1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine

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Despite this, however, the Arab campaign of murder and sabotage continued and Arab gangs in the hills took on the appearance of organised guerrilla fighters. Violence continued throughout 1938. In July 1938, when the Palestine Government seemed to have largely lost control of the situation, the garrison was strengthened from Egypt, and in September it was further reinforced from England. The police were placed under the operational control of the army commander, and military officials superseded the civil authorities in the enforcement of order. In October the Old City of Jerusalem, which had become a rebel stronghold, was reoccupied by the troops. By the end of the year a semblance of order had been restored in the towns, but terrorism continued in rural areas until the outbreak of the Second World War.

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meet demands to provide financial aid to strikers). The AHC's functions in this capacity were truncated when it was abolished by the British authorities in October 1937. Displaced in Damascus, its leaders were cut off from contact with field units and donations gradually dried up. al-Husayni, by then in exile, proved unable to raise money, and in Syria militant contacts were informed by July 1938 that they would have to make do on their own. By 1938 the drop in revenues caused militant gangs to resort to extortion and robbery, often draining villages of ready cash reserves set aside to pay government fines, which then had to be met by the sale of crops and livestock. Some contributions were obtained from American sources.

2316: ... when you'd finished your duty you would come away nothing had happened no bombs or anything and the driver would switch his wheel back and to make the truck waver and the poor wog on the front would roll off into the deck. Well if he was lucky he'd get away with a broken leg but if he was unlucky the truck behind coming up behind would hit him. But nobody bothered to pick up the bits they were left. You know we were there we were the masters we were the bosses and whatever we did was right ... Well you know you don't want him any more. He's fulfilled his job. And that's when Bill Usher said that it had to stop because before long they'd be running out of bloody rebels to sit on the bonnet. 1241: 4271:"the silencing of the opposition and humiliation of its leaders continued in the months that followed. In July 1938 an armed squad appeared at the home of a family of Nashashibi supporters in the village of Beit Rima, ...Before they left, the gang offered an explanation for their behavior: The jihad, they said, was directed against any person who did not obey the mufti. In the passion of the moment, they revealed the militants' fundamental tenet: Their national struggle was a religious holy war, and the incarnation of both the Palestinian Arab nation and Islam was Hajj Amin al-Husseini. Anyone who rejected his leadership was a heretic and his life was forfeit." 1330:

nationalist rebellion. At the same time, Jewish immigration peaked in 1935, just months before Palestinian Arabs began their full-scale, nationwide revolt. Over the four years between 1933 and 1936 more than 164,000 Jewish immigrants arrived in Palestine, and between 1931 and 1936 the Jewish population more than doubled from 175,000 to 370,000 people, increasing the Jewish population share from 17% to 27%, and bringing about a significant deterioration in relations between Palestinian Arabs and Jews. In 1936 alone, some 60,000 Jews immigrated that year – the Jewish population having grown under British auspices from 57,000 to 320,000 in 1935

1598:, he alluded to the Haganah weapons smuggling operation. Questioned at the time by a confidant about his preparations, he stated that he had 15 men, each furnished with a rifle and one cartridge. Soon after, perhaps fearing a pending preemptive arrest, he disappeared with his group into the hills, not to start a revolution, premature at that point, but to impress upon people that he was a man ready to do what he said should be done. Some weeks later, a Jewish policeman was shot dead in a citrus grove while investigating the theft of grapefruit, after he happened to come close to the Qassamites' encampment. Following the incident, the 2839: 1794: 1735: 410: 390: 748: 722: 274: 1567: 425: 2150: 1326:

Moulins flour mills and the Nesher cement factory, could take advantage of cheap Arab labour pouring in from the countryside. After 1935 the slump in the construction boom and further concentration by the Yishuv on an exclusivist Hebrew labour programme removed most of the sources of employment for rural migrants. By 1935 only 12,000 Arabs (5% of the workforce) worked in the Jewish sector, half of these in agriculture, whereas 32,000 worked for the Mandate authorities and 211,000 were either self-employed or worked for Arab employers.

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this procedure is well-known and it can be safely assumed that cordon-breakers have good reasons for wishing to avoid the troops. A number of such cordon-breakers have been shot during searches and it is probable that such cases form the basis of the propaganda that Arab prisoners are shot in cold blood and reported as "killed while trying to escape". After the cordon is established the troops enter the village and all male inhabitants are collected for identification and interrogation.

373: 359: 348: 331: 706: 574: 546: 524: 504: 490: 476: 4004:. One British military commander asserted that 'If the Germans were in occupation in Haifa we'd not have any bloody troubles from the Arabs.' Nonetheless, while moderating forces did mitigate the violence, atrocities were committed, torture used, brutality commonplace. Collective punishment, the razing of villages, the smashing of personal property in homes, and the destruction of foodstocks was widespread. Britain's pacification succeeded and 'left Palestine in ruins.' 2401: 3366: 2330: 2456:

convoys and patrols. During rebel attacks these vehicles could issue emergency "XX calls" (XX with a coded location), which were given priority over all other radio traffic, to summon aerial reinforcements. Bombers, which were usually airborne within five minutes, could then either attack insurgents directly or "fix" their position for infantry troops. Forty-seven such XX calls were issued during the revolt, causing heavy losses to the rebels. In the June 1936

13121: 10091: 3731: 3822: 232: 2859: 3719: 1754:. This was repeatedly bombed at various points along its length. Other attacks were on railways (including trains) and on civilian targets such as Jewish settlements, secluded Jewish neighbourhoods in the mixed cities, and Jews, both individually and in groups. During the summer of that year, thousands of Jewish-farmed acres and orchards were destroyed, Jewish civilians were attacked and murdered, and some Jewish communities, such as those in 2021:

dissent from some of its members, the Commission instead recommended a plan that would leave the Galilee under British mandate, but emphasised serious problems with it that included a lack of financial self-sufficiency of the proposed Arab State. The British Government accompanied the publication of the Woodhead Report by a statement of policy rejecting partition as impracticable due to "political, administrative and financial difficulties".

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very most only for the duration of the war. In the event the White Paper quotas were exhausted only in December 1944, over five and a half years later, and in the same period the United Kingdom absorbed 50,000 Jewish refugees and the British Commonwealth (Australia, Canada and South Africa) took many thousands more. During the War over 30,000 Jews joined the British forces and even the Irgun ceased operations against the British until 1944.

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rebels were never implemented due to distrust of the Saudi middlemen. Italian attempts to furnish arms by the same venue were thwarted by British intelligence. The British never found arms or munitions of German or Italian provenance. RAF intelligence dismissed these claims as either referring to 'comparatively small' sums or as purveyed to bring discredit on the Palestinians. al-Husayni and his associates received limited funding from

2974: 1960: 168: 446: 180: 2729: 2381:, the British Consul in Damascus, corresponded with Syrian and Transjordan authorities regarding border control and security to counteract arms smuggling and "terrorist" infiltration and produced a report for Tegart on the activities of the Palestine Defence Committee in Damascus. Tegart recommended the construction of a frontier road with a barbed wire fence, which became known as Tegart's wall, along the borders with 9788: 4218:"it was the first manifestation of the Nashashibi group's armed defense against those who had violated the honor of their family and the honor of ... But when the general strike ended, he once again began coordinating his moves with the Zionists. The opposition's principal motivation for security cooperation was the assassination campaign pursued by the rebels at the behest of the Husseini leadership." 1339: 1766: 2541: 3276:(restraint)," Arabs were killed in simultaneous attacks around Palestine. More deadly attacks followed: on 6 July 1938 21 Arabs were killed and 52 wounded by a bomb in a Haifa market; on 25 July a second market bomb in Haifa killed at least 39 Arabs and injured 70; a bomb in Jaffa's vegetable market on 26 August killed 24 Arabs and wounded 39. The attacks were condemned by the Jewish Agency. 3818:

heretic and his life was forfeit. After the Peel report publication, the murders of Arabs leaders who opposed the Mufti were accelerated. Pressed by the assassination campaign pursued by the rebels at the behest of the Husseini leadership, the opposition had a security cooperation with the Jews. The flight of wealthy Arabs, which occurred during the revolt, was also replicated in 1947–49.

1525:, founded early in 1936, became active in the general strike. Women's organisations, which had been active in social matters, became politically involved from the end of the 1920s, with an Arab Women's Congress held in Jerusalem in 1929 attracting 200 participants, and an Arab Women's Association (later Arab Women's Union) being established at the same time, both organised by feminist 3378: 3693:, new general counsel of Jerusalem, to request support for the "battle against the Jews". Doehle found that Germany's hesitation in supporting the rebels had caused pro-German sentiment among Palestinian Arabs to waver. Some limited German funding for the revolt can be dated to around the summer of 1938 and was perhaps related to a goal of distracting the British from the on-going 2757:, including the communications network, pipelines, police stations, army outposts and British personnel. It was this aspect of the revolt, rather than attacks on Jews or violence between rivals for leadership of the national movement, that most concerned the high commissioner. The mandate authorities were further disturbed by the unity of purpose displayed during the six-month 202: 2200:, 1936–37 'statutory' martial law, a stage between semi-military rule under civil powers and full martial law under military powers, and one in which the army and not the civil High Commissioner was pre-eminent was put in place. Following the Arab capture of the Old City of Jerusalem in October 1938, the army effectively took over Jerusalem and then all of Palestine. 1728:(AHC). The Committee resolved "to continue the general strike until the British Government changes its present policy in a fundamental manner"; the demands were threefold: (1) the prohibition of Jewish immigration; (2) the prohibition of the transfer of Arab land to Jews; (3) the establishment of a National Government responsible to a representative council. 3766:, hostilities dictated the construction of a separate Jewish-run seaport for Tel Aviv, inspiring the delighted Ben-Gurion to note in his diary "we ought to reward the Arabs for giving us the impetus for this great creation." Metal works were established to produce armoured sheeting for vehicles and a rudimentary arms industry was founded. The settlement's 3392: 2035: 1924:, had failed to create a unified political structure embracing both Palestinian Arabs and Palestinian Jews in constitutional government with joint political institutions. This failure facilitated internal institutional partition in which the Jewish Agency exercised a degree of autonomous control over the Jewish settlement and the 1170:. The second phase, which began late in 1937, was a peasant-led resistance movement provoked by British repression in 1936 in which increasingly British forces were targeted as the army itself increasingly targeted the villages it thought supportive of the revolt. During this phase, the rebellion was brutally suppressed by the 4182:. Hughes states that this was denied by the Jewish press at the time:'The only basis for the suggestion that the assailants were Jews was apparently the fact that they were dressed in khaki shorts and jackets. It is submitted that this form of dress is not uncommon amongst the Arab workingmen of this particular neighbourhood.' 2579:. These searched as many as 150 vessels per week and were an effective preventive measure. At the request of the Army additional naval platoons landed in July to help protect Haifa and Jewish settlements in the surrounding countryside. The Navy also relieved the Army of duties in Haifa by using nine naval platoons to form the 4209:"The British government initially accepted the report in principle...With war clouds looming over Europe, they began to have second thoughts about the practicality of partition, fearing that to attempt to implement it against the will of the Palestinian Arab majority would rouse up the entire Arab world against Britain." 3689:

expressing its sympathy and moral support. Soon after the outbreak of the revolt, in December 1936, Germany was approached by the rebel commander Fawzi al-Qawuqji and in January 1937 by representatives of the Arab Higher Committee, both requesting arms and money, but again in vain. In July al-Husayni himself approached

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thing happened he would take punitive measures against the nearest village to the scene of the mine. Well the nearest village to the scene of the mine was a place called al-Bassa and our Company C were ordered to take part in punitive measures. And I will never forget arriving at al-Bassa and seeing the

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garrison. The drastic measures taken included house searches without warrants, night raids, preventive detention, caning, flogging, deportation, confiscation of property, and torture. As early as May 1936 the British formed armed Jewish units equipped with armoured vehicles to serve as auxiliary police.

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revolt: the support of all senior Arab officials in the political and technical departments in the Palestine administration (including all of the Arab judges) and the "interest and sympathy of the neighbouring Arab peoples", which had resulted in support for the rebellion in the form of volunteers from

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were enhanced and Jewish unemployment was relieved owing to the employment of police officers, and replacement of striking Arab labourers, employees, craftsman and farmers by Jewish workers. Most of the important industries in Palestine were owned by Jews and in trade and the banking sector they were

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and wished not only to disrupt the British rear but also to extend Italian influence in the region. The rebels utilized the Italian funding to smuggle weapons into Palestine via Syria. Total Italian funding amounted to approximately £150.000. It stopped in late 1938 and played no decisive role since

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tax was placed on citrus groves, the industry being the backbone of Palestine's export trade; Palestinians on the government payroll contributed sums anywhere up to half of their salaries; levies were imposed on wealthier Arabs (many of whom went abroad to avoid paying them, or because they could not

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The majority of funds raised to finance the uprising came from Arab/Muslim sources. In the broader Arab/Muslim world a measure of financial aid, never vast, filtered in from Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Muslim India for some time. In Palestine, the peasantry, often debt-ridden, could offer little towards

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was responsible for the area south of Tulkarm and was known for evading capture whilst being pursued by the security forces. He signed his bulletins as 'The Ghost of Sheikh Qassam'. Razzik assumed a place in British army folklore and the troops sang a song about him. Razzik was capable and daring and

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From October 1937 the Irgun instituted a wave of bombings against Arab crowds and buses. For the first time in the conflict massive bombs were placed in crowded Arab public places, killing and maiming dozens. These attacks substantially increased Arab casualties and sowed terror among the population.

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In response to these challenges the British army command ("I" Branch) and battalion headquarters across Palestine issued a daily intelligence bulletin every afternoon detailing political developments. Special Service Officers (SSOs) assigned to intelligence gathering reported directly to their local

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In addition to actions against property, a large amount of brutality by the British forces occurred, including beatings, torture and extrajudicial killings. A surprisingly large number of prisoners were "shot while trying to escape". Several incidents involved serious atrocities, such as massacres at

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Although the Mandatory government introduced measures to limit the transfer of land from Arabs to Jews, these were easily circumvented by willing buyers and sellers. The failure of the authorities to invest in economic growth and healthcare for the general Palestinian public and the Zionist policy of

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The volume of Germany's funding was intentionally limited, as its goal was neither the collapse of the British Mandate nor the establishment of an independent Arab state (which would have been counterproductive to Germany's policy of expelling the Jews to Palestine), but to cause additional nuisance

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Although the Jewish settlement in Palestine was dismayed by the publication of the 1939 White Paper restricting Jewish immigration, David Ben-Gurion remained undeterred, believing that the policy would not be implemented, and in fact Neville Chamberlain had told him that the policy would last at the

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In the contest of wills between the British Empire and Palestinian aspirants for statehood, the respective efforts to secure the financial means to sustain the hostilities also played out as a battle for funding. The Mandatory Authority's repression of the revolt was bankrolled directly from London

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liaison officer for intelligence and security affairs between the Political Department of the Jewish Agency and the intelligence arms of the Royal Air Force and the C.I.D. Zaslany sifted through intelligence collected by Jewish-controlled field operatives and forwarded it to the British military. He

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could undermine intelligence gathering operations and thereby impair their ability to predict and respond to inter-communal disorder. The rebellion had brought together urban nationalism and peasant economic grievances arising from rural poverty and landlessness, which was blamed on British misrule.

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A cordon round the area to be searched is first established either by troops or aircraft and the inhabitants are warned that anybody trying to break through the cordon is likely to be shot. As literally hundreds of villages have been searched, in some cases more than once, during the past six months

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peppering Bassa with machine gun fire and this went on for about 20 minutes and then we went in and I remembered we had lighted braziers and we set the houses on fire and we burnt the village to the ground ... Monty had him up and he asked him all about it and Gerald Whitfeld explained to

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In the final fifteen months of the revolt alone there were 936 murders and 351 attempted murders; 2,125 incidents of sniping; 472 bombs thrown and detonated; 364 cases of armed robbery; 1,453 cases of sabotage against government and commercial property; 323 people abducted; 72 cases of intimidation;

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considered three different plans, one of which was based on the Peel plan. Reporting in 1938, the Commission rejected the Peel plan primarily on the grounds that it could not be implemented without a massive forced transfer of Arabs (an option that the British government had already ruled out). With

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The Mufti, Hajj Amin al-Husseini and his supporters directed a Jihad against any person who did not obey the Mufti. Their national struggle was a religious holy war, and the incarnation of both the Palestinian Arab nation and Islam was Hajj Amin al-Husseini. Anyone who rejected his leadership was a

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British troops also left Arab wounded on the battlefield to die and maltreated Arab fighters taken in battle, so much so that the rebels tried to remove their wounded or dead from the field of battle. Sometimes, soldiers would occupy villages, expel all of the inhabitants and remain for months. The

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collected around fifty men from al-Bassa and blew some of them up with explosion under a bus. Harry Arrigonie, a policeman who was present said that about twenty men were put onto a bus; those who tried to escape were shot and then the driver of the bus was forced to drive over a powerful land mine

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by Quassemite gunmen in Nazareth. Andrews was widely hated by Palestinians for supporting Jewish settlement in the Galilee, and he openly advised Jews to create their own defense force. On 30 September, regulations were issued allowing the Government to detain political deportees in any part of the

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The pressures of the 1930s wrought several changes, giving rise to new political organizations and a broader activism that spurred a far wider cross-section of the population in rural areas, strongly nationalist, to join actively in the Palestinian cause. Among new political parties formed in this

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and anti-British militia. He recruited and arranged military training for impoverished but pious peasants but also for ex-criminals he had persuaded to take Islam seriously and they engaged in a campaign of vandalizing tree plantations and British-constructed rail lines, destroying phone lines and

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In the overall context of the Jewish settlement's development in the 1930s the physical losses endured during the revolt were relatively insignificant. Although hundreds were killed and property was damaged no Jewish settlement was captured or destroyed and several dozen new ones were established.

