:Memory dependence prediction
1244:Random-access stored program
1197:Probabilistic Turing machine
921:"MC14500B Price & Stock"
421:one-instruction set computer
40:one-instruction set computer
7:
2076:Synaptic updates per second
585:
10:
3047:
2480:Heterogeneous architecture
1402:Orthogonal instruction set
1172:Alternating Turing machine
1160:Quantum cellular automaton
861:. 1995. pp. 306–313.
775:Battle, Jim (2010-03-07).
665:PDP-8/S Maintenance Manual
389:There are no computers or
29:
2970:Microprocessor chronology
2957:
2933:Dynamic frequency scaling
2906:
2842:
2780:
2734:
2686:
2641:
2561:
2488:
2457:
2362:
2283:
2247:
2201:
2101:
2088:Cache performance metrics
2027:
1961:
1911:
1822:
1813:
1786:
1741:
1708:
1680:
1671:
1491:
1394:
1383:
1254:
1110:
982:Mueller, Dieter (2005) .
363:units are those that are
2985:Hardware security module
2328:Digital signal processor
2305:Graphics processing unit
2117:Graphics processing unit
1024:"A MC14500 modification"
1022:Mueller, Dieter (2008).
1004:"MC14500 and arithmetic"
1002:Mueller, Dieter (2008).
851:Motorola CMOS Logic Data
430:
417:carbon nanotube computer
30:Not to be confused with
2938:Dynamic voltage scaling
2721:Memory address register
2615:Branch target predictor
2579:Address generation unit
2322:Physics processing unit
2111:Central processing unit
2070:Transactions per second
2058:Instructions per second
1981:Array processing (SIMT)
1125:Stored-program computer
748:Wang Laboratories, Inc.
592:Bit-serial architecture
376:central processing unit
36:bit-serial architecture
2744:Hardwired control unit
2626:Memory management unit
2591:Memory management unit
2340:Secure cryptoprocessor
2334:Tensor Processing Unit
2316:Vision processing unit
2050:Cycles per instruction
2044:Instructions per cycle
1991:Associative processing
1682:Instruction pipelining
1104:Processor technologies
560:(PLCs), programmed in
523:
345:
274:Decimal floating-point
2827:Sum-addressed decoder
2573:Arithmetic logic unit
1700:Classic RISC pipeline
1654:Epiphany architecture
1501:Motorola 68000 series
475:
419:from 2013 is a 1-bit
380:arithmetic logic unit
350:computer architecture
339:
211:Binary floating-point
2948:Performance per watt
2526:replacement policies
2192:Package on a package
2082:Performance per watt
1986:Pipelined processing
1756:Tomasulo's algorithm
1561:Clipper architecture
1417:Application-specific
1130:Finite-state machine
1051:"WDR-1-Bit Computer"
410:serial communication
374:) wide. Also, 1-bit
2980:Digital electronics
2633:Instruction decoder
2585:Floating-point unit
2239:Soft microprocessor
2186:System in a package
1761:Reservation station
1291:Transport-triggered
2852:Integrated circuit
2696:Processor register
2350:Baseband processor
1695:Operand forwarding
1155:Cellular automaton
577:Connection Machine
569:massively parallel
527:WDR 1-bit computer
346:
18:1-bit architecture
3013:
3012:
2902:
2901:
2521:Instruction cache
2511:Scratchpad memory
2358:
2357:
2345:Network processor
2274:Network on a chip
2229:Ultra-low-voltage
2180:Multi-chip module
2023:
2022:
1809:
1808:
1796:Branch prediction
1773:Register renaming
1667:
1666:
1649:VISC architecture
1471:Quantum computing
1466:VISC architecture
1348:Secondary storage
1264:Microarchitecture
1224:Register machines
1055:OLD-COMPUTERS.COM
750:1974. 03-0019-0.
