461:
25:
748:, where double-precision formats offered more than 10-digit accuracy. The 360s also included instructions for variable-length decimal arithmetic for commercial applications, so the practice of using word lengths that were a power of two quickly became commonplace, though at least one line of 36-bit computer systems are still sold as of 2019, the
537:. These calculators had a column of keys for each digit, and operators were trained to use all their fingers when entering numbers, so while some specialized calculators had more columns, ten was a practical limit. Computers, as the new competitor, had to match that accuracy. Decimal computers sold in that era, such as the
640:
These computers had addresses 12 to 18 bits in length. The addresses referred to 36-bit words, so the computers were limited to addressing between 4,096 and 262,144 words (24,576 to 1,572,864 six-bit characters). The older 36-bit computers were limited to a similar amount of physical memory as well.
559:. This was long enough to represent positive and negative integers to an accuracy of ten decimal digits (35 bits would have been the minimum). It also allowed the storage of six alphanumeric characters encoded in a
728:
data type be at least 8 bits, and that all data types other than bitfields have a size that is a multiple of the character size, so standard C implementations on 36-bit machines would typically use 9-bit
663:
six 6-bit ASCII characters, supporting the upper-case unaccented letters, digits, space, and most ASCII punctuation characters. It was used on the PDP-6 and PDP-10 under the name
397:
2021:
505:
quickly moved from 8-bit to 16-bit to 32-bit over a period of a decade. The number of 36-bit machines rapidly fell during this period, offered largely for
521:
Prior to the introduction of computers, the state of the art in precision scientific and engineering calculation was the ten-digit, electrically powered,
711:
of the instruction, the "J" field, to access characters. The GE-600 used special indirect words to access 6- and 9-bit characters. the PDP-6/10 had
993:
707:
shift and mask operations or with special-purpose hardware supporting 6-bit, 9-bit, or variable-length characters. The Univac 1100/2200 used the
2132:
1315:
390:
1834:
1112:
1991:
1557:
1374:
2345:
1337:
383:
330:
1986:
2058:
336:
2340:
1811:
319:
308:
89:
61:
2755:
1879:
1142:
986:
297:
2765:
1906:
957:
464:
Friden mechanical calculator. The electronic computer word length of 36-bits was chosen, in part, to match its precision.
68:
1033:
460:
2073:
1901:
1874:
1253:
108:
42:
2888:
2451:
1344:
1310:
1305:
1224:
1189:
712:
370:
75:
2863:
2760:
2161:
2068:
1869:
1090:
979:
365:
360:
1889:
1608:
1043:
46:
2063:
1911:
1884:
1745:
1359:
1320:
1177:
57:
2500:
2262:
1738:
1699:
1354:
1349:
1283:
1095:
495:
350:
287:
129:
2127:
1824:
1522:
1219:
2777:
2424:
1841:
1332:
1300:
1070:
1058:
1038:
807:
418:
274:
269:
264:
2868:
2831:
2821:
1209:
794:
slices that can be configured to support the multiplication of two 36-bit numbers. The DSP block in
534:
284:
2883:
2290:
2226:
2203:
2053:
2015:
1851:
1801:
1796:
1273:
1167:
1075:
719:
653:
723:
2836:
2619:
2513:
2477:
2394:
2378:
2220:
2009:
1968:
1956:
1819:
1733:
1654:
1419:
1080:
1023:
753:
587:
434:
35:
2642:
2614:
2524:
2489:
2238:
2232:
2214:
1948:
1942:
1846:
1750:
1641:
1580:
1442:
1085:
564:
560:
506:
347:
932:
82:
2816:
2725:
2471:
2183:
2001:
1760:
1728:
1686:
1598:
1399:
1214:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1154:
1137:
1002:
936:
787:
641:
Architectures that survived evolved over time to support larger virtual address spaces using
595:
522:
438:
411:
2846:
2782:
2368:
2090:
1980:
1927:
1459:
1172:
1028:
1010:
733:
s, although 12-bit, 18-bit, or 36-bit would also satisfy the requirements of the standard.