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units" were made up of disaffected Arab peasants recruited by the British administration and the Nashashibis in late 1938 to battle against Arab rebels during the revolt. Despite their peasant origins the bands were representative mainly of the interests of landlords and rural notables. Some peace

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In June 1936 the British involved their clients in Transjordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Egypt in an attempt to pacify the Palestinian Arabs and on 9 October the rulers made an appeal for the strike to be ended. A more pressing concern may have been the approaching citrus harvest and the attractive,

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The strike began on 19 April in Nablus, where an Arab National Committee was formed, and by the end of the month National Committees had been formed in all of the towns and some of the larger villages. On the same day, the High Commissioner Wauchope issued Emergency Regulations that laid the legal

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into its then most refined form during the Arab Revolt. Air patrols had been found effective in keeping convoys and trains free from attack, but this did not help to expose insurgents to battle conditions likely to cause their defeat. From the middle of June 1936 wireless vehicles accompanied all

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A great deal of speculation later arose around the purported role of Germany and Italy in backing the revolt financially, based on early claims by Jewish operatives that both countries were fomenting the uprising by funneling cash and weapons to the insurgents. German plans to ship arms to the

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and carried out nighttime attacks against British targets in the revolt's early stage in 1936. When the revolt was renewed in April 1937, he established a more organised command hierarchy consisting of four main brigades who operated in the north-central highlands (Tulkarm-Nablus-Jenin area). He

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had written to Moshe Shertok stating his full willingness to co-operate with the Jewish Agency and to agree with whatever policy it proposed. From early in 1938 the Nashashibis received funding specifically to conduct anti-rebel operations, with Raghib al-Nashashibi himself receiving £5,000. The

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The rebellion also inspired the Jewish Agency to expand the intelligence-gathering of its Political Department and especially of its Arab Division, with the focus changing from political to military intelligence. The Arab Division set up a network of Jewish controllers and Arab agents around the

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In June 1937, the British imposed the death penalty for unauthorised possession of weapons, ammunition, and explosives, but since many Jews had permission to carry weapons and store ammunition for defence this order was directed primarily against Palestinian Arabs and most of the 112 executed in

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Despite these measures Lieutenant-General Haining, the General Officer Commanding, reported secretly to the Cabinet on 1 December 1938 that "practically every village in the country harbours and supports the rebels and will assist in concealing their identity from the Government Forces." Haining

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Now I will never forget this incident ... We were at al-Malikiyya, the other frontier base and word came through about 6 o'clock in the morning that one of our patrols had been blown up and Millie Law had been killed. Now Gerald Whitfeld had told these mukhtars that if any of this sort of

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and then the Mandate authorities levied high taxes on farming and agricultural produce and during the 1920s and 1930s this together with a fall in prices, cheap imports, natural disasters and paltry harvests all contributed to the increasing indebtedness of the fellahin. The rents paid by tenant

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The general strike lasted from April to October 1936. The revolt is often analysed in terms of two distinct phases. The first phase began as spontaneous popular resistance, which was seized on by the urban and elitist Arab Higher Committee, giving the movement an organized shape that was focused

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Towards the end of the revolt in May 1939 the authorities dissolved the peace bands and confiscated their arms. However, because members of the bands had become tainted in the eyes of the Palestinian Arabs, and some were under sentence of death, they had little choice but to continue the battle

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against Arab civilians as a form of what the group called "active defense" against Arab attacks on Jewish civilians. The British authorities set up military courts, which were established for the trial of offenses connected with the carrying and discharge of firearms, sabotage and intimidation.

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The commission, which concluded that 1,000 Arab rebels had been killed during the six month strike, later described the disturbances as "an open rebellion of the Palestinian Arabs, assisted by fellow-Arabs from other countries, against Mandatory rule" and noted two unprecedented features of the

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The measures taken against the strike were harsh from the outset and grew harsher as the revolt deepened. Unable to contain the protests with the two battalions already stationed in the country, Britain inundated Palestine with soldiers from regiments all over the empire, including its Egyptian

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further compounded matters. The government did, however, set the minimum wage for Arab workers below that for Jewish workers, which meant that those making capital investments in the Yishuv's economic infrastructure, such as Haifa's electricity plant, the Shemen oil and soap factory, the Grands

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There was a growing feeling among British officials that there was nothing left for them to do in Palestine. Perhaps the ultimate achievement of the Arab Revolt was to make the British sick of Palestine. Major-General Bernard "Monty" Montgomery concluded, "the Jew murders the Arab and the Arab

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In the first years after 1933 Germany was approached by a variety of Arab nationalist groups from Palestine and abroad asking for aid, but Germany categorically refused. Maintaining good relations with the British was still considered to be of the uppermost priority, hence it limited itself to

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In principle all of the joint units functioned as part of the British administration, but in practice they were under the command of the Jewish Agency and "intended to form the backbone of a Jewish military force set up under British sponsorship in preparation for the inevitable clash with the

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The British had already formalised the principle of collective punishment in Palestine in the 1924–1925 Collective Responsibility and Punishment Ordinances and updated these ordinances in 1936 with the Collective Fines Ordinance. These collective fines (amounting to £1,000,000 over the revolt)

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General strikes had been used in neighbouring Arab countries to place political pressures on Western colonial powers. In Iraq a general strike in July 1931, accompanied by organised demonstrations in the streets, led to independence for the former British mandate territory under Prime Minister

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The ongoing disruption of agrarian life in Palestine, which had been continuing since Ottoman times, thus created a large population of landless peasant farmers who subsequently became mobile wage workers who were increasingly marginalised and impoverished; these became willing participants in

1301:, the country's peasant farmers, made up over two-thirds of the indigenous Arab population and from the 1920s onwards they were pushed off the land in increasingly large numbers into urban environments where they often encountered only poverty and social marginalisation. Many were crowded into 2805:

In 1937 the Jewish Agency's intelligence groups were responsible for bugging the Peel Commission hearings in Palestine. Eventually, the Arab Revolt convinced the Agency that a central intelligence service was required and this led to the formation of a counter-intelligence agency known as the

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by forcing them to ride with military convoys to prevent mine attacks and sniping incidents: soldiers would tie the hostages to the bonnets of lorries, or put them on small flatbeds on the front of trains. The army told the hostages that any of them who tried to run away would be shot. On the

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There was no single body within the Jewish settlement capable of co-ordinating intelligence gathering before 1939. Until then there were four separate organisations without any regular or formal liaison. These were an underground militia, forerunner of the first official information service,

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The British authorities maintained, financed and armed the Jewish police from this point onward until the end of the Mandate, and by the end of September 1939 around 20,000 Jewish policeman, supernumeraries and settlement guards had been authorised to carry arms by the government, which also

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Al-Hajj Muhammad refused to carry out political assassinations at the behest of political factions, including al-Husayni, once stating "I don't work for Husayniya ('Husanyni-ism'), but for wataniya ('nationalism')." He is still known by Palestinians as a hero and martyr and is regarded as a

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It was quickly evident that the only way to regain the initiative from the rebels was by initiating measures against the villagers from which the rebels and saboteurs came ... I therefore initiated, in co-operation with the Inspector-General of Police R. G. B. Spicer, village searches.

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Thousands of Palestinian houses were destroyed, and massive financial costs were incurred because of the general strike and the devastation of fields, crops and orchards. The economic boycott further damaged the fragile Palestinian Arab economy through loss of sales and goods and increased

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in August 1938 almost 5,000 men were held in a cage for two days and interrogated one after another. During their detention the city was searched and then each of the detainees was marked with a rubber stamp on his release. At one point a night curfew was imposed on most of the cities.

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area was a deeply religious, intellectual man and as a fervent anti-Zionist, he was deeply committed to the revolt. He was regarded second to Qawukji in terms of leadership ability and maintained his independence from the exiled rebel leadership in Damascus. He personally led his

1594:. The news sparked Arab fears of a Jewish military takeover of Palestine. A little over two weeks later, on 2 November 1935, al-Qassam gave a speech in the port of Haifa denouncing the Balfour declaration on its 18th anniversary. In a proclamation to that effect, together with 3738:

Despite the intervention of up to 50,000 British troops and 15,000 Haganah men, the uprising continued for over three years. By the time it concluded in September 1939, more than 5,000 Arabs, over 300 Jews, and 262 Britons had been killed and at least 15,000 Arabs were wounded.

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eventually became a heavy burden for poor Palestinian villagers, especially when the army also confiscated livestock, destroyed properties, imposed long curfews and established police posts, demolished houses and detained some or all of the Arab men in distant detention camps.

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Matthew Hughes, a leading authority on the Revolt, notes that it is a standard move in British historiography to contrast the relative mildness of British counter-insurgency achievements with those of other Western colonial powers. A contrast is frequently drawn between the

2373:, and the security proposals he introduced exceeded measures adopted down to this time elsewhere in the British Empire. 70 fortresses were erected throughout the country at strategic choke points and near Palestinian villages which, if assessed as "bad", were subjected to 3897:

approached, British policy makers concluded that although they could rely on the support of the Jewish population in Palestine, who had no alternative but to support Britain, the support of Arab governments and populations in an area of great strategic importance for the

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The British government initially accepted the Peel report in principle. However, with war clouds looming over Europe, they realized that to attempt to implement it against the will of the Palestinian Arab majority would rouse up the entire Arab world against Britain. The

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In reality the measures created a sense of solidarity between the villagers and the rebels. The pro-Government Mayor of Nablus complained to the High Commissioner that, "During the last searches effected in villages properties were destroyed, jewels stolen, and the Holy

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Jewish and British officials worked together to co-ordinate manhunts and collective actions against villages and also discussed the imposition of penalties and sentences. Overall, the Jewish Agency was successful in making "the point that the Zionist movement and the

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in October 1935 and the deteriorating situation in Europe toward the end of the 1930s probably made British policy makers more willing to make concessions to Arab governments on the Palestine issue following the furore over the recommendations of the Peel Commission.

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the RAF contingent in the region until September 1939. "Limited" bombing attacks on Arab villages were carried out by the RAF, although at times this involved razing whole villages. Harris described the system by which recalcitrant villages were kept under control by

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for "defence"), a Jewish paramilitary organisation, actively supported British efforts to suppress the uprising, which reached 10,000 Arab fighters at their peak during the summer and fall of 1938. Although the British administration did not officially recognise the

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of low-lying Category A farming land in Arab possession supported a farming population of 590,000 whereas the 102,000 dunums of such land in Jewish possession supported a farming population of only 50,000. The late 1920s witnessed poor harvests, and the consequent

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Peel's main recommendation was for partition of Palestine into a small Jewish state (based on current Jewish land ownership population and incorporating the country's most productive agricultural land), a residual Mandatory area, and a larger Arab state linked to

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that worked alongside it in the 1920s and 1930s behaved fairly well—certainly with a good deal more self-restraint than security forces of other imperial states. There is nothing in the British record in Palestine to compare with the devastating violence of the

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and the howitzers were moved quickly between these positions by day and night to confuse bandits as to the likely direction of fire. Periodically, the guns were used to fire warning rounds close to the vicinity of villages believed to have rebel sympathies.

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From December 1937 the main opposition figures among the Arabs approached the Jewish Agency for funding and assistance, motivated by the assassination campaign pursued by the rebels at the behest of the Husseini leadership. In October 1937, shortly after

3810:, thus counterproductive. During the uprising, British authorities attempted to confiscate all weapons from the Arab population. This, and the destruction of the main Arab political leadership in the revolt, greatly hindered their military efforts in the 3757:

The hostilities contributed to further disengagement of the Jewish and Arab economies in Palestine, which were intertwined to some extent until that time. Development of the economy and infrastructure accelerated. For example, whereas the Jewish city of

2097:

Despite cooperation of the Yishuv with the British to quell the revolt, some incidents towards the end of the conflict indicated a coming change in relations. On 12 June 1939, A British explosives expert was killed trying to defuse an Irgun bomb near a

2133: 3567:

worked closely with Fawzi al-Qawukji in 1936, but later defected to the British authorities. He bargained for a pardon by offering to collaborate with the British on countering rebel propaganda. Once on the payroll of the British consul in Damascus,

2060:; and in fear of arrest Jamal el-Husseini fled to Syria and Haj Amin el-Husseini to Lebanon; all frontiers with Palestine were closed, telephone connections to neighbouring countries were withdrawn, press censorship was introduced and a special 1853:

from Egypt led to the railways being put under guard, placing a great strain on the security forces. On 4 June, in response to this situation, the government rounded up a large number of Palestinian leaders and sent them to a detention camp at

2773:

command headquarters and their cars were equipped with wireless transmitters so that high grade intelligence could be reported directly to "I" Branch immediately. These sources of intelligence gradually became more important than those of the

1999:

movement also opposed the recommendations. Ben-Gurion was delighted by the Peel Commission's support for transfer, which he viewed as the foundation of "national consolidation in a free homeland." Subsequently, the two main Jewish leaders,

6911: 2291:

The report was issued in response to growing concern at the severity of the military measures amongst the general public in Great Britain, among members of the British Government, and among governments in countries neighbouring Palestine.

3917:

in London but the discussions ended without agreement on 27 March.The government's new policy as published in White Paper of 17 May had been determined already and despite Jewish protests and Irgun attacks the British remained resolute.

1979:

from the proposed Jewish state to a future Arab state and Transjordan. It is likely that Zionist leaders played a role in persuading Peel to accept the notion of transfer, which had been a strand of Zionist ideology from its inception.

2743:

The Arab Revolt was the last major test of Britain's security services in the Middle East before World War II. The development and deployment of intelligence-led counterinsurgency strategies was integral to the restoration of British

4227:'The contest of wills between the British Empire and the Palestinians was also an organizational battle for funds and equipment in which London would bankroll the Palestine Government and pay for the troops needed for pacification.'( 2801:

in Palestine (who was described by Haganah leader Dov Hos as the "best Zionist informer on the English"), until the latter was posted to Iraq in 1938, and through him became acquainted with many of the British intelligence officers.

1919:

deliberated. The Royal Commission was announced on 18 May 1936 and its members were appointed on 29 July, but the Commission did not arrive in Palestine until 11 November. In the early 1920s the first High Commissioner of Palestine,

3938:

struggle of the Palestinian Arab rebels against the British Empire. According to Swedenburg's analysis, for instance, the Zionist version of Israeli history acknowledges only one authentic national movement: the struggle for Jewish

1720:

basis for suppressing the insurgency. On 21 April the leaders of the five main parties accepted the decision at Nablus and called for a general strike of all Arabs engaged in labour, transport and shopkeeping for the following day.

2797:, a British army officer and Zionist leader, was appointed chief liaison officer between the British army and the Jewish Agency Executive with Zaslany as his deputy. Zaslany also worked as interpreter for Patrick Domville, head of 1370:

began to acquire a political and nationalist dimension and new national memorial days were introduced or gained new significance; among them Balfour Day (2 November, marking the Balfour Declaration of 1917), the anniversary of the

3515:

competed for the position of General Commander of the Revolt with Aref Abdul Razzik, and the two served the post in rotation from September 1938 to February 1939, when al-Hajj Muhammad was confirmed as the sole General Commander.

2478:, known as an advocate of "air policing", commented on the revolt saying that "one 250 lb. or 500 lb. bomb in each village that speaks out of turn" would satisfactorily solve the problem. In 1937 Harris was promoted to 1883:

A Statement of Policy issued by the Colonial Office in London on 7 September declared the situation a "direct challenge to the authority of the British Government in Palestine" and announced the appointment of Lieutenant-General

2223:

was not well received by the administration and the judge was soon removed from the country. Villages were also frequently punished by fines and confiscation of livestock. The British even used sea mines from the battleship

7727: 3951:מאורעות תרצ"ו-תרצ"ט) "riots", or "happenings". The appropriate description was debated by Jewish Agency officials, who were keen not to give a negative impression of Palestine to prospective immigrants In private, however, 855: 3955:

was unequivocal: the Arabs, he said, were "fighting dispossession ... The fear is not of losing land, but of losing the homeland of the Arab people, which others want to turn into the homeland of the Jewish people."

1679:, resulting in several Jewish deaths. After four days, by 19 April, the deteriorating situation erupted into a set of countrywide disturbances. An Arab general strike and revolt ensued that lasted until October 1936. 1194:

of Amin al-Husseini, and instead sided with the British – dispatching "Fasail al-Salam" (the "Peace Bands") in coordination with the British Army against nationalist and Jihadist Arab "Fasail" units (literally "bands").

3662:

fines on the peasantry –many heavily burdened already by debt and unable to pay them – were such that revenue extracted from punitive fines exceeded, and more than compensated for, the revenue lost during the revolt.

3426:), which means "band commander". The Jewish press often referred to them as "brigands", while the British authorities and media called them "bandits", "terrorists", "rebels" or "insurgents", but never "nationalists". 957: 3473:

and was thus a significant adversary of the Mandate and Jewish settlement authorities. He was trapped by British troops in a major engagement on 2 October 1938 and was killed whilst trying to lead his men to safety.

2948:, then head of the Jewish Agency, directly with the high commissioner himself. Shertok also advised the administration on political affairs, on one occasion convincing the high commissioner not to arrest Professor 2369:) advised a greater emphasis on foreign intelligence gathering and closure of Palestine's borders. Like many of those enrolled in the Palestinian gendarmerie, Tegart had served in Great Britain's repression of the 1723:

While the strike was initially organised by workers and local committees, under pressure from below, political leaders became involved to help with co-ordination. This led to the formation on 25 April 1936 of the

4538:

p.76:'Zionist settler-colonization is particular but it is not unique. In line with common colonial practices the Israeli state was founded on the ruin, displacement and dispossession of the indigenous people of

1656:, who had allowed al-Qassam a ceremonial burial some months earlier. The refusal sparked a demonstration by 30,000 Jews in Tel Aviv who overcame the police and maltreated Arab labourers and damaged property in 2502:

Aircraft of the RAF were also used to drop propaganda leaflets over Palestinian towns and villages telling the fellahin that they were the main sufferers of the rebellion and threatening an increase in taxes.