471:Motorola MC14500B
464:Wang Laboratories
334:
333:
16:(Redirected from
3038:
2975:Processor design
2867:Power management
2749:Instruction unit
2610:Branch predictor
2559:
2558:
2257:System on a chip
2199:
2198:
2039:Transistor count
1963:Flynn's taxonomy
1820:
1819:
1678:
1677:
1481:Addressing modes
1392:
1391:
1338:Memory hierarchy
1202:Hypercomputation
1120:Abstract machine
1097:
1090:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1018:
1016:
1015:
998:
996:
995:
969:
968:
966:
965:
946:
940:
939:
937:
936:
925:www.digipart.com
917:
911:
910:
908:
907:
901:
894:
883:
877:
876:
874:
873:
867:
856:
845:
836:
834:
832:
831:
825:
814:
803:
792:
791:
789:
788:
772:
766:
765:
763:
762:
756:
745:
735:
729:
728:
722:
721:
702:Wasserman, Katie
698:
692:
690:
688:
687:
681:
670:
659:
653:
652:
650:
649:
629:
562:instruction list
521:
391:microcontrollers
369:
326:
319:
312:
47:
46:
21:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
2995:Tick–tock model
2953:
2909:
2898:
2838:
2822:Address decoder
2776:
2730:
2726:Program counter
2701:Status register
2682:
2637:
2597:Load–store unit
2564:
2557:
2484:
2453:
2354:
2311:Image processor
2286:
2279:
2249:
2243:
2219:Microcontroller
2209:Embedded system
2197:
2097:
2030:
2019:
1957:
1907:
1805:
1782:
1766:Re-order buffer
1737:
1718:Data dependency
1704:
1663:
1493:
1487:
1386:
1385:Instruction set
1379:
1365:Multiprocessing
1333:Cache hierarchy
1326:Register/memory
1250:
1150:Queue automaton
1106:
1101:
1064:
1062:
1045:
1033:
1031:
1021:
1013:
1011:
993:
991:
978:
976:Further reading
973:
972:
963:
961:
948:
947:
943:
934:
932:
919:
918:
914:
905:
903:
899:
892:
884:
880:
871:
869:
865:
854:
847:
846:
839:
829:
827:
823:
812:
804:
795:
786:
784:
773:
769:
760:
758:
754:
743:
737:
736:
732:
719:
717:
704:(March 2006) .
699:
695:
685:
683:
679:
668:
661:
660:
656:
647:
645:
630:
626:
621:
588:
522:
519:
511:
498:program counter
495:
493:Program Counter
437:serial computer
433:
427:instructions).
399:program counter
364:
330:
301:
268:
205:
170:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3044:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
3000:Pin grid array
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2834:Barrel shifter
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2817:Binary decoder
2814:
2813:
2812:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2706:Stack register
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2569:
2567:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:AI accelerator
2297:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2266:
2263:Multiprocessor
2260:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2214:Microprocessor
2211:
2205:
2203:
2202:By application
2196:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2145:Tile processor
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2114:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1931:Hyperthreading
1923:
1917:
1915:
1913:Multithreading
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1826:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1690:Pipeline stall
1686:
1684:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1639:z/Architecture
1636:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1343:Virtual memory
1335:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1167:Turing machine
1164:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1044:
1043:External links
1041:
1040:
1039:
1019:
999:
977:
974:
971:
970:
941:
912:
878:
837:
793:
767:
730:
693:
654:
623:
622:
620:
617:
616:
615:
609:
607:Turing machine
604:
599:
594:
587:
584:
567:Several early
544:
543:
540:
534:
517:
432:
429:
386:of that size.