249:
919:
8:
2893:
2878:
2698:
2549:
2531:
2495:
2483:
2137:
2084:
1861:
1777:
1659:
1514:
1409:
1268:
642:
571:
530:
2924:
2750:
2742:
2594:
2569:
2373:
2248:
1772:
1713:
1593:
1325:
1053:
757:
487:
454:
442:
325:
314:
843:"Would you please go over the rules about bytes, chars, and characters one more time?"
842:
2703:
2670:
2586:
2518:
2419:
2409:
2399:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2243:
2172:
2078:
2038:
1671:
1621:
1571:
1547:
1429:
1369:
1364:
1246:
1162:
791:
615:
498:
234:
229:
224:
2873:
2806:
2792:
2647:
2554:
2508:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2285:
2155:
2122:
2033:
2028:
1937:
1789:
1784:
1767:
1755:
1694:
1258:
1236:
1122:
1100:
1018:
856:
819:
741:
634:
556:
481:
426:
219:
214:
209:
204:
194:
189:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
2787:
2772:
2720:
2624:
2599:
2436:
2429:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2209:
2117:
2107:
1829:
1664:
1616:
1379:
1263:
1231:
1132:
1127:
1048:
477:
450:
259:
149:
144:
139:
774:
and DECSYSTEM-10-compatible hardware and retired the service in the late 2000s.
2898:
2732:
2715:
2708:
2604:
2461:
2198:
2112:
2043:
1626:
1588:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1241:
1065:
873:
860:
745:
502:
484:
422:
677:
five 7-bit characters and 1 unused bit (the usual PDP-6/10 convention, called
2918:
2693:
2609:
1649:
1631:
1424:
1117:
896:
591:
510:
1552:
2903:
2841:
2657:
2634:
2446:
2167:
1105:
704:
671:
611:
607:
579:
526:
468:
Starting in the 1960s, but especially the 1970s, the introduction of 7-bit
552:
Early binary computers aimed at the same market therefore often used a 36-
2688:
2652:
2363:
2335:
2193:
2048:
971:
583:
575:
446:
239:
2574:
2564:
2559:
2541:
2441:
2414:
1676:
1509:
1479:
1199:
763:
737:
184:
2665:
2662:
2404:
1474:
1452:
303:
24:
2680:
1499:
657:
542:
1489:
1447:
696:
538:
1504:
1469:
1434:
961:
813:
795:
771:
767:
749:
689:
664:
630:
603:
473:
1962:
1494:
1464:
685:
626:
622:
599:
546:
480:
bytes, with word sizes that were multiples of 8, notably the
469:
501:. By the mid-1970s the conversion was largely complete, and
2826:
1974:
1894:
1484:
958:"Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Blocks in Stratix Devices"
798:
Stratix FPGAs can do 36-bit additions and multiplications.
783:
744:
full words, scientific calculations had largely shifted to
713:
special instructions to access arbitrary-length byte fields
567:
752:
ClearPath Dorado series, which is the continuation of the
1414:
1404:
553:
491:
453:
of that size. 36-bit computers were popular in the early
430:
920:"C++ FAQ: the rules about bytes, chars, and characters"
674:
characters packed into 32 bits, plus four spare bits
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
703:Characters were extracted from words either using
770:computers in the late 1960s. It continued using
2916:
441:(ALU) architectures are those that are based on
987:
433:(six six-bit characters) wide. Also, 36-bit
391:
777:
457:era from the 1950s through the early 1970s.
1992:Computer performance by orders of magnitude
563:. Computers with 36-bit words included the
1001:
994:
980:
545:, had a word length of ten digits, as did
398:
384:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
852:
850:
648:The common character packings included:
459:
837:
835:
2917:
660:characters (ubiquitous in early usage)
975:
847:
637:words, so a double word was 36 bits.
1963:Floating-point operations per second
832:
598:, the Digital Equipment Corporation
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
13:
476:led to the move to machines using
14:
2936:
549:, one of the earliest computers.