1296:

to warn that this 'social peril ... would serve as a focus of discontent and might even result in serious disorders.' Economic factors played a major role in the outbreak of the Arab revolt. Palestine's

1644:, robbed its passengers and, stating that they were acting to revenge al-Qassam's death, shot 3 Jewish passengers, two fatally, after ascertaining their identity. One of the three, Israel Chazan, was from 1801: 1206:

estimates 19,792 casualties for the Arabs, with 5,032 dead: 3,832 killed by the British and 1,200 dead due to intracommunal terrorism, and 14,760 wounded. By one estimate, ten percent of the adult male

848: 5971: 3947:

in May 1948. Swedenburg writes that the Zionist narrative has no room for an anticolonial and anti-British Palestinian national revolt. Zionists often describe the revolt as a series of "events" (

3861:

unemployment. The revolt did not achieve its goals, although it is "credited with signifying the birth of the Arab Palestinian identity." It is generally credited with forcing the issuance of the

3605:

was a peasant leader in the southern hills below Jerusalem who caused enormous damage to security patrols in his area. He was killed by a patrol of armed police in a battle near Hebron in 1937.

9837: 3445:. The former were guerrillas who engaged in armed confrontations, while the latter committed acts of sabotage. According to later accounts of some surviving rebel leaders from the Galilee, the 1935: 950: 1907:

was murdered in his home outside Jerusalem by an Arab assassin, one of three Jews killed by Arabs on 22 August, and one of 73 Jews killed since the beginning of the Arab armed insurrection.

1825:

Ostensibly, these searches were undertaken to find arms and wanted persons, actually the measures adopted by the Police on the lines of similar Turkish methods, were punitive and effective.

1813:

The British government in Palestine was convinced that the strike had the full support of the Palestinian Arabs and they could see "no weakening in the will and spirit of the Arab people."

841: 3658:

and through the revenue stream supplied to the administration by land and property taxes, stamp duties, excises on manufactured goods and customs duties on imports and exports. Draconian

2043:

With the failure of the Peel Commission's proposals the revolt resumed during the autumn of 1937 marked by the assassination on 26 September of Acting District Commissioner of the Galilee

5932: 2265:

in these villages that if this happened to any of my officers or men, I would take punitive measures against them and I did this and I would've lost control of the frontier if I hadn't."

2278:

buried by the soldiers which completely destroyed the bus, scattering the mutilated bodies of the prisoners everywhere. The other villagers were then forced to bury the bodies in a pit.

12139: 9456:

Hughes, Matthew (September 2009). "The practice and theory of British counterinsurgency: the histories of the atrocities at the Palestinian villages of al-Bassa and Halhul, 1938–1939".

4240:

Joseph Laniado, a Jewish Syrian parliamentarian told his Jewish contacts that Germany and Italy had channeled 'large amounts of money' to foment rebellion in Palestine'. In June 1939,

3629:. Qawuqji also led the volunteer force's Iraqi and Transjordanian battalions, and al-Ashmar was commander of the Syrian battalion, which largely consisted of volunteers from Damascus's 943: 2215:

charges were used to cut long pathways through the old city, destroying 220–240 buildings and rendering up to 6,000 Arabs homeless. Scathing criticism for this action from Palestine

1609:

The death of al-Qassam generated widespread outrage among Palestinian Arabs, galvanizing public sentiments with an impact similar to the effect on the Yishuv of news of the death of

1178:

using repressive measures that were intended to intimidate the whole population and undermine popular support for the revolt. A more dominant role on the Arab side was taken by the

2932:

Arabs." The Agency and the Mandate authorities shared the costs of the new units equally. The administration also provided security services to Jewish commercial concerns at cost.

2513:

Although the British Army was responsible for setting up the Arab counter-insurgent forces (known as the peace bands) and supplying them with arms and money these were operated by

3156:

Ta'as and Rekhesh were developed and expanded during the Arab Revolt but already existed before 1936 and the Haganah had been in operation from the earliest days of the Mandate.

1880:, helped the rebels to divide their formations into four fronts, each led by a District Commander who had armed platoons of 150–200 fighters, each commanded by a platoon leader. 3523:"for a national movement that was popular, honourable, religious, and lofty in its aims and actions." He was shot dead in a firefight with British forces outside the village of 2920:, the Haganah's clandestine munitions industry, developed an 81-mm mortar and manufactured mines and grenades, 17,500 of the latter being produced for use during the revolt. 12067: 696: 1928:

performed a comparable role for Muslims. Thus, well before Lord Peel arrived in Palestine on 11 November 1936, the groundwork for territorial partition as proposed by the

3774:

As a result of collaboration with the British colonial authorities and security forces many thousands of young men had their first experience of military training, which

9830: 5780:

Statement by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty November 1938.

1106:, and the retaliatory killing by Jewish gunmen of two Arab laborers, incidents which triggered a flare-up of violence across Palestine. A month into the disturbances, 2266: 377: 8284: 609: 9062: 4280:"Capping it all, the Permanent Mandates Commission of the Council of the League of Nations rejected the White Paper as inconsistent with the terms of the Mandate."( 2203:

The main form of collective punishment employed by the British forces was destruction of property. Sometimes entire villages were reduced to rubble, as happened to

13205: 9982: 668: 578: 3869:

within ten years, although The League of Nations commission held that the White Paper was in conflict with the terms of the Mandate as put forth in the past. The

9792: 7886: 3541:

and before becoming a rebel worked as a Gazoz vendor. He was said to be a narrow-minded man who thrived on extortion and cruelty and thus became greatly feared.

2995: 1628:

Result of terrorist acts and government measures. Remains of a burnt Jewish passenger bus at Balad Esh-Sheikh outside Haifa. Picture taken between 1934 and 1938.

10381: 10094: 9823: 3235:

movement led by David Ben-Gurion. The rift between the two Zionist movements further deteriorated in 1933 when two Revisionists were blamed for the murder of

10217: 9930: 3402:, 1937. He was later executed. Al-Sa'di was a key actor in setting off the revolt with his April 1936 attack on a bus, which left two Jewish passengers dead. 1731:

About one month after the general strike started, the leadership group declared a general non-payment of taxes in explicit opposition to Jewish immigration.

909: 1142:

mainly on strikes and other forms of political protest, in order to secure a political result. By October 1936, this phase had been defeated by the British

11074: 10249: 8195:

Harouvi, Eldad (1999). "Reuven Zaslany (Shiloah) and the Covert Cooperation with British Intelligence During the Second World War". In Carmel, Hési (ed.).

914: 2593:

sailed to Haifa where landing parties were put ashore to maintain calm. Various other naval vessels continued with this role until the end of the revolt.

10972: 10222: 3560: 3470: 6070: 1267:

fellah increased sharply, owing to increased population density, and growing transfer of land from Arabs to the Jewish settlement agencies, such as the

12880: 2518: 1820:, commander of British forces in Palestine and Transjordan from 1933 to 1936, reported that because the rebel armed bands were supported by villagers, 3984:

He concludes that it was the "Palestine surge"—that is, London's use of sheer weight of numbers to overwhelm and crush the Arab rebels—was a success.

3814:, where imbalances between the Jewish and Arab economic performance, social cohesion, political organisation and military capability became apparent. 10928: 5783:"Policy statement/ Advice against partition – UK Secretary of State for the Colonies – UK documentation CMD. 5893/Non-UN document (11 November 1938)" 2207:

in October 1938; more often several prominent houses were blown up and others were trashed inside. The biggest single act of destruction occurred in

8927:

Palestine Royal Commission Report Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty, July 1937, Cmd. 5479

2308:

lorries, some soldiers would brake hard at the end of a journey and then casually drive over the hostage, killing or maiming him, as Arthur Lane, a

13195: 13160: 11018: 8843: 3385: 2596:

Following the Irgun's detonation of a large bomb in a market in Haifa on 6 July 1938 the High Commissioner signalled the Commander-in-Chief of the

1143: 899: 303: 256: 8925: 5782: 4473: 13150: 10742: 10126: 656: 11724: 2944:

country. Some of the intelligence gathered was shared with the British administration, the exchange of information sometimes being conducted by

2012:

to approve equivocally the Peel recommendations as a basis for further negotiation, and to negotiate a modified Peel proposal with the British.

1226:, whereas on the Palestinian Arab side, the revolt forced the flight into exile of the main Palestinian Arab leader of the period, al-Husseini. 13235: 11045:

Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.

10244: 9966: 9311:

Palestine: Statement of Policy Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty, May 1939, Cmd 6019

3406:

At least 282 rebel leaders took part in the Arab Revolt, including four Christians. Rebel forces consisted of loosely organized bands known as

2510:, sabotaged bridges, railways and pipelines. RAF aerial photographs were also used to build up a detailed map of Arab population distribution. 1554:

had used a general strike from 20 January to 6 March in 1936 which, despite harsh reprisals, brought about negotiations in Paris that led to a

1317:

who worked among the poor in Haifa. The revolt was thus a popular uprising that produced its own leaders and developed into a national revolt.

1037: 684: 1094:

rendered landless, who as they moved to metropolitan centers to escape their abject poverty found themselves socially marginalized. Since the

12910: 12357: 10282: 9846: 6875: 3449:

maintained little coordination with the nominal hierarchy of the revolt. Most ambushes were the result of a local initiative undertaken by a

967: 652: 32: 3802:

The revolt weakened the military strength of Palestinian Arabs in advance of their ultimate confrontation with the Jewish settlement in the

3250:

Ultimately, however, the events of the Arab Revolt blurred the differences between the gradualist approach of Ben-Gurion and the Maximalist

2389:

to help prevent the flow of insurgents, goods and weapons. Tegart encouraged close co-operation with the Jewish Agency. It was built by the

1742:

In the countryside, armed insurrection started sporadically, becoming more organized over time. One particular target of the rebels was the

10661: 3803: 3694: 1183: 213: 10946: 10135: 4048: 2635: 2358: 1555: 3980:, both of which involve killing on a vastly greater scale. Many British soldiers behaved impeccably in Palestine during the Arab revolt. 2048:

British Empire, and authorising the High Commissioner to outlaw associations whose objectives he regarded as contrary to public policy.

12865: 12293: 10775: 3430:(meaning "gangs") was another Arabic term used for the rebels, and it spawned the British soldiers' nickname for all rebels, which was 1198:

According to official British figures covering the whole revolt, the army and police killed more than 2,000 Arabs in combat, 108 were

1098:

in 1920, Jews and Arabs had been involved in a cycle of attacks and counter-attacks, and the immediate spark for the uprising was the

13240: 12860: 8780:

Nicosia, Francis R. (1980). "Arab Nationalism and National Socialist Germany, 1933–1939. Ideological and Strategic Incompatibility".

7791: 2816:, who also helped to smuggle rifles, machine guns and ammunition from Poland to Palestine) and thereafter in 1940 to the creation of 2642:

established a Company Headquarters where seamen and Royal Marines manned a 3.7-inch howitzer. Sailors, Royal Marines, and men of the

1785: 1693: 1119: 2052:

was removed from the leadership of the Supreme Moslem Council and the General Waqf Committee, the local National Committees and the

12990: 12920: 12885: 12175: 11694: 11297: 11067: 10533: 9943: 4028: 1025: 2161: 1888:

as supreme military commander. By the end of September 20,000 British troops in Palestine were deployed to "round up Arab bands".

13185: 12850: 10691: 9403: 1850: 10765: 3963:, in his 2020 survey of the British Empire on the eve of the Second World War concludes that murderous incidents like al-Bassa: 3545:

was Durra's more respected lieutenant and later a leader of his own unit; he was killed by an army patrol in 1939 and buried in

2785:

was a frequent visitor at the headquarters of British intelligence and the army, the police and C.I.D. and he also travelled to

3885:

wrote that in that case, the Mufti preferred his personal interests and the ideology rather than the practical considerations.

3482:

and was the only active rebel leader on the ground who was a member of the Damascus-based Central Committee of National Jihad.

2711:

These facilities enhanced the strategic importance of Palestine and of Haifa in particular in Britain's control of the eastern

381: 5578: 2696:

to Haifa in 1935, shortly before the outbreak of the revolt. A refinery for processing oil from the pipeline was completed by

1271:, increased the number of fellahin evicted while also removing the land as a future source of livelihood. By 1931 the 106,400 13155: 11490: 10954: 10161: 9938: 9771: 9744: 9725: 9703: 9677: 9651: 9625: 9606: 9417: 9369: 9299: 9271: 9245: 9201: 9178: 9159: 9136: 9117: 9095: 9076: 9020: 8992: 8970: 8951: 8903: 8881: 8818: 8770: 8751: 8723: 8697: 8678: 8655: 8630: 8600: 8581: 8559: 8531: 8509: 8468: 8410: 8391: 8370: 8272: 8244: 8223: 8204: 8185: 8163: 8144: 8125: 8075: 8052: 8033: 8008: 7980: 7961: 7939: 7917: 7895: 7871: 7845: 7779: 7760: 7741: 6967: 6941: 5902: 5592: 4535: 3262:

firing weapons into a room through a window killing two men and one woman and injuring three people, including two children.

1383:

itself, at the same time, was steadily building the structures for its own state-building with public organisations like the

1020: 12488: 11164: 10579: 9319:

Yazbak, Mahmoud (July 2000). "From Poverty to Revolt: Economic Factors in the Outbreak of the 1936 Rebellion in Palestine".

1869:

on 21 June marked an escalation with the largest engagement of British troops against Arab militants so far in this Revolt.

1379:

and of transportation, communications, and especially of broadcasting and other media, all facilitated notable changes. The

1202:, and 961 died because of what they described as "gang and terrorist activities". In an analysis of the British statistics, 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 12528: 12247: 11520: 11333: 10013: 9523:"Terror in Galilee: British-Jewish Collaboration and the Special Night Squads in Palestine during the Arab Revolt, 1938–39" 8307: 4252:

that 'It was only as a result of the money we gave (al-Husayni) that it was possible to carry out the revolt in Palestine'.

4043: 3873:

was regarded by many as incompatible with the commitment to a Jewish National Home in Palestine, as proclaimed in the 1917

1255: 1235: 278: 9805: 6929: 3865:

in which Britain retreated from the partition arrangements proposed by the Peel Commission in favour of the creation of a

3667:

subsidising the resistance. A variety of measures were adopted. Women donated jewelry and ran fund-raising committees, a

2914:

distributed weapons to outlying Jewish settlements,and allowed the Haganah to acquire arms. Independently of the British,

1288:

in 1930 had identified the existence of a class of 'embittered landless people' as a contributory factor to the preceding

1090:

The uprising occurred during a peak in the influx of European Jewish immigrants, and with the growing plight of the rural

12900: 12845: 12163: 12097: 11060: 10985: 10708: 10200: 10119: 3944: 3922:

murders the Jew. This is what is going on in Palestine now. And it will go on for the next 50 years in all probability."

2907: 2141: 1966:

arrives in Mandatory Palestine on 11 November 1936. Privately, Peel believed that most Jews would remain in the Diaspora.

1649: 3734:

Jewish protest demonstrations against the 1939 Palestine White Paper. One of the big posters displayed the previous day.

1375:(4 July), and beginning in 1930, 16 May was celebrated as Palestine Day. The expansion of education, the development of 12840: 11375: 10649: 4522: 3993: 3490:

region of northeastern Galilee. He was killed by British forces who besieged him and his comrades near the border with

2089:

236 Jews killed by Arabs and 435 Arabs killed by Jews; 1,200 rebels killed by the police and military and 535 wounded.

1485: 6574: 3828:, St. James' Palace, February 1939. Palestinian delegates (foreground), left to right: Fu'ad Saba, Yaqub Al-Ghussein, 2623:

the following day and after another bomb was detonated on 10 July five platoons from the ship, made up of sailors and

13145: 12982: 12905: 11976: 11321: 11170: 10859: 10229: 10018: 3021: 2774: 2107: 1514: 352: 3003: 1624: 12770: 12762: 12426: 12193: 11200: 10959: 10595: 10502: 10343: 10075: 9909: 9321: 3849: 3191:, the illegal immigration service. In mid-1939 the effort to co-ordinate the activities of these groups was led by 2145:

A Jewish bus equipped with wire screens to protect passengers against rocks and grenades thrown by Arab insurgents.

40: 4169:

Hughes thinks this a conservative underestimate and calculates that a final figures might run from 5,748 to 7,272)

1652:'s request that permission be granted to allow them to conduct a solemn funeral for Chasan was turned down by the 12241: 11826: 11158: 10915: 9695: 9568: 8324: 2197: 1558:. This showed that determined economic and political pressure could challenge a fragile imperial administration. 12508: 7838:"Aryanisation" in Hamburg: The Economic Exclusion of Jews and the Confiscation of their Property in Nazi Germany 3754:

Over 50,000 new Jewish immigrants arrived in Palestine. In 1936 Jews made up about one-third of the population.

1240: 12930: 12692: 12286: 12181: 11538: 11453: 11122: 10876: 10112: 8460: 8000: 5615: 3346: 3254:

approach of Jabotinsky and turned militarist patriotism into a bipartisan philosophy. Indeed, Ben-Gurion's own

2999: 2766: 1474: 1163: 10731: 10482: 3621:(1925–27), deployed in northern Palestine. Their overall commander was Fawzi al-Qawuqji and his deputies were 2692:

Britain had completed the modern deep-sea port in Haifa in 1933 and finished laying a pipeline from the Iraqi

1892:

soaring prices on the international markets caused by the disruption to the Spanish citrus harvest due to the

13245: 13190: 11634: 11622: 11610: 11580: 11556: 11550: 11544: 11526: 11502: 10755: 10396: 10188: 9809: 8482: 8285:"The Banality of Brutality: British Armed Forces and the Repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39" 6077: 3977: 3967:

were outrageous precisely because they were unusual. On the whole, the British Army and the various colonial

3677: 3502: 3381: 3357:

against the national movement's leadership, which they did with the continuing help of the Zionist movement.