332:
331:
329:
328:
321:
314:
306:
303:
302:
300:
299:
294:
289:
283:
280:
279:
270:
269:
267:
266:
260:
254:
249:
243:
238:
232:
227:
220:
217:
216:
207:
206:
204:
203:
198:
193:
188:
182:
179:
178:
172:
171:
169:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
62:
59:
58:
52:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3043:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2905:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2795:Demultiplexer
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Memory buffer
2714:
2712:
2711:Register file
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2651:Combinational
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1751:Scoreboarding
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1733:False sharing
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:Stanford MIPS
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:architectures
1382:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:Heterogeneous
1353:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:Memory access
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1239:Random-access
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:Stack machine
1217:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:with datapath
1133:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1009:
1005:
1000:
989:
985:
980:
979:
959:
955:
951:
945:
930:
926:
922:
916:
898:
891:
890:
882:
864:
860:
853:
852:
844:
842:
822:
818:
811:
810:
802:
800:
798:
782:
778:
771:
753:
749:
742:
741:
734:
727:
715:
711:
707:
703:
697:
678:
674:
667:
666:
658:
643:
639:
635:
628:
624:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
583:
580:
578:
575:and the 1985
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
554:
551:
549:
541:
538:
535:
532:
531:
530:
528:
516:
512:
510:
506:
503:
499:
494:
490:
488:
483:
481:
474:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
454:chips is the
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
428:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
395:address buses
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
362:
358:
355:
351:
343:
338:
327:
322:
320:
315:
313:
308:
307:
305:
304:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
282:
281:
278:
275:
272:
271:
264:
261:
258:
255:
253:
250:
247:
244:
242:
239:
236:
233:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
181:
180:
177:
174:
173:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
61:
60:
57:
54:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3005:Chip carrier
2943:Clock gating
2862:Mixed-signal
2759:Write buffer
2736:Control unit
2548:Clock signal
2371:
2287:accelerators
2269:Cypress PSoC
1926:Simultaneous
1743:Out-of-order
1375:Neuromorphic
1256:Architecture
1214:Belt machine
1207:Zeno machine
1140:Hierarchical
1063:. Retrieved
1054:
1032:. Retrieved
1012:. Retrieved
992:. Retrieved
962:. Retrieved
954:www.ebay.com
953:
944:
933:. Retrieved
924:
915:
904:. Retrieved
888:
881:
870:. Retrieved
850:
828:. Retrieved
819:33-B78/8.0.
808:
785:. Retrieved
770:
759:. Retrieved
739:
733:
724:
718:. Retrieved
709:
696:
684:. Retrieved
664:
657:
646:. Retrieved
637:
627:
581:
573:Goodyear MPP
566:
555:
552:
548:ladder logic
545:
524:
513:
508:
507:
492:
491:
484:
476:
468:
449:
434:
414:
407:
388:
353:
347:
65:
44:
2790:Multiplexer
2754:Data buffer
2465:Single-core
2437:bit slicing
2295:Coprocessor
2150:Coprocessor
2031:performance
1953:Cooperative
1943:Speculative
1903:Distributed
1862:Superscalar
1847:Instruction
1815:Parallelism
1788:Speculative
1620:System/3x0
1492:Instruction
1269:Von Neumann
1182:Post–Turing
691:(191 pages)
602:Bit slicing
597:Bit banging
176:Application
166:bit slicing
3020:Categories
2910:management
2805:Multiplier
2666:Logic gate
2656:Sequential
2563:Functional
2543:Clock rate
2516:Data cache
2489:Components
2470:Multi-core
2458:Core count
1948:Preemptive
1852:Pipelining
1835:Bit-serial
1778:Wide-issue
1723:Structural
1645:Tilera ISA
1611:MicroBlaze
1581:ETRAX CRIS
1476:Comparison
1321:Load–store
1301:Endianness
1065:2017-05-20
1034:2018-07-18
1014:2018-07-18
994:2018-07-18
964:2019-11-04
950:"MC14500B"
935:2021-03-29
906:2017-05-20
872:2012-08-01
830:2017-05-20
787:2017-05-21
761:2017-05-20
720:2017-05-20
686:2022-06-15
648:2021-04-18
619:References
378:(CPU) and
344:MC14500BCP
3026:Data unit
2844:Circuitry
2764:Microcode
2688:Registers
2531:coherence
2506:CPU cache
2364:Word size
2029:Processor
1673:Execution
1576:DEC Alpha
1554:Power ISA
1370:Cognitive
1177:Universal
460:Wang 1200
384:registers
359:or other
277:precision
214:precision
2782:Datapath
2475:Manycore
2447:variable
2285:Hardware
1921:Temporal
1601:OpenRISC
1296:Cellular
1286:Dataflow
1279:modified
1059:Archived
1028:Archived
1008:Archived
988:Archived
958:Archived
929:Archived
897:Archived
863:Archived
859:Motorola
821:Archived
781:Archived
752:Archived
714:Archived
677:Archived
642:Archived
586:See also
518:—
502:counters
456:Wang 500
357:integers
2958:Related
2889:Quantum
2879:Digital
2874:Boolean
2772:Counter
2671:Quantum
2432:512-bit
2427:256-bit
2422:128-bit
2265:(MPSoC)
2250:on chip
2248:Systems
2066:(FLOPS)
1879:Process
1728:Control
1710:Hazards
1596:Itanium
1591:Unicore
1549:PowerPC
1274:Harvard
1234:Pointer
1229:Counter
1187:Quantum
441:PDP-8/S
403:Opcodes
2894:Switch
2884:Analog
2622:(IMC)
2593:(MMU)
2442:others
2417:64-bit
2412:48-bit
2407:32-bit
2402:24-bit
2397:16-bit
2392:15-bit
2387:12-bit
2224:Mobile
2140:Stream
2135:Barrel
2130:Vector
2119:(GPU)
2078:(SUPS)
2046:(IPC)
1898:Memory
1891:Vector
1874:Thread
1857:Scalar
1659:Others
1606:RISC-V
1571:SuperH
1540:Power
1536:MIPS-X
1511:PDP-11
1360:Fabric
1112:Models
564:(IL).