2889:Semiconductor device fabrication
933:"LatticeECP3 sysDSP Usage Guide"
525:, such as those manufactured by
124:Computer architecture bit widths
23:
2864:History of general-purpose CPUs
1091:Nondeterministic Turing machine
898:ISO/IEC 9899:1999 specification
875:ISO/IEC 9899:1999 specification
34:needs additional citations for
16:Computer architecture bit width
1044:Deterministic finite automaton
964:+accessdate=December 27, 2013.
950:
925:
912:
889:
866:
722:requires that the size of the
1:
1835:Simultaneous and heterogenous
825:
684:four 8-bit characters (7-bit
429:units are those that are 36
2519:Integrated memory controller
2501:Translation lookaside buffer
1700:Memory dependence prediction
1143:Random-access stored program
1096:Probabilistic Turing machine
863:: "A file transfer protocol"
816:(36-bit Page Size Extension)
7:
1975:Synaptic updates per second
801:
736:By the time IBM introduced
695:four 9-bit characters (the
688:plus 1 spare bit, or 8-bit
10:
2941:
2379:Heterogeneous architecture
1301:Orthogonal instruction set
1071:Alternating Turing machine
1059:Quantum cellular automaton
808:Physical Address Extension
766:was launched using 36-bit
621:Smaller machines like the
516:
2869:Microprocessor chronology
2856:
2832:Dynamic frequency scaling
2805:
2741:
2679:
2633:
2585:
2540:
2460:
2387:
2356:
2261:
2182:
2146:
2100:
2000:
1987:Cache performance metrics
1926:
1860:
1810:
1721:
1712:
1685:
1640:
1607:
1579:
1570:
1390:
1293:
1282:
1153:
1009:
778:Other uses in electronics
572:IBM 701/704/709/7090/7094
2884:Hardware security module
2227:Digital signal processor
2204:Graphics processing unit
2016:Graphics processing unit
2837:Dynamic voltage scaling
2620:Memory address register
2514:Branch target predictor
2478:Address generation unit
2221:Physics processing unit
2010:Central processing unit
1969:Transactions per second
1957:Instructions per second
1880:Array processing (SIMT)
1024:Stored-program computer
754:UNIVAC 1100/2200 series
709:partial word designator
692:), plus four spare bits
592:General Electric GE-600
435:central processing unit
2643:Hardwired control unit
2525:Memory management unit
2490:Memory management unit
2239:Secure cryptoprocessor
2233:Tensor Processing Unit
2215:Vision processing unit
1949:Cycles per instruction
1943:Instructions per cycle
1890:Associative processing
1581:Instruction pipelining
1003:Processor technologies
901:. p. 37, § 6.2.6.1 (4)
720:C programming language
565:MIT Lincoln Laboratory
561:six-bit character code
507:backward compatibility
496:Data General MV series
465:
348:Decimal floating-point
2726:Sum-addressed decoder
2472:Arithmetic logic unit
1599:Classic RISC pipeline
1553:Epiphany architecture
1400:Motorola 68000 series
937:Lattice Semiconductor
788:Lattice Semiconductor
645:or other mechanisms.
616:Symbolics 3600 series
523:mechanical calculator
492:Digital Equipment VAX
463:
439:arithmetic logic unit
412:computer architecture
285:Binary floating-point
2847:Performance per watt
2425:replacement policies
2091:Package on a package
1981:Performance per watt
1885:Pipelined processing
1655:Tomasulo's algorithm
1460:Clipper architecture
1316:Application-specific
1029:Finite-state machine
878:. p. 20, § 5.2.4.2.1
43:improve this article
2879:Digital electronics
2532:Instruction decoder
2484:Floating-point unit
2138:Soft microprocessor
2085:System in a package
1660:Reservation station
1190:Transport-triggered
758:mainframe computers
643:memory segmentation
2751:Integrated circuit
2595:Processor register
2249:Baseband processor
1594:Operand forwarding
1054:Cellular automaton
499:superminicomputers
466:
455:mainframe computer
58:"36-bit computing"
2912:
2911:
2801:
2800:
2420:Instruction cache
2410:Scratchpad memory
2257:
2256:
2244:Network processor
2173:Network on a chip
2128:Ultra-low-voltage
2079:Multi-chip module
1922:
1921:
1708:
1707:
1695:Branch prediction
1672:Register renaming
1566:
1565:
1548:VISC architecture
1370:Quantum computing
1365:VISC architecture
1247:Secondary storage
1163:Microarchitecture
1123:Register machines
509:purposes running
408:
407:
119:
118:
111:
93:
2932:
2874:Processor design
2766:Power management
2648:Instruction unit
2509:Branch predictor
2458:
2457:
2156:System on a chip
2098:
2097:
1938:Transistor count
1862:Flynn's taxonomy
1719:
1718:
1577:
1576:
1380:Addressing modes
1291:
1290:
1237:Memory hierarchy
1101:Hypercomputation
1019:Abstract machine
996:
989:
982:
973:
972:
966:
965:
954:
948:
947:
945:
943:
929:
923:
918:Marshall Cline.