1522: 528: 12498: 12478: 12458: 11574: 10618: 10574: 12875: 12835: 12825: 12374: 11892: 11104: 11084: 10830: 10736: 10550: 10292: 9867: 9151: 8426: 8087: 2295:

In addition to actions against villages the British Army also conducted punitive actions in the cities. In

1988: 1743: 12391: 11562: 11052: 6957: 4023: 1660:. The following day, two Arab workers sleeping in a hut in a banana plantation beside the highway between 1218:

The Arab revolt in Mandatory Palestine was unsuccessful, and its consequences affected the outcome of the

13200: 13000: 12830: 12820: 12079: 12031: 11616: 11417: 10965: 10545: 10333: 10211: 10195: 9193: 8667:

Confronting an Empire, Constructing a Nation: Arab nationalists and popular politics in mandate Palestine

8358:

Britain's Pacification of Palestine: The British Army, the Colonial State, and the Arab Revolt, 1936–1939

3989: 3877:. Al-Husseini rejected the new policy, although it seems that the ordinary Palestinian Arab accepted the 3058: 3052: 2899: 2716: 2697: 1963: 1774: 153: 9309: 5786: 4000:

to the winning-the-hearts-and-minds approach Britain is said to have adopted in Kenya in containing the

3185:, the arms procurement service, which had its own intelligence gathering capabilities, and likewise the 2604:, requesting the assistance of naval vessels capable of providing landing parties. Pound dispatched HMS 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 12971: 12964: 12895: 12574: 12336: 11640: 11568: 11508: 11357: 10870: 10835: 10671: 10666: 10644: 10539: 10419: 10391: 10338: 9359: 9237: 8931: 8743: 8551: 8501: 8362: 7863: 4160:(the Palestinian notable class) abetted, or were incapable of stopping, land sales and dispossessions.' 2957: 2758: 2420: 2346: 1699: 919: 339: 8320:"Palestinian Collaboration with the British: The Peace Bands and the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–9" 5944:

See also WO 32/9618 Emergency Regulations 1936. Palestine Martial Law (Defence) Order in Council 1936.

2321:

Army even burned the bodies of "terrorists" to prevent their funerals becoming the focus of protests.

13124: 12925: 12815: 12712: 12401: 12379: 12279: 11898: 11285: 11212: 11128: 10818: 10439: 10433: 9409: 9068: 8118:

Arrows in the Dark: David Ben-Gurion, the Yishuv leadership, and Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust

5620: 2940:

were standing shoulder to shoulder against a common enemy, in a war in which they had common goals."

2397:. The total cost was £2 million. The Army forced the fellahin to work on the roads without pay. 2370: 1503: 1087:

in Palestine, whose concomitant effect was to marginalize and displace the indigenous Arab majority.

9589: 2524:

At the beginning of the revolt RAF assets in the region comprised a bomber flight at RAF Ramleh, an

12433: 12151: 11964: 11910: 11796: 11784: 11754: 11496: 11387: 11188: 11182: 10889: 10477: 10234: 10205: 10006: 9754:

Swedenburg, Ted (2004). "The Role of the Palestinian Peasantry in the Great Revolt (1936–1939". In

8085:

Fleischmann, Ellen L. (Spring 2000). "The Emergence of the Palestinian Women's Movement, 1929–39".

7927: 3825: 3314: 3072: 2984: 2895: 2496: 2463:

This use of air power was so successful that the British were able to reduce the regular garrison.

2253: 2174: 1770: 1676: 1499: 1478: 1415:

and jihadist groups had also been formed that advocated armed struggle; these were the Green Hand (

1293: 1251: 1211:

population between 20 and 60 was killed, wounded, imprisoned or exiled. Estimates of the number of

884: 299: 148: 6879: 3317:, the leader of the Arab Higher Committee, had fled from Palestine to escape British retribution, 3270:

in Jerusalem and then on 14 November, a day later commemorated as the "Day of the Breaking of the

13086: 13005: 12790: 12115: 12049: 11886: 11850: 11652: 11628: 11586: 11459: 11447: 11369: 11363: 11146: 10813: 10808: 10386: 10256: 10058: 9643: 8610: 4033: 3572:, he carried out many attacks against the rebels in 1938–1939 as leader of his own "peace band". 2988: 2790: 2753:

Accordingly, the Palestinian revolt targeted the political and economic apparatus of the British

2638:

for a punitive mission against Arabs who had attacked a Jewish colony near Haifa. By 17 July the

1436: 1358:

and the desire to defend indigenous traditions and institutions. Palestinian society was largely

1355: 645: 172: 11736: 11429: 9815: 9557: 8838: 3934:

historiography on Palestine, and even progressive Western scholars have little to say about the

2615:

to Haifa, which arrived the same day and landed five platoons, one to each police district. HMS

1915:

The strike was called off on 11 October 1936 and the violence abated for about a year while the

1746:

of the Iraq Petroleum Company constructed only a few years earlier to Haifa from a point on the

1617:

settlement. Huge crowds gathered for the occasion of his obsequies in Haifa and later burial in

1366:, with an urban land-holding elite lacking a centralised leadership. Traditional feasts such as 935: 12513: 12091: 11700: 11682: 11676: 11465: 11399: 11267: 11152: 11134: 10910: 10894: 10760: 9486: 8715: 8139:. Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Shiloah Institute, Tel Aviv University. 7905: 4130: 4103: 4076: 4018: 3554: 3377: 2953: 2651: 2568: 2491: 2487: 2030: 2009: 1972: 1925: 1873: 1492: 1403: 1222:. It caused the British Mandate to give crucial support to pre-state Zionist militias like the 1175: 1159: 924: 400: 143: 36: 10104: 9211:

Townsend, C. (1988). "The defence of Palestine: insurrection and public security, 1936–1939".

9030:

Sanagan, Mark (2013). "Teacher, Preacher, soldier, Martyr: Rethinking 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam".

9006: 8941: 8545: 8356: 7994: 7789:

Arielli, Nir (August 2008). "Italian Involvement in the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–1939".

6043: 2838: 2439:

from South Africa and set up a special centre in Jerusalem to train interrogators in torture.

2102:

post office. On 26 August, two British police officers, Inspector Ronald Barker and Inspector

1321:

ensuring that their investments were directed only to facilitate expansion exclusively of the

833: 13071: 12805: 12800: 12677: 12657: 12468: 12438: 11748: 11351: 11291: 11218: 10750: 10563: 10302: 10166: 9994: 9576: 8737: 8234: 6042:

Benjamin-Grob-Fitzgibbon,'Britain's small wars: the challenge to Empire,' in Randall D. Law,

3914: 3659: 3527:

on 27 March 1939, after Farid Irsheid's peace band informed the authorities of his location.

3208: 3138: 2777:

in Palestine, which had been dependent on Arab informers, and which were no longer reliable.

2374: 2154: 2053: 2044: 1725: 1466: 1187: 1147: 1111: 1099: 879: 236: 9064:

Lightning Through the Clouds: ʿIzz al-Din al-Qassam and the Making of the Modern Middle East

3437:

According to historian Simon Anglim, the rebel groups were divided into general categories:

13106: 13076: 13036: 13031: 12935: 12810: 12647: 12145: 11934: 11880: 11808: 11730: 11718: 11514: 11273: 11194: 11011: 10825: 10798: 10703: 10681: 10639: 10323: 10039: 9915: 9888: 4013: 3475: 3338: 3318: 3111: 3097: 2903: 2847: 2049: 1703: 1633: 1518: 1399: 1359: 1314: 1289: 1268: 1246: 1191: 1103: 1010: 1003: 998: 981: 904: 558: 494: 459: 158: 3322:

British also supplied funding to the peace bands and sometimes directed their operations.

2675:

provided howitzer crews which were sent ashore to combat gun running near the border with

2173:

Military law allowed swift prison sentences to be passed. Thousands of Arabs were held in

1793: 1734: 8: 13096: 12453: 12386: 12019: 11832: 11790: 11243: 11110: 11005: 10865: 10770: 10698: 10517: 10507: 10425: 10413: 10403: 10297: 9737:

The British Defence of Egypt, 1935–1940: Conflict and Crisis in the Eastern Mediterranean

9281: 9255: 9032: 8839:"Repression and Rebellion: Britain's Response to the Arab Revolt in Palestine of 1936–39" 8457:

The Crime of Nationalism: Britain, Palestine, and Nation-Building on the Fringe of Empire

4527: 4156:

and elite parochialism" with notable families, these bonds weakened with urbanization as

4038: 3903: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3845: 3723: 3618: 3334: 3228: 3214: 3187: 3170: 3077: 2817: 2597: 2507: 2483: 2467: 2457: 2309: 2244: 2017: 1984: 1976: 1866: 1566: 1277: 1060: 633: 435: 409: 389: 316: 293: 188: 97: 80: 8985:

Out of the Limelight: Events, Operations, Missions, and Personalities in Israeli History

8547:

A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel

8447: 8421: 1910: 1675:

Jews and Palestinians attacked each other in and around Tel Aviv. Palestinians in Jaffa

1313:

where some found succour and encouragement in the teachings of the charismatic preacher

1292:, and the problem of these 'landless' Arabs grew particularly grave after 1931, causing 13101: 13081: 13041: 12957: 12940: 12915: 12722: 12533: 12523: 12503: 12473: 12448: 12187: 12055: 12037: 11988: 11952: 11940: 11928: 11874: 11646: 11604: 11435: 11411: 11381: 11309: 10803: 10686: 10655: 10601: 10569: 10512: 10348: 10239: 9544: 9509: 9473: 9444: 9346: 9338: 9291: 9049: 9012: 8860: 8797: 8443: 8343: 8137:

Despatches from Damascus: Gilbert MacKereth and British Policy in the Levant, 1933–1939

8104: 7824: 7816: 3940: 3913:

called together a conference of Arab and Zionist leaders on the future of Palestine at

3866: 3811: 3748: 3690: 3626: 3538: 3395: 3143: 3103: 2808: 2587: 2506:

Low flying RAF squadrons were able to produce detailed intelligence on the location of

2076: 2061: 1712: 1551: 1462: 1219: 1115: 752: 733: 700: 307: 12717: 5841: 3906:

concluded "if we must offend one side, let us offend the Jews rather than the Arabs."

1983:

The Arab Higher Committee rejected the recommendations immediately, as did the Jewish

13061: 12752: 12687: 12602: 12582: 12205: 12199: 12109: 11970: 11916: 11772: 11423: 11345: 11315: 11206: 10725: 10272: 10178: 10149: 9883: 9862: 9767: 9740: 9721: 9713: 9699: 9673: 9647: 9621: 9602: 9548: 9513: 9477: 9448: 9413: 9365: 9350: 9295: 9267: 9241: 9197: 9174: 9155: 9132: 9113: 9091: 9072: 9016: 8988: 8966: 8947: 8899: 8877: 8864: 8814: 8801: 8766: 8747: 8719: 8693: 8674: 8651: 8626: 8596: 8577: 8555: 8527: 8519: 8505: 8464: 8406: 8387: 8366: 8347: 8268: 8240: 8219: 8200: 8181: 8159: 8140: 8121: 8071: 8048: 8029: 8004: 7976: 7957: 7935: 7913: 7891: 7867: 7841: 7828: 7808: 7775: 7756: 7737: 6963: 6937: 5898: 5588: 5526: 4531: 4001: 3910: 3853: 3833: 3569: 3483: 3391: 3342: 3251: 3240: 2906:. The Special Night Squads engaged in activities described by colonial administrator 2748:

control in Palestine as the revolt had demonstrated to the British authorities how a

2705: 2701: 2669: 2609: 2528:

at Ramleh, fourteen bomber squadrons at RAF Amman, and a RAF armoured car company at

2452: 2436: 2378: 2220: 2166: 1904: 1893: 1814: 1805:

Palestinian Arabs search the rubble of a house demolished by the British military in

1610: 1547: 1130:, described Arab causes as fear of growing Jewish economic power, opposition to mass 1095: 1056: 986: 585: 550: 424: 322: 53:

British soldiers on an armoured train car with two Palestinian Arab hostages used as

9799: 6959:

A Discourse on Domination in Mandate Palestine: Imperialism, Property and Insurgency

3333:, also attended by the British military commander of the Jerusalem District General 2910:, as 'extreme and cruel' involving torture, whipping, abuse and execution of Arabs. 1431:

from 1929 until 1930 when they were dispersed; the Organization for Holy Struggle (

12995: 12702: 12667: 12637: 12632: 12607: 12416: 12302: 12229: 12217: 12211: 12169: 12073: 12043: 11958: 11778: 11760: 11742: 11712: 11327: 11176: 11116: 10938: 10921: 10882: 10557: 10492: 10487: 10459: 10358: 10318: 10063: 10051: 9534: 9501: 9465: 9436: 9330: 9220: 9041: 8980: 8852: 8789: 8435: 8333: 8299: 8096: 7855: 7800: 5524:"Troops Amhushed on Road, Heaviest Engagement of Palestine Revolt Follows (p. 9)". 4241: 3952: 3935: 3841: 3681: 3466: 3399: 3370: 3255: 3133: 3121: 3116: 2798: 2643: 2514: 2471: 2405: 2193: 2149: 2005: 1992: 1929: 1877: 1653: 1632:

The actual uprising was triggered some five months later, on 15 April 1936, by the

1599: 1595: 1526: 1372: 1343: 1281: 1212: 1208: 1123: 1107: 1052: 889: 737: 726: 688: 672: 660: 637: 625: 613: 601: 589: 535: 480: 193: 9539: 9522: 9224: 8541: 3266:

The first attack was on 11 November 1937, killing two Arabs at the bus depot near

1262:

World War I left Palestine, especially the countryside, deeply impoverished. The

13046: 13015: 13010: 12855: 12795: 12742: 12672: 12652: 12627: 12617: 12518: 12396: 12121: 12061: 12000: 11994: 11922: 11802: 11706: 11688: 11339: 11261: 10634: 10611: 10328: 10287: 9505: 9440: 9387: 9285: 8891: 8641: 8381: 8025: 8019: 5767: 4249: 4179: 4121: 4094: 4067: 3948: 3837: 3767: 3646: 3530: 3341:

and barricaded the gates. O'Connor had planned the operation by which men of the

3236: 2949: 2886: 2794: 2448: 2274: 1916: 1687: 1618: 1579: 1458: 1285: 1179: 1151: 894: 565: 9692:

From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948

9427:

Goren, Tamir (2004). "The Judaization of Haifa at the Time of the Arab Revolt".

8045:

The History of the British Petroleum Company: 1928–1954. The Anglo-Iranian Years

3613:

In the first phase of the revolt, around 300 volunteers, mostly veterans of the

1846:

even suggested that all villages in the area of an incident should be punished.

1586:

and their bipods, 800 rifles and 400,000 rounds of ammunition destined for the

13051: 12890: 12785: 12780: 12747: 12737: 12727: 12697: 12622: 12612: 12493: 12421: 12316: 12253: 11982: 11904: 11862: 11856: 11844: 11532: 11088: 11025: 10606: 10589: 10584: 10454: 9755: 9661: 9045: 8478: 8173: 7949: 7881: 4153: 3930:

The 1936–39 Arab Revolt has been and still is marginalized in both Western and

3899: 3779: 3680:

during the revolt as the Italians were in dispute with the United Kingdom over

3642: 3325:

Fakhri Nashashibi was particularly successful in recruiting peace bands in the

2937: 2781: 2745: 2732: 2354: 2342: 2001: 1921: 1817: 1669: 1496: 1263: 680: 449: 363: 124: 9469: 9334: 8856: 8793: 8643:

Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization

7804: 2357:

was a senior police officer brought into Palestine from the colonial force of

1075:, lasted from 1936 until 1939. The movement sought independence from British 13139: 13056: 12682: 12662: 12597: 12549: 12463: 12259: 12235: 12133: 12127: 12025: 11393: 11279: 11249: 10978: 10676: 10408: 9854: 9687: 9263: 9148:

Memories of Revolt. The 1936–1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past

9105: 8913: 8439: 8338: 8319: 7812: 7733: 3882: 3775: 3564: 3479: 3330: 3196: 3091: 2945: 2712: 2680: 2624: 2479: 2475: 2432: 2424: 2216: 1996: 1855: 1849:

On 2 June, an attempt by rebels to derail a train bringing the 2nd Battalion

1843: 1839: 1751: 1384: 1376: 1203: 705: 573: 508: 414: 393: 4524:

The Zionist Bible:Biblical Precedent, Colonialism and the Erasure of Memory,

3329:, on one occasion in December 1938 gathering 3,000 villagers for a rally in 1602:

launched a massive manhunt and surrounded al-Qassam in a cave just north of

1533:

alarm calls for inter-village help by rallying in defence of the rebellion.

13091: 12732: 12592: 12587: 12443: 12369: 12321: 12103: 11946: 11820: 11471: 11441: 11224: 11082: 10375: 10277: 9989: 9669: 9635: 9399: 9171:

Empires of Intelligence: Security Services and Colonial Disorder After 1914

8733: 8707: 8489: 7990: 7723: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7031: 6582: 3997: 3960: 3894: 3807: 3702: 3614: 3542: 3524: 3326: 3294: 3244: 3192: 3036:

Table 1: Security forces and infrastructure created during the Arab revolt

2843: 2813: 2601: 2525: 2362: 2304: 2257: 2103: 1759: 1747: 1645: 1543: 1454: 1420: 1407: 1171: 1155: 1084: 710: 621: 431: 396: 372: 358: 347: 330: 138: 54: 11766: 9640:

Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt and the Roots of the Middle East Conflict

8896:

The Palestinian Arab National Movement: From Riots to Rebellion, 1929–1939

3365: 2400: 1439:

and operative in the areas of Jerusalem (1931–1934); and the Rebel Youth (

12707: 12564: 12411: 12406: 12352: 12331: 12223: 11868: 11664: 11598: 11405: 11255: 11039: 10497: 10449: 10444: 10173: 10155: 9893: 9763: 8569: 8303: 4518: 3602: 3550: 3350: 3129: 2925: 2762: 2576: 2571:

and searchlights used to disperse Arab snipers. From the end of June two

2394: 2334: 2329: 2189: 1900: 1789:

Arab strike 1936. Car with brooms to sweep away tacks thrown by strikers.