509:Memory
487:MC6800
445:12-bit
443:was a
340:1-bit
2950:(PPW)
2908:Power
2800:Adder
2676:Array
2643:Logic
2604:(TLB)
2587:(FPU)
2581:(AGU)
2575:(ALU)
2565:units
2501:Cache
2382:8-bit
2377:4-bit
2372:1-bit
2336:(TPU)
2330:(DSP)
2324:(PPU)
2318:(VPU)
2307:(GPU)
2276:(NoC)
2259:(SoC)
2194:(PoP)
2188:(SiP)
2182:(MCM)
2123:GPGPU
2113:(CPU)
2103:Types
2084:(PPW)
2072:(TPS)
2060:(IPS)
2052:(CPI)
1823:Level
1634:S/390
1629:S/370
1624:S/360
1566:SPARC
1544:POWER
1427:TRIPS
1395:Types
900:(PDF)
893:(PDF)
866:(PDF)
855:(PDF)
824:(PDF)
813:(PDF)
755:(PDF)
744:(PDF)
726:keys.
680:(PDF)
669:(PDF)
431:1-bit
372:octet
370:(1/8
354:1-bit
38:, or
2928:ACPI
2661:Glue
2553:FIFO
2496:Core
2234:ASIP
2175:CPLD
2170:FPOA
2165:FPGA
2160:ASIC
2013:SPMD
2008:MIMD
2003:MISD
1996:SWAR
1976:SIMD
1971:SISD
1886:Data
1869:Task
1840:Word
1586:M32R
1531:MIPS
1494:sets
1461:ZISC
1456:NISC
1451:OISC
1446:MISC
1439:EPIC
1434:VLIW
1422:EDGE
1412:RISC
1407:CISC
1316:HUMA
1311:NUMA
496:The
425:MIPS
361:data
265:(Ă—8)
259:(Ă—4)
248:(Ă—2)
237:(Ă—1)
226:(×½)
2923:APM
2918:PMU
2810:CPU
2767:ROM
2538:Bus
2155:PAL
1830:Bit
1616:LMC
1521:ARM
1516:x86
1506:VAX
452:SSI
367:bit
348:In
297:128
263:256
257:128
161:512
156:256
151:128
56:Bit
32:bit
3022::
2857:3D
1057:.
1053:.
1026:.
1006:.
986:.
956:.
952:.
927:.
923:.
840:^
815:.
796:^
779:.
746:.
723:.
708:.
640:.
636:.
537:OR
466:.
435:A
365:1
352:,
292:64
287:32
252:80
246:64
241:40
235:32
230:24
224:16
201:64
196:32
191:16
146:64
141:60
136:48
131:45
126:36
121:32
116:31
111:30
106:28
101:26
96:24
91:18
86:16
81:12
34:,
1096:e
1089:t
1082:v
1068:.
1037:.
1017:.
997:.
967:.
938:.
909:.
875:.
833:.
790:.
764:.
689:.
651:.
325:e
318:t
311:v
186:8
76:8
71:4
66:1
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.