916:
910:
909:
907:
906:
893:
887:
886:
884:
883:
870:
864:
854:
845:
841:Marshall Cline.
839:
820:UTF-9 and UTF-18
782:The LatticeECP3
732:
726:
679:five-seven ASCII
606:(as used in the
588:1100/2200 series
423:memory addresses
400:
393:
386:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2894:Tick–tock model
2852:
2808:
2797:
2737:
2721:Address decoder
2675:
2629:
2625:Program counter
2600:Status register
2581:
2536:
2496:Load–store unit
2463:
2456:
2383:
2352:
2253:
2210:Image processor
2185:
2178:
2148:
2142:
2118:Microcontroller
2108:Embedded system
2096:
1996:
1929:
1918:
1856:
1806:
1704:
1681:
1665:Re-order buffer
1636:
1617:Data dependency
1603:
1562:
1392:
1386:
1285:
1284:Instruction set
1278:
1264:Multiprocessing
1232:Cache hierarchy
1225:Register/memory
1149:
1049:Queue automaton
1005:
1000:
970:
969:
956:
955:
951:
941:
939:
931:
930:
926:
917:
913:
904:
902:
895:
894:
890:
881:
879:
872:
871:
867:
855:
848:
840:
833:
828:
804:
780:
730:
724:
519:
511:legacy programs
503:microprocessors
404:
375:
342:
279:
244:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2938:
2928:
2927:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2899:Pin grid array
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2733:Barrel shifter
2730:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2716:Binary decoder
2713:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2605:Stack register
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2498:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2468:
2466:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:AI accelerator
2196:
2190:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2165:
2162:Multiprocessor
2159:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2113:Microprocessor
2110:
2104:
2102:
2101:By application
2095:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2044:Tile processor
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2013:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1830:Hyperthreading
1822:
1816:
1814:
1812:Multithreading
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1725:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1589:Pipeline stall
1585:
1583:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1538:z/Architecture
1535:
1530:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1242:Virtual memory
1234:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1066:Turing machine
1063:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1006:
999:
998:
991:
984:
976:
968:
967:
949:
924:
911:
888:
865:
846:
830:
829:
827:
824:
823:
822:
817:
811:
803:
800:
779:
776:
746:floating point
701:
700:
693:
682:
675:
668:
661:
652:six 6-bit IBM
596:Honeywell 6000
518:
515:
485:IBM System/360
406:
405:
403:
402:
395:
388:
380:
377:
376:
374:
373:
368:
363:
357:
354:
353:
344:
343:
341:
340:
334:
328:
323:
317:
312:
306:
301:
294:
291:
290:
281:
280:
278:
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272:
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262:
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197:
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177:
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167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
136:
133:
132:
126:
125:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2937:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
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2877:
2875:
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2867:
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2833:
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2823:
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2812:
2810:
2804:
2794:
2791:
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2779:
2776:
2774:
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2764:
2762:
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2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2694:Demultiplexer