1661: 1387:

and the covert creation and consolidation of a paramilitary arm with the

1302: 1167: 1076: 993: 597: 9618:

The Jewish Radical Right: Revisionist Zionism and Its Ideological Legacy

9053: 7820: 7028: 12642: 12559: 12554: 12483: 11670: 11592: 11303: 11140: 9948: 9342: 8670: 8647: 8493: 8108: 3829: 3821: 3730: 3622: 3306: 3289: 3267: 2851: 2749: 2549: 2545: 2225: 2178: 2057: 1940: 1482: 1412: 1030: 7772:

Orde Wingate, the Iron Wall and Counter-Terrorism in Palestine 1937–39

7059: 6071:"File And Item Level Description of the Sir Charles Tegart Collection" 3217:

underground splinter group broke off from Haganah, calling itself the

2858: 2583:

and in August three naval platoons were landed to support the police.

2118: 12326: 12085: 11838: 11658: 9487:"A British 'Foreign Legion'? The British Police in Mandate Palestine" 9190:

The French Empire Between the Wars: Imperialism, Politics and Society

9002: 8067: 7615: 7613: 5584: 3718: 3546: 3337:. Just two months earlier, on 15 October 1938, rebels had seized the 3181:, which was staffed by Jews who were Arab-speaking and Arab-looking; 2572: 2559:

At the beginning of the Revolt crew from the Haifa Naval Force's two

2428: 2390: 2212: 2099: 1911:

Peel commission; break in hostilities (October 1936 – September 1937)

1885: 1831: 1636:

where remnants of a Qassamite band stopped a convoy on the road from

1603: 1583: 1571: 1529:. Myriads of rural women would play an important role in response to 1448: 1367: 335: 9314:(White Paper of 1939), London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1939 8712:

Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1999

8100: 2973: 2056:

were disbanded; five Arab leaders were arrested and deported to the

1959: 1338: 13066: 12775: 12271: 11814: 10852: 10792: 8593:

Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948

8265:

A Job Well Done: A History of the Palestine Police Force, 1920–1948

3787: 3759: 3630: 3302: 3272: 3064: 2916: 2786: 2739:, worked closely with British intelligence during the Arab Revolt. 2693: 2662: 2586:

Following publication of the Peel Commission's report in July 1937

2564: 2529: 2236: 2204: 2124: 2072: 1428: 1298: 1091: 9666:

The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood

8197:

Intelligence for Peace: The Role of Intelligence in Times of Peace

7996:

Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917–1948

7610: 7095: 7093: 6700: 6698: 1708: 10046: 9845: 7910:

Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services

7729:

Britain at Bay: The Epic Story of the Second World War, 1938–1941

7080: 7078: 7076: 7074: 6982: 6980: 6978: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5651: 3973: 3783: 3520: 3506: 3491: 3178: 3083: 2881: 2728: 2676: 2560: 2382: 2262: 1665: 1641: 1614: 1587: 1489: 1444: 1388: 1351: 1223: 1199: 1135: 1080: 965: 452: 445: 428: 183: 179: 48: 11042:

and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each

8135:

Fry, Michael G.; MacKereth, Gilbert; Rabinovich, Itamar (1985).

5733: 4633: 2894:, the British security forces cooperated with it by forming the 2169:"cleansing" Jerusalem of Arabs participating in the revolt, 1938 2024: 16:

Nationalist uprising by Palestinian Arabs in Mandatory Palestine

10134: 10070: 10001: 9787: 8930:, London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1937, archived from 8622: 7090: 6695: 3931: 3698: 3590: 3369:

Rebels, some mounted on horses, posing with their rifles and a

2868: 2863: 2833: 2821: 2754: 2736: 2575:

were used to patrol the coast of Palestine in a bid to prevent

2460:

British planes attacked Arab irregulars with machine gun fire.

2413: 2338: 2296: 2240: 2128: 1835: 1755: 1637: 1606:. In the ensuing battle, on 20 November, al-Qassam was killed. 1507: 1380: 1322: 1131: 1127: 863: 8940:

Raider, Mark A.; Sarna, Jonathan D.; Zweig, Ronald W. (2012).

8874:

Air Power and Colonial Control: the Royal Air Force, 1919–1939

7071: 6975: 6328: 5648: 4394: 2789:

to liaise with the Arab opposition's peace bands and with the

1688:

Arab general strike and armed insurrection, April–October 1936

766:

20,000 Jewish policemen, supernumeraries and settlement guards

12870: 10183: 8483:"The Palestinians and 1948: the underlying causes of failure" 6895: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6817: 6815: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6343: 5699: 5697: 3763: 3668: 3534: 3487: 3298: 3259: 3232: 3219: 2872: 2540: 2409: 2386: 2269:

said "All right but just go a wee bit easier in the future."

2208: 2068: 1949: 1859: 1806: 1765: 1657: 1591: 1424: 1392: 1310: 1306: 1272: 205: 9558:"Women, Violence, and the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39" 7860:

A Never-ending Conflict: A Guide to Israeli Military History

6378: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6014: 6012: 5721: 5084: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4200:"to negotiate a modified (Peel) proposal with the British." 4178:

Laurens states that the identification is 'certain', citing

3384:

was designated the "General Commander of the Revolt" by the

3227:). The organisation took its orders from Revisionist leader 2723: 9392:

The Arab Awakening. The Story of the Arab National Movement

7688: 7630: 7628: 7396: 7288: 7252: 7158: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 5745: 5580:

Zionism and the Arabs, 1936-1939 (RLE Israel and Palestine)

5216: 5204: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4481:. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. 1946. pp. 38–49. 4384: 4382: 3638: 3634: 3465:

Abdul Khallik was an effective peasant leader appointed by

2715:. The threat to British control of the region posed by the 2273:

As well as destroying the village the RUR and men from the

1953: 1118:, declared 16 May 1936 as 'Palestine Day' and called for a 9287:

On the Eve: The Jews of Europe Before the Second World War

8621:]. La Question de Palestine (in French). Vol. 2. 7535: 7475: 7372: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7209: 7047: 6886: 6827: 6812: 6722: 6340: 6242: 5694: 5252: 5014: 3701:

gave money to al-Husayni and other sums were funneled via

3301:

who largely opposed the rebellion after 1937), and around

2303:

It was common British army practice to use local Arabs as

1451:

area from 1935, and composed mainly of local boy scouts.)

1333: 783:

2,500–7,500 (plus an additional 6,000–15,000 part-timers)

8690:

The Ill-made Alliance: Anglo-Turkish Relations, 1934–1940

7487: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7384: 7348: 7336: 7324: 7187: 7185: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7016: 7004: 6992: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6660: 6602: 6600: 6541: 6539: 6457: 6369: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6232: 6230: 6121: 6119: 6009: 5636: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5033: 5031: 5029: 4978: 4961: 4932: 4920: 4749: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4445: 3909:

In February 1939 Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs

3594:

gained a reputation as one of the army's problem heroes.

2366: 9364:. State University of New York Press. pp. 155–157. 7625: 7576: 7574: 7117: 6739: 6737: 6624: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6266: 6143: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6098: 5999: 5997: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5916: 5914: 5852: 5850: 5806: 5804: 5679:

Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, pp. 99, 104–105.

5458: 5456: 5454: 5050: 5048: 5046: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4727: 4725: 4698: 4611: 4609: 4559: 4421: 4379: 1346:, organiser of the Palestinian Arab Women's Association. 201: 9718:

The Israeli State and Society: Boundaries and Frontiers

8763:

Palestinian Political Prisoners: Identity and Community

7932:

A Military History of Britain: From 1775 to the Present

7887:

Scars of War, Wounds of Peace: The Israeli-Arab Tragedy

7676: 7451: 7408: 7233: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6481: 6469: 6400: 6388: 5874: 5507: 5505: 5492: 5490: 5168: 4831: 4819: 4411: 4409: 1063:

against the British administration, later known as the

10095:

Category:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine

9110:

Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881–1948

8739:

The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited

8256:

Anonymous Soldiers: The Struggle for Israel, 1917–1947

8134: 7954:

Terror Out of Zion: The Fight for Israeli Independence

7753:

The Rise of Israel: A History of a Revolutionary State

7664: 7652: 7499: 7420: 7360: 7300: 7276: 7197: 7182: 7129: 7065: 6749: 6710: 6672: 6648: 6636: 6612: 6597: 6536: 6493: 6445: 6412: 6309: 6254: 6227: 6203: 6191: 6116: 6051: 6024: 5534: 5468: 5378: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5240: 5228: 5192: 5132: 5120: 5096: 5060: 5026: 4990: 4662: 4645: 4582: 4542: 4490: 4488: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 3279: 3258:

conducted a punitive operation in the Arab village of

2039:

British tanks pass through the streets of Haifa, 1938.

9599:

The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence

8383:

The Palestinian People: Seeking Sovereignty and State

8064:

Anglo-Italian Relations in the Middle East, 1922–1940

7700: 7640: 7598: 7586: 7571: 7547: 7523: 7511: 7463: 7439: 7264: 7170: 7146: 6791: 6779: 6734: 6524: 6505: 6424: 6215: 6166: 6131: 6095: 5994: 5977: 5947: 5911: 5862: 5847: 5801: 5709: 5682: 5616:"3 Jews, Including Hebrew U. Teacher, Slain by Arabs" 5558: 5546: 5451: 5439: 5427: 5357: 5317: 5276: 5180: 5156: 5144: 5108: 5072: 5043: 4944: 4908: 4896: 4884: 4872: 4855: 4843: 4790: 4761: 4737: 4722: 4606: 4594: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 2875:. British authorities provided the guns and uniforms. 1738:

Male and female Arab fighters during the revolt, 1936

9806:

The First Intifada: Rebellion in Palestine 1936–1939

7312: 6851: 5970:

Palestine, 1938 Allegations Against British Troops,

5816: 5502: 5487: 5424:

Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, pp. 100–102.

5399: 5329: 5264: 5002: 4807: 4710: 4674: 4433: 4406: 4135: 4108: 4081: 2083: 1932:

in its report on 7 July 1937 had already been done.

1521:, the former anti-Zionist, the latter pan-Arab. The 1079:

and the end of the British authorities' support for

7221: 5300: 5288: 4621: 4500: 4485: 4367: 3202: 2137:

Palestinians detained by British authorities, 1938.

2119:

Role of the Mandate Government and the British Army

1834:torn, and this has increased the excitement of the 1668:were assassinated in retaliation by members of the 1150:, international diplomacy (involving the rulers of 12881:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 6921: 4686: 4302: 3797: 2963: 2827: 1769:British policemen disperse an Arab mob during the 10820:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) 5842:Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry – Appendix IV 3094:(mobile arm of the Settlement Police) 2563:were used to carry out tasks ashore, manning two 1590:, was discovered during unloading at the port of 1354:and British colonial administration crystallised 13137: 8939: 8844:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 8518: 5739: 5517: 4400: 3844:, and Alfred Roch. Facing are the British, with 3469:who caused great damage and loss of life in the 3386:Central Committee of National Jihad in Palestine 3159: 2687: 1899:On 22 August 1936, Anglo-Jewish Arabist scholar 257:Central Committee of National Jihad in Palestine 13206:Riots and civil disorder in Mandatory Palestine 10973:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) 8153: 6704: 5396:Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, p. 100. 3888: 2960:, because of the likely negative consequences. 2780:In September 1937, the Jewish Agency appointed 8279:(First published 1982 by the Palestine Police) 8042: 6334: 5375:Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, p. 97. 5354:Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, p. 96. 3742: 2442: 2077:embarked on a series of indiscriminate attacks 1715:called the revolt a "life-and-death struggle." 12911:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 12358:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 12287: 11068: 10283:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 10120: 9847:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 9831: 8154:Gettleman, Marvin E.; Schaar, Stuart (2003). 6184:Gilmour, Ian and Andrew. "Terrorism Review." 2110:, were killed by an Irgun mine in Jerusalem. 2092: 2025:Resumed revolt (September 1937 – August 1939) 1975:. A second and more radical proposal was for 1943:Kibbutz. Picture taken between 1936 and 1939. 969:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 951: 849: 71:(3 years, 4 months and 1 week) 33:intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 9405:Year Zero of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: 1929 8782:International Journal of Middle East Studies 8615:1922–1947 Une mission sacrée de civilisation 7564: 7562: 6844: 6842: 3353:recaptured the Old City, killing 19 rebels. 3293:bands also sprang up in the Nablus area, on 2928:were hanged for illegal possession of arms. 2765:nationalism as evidenced by the rise of the 2630:On 11 July provision of three platoons from 2423:where prisoners were subjected to beatings, 2282:reported the method for searching villages: 2106:, commander of the Jewish Department of the 1872:During July, Arab volunteers from Syria and 1134:and fear of the British identification with 26:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Mandatory Palestine 10136:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 9280: 9254: 8084: 8043:Ferrier, Ronald W.; Bamberg, J. H. (1994). 7948: 7904: 6934:Zionism and Arabism in Palestine and Israel 6882:on 26 August 2010 – via www.time.com. 6248: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5751: 5667: 5090: 4427: 4049:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 3478:was the main Qassamite rebel leader in the 3047:Other Yishuv defence infrastructure 3002:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 12294: 12280: 11075: 11061: 10127: 10113: 9967:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 9838: 9824: 9753: 9712: 9357: 9145: 8619:1922–1947 A sacred mission of civilization 8386:. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Incorporated. 7774:. Strategic and Combat Studies Institute. 7634: 7619: 7053: 7022: 7010: 6998: 6833: 6821: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6554: 5880: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 4388: 4244:, an intelligence colonel in the Abwehr's 3373:emblazoned with a cross and crescent, 1937 2956:activist who had played a key role in the 2361:on 21 October 1937. Tegart and his deputy 1797:British military parade in Jerusalem, 1936 1677:rampaged through a Jewish residential area 1536: 1284:and the collapse of commodity prices. The 1038:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 958: 944: 856: 842: 9538: 8811:Zionism and Anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany 8590: 8337: 7970: 7792:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 7559: 6949: 6839: 6770: 6463: 5608: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 4460: 3722:Jewish protest demonstration against the 3557:on 25 July 1939 and subsequently hanged. 3022:Learn how and when to remove this message 2724:Role of the British intelligence services 2627:, dispersed mobs and patrolled the city. 2535: 1694:Arab general strike (Mandatory Palestine) 1244:June 1936 cartoon in the Arabic-language 12991:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic 12921:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 12886:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) 11019:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) 9944:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine 9734: 9386: 9210: 8979: 8664: 8156:The Middle East and Islamic World Reader 6955: 6930:"Qassamites in the Arab Revolt, 1936–39" 6927: 6475: 5959: 5405: 5174: 4029:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine 3820: 3804:1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine 3729: 3717: 3486:was a prominent commander active in the 3390: 3376: 3364: 3360: 2857: 2837: 2727: 2539: 2399: 2345:, who also introduced border fences and 2328: 2160: 2148: 2140: 2132: 2034: 1958: 1934: 1800: 1792: 1784: 1764: 1733: 1707: 1623: 1580:arms shipment camouflaged in cement bins 1565: 1453: 1337: 1280:grew even harsher with the onset of the 1239: 13196:Political history of the United Kingdom 13161:Arab nationalism in Mandatory Palestine 12866:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) 12851:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 10692:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 9686: 9660: 9634: 9596: 9129:The Royal Navy and the Palestine Patrol 9126: 9104: 9060: 9029: 8943:Abba Hillel Silver and American Zionism 8827: 8808: 8779: 8687: 8609: 8477: 8400: 8317: 8282: 8253: 8194: 8172: 8115: 8017: 7880: 7788: 7750: 7722: 7694: 7682: 7670: 7658: 7457: 7414: 7402: 7390: 7354: 7342: 7306: 7294: 7246: 6654: 6642: 6551: 6487: 6418: 6406: 6394: 6382: 6303: 6260: 6209: 6057: 5933:Cabinet Papers, 30 July 1946, CAB 128/6 5828: 5762: 5760: 5540: 5481: 5433: 5411: 5384: 5258: 5246: 5234: 5222: 5210: 5198: 5138: 5102: 5078: 5066: 5037: 5020: 4996: 4755: 4668: 4656: 4588: 4553: 4415: 4361: 3976:in Spanish Morocco for instance or the 3549:. Durra himself was apprehended by the 3061:(mobile arm of the Haganah) 1851:Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment 1481:-style boycott of the British, the pro- 1411:disrupting transportation. Three minor 1334:Political and socio-cultural background 265:Bureau of the Arab Revolt in Palestine 13138: 12861:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) 9615: 9555: 9520: 9484: 9455: 9318: 9187: 9168: 8960: 8890: 8871: 8836: 8760: 8732: 8706: 8568: 8540: 8379: 8354: 8213: 7854: 7835: 7769: 7706: 7553: 7541: 7505: 7433: 7282: 7270: 7258: 7215: 7203: 7191: 7176: 7164: 7152: 7140: 7123: 6912:'Situation in Brief: Official Reports' 6862: 6764: 6728: 6716: 6689: 6618: 6606: 6545: 6499: 6451: 6430: 6363: 6322: 6236: 6221: 6197: 6172: 6160: 6125: 6030: 5822: 5727: 5703: 5564: 5552: 5462: 5445: 5363: 5341: 5323: 5311: 5294: 5282: 5270: 5186: 5162: 5150: 5114: 5054: 4984: 4972: 4955: 4938: 4926: 4914: 4902: 4890: 4878: 4866: 4849: 4837: 4825: 4813: 4801: 4784: 4743: 4731: 4716: 4704: 4680: 4639: 4615: 4600: 4576: 4506: 4494: 4439: 4281: 4228: 2247:, described the massacre at al-Bassa: 2192:was not introduced but in a series of 1229: 1083:, which sought the establishment of a 13236:Rebellions against the British Empire 12275: 11056: 10108: 9939:Operation Atlas (Mandatory Palestine) 9819: 9426: 9398: 9231: 9085: 9001: 8912: 8639: 8454: 8419: 8262: 8061: 7989: 7926: 7646: 7604: 7592: 7580: 7529: 7517: 7493: 7481: 7469: 7445: 7330: 7318: 7099: 7084: 7041: 6986: 6899: 6797: 6785: 6743: 6666: 6630: 6530: 6518: 6137: 6110: 6018: 6003: 5988: 5953: 5920: 5892: 5868: 5856: 5810: 5715: 5688: 5642: 5576: 5570: 5511: 5496: 5335: 5126: 5008: 4692: 4627: 4373: 3762:relied on the nearby Arab seaport of 3685:the uprising peaked after that date. 3305:without connection to the Nashashibi- 2261:him. He said "Sir, I have warned the 1977:transfer of 225,000 Palestinian Arabs 1250:newspaper contrasting the actions of 939: 837: 770:2,883 Palestine Police Force officers 12301: 11334:Regulator Movement in North Carolina 8420:Kelly, Matthew Kraig (Winter 2015). 8232: 7378: 7366: 7227: 7066:Fry, MacKereth & Rabinovich 1985 5897:. Devora Publications. p. 151. 5757: 4044:List of conflicts in the Middle East 3497: 3000:adding citations to reliable sources 2967: 2679:. Detained Arabs were used to build 2177:, without trial, and without proper 1556:Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence 1236:Association for Palestinian Products 279:Society for the Defense of Palestine 12901:National Liberation Front (Algeria) 8218:. Greenhill Books. pp. 30–48. 7973:A History of the Modern Middle East 6188:, Volume 17, Issue 2, 1988, p. 131. 6045:The Routledge History of Terrorism, 4148:'While the majority of Palestinian 4125: 4098: 4071: 3945:Israeli Declaration of Independence 3771:much better placed than the Arabs. 2735:(Shiloah), later first director of 2243:. Desmond Woods, an officer of the 13: 13151:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 12841:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) 12363:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 10929:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) 10354:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 9921:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 9793:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 9380: 9173:. University of California Press. 8918:Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel 8236:Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World 7044:, pp. 224, 226, 228, 239–240. 6876:"PALESTINE: Oozlebarts and Cantor" 6048:Routledge, 2015, pp. 177–189, 181. 4248:boasted to his chief and friend 3782:cited as one of the fruits of the 3608: 3231:who was at odds with the dominant 2650:, accompanied foot patrols of the 1513:Youth organisations emerged like 1215:killed are up to several hundred. 14: 13257: 12906:Palestine Liberation Organization 11083:Colonial conflicts involving the 10766:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt 10019:Nazi Party in Mandatory Palestine 9781: 9620:. University of Wisconsin Press. 9527:Imperial and Commonwealth History 9394:(1945 ed.). Hamish Hamilton. 8524:The Palestinian People: A History 8120:. University of Wisconsin Press. 3925: 3597: 3581:And where that mare and Aref went 2404:Pillbox built along the route of 2084:Attacks and casualties in numbers 13241:Terrorism in Mandatory Palestine 13120: 13119: 12846:Arabian Peninsula People's Union 12529:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 10804:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) 10090: 10089: 9808:– A view from British historian 9786: 9361:Political Assassinations by Jews 8422:"The Revolt of 1936: A Revision" 7105: 6905: 6878:. 15 August 1938. Archived from 6868: 6803: 6575:"THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE IRGUN" 6567: 6436: 6178: 6063: 6036: 5938: 5926: 5886: 5844:Palestine: Historical Background 5774: 5673: 4274: 4265: 4255: 4234: 4221: 4212: 4203: 4194: 4185: 3990:German suppression of the Herero 3902:was not assured. Prime Minister 3641:. The Druze ex-Ottoman officer, 3203:Role of the Revisionist Zionists 2972: 2567:and naval lorries equipped with 2466:In 1936 an Air Staff Officer in 2071:formally rejected the policy of 1186:quickly withdrew from the rebel 746: 720: 704: 572: 544: 522: 502: 488: 474: 444: 423: 417:; AOC, Palestine and Transjordan 408: 388: 371: 357: 346: 329: 315: 292: 272: 230: 200: 178: 166: 131: 117: 47: 12489:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 11159:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 10986:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 10955:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon 10709:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 9696:Institute for Palestine Studies 9569:The Journal of Military History 8876:. Manchester University Press. 8830:Nazi Germany and the Arab World 8401:Kayyālī, Abd al-Wahhāb (1978). 8325:Journal of Contemporary History 5390: 5369: 4512: 4172: 4163: 4142: 4115: 4088: 4061: 3994:Belgium's genocide in the Congo 3798:Impact on the Palestinian Arabs 2964:Forces of the Jewish settlement 2828:British and Jewish co-operation 2324: 2181:, in overcrowded prison camps. 13186:History of Mandatory Palestine 12931:Union of Arab Republics (1972) 12693:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz 11262:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War 9556:Hughes, Matthew (April 2016). 8987:. Gefen Publishing House Ltd. 8813:. Cambridge University Press. 8461:University of California Press 8047:. Cambridge University Press. 8021:Historical dictionary of Syria 8001:University of California Press 7971:Cleveland, William L. (2000). 5740:Raider, Sarna & Zweig 2012 4466: 3347:Royal Northumberland Fusiliers 3243:between the Jewish Agency and 2555:to destroy Palestinian houses. 1523:Palestinian Boy Scout Movement 1515:Young Men's Muslim Association 1402:organised and established the 764:25,000–50,000 British soldiers 434:; Commander-in-Chief, British 69:19 April 1936 – 26 August 1939 1: 11659:Black War (Van Diemen's Land) 11503:Castle Hill convict rebellion 10756:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 10397:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 9540:10.1080/03086534.2015.1083220 9458:Small Wars & Insurgencies 9213:The English Historical Review 9112:. Stanford University Press. 8640:Louis, William Roger (2006). 7890:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4291: 3978:Italian pacification of Libya 3713: 3503:Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad 3382:Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad 3160:Haganah intelligence services 3106:(counter intelligence) 2717:Italian invasion of Abyssinia 2700:, a company jointly owned by 2688:Strategic importance of Haifa 2482:and in 1938 he was posted to 1546:, and full membership of the 1500:Arab-Palestinian Reform Party 529:Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad 13156:1930s in Mandatory Palestine 12876:Federation of Arab Republics 12836:Arab Socialist Union (Libya) 12826:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) 12427:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 12375:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 10960:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 10947:Turkish involvement in Syria 10831:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 10662:Political violence in Turkey 10596:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 10503:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 10382:Italian bombing of Palestine 10344:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 10293:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 9868:Sinai and Palestine campaign 9800:The Arab Revolt in Palestine 9506:10.1080/00263206.2013.811656 9441:10.1080/00263200410001700356 9152:University of Arkansas Press 8961:Rotter, Andrew John (2008). 8828:Nicosia, Francis R. (2014). 8809:Nicosia, Francis R. (2008). 8665:Matthews, Weldon C. (2006). 8526:. Harvard University Press. 8522:; Migdal, Joseph S. (2003). 8427:Journal of Palestine Studies 8088:Journal of Palestine Studies 8062:Fiore, Massimiliano (2010). 8018:Commins, David Dean (2004). 7751:Adelman, Jonathan R (2008). 6186:Journal of Palestine Studies 5768:"Woodhead Commission report" 4401:Kimmerling & Migdal 2003 4296: 4152:were dependent on bonds of " 3998:France's violence in Algeria 3889:Impact on the British Empire 3695:occupation of Czechoslovakia 3533:, a Qassamite leader in the 3067:(weapons manufacture) 2408:, still standing today near 2211:on 16 June 1936, when large 403:, Palestine and Transjordan 41:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 7: 13231:Labor disputes in Palestine 13226:1939 in Mandatory Palestine 13221:1938 in Mandatory Palestine 13216:1937 in Mandatory Palestine 13211:1936 in Mandatory Palestine 13001:Flag of the Arab Federation 12831:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) 12821:Arab Socialist Action Party 10212:Turkish War of Independence 10196:Unification of Saudi Arabia 9601:. Oxford University Press. 9358:Ben-Yehuda, Hahman (1993). 9225:10.1093/ehr/CIII.CCCCIX.917 9194:Manchester University Press 8965:. Oxford University Press. 8963:Hiroshima: The World's Bomb 8403:Palestine: A Modern History 8214:Harris, Sir Arthur (1998). 6956:Ghandour, Zeina B. (2009), 6705:Gettleman & Schaar 2003 4136: 4109: 4082: 4007: 3893:As the inevitable war with 3848:presiding. To his right is 3768:transportation capabilities 3743:Impact on the Jewish Yishuv 3053:Jewish Supernumerary Police 2900:Jewish Supernumerary Police 2698:Consolidated Refineries Ltd 2443:Role of the Royal Air Force 2113: 1775:The Illustrated London News 1682: 1578:On 16 October 1935 a large 154:Jewish Supernumerary Police 39:, and the precursor to the 10: 13262: 12972:On the Way of Resurrection 12965:The Battle for One Destiny 12896:Lebanese National Movement 12337:Third International Theory 12176:Jewish revolt in Palestine 11821:Fenian Rebellion in Canada 11466:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign 11358:American Revolutionary War 10877:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 10871:Houthi insurgency in Yemen 10860:Balochi insurgency in Iran 10836:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 10672:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 10667:Islamist uprising in Syria 10645:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 10534:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 10420:Kurdish separatism in Iran 10339:Goharshad Mosque rebellion 9735:Morewood, Stephen (2004). 9238:Cambridge University Press 9046:10.1163/15685152-5334P0002 8898:. Vol. 2. Routledge. 8744:Cambridge University Press 8552:Princeton University Press 8502:Cambridge University Press 8363:Cambridge University Press 7956:. Transaction Publishers. 7864:Greenwood Publishing Group 7715: 6335:Ferrier & Bamberg 1994 4642:, pp. 25, 27, 37, 45. 3746: 3708: 3652: 3583:We're jiggered if we know. 3460: 3206: 2831: 2646:, who had embarked on the 2431:and what is now known as " 2421:Arab Investigation Centres 2412:industrial zone, northern 2347:Arab Investigation Centres 2122: 2093:Irgun anti-British attacks 2028: 1700:1936 Syrian general strike 1697: 1691: 1561: 1294:High Commissioner Wauchope 1233: 252:Volunteers from Arab world 13115: 13024: 12981: 12949: 12926:Unified Political Command 12816:Arab Nationalist Movement 12761: 12713:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 12573: 12542: 12509:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 12380:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 12345: 12309: 12010: 11947:Jameson Raid South Africa 11481: 11234: 11095: 11035: 10998: 10903: 10844: 10784: 10717: 10635:Black September in Jordan 10627: 10526: 10470: 10367: 10311: 10265: 10142: 10086: 10029: 9975: 9959: 9929: 9902: 9876: 9853: 9802:– A Zionist point of view 9597:Johnson, Loch K. (2010). 