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2615:Memory buffer
2613:
2611:
2610:Register file
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:Combinational
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
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2470:
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2401:
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2334:
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2307:
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2302:
2299:
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2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1925:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1848:
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1840:
1836:
1833:
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1823:
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1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1809:
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1779:
1776:
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1737:
1735:
1732:
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1727:
1726:
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1701:
1698:
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1692:
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1688:
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1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1650:Scoreboarding
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1632:False sharing
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:Stanford MIPS
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1286:architectures
1281:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:Heterogeneous
1252:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1205:Memory access
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1138:Random-access
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1118:Stack machine
1116:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:with datapath
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
992:
990:
985:
983:
978:
977:
974:
963:
959:
953:
938:
934:
928:
921:
915:
900:
899:
892:
877:
876:
869:
862:
858:
853:
851:
844:
838:
836:
831:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
805:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
727:
721:
718:The standard
716:
714:
710:
706:
698:
694:
691:
687:
683:
680:
676:
673:
669:
666:
662:
659:
655:
651:
650:
649:
646:
644:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
566:
562:
558:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:
493:
489:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
462:
458:
456:
452:
448:
447:address buses
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:
413:
401:
396:
394:
389:
387:
382:
381:
379:
378:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
356:
355:
352:
349:
346:
345:
338:
335:
332:
329:
327:
324:
321:
318:
316:
313:
310:
307:
305:
302:
299:
296:
295:
293:
292:
289:
286:
283:
282:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
255:
254:
251:
248:
247:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
135:
134:
131:
128:
127:
123:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2904:Chip carrier
2842:Clock gating
2761:Mixed-signal
2658:Write buffer
2635:Control unit
2447:Clock signal
2186:accelerators
2168:Cypress PSoC
1825:Simultaneous
1642:Out-of-order
1274:Neuromorphic
1155:Architecture
1113:Belt machine
1106:Zeno machine
1039:Hierarchical
952:
940:. Retrieved
927:
914:
903:. Retrieved
897:
891:
880:. Retrieved
874:
868:
781:
762:
735:
717:
708:
705:machine code
702:
699:convention).
678:
672:DEC Radix-50
647:
639:
620:
612:DECSYSTEM-20
608:DECsystem-10
551:
520:
467:
415:
409:
199:
105:
99:October 2009
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2689:Multiplexer
2653:Data buffer
2364:Single-core
2336:bit slicing
2194:Coprocessor
2049:Coprocessor
1930:performance
1852:Cooperative