9470:10.1080/09592310903027090 9410:Brandeis University Press 9335:10.1080/00263200008701319 9069:University of Texas Press 8872:Omissi, David E. (1990). 8857:10.1080/03086530801889350 8794:10.1017/S0020743800026350 8318:Hughes, Matthew (2016b). 8292:English Historical Review 8283:Hughes, Matthew (2009a). 8180:. Black Swan Publishers. 7805:10.1080/13530190802180597 7568:Segev, 2000, pp. 436–441. 7102:, pp. 225, 235, 238. 6918:, Monday, 3 October 1938. 6776:Horne, 2003, pp. 237–238. 5621:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 4137:al-Thawra al-Filasṭīniyya 4110:Thawrat Filasṭīn al-Kubrā 3579:Its coat as white as snow 3280:Role of the "peace bands" 3256:Special Operations Squads 3239:, who had negotiated the 3117:Special Operations Squads 3086:(arms procurement) 2867:watching a settlement in 2761:and by the resurgence of 2377:. Accordingly, from 1938 2371:Irish War of Independence 2254:Rolls-Royce armoured cars 2157:after Arab riots in 1936. 1574:that were killed in 1936. 1419:) -active in the area of 1254:in 1936 against those of 977: 875: 790: 758: 715:Arab volunteer commanders 284: 109: 61: 46: 30: 25: 13146:20th-century revolutions 12434:1952 Egyptian revolution 12158:Arab revolt in Palestine 11755:Second Anglo-Burmese War 11497:Second Anglo-Maratha War 11388:Australian frontier wars 10737:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 10732:1980 Turkish coup d'état 10551:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 10483:1953 Iranian coup d'état 10478:1952 Egyptian revolution 10206:1919 Egyptian revolution 10189:Mount Lebanon starvation 10014:German Templar community 10007:Jewish Agency for Israel 9644:Rowman & Littlefield 9521:Hughes, Matthew (2015). 9485:Hughes, Matthew (2013). 9146:Swedenburg, Ted (2003). 9127:Stewart, Ninian (2002). 8765:. Taylor & Francis. 8692:. McGill-Queen's Press. 8591:Levenberg, Haim (1993). 8448:10.1525/jps.2015.44.2.28 8440:10.1525/jps.2015.44.2.28 8380:Kabahā, Muṣṭafá (2014). 8355:Hughes, Matthew (2019). 8339:10.1177/0022009415572401 7934:. Greenwood Publishing. 7908:; Morris, Benny (1991). 7087:, pp. 225, 228–230. 6989:, pp. 224–226, 239. 6442:Kimmerling, 1989, p. 38. 4054: 3400:British Mandatory police 3398:following his arrest by 3315:Mohammad Amin al-Husayni 3073:Jewish Settlement Police 2896:Jewish Settlement Police 2435:". Tegart also imported 2175:administrative detention 2165:British soldiers of the 1744:Mosul–Haifa oil pipeline 1552:Syrian national movement 1069:Great Palestinian Revolt 866:1936–1939 Arab revolt in 697:Mohammad Mahmoud Rana'an 481:Mohammed Amin al-Husayni 300:Arthur Grenfell Wauchope 149:Jewish Settlement Police 13087:Palestinian nationalism 13006:Flag of the Arab Revolt 12499:1966 Syrian coup d'état 12479:1963 Syrian coup d'état 12459:1961 Syrian coup d'état 12152:Second Mohmand campaign 11887:Third Anglo-Burmese War 11851:Second Anglo-Afghan War 11653:First Anglo-Burmese War 11629:Third Anglo-Maratha War 11460:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 11370:Second Anglo-Mysore War 11364:First Anglo-Maratha War 10966:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 10814:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 10809:Yemeni Civil War (1994) 10619:1966 Syrian coup d'état 10546:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 10387:Allied invasion of Iraq 10334:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) 10257:Mahmud Barzanji revolts 9232:Tripp, Charles (2002). 9188:Thomas, Martin (2007). 9169:Thomas, Martin (2008). 9090:. Henry Holt & Co. 9008:One Palestine, Complete 8761:Nashif, Esmail (2008). 8688:Millman, Brock (1998). 8455:Kelly, Matthew (2017). 8254:Hoffman, Bruce (2015). 8116:Friling, Tuvia (2005). 7622:, pp. xxii, 13–15. 7114:, 1937, Volume 3, p. 8. 6928:Kedourie, Elie (2015), 6249:Black & Morris 1991 4034:Palestinian nationalism 3617:and/or rebels from the 2569:QF 2 pounder naval guns 2526:RAF armoured car flight 1762:, fled to safer areas. 1537:Inspiration from abroad 1437:Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni 1356:Palestinian nationalism 1146:using a combination of 797:British Security Forces 768:15,000 Haganah fighters 646:Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni 610:Mohammed Saleh al-Hamad 173:Jewish National Council 12514:1969 Libyan revolution 12392:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 12092:Third Anglo-Afghan War 11977:First Mohmand campaign 11701:First Anglo-Afghan War 11400:Third Anglo-Mysore War 10911:2011 Bahraini uprising 10895:South Yemen insurgency 10776:Abu Nidal's executions 10761:1986 Damascus bombings 10540:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 10392:Syria–Lebanon campaign 10162:Middle Eastern theatre 9912:insurgency (1930–1935) 9760:The Modern Middle East 9584:Cite journal requires 9494:Middle Eastern Studies 9429:Middle Eastern Studies 9322:Middle Eastern Studies 9131:. Taylor and Francis. 9061:Sanagan, Mark (2020). 8837:Norris, Jacob (2008). 8716:John Murray Publishers 8263:Horne, Edward (2003). 8233:Herf, Jeffrey (2009). 7836:Bajohr, Frank (2002). 7770:Anglim, Simon (2005). 6564:Johnson, 2010, p. 807. 4024:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 4019:1938 Tiberias massacre 3982: 3857: 3806:and was, according to 3735: 3727: 3587: 3577:Aref had a little mare 3403: 3388: 3374: 3151: 2954:Revisionist Maximalist 2876: 2855: 2740: 2652:Palestine Police Force 2556: 2548:used naval mines from 2536:Role of the Royal Navy 2492:Air Officer Commanding 2416: 2350: 2318: 2289: 2271: 2170: 2158: 2146: 2138: 2067:In November 1937, the 2064:was opened near Acre. 2040: 2031:1938 Tiberias massacre 1995:, and sections of the 1967: 1944: 1939:Fields on fire at the 1926:Supreme Muslim Council 1827: 1810: 1798: 1790: 1778: 1739: 1716: 1629: 1575: 1506:, based mainly around 1493:Palestinian Arab Party 1486:National Defence Party 1469: 1347: 1259: 1176:Palestine Police Force 1073:Palestinian Revolution 669:Hamid Suleiman Mardawi 517:Local rebel commanders 285:Commanders and leaders 245:Local rebel factions ( 144:Palestine Police Force 37:decolonisation of Asia 13072:Jordanian nationalism 12806:Arab Islamic Republic 12801:Arab Higher Committee 12678:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 12658:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 12469:North Yemen civil war 12402:Arab–Israeli conflict 11749:Second Anglo-Sikh War 11406:Cotiote (Wayanad) War 11292:French and Indian War 10751:South Yemen civil war 10650:Shatt al-Arab clashes 10575:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup 10564:North Yemen civil war 10513:1958 Iraqi revolution 10440:1948 Arab–Israeli War 10434:Arab–Israeli conflict 10303:Sheikh Said rebellion 10167:Battle of Robat Karim 9995:Arab Higher Committee 9795:at Wikimedia Commons 9616:Kaplan, Eric (2005). 8832:. Harvard University. 8595:. London: Routledge. 8498:The War for Palestine 7381:, pp. 28–29, 30. 5730:, pp. 11, 48–49. 4475:A Survey of Palestine 3965: 3943:that resulted in the 3824: 3747:Further information: 3733: 3724:Palestine White Paper 3721: 3660:collective punishment 3589:Aref Abdul Razzik of 3585:– British Army verse. 3574: 3394: 3380: 3371:Palestinian Arab flag 3368: 3361:Role of rebel leaders 3297:(a stronghold of the 3209:List of Irgun attacks 3207:Further information: 3033: 2861: 2841: 2832:Further information: 2731: 2543: 2403: 2393:construction company 2375:collective punishment 2332: 2314: 2284: 2249: 2198:Emergency Regulations 2164: 2155:Old City of Jerusalem 2152: 2144: 2136: 2123:Further information: 2054:Arab Higher Committee 2038: 2029:Further information: 1962: 1938: 1822: 1804: 1796: 1788: 1768: 1737: 1726:Arab Higher Committee 1711: 1654:district commissioner 1627: 1570:Funeral of Jews from 1569: 1479:Indian Congress Party 1467:Arab Higher Committee 1457: 1341: 1243: 1234:Further information: 1190:, led by the radical 1188:Arab Higher Committee 1148:political concessions 1112:Arab Higher Committee 791:Casualties and losses 775:2,000 Irgun militants 260:(October 1937 – 1939) 237:Arab Higher Committee 13246:Wars of independence 13191:Insurgencies in Asia 13107:Tunisian nationalism 13077:Lebanese nationalism 13037:Egyptian nationalism 13032:Algerian nationalism 12936:United Arab Republic 12811:Arab Liberation Army 12791:Arab Ba'ath Movement 12648:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 11911:Hunza–Nagar Campaign 11719:First Anglo-Sikh War 11695:Egyptian–Ottoman War 10890:Fatah–Hamas conflict 10826:Operation Desert Fox 10799:1991 Iraqi uprisings 10793:Gulf War (1990–1991) 10704:Grand Mosque seizure 10682:Yemenite War of 1979 10640:Yemenite War of 1972 10580:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup 10570:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 10324:Ahmed Barzani revolt 10235:Turkish–Armenian War 10040:Herbert Louis Samuel 9983:British commissioner 9916:1933 Palestine riots 9889:1920 Nebi Musa riots 9766:. pp. 467–503. 9464:(3&4): 528–550. 9282:Wasserstein, Bernard 9260:Israel and Palestine 9256:Wasserstein, Bernard 8313:on 21 February 2016. 7912:. Grove Weidenfeld. 7484:, pp. 439, 459. 7261:, pp. 103, 106. 7167:, pp. 107, 110. 6902:, pp. 224, 238. 5645:, pp. 210, 218. 5213:, pp. 107, 109. 4528:Taylor & Francis 4014:1929 Palestine riots 3476:Abu Ibrahim al-Kabir 3457:from the same area. 3319:Raghib al-Nashashibi 3124:(defence tax) 3112:Special Night Squads 3041:Joint British-Yishuv 2996:improve this section 2904:Special Night Squads 2848:Special Night Squads 2820:, the forerunner of 2708:, in December 1939. 2634:released men of the 2050:Haj Amin al-Husseini 1704:1936 Anabta shooting 1550:in October 1932.The 1519:Youth Congress Party 1477:which called for an 1433:al-Jihād al-Muqaddas 1400:Izz ad-Din al-Qassam 1315:Izz ad-Din al-Qassam 1269:Jewish National Fund 1166:) and the threat of 1144:civil administration 1011:1933 Palestine riots 999:1929 Palestine riots 982:1920 Nebi Musa riots 569:(Regional Commander) 562:(Regional Commander) 559:Abu Ibrahim al-Kabir 495:Raghib al-Nashashibi 469:Political leadership 460:Raghib al-Nashashibi 159:Special Night Squads 13097:Sahrawi nationalism 12454:1959 Mosul uprising 12387:Great Syrian Revolt 12164:Waziristan campaign 12098:Waziristan campaign 11791:Revolt of Rajab Ali 11268:War of Jenkins' Ear 11038:This list includes 11006:2021 Beirut clashes 10866:2004 Qamishli riots 10743:Turkey–PKK conflict 10699:1979 Qatif Uprising 10518:1959 Mosul uprising 10508:1958 Lebanon crisis 10455:1973 Yom Kippur War 10426:Iran crisis of 1946 10414:Al-Wathbah uprising 10404:1943 Barzani revolt 10298:Great Syrian Revolt 10278:Iraqi Revolt (1920) 10201:Simko Shikak revolt 10002:Jewish Palestinians 9931:During World War II 9435:(4 July): 135–152. 9088:The Seventh Million 9086:Segev, Tom (1991). 9033:Die Welt des Islams 8239:. Yale University. 7697:, pp. 313–354. 7544:, pp. 159–160. 7496:, pp. 450–451. 7333:, pp. 109–110. 7297:, pp. 187–204. 7218:, pp. 105–106. 6848:Horne, 2003 p. 228. 6731:, pp. 153–154. 6669:, pp. 386–387. 6366:, pp. 244–246. 6021:, pp. 235–236. 5893:Golan, Zev (2003). 5706:, pp. 138–144. 5670:, pp. 106–114. 5577:Black, Ian (2015). 5225:, p. xiii,115. 5023:, pp. 345–346. 4987:, pp. 265–266. 4975:, pp. 256–259. 4941:, pp. 239–240. 4929:, pp. 262–263. 4039:Woodhead Commission 3904:Neville Chamberlain 3879:White Paper of 1939 3875:Balfour Declaration 3871:White Paper of 1939 3863:White Paper of 1939 3852:, and to his left, 3846:Neville Chamberlain 3778:and Haganah leader 3619:Great Syrian Revolt 3424:quwwa'id al-fasa'il 3414:). The leader of a 3284:The "peace bands" ( 3188:Mossad LeAliyah Bet 3037: 2598:Mediterranean Fleet 2468:Middle East Command 2458:Battle of Nur Shams 2427:, electric shocks, 2333:A surviving police 2310:Manchester Regiment 2245:Royal Ulster Rifles 2231:to destroy houses. 2018:Woodhead Commission 1867:Battle of Nur Shams 1650:Salonican community 1441:al-Shabāb al-Thā'ir 1230:Economic background 1110:, president of the 1061:Mandatory Palestine 868:Mandatory Palestine 634:Ahmad Mohamad Hasan 579:Fakhri 'Abd al-Hadi 553:Regional Commander 532:(General Commander) 436:Mediterranean Fleet 325:, High Commissioner 240:(1936–October 1937) 98:White Paper of 1939 81:Mandatory Palestine 13201:Rebellions in Asia 13102:Syrian nationalism 13082:Libyan nationalism 13042:Greater Mauritania 12958:The Arab Awakening 12941:United Arab States 12916:Rejectionist Front 12723:Gamal Abdel Nasser 12534:Yemeni unification 12524:Lebanese Civil War 12504:17 July Revolution 12474:Ramadan Revolution 12449:14 July Revolution 12038:Bambatha Rebellion 11953:Anglo-Zanzibar War 11941:Chitral Expedition 11875:Anglo-Egyptian War 11647:Anglo-Ashanti wars 11352:Lord Dunmore's War 11310:Anglo-Cherokee War 11219:King William's War 10687:Iranian Revolution 10656:Lebanese Civil War 10602:1948 Palestine war 10349:1935 Yazidi revolt 10240:Franco-Turkish War 10047:Jewish Palestinian 9960:After World War II 9714:Kimmerling, Baruch 9292:Simon and Schuster 9013:Metropolitan Books 8934:on 27 January 2012 8520:Kimmerling, Baruch 8504:. pp. 12–36. 8304:10.1093/ehr/cep002 7975:. Westview Press. 7840:. Berghahn Books. 7405:, p. 108–109. 6633:, pp. 22, 29. 6585:on 7 November 2020 5789:on 3 November 2013 5261:, p. 316-317. 4758:, pp. 21, 35. 4707:, pp. 25, 33. 4579:, pp. 93–113. 4099:ثورة فلسطين الكبرى 4083:al-Thawra al-Kubrā 3959:British historian 3941:self-determination 3915:St. James's Palace 3881:. His biographer, 3858: 3812:1948 Palestine war 3749:Tower and stockade 3736: 3728: 3627:Muhammad al-Ashmar 3539:Silat al-Harithiya 3537:area, was born in 3404: 3389: 3375: 3144:Tower and stockade 3044:Independent Yishuv 3035: 2877: 2856: 2741: 2636:West Kent Regiment 2557: 2497:aerial bombardment 2437:Doberman Pinschers 2419:Tegart introduced 2417: 2351: 2312:private recalled: 2171: 2159: 2153:Jews evacuate the 2147: 2139: 2062:concentration camp 2041: 2008:had convinced the 1989:religious Zionists 1968: 1945: 1811: 1799: 1791: 1779: 1740: 1717: 1713:Khalil al-Sakakini 1630: 1576: 1475:Independence Party 1470: 1465:and leader of the 1463:Mufti of Jerusalem 1348: 1342:Feminist activist 1260: 1220:1948 Palestine war 1132:Jewish immigration 1116:Mufti of Jerusalem 1100:murder of two Jews 753:Muhammad al-Ashmar 378:Bernard Montgomery 308:Commander-in-chief 267:(late 1938 – 1939) 221:Arab "peace bands" 92:Revolt suppressed 13181:Conflicts in 1939 13176:Conflicts in 1938 13171:Conflicts in 1937 13166:Conflicts in 1936 13133: 13132: 13062:Iraqi nationalism 12753:Constantin Zureiq 12603:Abdul Rahman Arif 12583:Butrus al-Bustani 12269: 12268: 12200:Malayan Emergency 12110:Malabar rebellion 11971:Siege of Malakand 11917:Anglo-Manipur War 11773:Anglo-Persian War 11322:Anglo-Spanish War 11274:King George's War 11195:King Philip's War 11171:Anglo-Spanish War 11050: 11049: 10273:Franco-Syrian War 10230:Greco-Turkish War 10218:Anglo-Turkish War 10184:Assyrian genocide 10179:Armenian genocide 10150:Italo-Turkish War 10102: 10101: 10030:Prominent figures 9990:Arab Palestinians 9884:Battle of Tel Hai 9863:Franco-Syrian War 9810:Charles Townshend 9791:Media related to 9773:978-1-86064-963-9 9746:978-0-7146-4943-6 9727:978-0-88706-849-2 9705:978-0-88728-155-6 9679:978-1-851-68532-5 9653:978-1-538-14880-8 9627:978-0-299-20380-1 9608:978-0-19-537588-6 9419:978-1-611-68811-5 9371:978-0-7914-1166-7 9301:978-1-416-59427-7 9273:978-1-861-97558-4 9247:978-0-521-52900-6 9234:A History of Iraq 9203:978-0-719-07755-5 9180:978-0-520-25117-5 9161:978-1-55728-763-2 9138:978-0-7146-8254-9 9119:978-0-8047-3776-0 9097:978-0-8050-6660-9 9078:978-1-477-32056-3 9022:978-0-8050-4848-3 8994:978-965-229-298-8 8972:978-0-19-280437-2 8953:978-1-136-31495-7 8936:404 pages + maps. 8905:978-1-138-90639-6 8883:978-0-7190-2960-8 8820:978-0-521-88392-4 8772:978-0-415-44498-9 8753:978-0-521-00967-6 8725:978-0-719-56222-8 8699:978-0-7735-1603-8 8680:978-1-845-11173-1 8657:978-1-84511-347-6 8632:978-2-213-61251-5 8602:978-0-7146-3439-5 8583:978-0-304-30399-1 8561:978-0-691-15007-9 8533:978-0-674-01129-8 8511:978-0-521-79476-3 8470:978-0-520-29149-2 8412:978-0-85664-635-5 8393:978-1-58826-882-2 8372:978-1-107-10320-7 8274:978-1-85776-758-2 8246:978-0-300-15583-9 8225:978-1-85367-314-6 8206:978-0-7146-4950-4 8187:978-0-552-99545-0 8178:Israel: A History 8165:978-0-8021-3936-8 8146:978-965-224-004-0 8127:978-0-299-17550-4 8077:978-0-754-66964-7 8054:978-0-521-25950-7 8035:978-0-810-84934-1 8010:978-0-520-25989-8 7982:978-0-8133-3489-9 7963:978-1-56000-870-5 7950:Bowyer Bell, John 7941:978-0-275-99039-8 7919:978-0-8021-3286-4 7897:978-0-297-84883-7 7873:978-0-275-98158-7 7856:Bar-On, Mordechai 7847:978-1-57181-485-2 7781:978-1-874-34639-5 7762:978-0-415-77510-6 7743:978-1-781-25781-4 7393:, pp. 80–81. 7369:, pp. 29–30. 7357:, pp. 81–82. 7345:, pp. 74–78. 7126:, pp. 83–87. 6969:978-1-134-00962-6 6943:978-1-317-44272-1 6385:, pp. 32–34. 6163:, pp. 74–76. 5904:978-1-930143-54-8 5594:978-1-317-44269-1 5527:The Baltimore Sun 5129:, pp. 71–75. 5093:, pp. 16–32. 4840:, pp. 96–99. 4828:, pp. 95–96. 4536:978-1-317-54464-7 4463:, pp. 74–76. 4134: 4126:الثورة الفلسطينية 4107: 4080: 3911:Malcolm MacDonald 3854:Malcolm MacDonald 3834:Jamal Al-Husseini 3826:London Conference 3570:Gilbert Mackereth 3561:Fakhri Abdul Hadi 3498:Jabal Nablus area 3484:Abdallah al-Asbah 3471:Nazareth District 3343:Coldstream Guards 3241:Haavara Agreement 3223:organisation (or 3150: 3149: 3080:(field companies) 3032: 3031: 3024: 2793:in Iraq. Colonel 2750:popular rebellion 2706:Royal Dutch Shell 2702:British Petroleum 2453:close air support 2379:Gilbert Mackereth 2221:Michael McDonnell 2194:Orders in Council 2167:Coldstream Guards 1987:. Initially, the 1905:Hebrew University 1894:Spanish Civil War 1815:Air Vice-Marshall 1777:", 13. Juni 1936) 1611:Joseph Trumpeldor 1548:League of Nations 1443:), active in the 1417:al-Kaff al-Khaḍrā 1290:1929 disturbances 1096:Battle of Tel Hai 1057:Palestinian Arabs 1046: 1045: 1026:Jewish insurgency 1021:Spillover of WWII 987:Battle of Tel Hai 933: 932: 832: 831: 822:c. 15,000 wounded 786: 781: 773: 731: 650: 586:Abdallah al-Asbah 583: 570: 563: 556: 551:Arif Abd al-Raziq 533: 513: 499: 485: 464: 421: 406: 386: 382:8th Infantry Div. 369: 355:, GOC (1937–1938) 344: 323:Harold MacMichael 312: 304:High Commissioner 268: 261: 241: 218: 105: 104: 13253: 13123: 13122: 12996:Eagle of Saladin 12703:Amin al-Husseini 12668:Faisal I of Iraq 12638:Sultan al-Atrash 12633:Mansur al-Atrash 12608:Abdul Salam Arif 12417:War of Attrition 12303:Arab nationalism 12296: 12289: 12282: 12273: 12272: 12218:Cyprus Emergency 12044:Maritz rebellion 12032:Tibet expedition 11965:Benin Expedition 11785:Indian Rebellion 11779:Second Opium War 11761:Eureka Rebellion 11737:British Honduras 11713:New Zealand Wars 11298:Seven Years' War 11244:Queen Anne's War 11077: 11070: 11063: 11054: 11053: 11012:Israel–Hamas war 10939:Syrian civil war 10922:Sinai insurgency 10883:2006 Lebanon War 10558:Dhofar Rebellion 10493:Cyprus Emergency 10488:Jebel Akhdar War 10460:1982 Lebanon War 10450:1967 Six-Day War 10359:Dersim rebellion 10319:Ararat rebellion 10223:Al-Jazeera Front 10129: 10122: 10115: 10106: 10105: 10093: 10092: 10064:Amin al-Husseini 10059:Arab Palestinian 10052:David Ben-Gurion 9840: 9833: 9826: 9817: 9816: 9790: 9777: 9750: 9731: 9709: 9683: 9657: 9631: 9612: 9593: 9587: 9582: 9580: 9572: 9562: 9552: 9542: 9517: 9491: 9481: 9452: 9423: 9395: 9388:Antonius, George 9375: 9354: 9315: 9305: 9277: 9251: 9228: 9207: 9184: 9165: 9142: 9123: 9101: 9082: 9057: 9040:(3–4): 315–352. 