1842:Speculative
1802:Distributed
1761:Superscalar
1746:Instruction
1714:Parallelism
1687:Speculative
1519:System/3x0
1391:Instruction
1168:Von Neumann
1081:Post–Turing
614:), and the
576:UNIVAC 1103
557:word length
425:, or other
250:Application
240:bit slicing
2809:management
2704:Multiplier
2565:Logic gate
2555:Sequential
2462:Functional
2442:Clock rate
2415:Data cache
2388:Components
2369:Multi-core
2357:Core count
1847:Preemptive
1751:Pipelining
1734:Bit-serial
1677:Wide-issue
1622:Structural
1544:Tilera ISA
1510:MicroBlaze
1480:ETRAX CRIS
1375:Comparison
1220:Load–store
1200:Endianness
905:2023-07-24
882:2023-07-24
826:References
792:multiplier
764:CompuServe
738:System/360
472:and 8-bit
451:data buses
437:(CPU) and
69:newspapers
2925:Data unit
2743:Circuitry
2663:Microcode
2587:Registers
2430:coherence
2405:CPU cache
2263:Word size
1928:Processor
1572:Execution
1475:DEC Alpha
1453:Power ISA
1269:Cognitive
1076:Universal
942:April 29,
488:mainframe
443:registers
351:precision
288:precision
2919:Category
2681:Datapath
2374:Manycore
2346:variable
2184:Hardware
1820:Temporal
1500:OpenRISC
1195:Cellular
1185:Dataflow
1178:modified
802:See also
790:include
658:Fieldata
543:IBM 7070
541:and the
531:Marchant
419:integers
2857:Related
2788:Quantum
2778:Digital
2773:Boolean
2671:Counter
2570:Quantum
2331:512-bit
2326:256-bit
2321:128-bit
2164:(MPSoC)
2149:on chip
2147:Systems
1965:(FLOPS)
1778:Process
1627:Control
1609:Hazards
1495:Itanium
1490:Unicore
1448:PowerPC
1173:Harvard
1133:Pointer
1128:Counter
1086:Quantum
697:Multics
539:IBM 650
517:History
83:scholar
2793:Switch
2783:Analog
2521:(IMC)
2492:(MMU)
2341:others
2316:64-bit
2311:48-bit
2306:32-bit
2301:24-bit
2296:16-bit
2291:15-bit
2286:12-bit
2123:Mobile
2039:Stream
2034:Barrel
2029:Vector
2018:(GPU)
1977:(SUPS)
1945:(IPC)
1797:Memory
1790:Vector
1773:Thread
1756:Scalar
1558:Others
1505:RISC-V
1470:SuperH
1439:Power
1435:MIPS-X
1410:PDP-11
1259:Fabric
1011:Models
962:Altera
859:
814:PSE-36
796:Altera
772:PDP-10
768:PDP-10
750:Unisys
742:32-bit
690:EBCDIC
665:sixbit
635:18-bit
631:PDP-15
604:PDP-10
590:, the
574:, the
570:, the
535:Monroe
527:Friden
482:32-bit
474:EBCDIC
416:36-bit
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2849:(PPW)
2807:Power
2699:Adder
2575:Array
2542:Logic
2503:(TLB)
2486:(FPU)
2480:(AGU)
2474:(ALU)
2464:units
2400:Cache
2281:8-bit
2276:4-bit
2271:1-bit
2235:(TPU)
2229:(DSP)
2223:(PPU)
2217:(VPU)
2206:(GPU)
2175:(NoC)
2158:(SoC)
2093:(PoP)
2087:(SiP)
2081:(MCM)
2022:GPGPU
2012:(CPU)
2002:Types
1983:(PPW)
1971:(TPS)
1959:(IPS)
1951:(CPI)
1722:Level
1533:S/390
1528:S/370
1523:S/360
1465:SPARC
1443:POWER
1326:TRIPS
1294:Types
810:(PAE)
786:from
784:FPGAs
740:with
686:ASCII
633:used
627:PDP-9
623:PDP-1
600:PDP-6
580:1103A
547:ENIAC
478:8-bit
470:ASCII
449:, or
90:JSTOR
76:books
2827:ACPI
2560:Glue
2452:FIFO
2395:Core
2133:ASIP
2074:CPLD
2069:FPOA
2064:FPGA
2059:ASIC
1912:SPMD
1907:MIMD
1902:MISD
1895:SWAR
1875:SIMD
1870:SISD
1785:Data
1768:Task
1739:Word
1485:M32R
1430:MIPS
1393:sets
1360:ZISC
1355:NISC
1350:OISC
1345:MISC
1338:EPIC
1333:VLIW
1321:EDGE
1311:RISC
1306:CISC
1215:HUMA
1210:NUMA
944:2019
731:char
725:char
670:six
586:and
584:1105
568:TX-2
533:and
494:and
490:and
431:bits
427:data
339:(Ă—8)
333:(Ă—4)
322:(Ă—2)
311:(Ă—1)
300:(×½)
62:news
2822:APM
2817:PMU
2709:CPU
2666:ROM
2437:Bus
2054:PAL
1729:Bit
1515:LMC
1420:ARM
1415:x86
1405:VAX
861:114
857:RFC
756:of
656:or
654:BCD
554:bit
410:In
371:128
337:256
331:128
235:512
230:256
225:128
130:Bit
45:by
2921::
2756:3D
960:.
935:.
849:^
834:^
760:.
715:.
618:.
529:,
513:.
445:,
421:,
414:,
366:64
361:32
326:80
320:64
315:40
309:32
304:24
298:16
275:64
270:32
265:16
220:64
215:60
210:48
205:45
200:36
195:32
190:31
185:30
180:28
175:26
170:24
165:18
160:16
155:12
995:e
988:t
981:v
946:.
922:.
908:.
885:.
681:)
667:.
629:/
625:/
610:/
602:/
594:/
582:/
578:/
399:e
392:t
385:v
260:8
150:8
145:4
140:1
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