9026: 8998: 8981:Sacharov, Eliahu 8976: 8957: 8935: 8921: 8909: 8892:Porath, Yehoshua 8887: 8868: 8833: 8824: 8805: 8776: 8757: 8729: 8703: 8684: 8661: 8636: 8606: 8587: 8574:The Israeli Mind 8565: 8537: 8515: 8487: 8474: 8451: 8416: 8397: 8376: 8351: 8341: 8314: 8312: 8306:. Archived from 8298:(507): 314–354. 8289: 8278: 8259: 8250: 8229: 8216:Bomber Offensive 8210: 8191: 8169: 8150: 8131: 8112: 8081: 8058: 8039: 8014: 7986: 7967: 7945: 7923: 7901: 7877: 7851: 7832: 7785: 7766: 7747: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7674: 7668: 7662: 7656: 7650: 7644: 7638: 7632: 7623: 7617: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7584: 7578: 7569: 7566: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7292: 7286: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7231: 7225: 7219: 7213: 7207: 7201: 7195: 7189: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7112:Jewish Spectator 7109: 7103: 7097: 7088: 7082: 7069: 7063: 7057: 7051: 7045: 7039: 7026: 7020: 7014: 7008: 7002: 6996: 6990: 6984: 6973: 6972: 6953: 6947: 6946: 6925: 6919: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6884: 6883: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6849: 6846: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6810: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6747: 6741: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6693: 6687: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6622: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6581:. Archived from 6579:www.etzel.org.il 6571: 6565: 6562: 6549: 6543: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6503: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6367: 6361: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6307: 6306:, pp. 7–10. 6301: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6195: 6189: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6141: 6135: 6129: 6123: 6114: 6108: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6082: 6076:. Archived from 6075: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6007: 6001: 5992: 5986: 5975: 5968: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5909: 5908: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5845: 5839: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5785:. Archived from 5778: 5772: 5771: 5764: 5755: 5752:Wasserstein 2012 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5671: 5668:Wasserstein 2004 5665: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5624:. 23 August 1936 5612: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5500: 5494: 5485: 5479: 5466: 5460: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5422: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5352: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5091:Fleischmann 2000 5088: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5041: 5035: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4959: 4953: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4788: 4782: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4557: 4551: 4540: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4428:Bowyer Bell 1996 4425: 4419: 4413: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4285: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4242:Hans Piekenbrock 4238: 4232: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4183: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4161: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4065: 3953:David Ben-Gurion 3867:binational state 3842:George Antonious 3645:, commanded the 3631:al-Midan Quarter 3467:Fawzi al-Qawuqji 3335:Richard O'Connor 3309:power struggle. 3286:fasa'il al-salam 3229:Ze'ev Jabotinsky 3122:Community ransom 3038: 3034: 3027: 3020: 3016: 3013: 3007: 2976: 2968: 2799:RAF Intelligence 2644:Suffolk Regiment 2581:Haifa Town Force 2519:Patrick Domville 2515:RAF Intelligence 2472:Kingdom of Egypt 2010:Zionist Congress 1993:General Zionists 1930:Royal Commission 1878:Fawzi al-Qawukji 1773:in April 1936 (" 1600:Palestine police 1596:Jamal al-Husayni 1582:, comprising 25 1527:Tarab Abdul Hadi 1473:period were the 1373:Battle of Hattin 1344:Tarab Abdul Hadi 1282:Great Depression 1213:Palestinian Jews 1209:Palestinian Arab 1126:, leader of the 1124:David Ben-Gurion 1108:Amin al-Husseini 1053:popular uprising 972: 970: 960: 953: 946: 937: 936: 870: 858: 851: 844: 835: 834: 784: 779: 771: 751: 750: 749: 742: 729: 727:Fawzi al-Qawuqji 725: 724: 723: 708: 693: 677: 665: 648: 642: 630: 618: 606: 594: 581: 576: 568: 561: 554: 549: 548: 547: 540: 531: 527: 526: 525: 511: 507: 506: 505: 497: 493: 492: 491: 483: 479: 478: 477: 462: 448: 427: 419: 412: 404: 392: 384: 375: 367: 361: 353:Archibald Wavell 350: 342: 333: 320: 319: 310: 297: 296: 277: 276: 275: 266: 259: 239: 235: 234: 233: 216: 204: 194:Peulot Meyuhadot 182: 171: 170: 169: 137: 135: 134: 123: 121: 120: 96:Issuance of the 63: 62: 51: 23: 22: 13261: 13260: 13256: 13255: 13254: 13252: 13251: 13250: 13136: 13135: 13134: 13129: 13111: 13047:Greater Morocco 13020: 13016:Pan-Arab colors 13011:Hawk of Quraish 12977: 12945: 12796:Arab Federation 12757: 12743:Abdullah Rimawi 12718:Mostéfa Merarda 12673:Muammar Gaddafi 12653:Ahmed Ben Bella 12628:Jamal al-Atassi 12618:Bashar al-Assad 12569: 12538: 12519:Black September 12397:Anglo-Iraqi War 12341: 12305: 12300: 12270: 12265: 12206:Kenya Emergency 12012: 12006: 12001:Second Boer War 11995:Boxer Rebellion 11923:Pahang Uprising 11803:Ambela campaign 11725:Río de la Plata 11707:First Opium War 11689:Aden Expedition 11521:Río de la Plata 11483: 11477: 11448:Irish Rebellion 11340:First Carib War 11236: 11230: 11153:Confederate War 11147:Irish Rebellion 11097: 11091: 11081: 11051: 11046: 11044: 11031: 10994: 10916:Egyptian Crisis 10899: 10840: 10780: 10713: 10623: 10612:Second Intifada 10522: 10466: 10363: 10329:Simele massacre 10307: 10288:Adwan Rebellion 10261: 10138: 10133: 10103: 10098: 10082: 10076:Gotthilf Wagner 10025: 9971: 9955: 9925: 9898: 9872: 9849: 9844: 9784: 9774: 9756:Hourani, Albert 9747: 9728: 9706: 9680: 9662:Khalidi, Rashid 9654: 9628: 9609: 9585: 9583: 9574: 9573: 9560: 9489: 9420: 9383: 9381:Further reading 9378: 9372: 9308: 9302: 9274: 9248: 9204: 9181: 9162: 9139: 9120: 9098: 9079: 9023: 8995: 8973: 8954: 8924: 8906: 8884: 8821: 8773: 8754: 8726: 8700: 8681: 8658: 8633: 8603: 8584: 8562: 8534: 8512: 8485: 8479:Khalidi, Rashid 8471: 8413: 8394: 8373: 8310: 8287: 8275: 8247: 8226: 8207: 8188: 8174:Gilbert, Martin 8166: 8158:. Grove Press. 8147: 8128: 8101:10.2307/2676453 8078: 8055: 8036: 8026:Scarecrow Press 8011: 7983: 7964: 7942: 7920: 7898: 7882:Ben-Ami, Shlomo 7874: 7848: 7782: 7763: 7744: 7718: 7713: 7705: 7701: 7693: 7689: 7681: 7677: 7669: 7665: 7657: 7653: 7645: 7641: 7635:Swedenburg 2003 7633: 7626: 7620:Swedenburg 2003 7618: 7611: 7603: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7579: 7572: 7567: 7560: 7552: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7528: 7524: 7516: 7512: 7504: 7500: 7492: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7468: 7464: 7456: 7452: 7444: 7440: 7432: 7421: 7413: 7409: 7401: 7397: 7389: 7385: 7377: 7373: 7365: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7329: 7325: 7317: 7313: 7305: 7301: 7293: 7289: 7281: 7277: 7269: 7265: 7257: 7253: 7245: 7234: 7226: 7222: 7214: 7210: 7202: 7198: 7190: 7183: 7175: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7130: 7122: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7098: 7091: 7083: 7072: 7064: 7060: 7054:Swedenburg 2003 7052: 7048: 7040: 7029: 7023:Swedenburg 2003 7021: 7017: 7011:Swedenburg 2003 7009: 7005: 6999:Swedenburg 2003 6997: 6993: 6985: 6976: 6970: 6954: 6950: 6944: 6926: 6922: 6910: 6906: 6898: 6887: 6874: 6873: 6869: 6861: 6852: 6847: 6840: 6834:Swedenburg 2003 6832: 6828: 6822:Swedenburg 2003 6820: 6813: 6809:Sayigh, p. 669. 6808: 6804: 6796: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6775: 6771: 6763: 6750: 6742: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6715: 6711: 6703: 6696: 6688: 6673: 6665: 6661: 6653: 6649: 6641: 6637: 6629: 6625: 6617: 6613: 6605: 6598: 6588: 6586: 6573: 6572: 6568: 6563: 6552: 6544: 6537: 6529: 6525: 6517: 6506: 6498: 6494: 6486: 6482: 6474: 6470: 6462: 6458: 6450: 6446: 6441: 6437: 6429: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6381: 6370: 6362: 6341: 6333: 6329: 6321: 6310: 6302: 6267: 6259: 6255: 6247: 6243: 6235: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6196: 6192: 6183: 6179: 6171: 6167: 6159: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6124: 6117: 6109: 6096: 6086: 6084: 6083:on 4 March 2012 6080: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6041: 6037: 6029: 6025: 6017: 6010: 6002: 5995: 5987: 5978: 5969: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5943: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5891: 5887: 5881:Ben-Yehuda 1993 5879: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5855: 5848: 5840: 5829: 5821: 5817: 5809: 5802: 5792: 5790: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5766: 5765: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5702: 5695: 5687: 5683: 5678: 5674: 5666: 5649: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5625: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5575: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5530:. 22 June 1936. 5523: 5522: 5518: 5510: 5503: 5495: 5488: 5480: 5469: 5461: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5432: 5428: 5423: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5322: 5318: 5310: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5281: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5245: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5185: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5149: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5044: 5036: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4971: 4962: 4954: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4856: 4848: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4800: 4791: 4783: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4730: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4655: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4607: 4603:, pp. 1–3. 4599: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4575: 4560: 4552: 4543: 4517: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4493: 4486: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4389:Swedenburg 2003 4387: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4262:to the British. 4260: 4256: 4250:Admiral Canaris 4239: 4235: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4180:Yehoshua Porath 4177: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4147: 4143: 4120: 4116: 4093: 4089: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4010: 3928: 3891: 3838:Awni Abdul Hadi 3832:, Amin Tamimi, 3800: 3751: 3745: 3716: 3711: 3691:Heinrich Doehle 3655: 3611: 3609:Arab volunteers 3600: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3531:Yusuf Abu Durra 3500: 3494:in early 1937. 3463: 3418:was known as a 3396:Farhan al-Sa'di 3363: 3282: 3237:Haim Arlosoroff 3211: 3205: 3162: 3028: 3017: 3011: 3008: 2993: 2977: 2966: 2950:Joseph Klausner 2842:Men of Captain 2836: 2830: 2795:Frederick Kisch 2726: 2690: 2538: 2517:, commanded by 2449:Royal Air Force 2445: 2365:(later head of 2341:devised by Sir 2327: 2275:Royal Engineers 2131: 2121: 2116: 2095: 2086: 2033: 2027: 1917:Peel Commission 1913: 1706: 1696: 1690: 1685: 1634:Anabta shooting 1619:Balad al-Shaykh 1613:in 1920 at the 1564: 1539: 1459:Amin al-Husayni 1398:In 1930 Sheikh 1336: 1286:Shaw Commission 1238: 1232: 1180:Nashashibi clan 1049: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1004:Hebron massacre 973: 968: 966: 964: 934: 929: 871: 867: 864: 862: 827: 826:12,622 detained 825: 823: 821: 820:c. 5,000 killed 819: 811: 809: 804: 803:c. 550 wounded 802: 800: 782: 774: 769: 767: 765: 747: 745: 744: 738: 732: 721: 719: 718: 709: 701:Farhan al-Sa'di 699: 695: 689: 683: 679: 673: 667: 661: 655: 651: 644: 638: 632: 626: 620: 614: 608: 602: 596: 590: 584: 577: 566:Yusuf Abu Durra 564: 557: 545: 543: 542: 536: 523: 521: 520: 503: 501: 500: 489: 487: 486: 475: 473: 472: 458: 441: 438: 422: 418: 407: 387: 370: 356: 345: 328: 326: 314: 313: 302: 291: 273: 271: 231: 229: 210: 167: 165: 163: 132: 130: 118: 116: 83: 70: 52: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13259: 13249: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13131: 13130: 13128: 13127: 13116: 13113: 13112: 13110: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13028: 13026: 13025:Related topics 13022: 13021: 13019: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12987: 12985: 12979: 12978: 12976: 12975: 12968: 12961: 12953: 12951: 12947: 12946: 12944: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12891:Islamic Legion 12888: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12781:Al-Mourabitoun 12778: 12773: 12767: 12765: 12759: 12758: 12756: 12755: 12750: 12748:Hamdeen Sabahi 12745: 12740: 12738:Fuad al-Rikabi 12735: 12730: 12728:Adnan Pachachi 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12698:Saddam Hussein 12695: 12690: 12688:Sati' al-Husri 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12623:Hafez al-Assad 12620: 12615: 12613:Zaki al-Arsuzi 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12579: 12577: 12571: 12570: 12568: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12546: 12544: 12540: 12539: 12537: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12494:Aden Emergency 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12439:Iraqi Intifada 12436: 12431: 12430: 12429: 12424: 12422:Yom Kippur War 12419: 12414: 12409: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12383: 12382: 12372: 12367: 12366: 12365: 12355: 12349: 12347: 12343: 12342: 12340: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12317:Arab socialism 12313: 12311: 12307: 12306: 12299: 12298: 12291: 12284: 12276: 12267: 12266: 12264: 12263: 12257: 12251: 12245: 12239: 12233: 12227: 12221: 12215: 12209: 12203: 12197: 12191: 12185: 12179: 12173: 12167: 12161: 12155: 12149: 12146:Barzani revolt 12143: 12137: 12131: 12125: 12119: 12113: 12107: 12101: 12095: 12089: 12083: 12077: 12071: 12065: 12059: 12053: 12047: 12041: 12035: 12029: 12023: 12016: 12014: 12008: 12007: 12005: 12004: 11998: 11992: 11986: 11983:Tirah campaign 11980: 11974: 11968: 11962: 11956: 11950: 11944: 11938: 11932: 11926: 11920: 11914: 11908: 11902: 11896: 11893:Central Africa 11890: 11884: 11878: 11872: 11866: 11863:First Boer War 11860: 11854: 11848: 11845:Anglo-Zulu War 11842: 11836: 11830: 11824: 11818: 11812: 11806: 11800: 11794: 11788: 11782: 11776: 11770: 11764: 11758: 11752: 11746: 11740: 11734: 11728: 11722: 11716: 11710: 11704: 11698: 11692: 11686: 11680: 11674: 11668: 11662: 11656: 11650: 11644: 11638: 11632: 11626: 11620: 11614: 11608: 11602: 11596: 11590: 11584: 11578: 11572: 11566: 11560: 11554: 11548: 11542: 11536: 11533:Froberg mutiny 11530: 11524: 11518: 11512: 11506: 11500: 11494: 11487: 11485: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11475: 11469: 11463: 11457: 11451: 11445: 11439: 11433: 11427: 11421: 11415: 11409: 11403: 11397: 11391: 11385: 11379: 11373: 11367: 11361: 11355: 11349: 11343: 11337: 11331: 11325: 11319: 11313: 11307: 11301: 11295: 11289: 11283: 11277: 11271: 11265: 11259: 11253: 11247: 11240: 11238: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11228: 11222: 11216: 11213:Williamite War 11210: 11204: 11198: 11192: 11186: 11180: 11174: 11168: 11162: 11156: 11150: 11144: 11138: 11132: 11126: 11120: 11114: 11108: 11101: 11099: 11093: 11092: 11089:British Empire 11080: 11079: 11072: 11065: 11057: 11048: 11047: 11036: 11033: 11032: 11030: 11029: 11026:Red Sea crisis 11022: 11015: 11008: 11002: 11000: 10996: 10995: 10993: 10992: 10991: 10990: 10976: 10969: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10951: 10950: 10934: 10933: 10932: 10925: 10913: 10907: 10905: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10886: 10885: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10856: 10848: 10846: 10842: 10841: 10839: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10788: 10786: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10778: 10773: 10771:Mecca massacre 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10747: 10746: 10734: 10729: 10721: 10719: 10715: 10714: 10712: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10695: 10694: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10631: 10629: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10621: 10616: 10615: 10614: 10609: 10607:First Intifada 10604: 10592: 10590:1964 Hama riot 10587: 10585:Aden Emergency 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10560: 10555: 10554: 10553: 10548: 10536: 10530: 10528: 10524: 10523: 10521: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10474: 10472: 10468: 10467: 10465: 10464: 10463: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10430: 10429: 10428: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10400: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10371: 10369: 10365: 10364: 10362: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10315: 10313: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10269: 10267: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10259: 10254: 10253: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10192: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10170: 10169: 10152: 10146: 10144: 10140: 10139: 10132: 10131: 10124: 10117: 10109: 10100: 10099: 10087: 10084: 10083: 10081: 10080: 10079: 10078: 10068: 10067: 10066: 10056: 10055: 10054: 10044: 10043: 10042: 10033: 10031: 10027: 10026: 10024: 10023: 10022: 10021: 10011: 10010: 10009: 9999: 9998: 9997: 9986: 9985: 9979: 9977: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9969: 9963: 9961: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9953: 9952: 9951: 9941: 9935: 9933: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9906: 9904: 9900: 9899: 9897: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9880: 9878: 9874: 9873: 9871: 9870: 9865: 9859: 9857: 9851: 9850: 9843: 9842: 9835: 9828: 9820: 9814: 9813: 9803: 9783: 9782:External links 9780: 9779: 9778: 9772: 9751: 9745: 9732: 9726: 9720:. SUNY Press. 9710: 9704: 9688:Khalidi, Walid 9684: 9678: 9658: 9652: 9632: 9626: 9613: 9607: 9594: 9586:|journal= 9553: 9533:(4): 590–610. 9518: 9500:(5): 696–711. 9482: 9453: 9424: 9418: 9396: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9376: 9370: 9355: 9316: 9306: 9300: 9278: 9272: 9252: 9246: 9229: 9208: 9202: 9185: 9179: 9166: 9160: 9143: 9137: 9124: 9118: 9106:Shapira, Anita 9102: 9096: 9083: 9077: 9058: 9027: 9021: 8999: 8993: 8977: 8971: 8958: 8952: 8937: 8922: 8920:. Herzl Press. 8914:Patai, Raphael 8910: 8904: 8888: 8882: 8869: 8834: 8825: 8819: 8806: 8788:(3): 351–372. 8777: 8771: 8758: 8752: 8730: 8724: 8704: 8698: 8685: 8679: 8662: 8656: 8637: 8631: 8611:Laurens, Henry 8607: 8601: 8588: 8582: 8566: 8560: 8542:Krämer, Gudrun 8538: 8532: 8516: 8510: 8475: 8469: 8452: 8417: 8411: 8398: 8392: 8377: 8371: 8352: 8332:(2): 291–315. 8315: 8280: 8273: 8267:. Book Guild. 8260: 8251: 8245: 8230: 8224: 8211: 8205: 8192: 8186: 8170: 8164: 8151: 8145: 8132: 8126: 8113: 8082: 8076: 8059: 8053: 8040: 8034: 8015: 8009: 7987: 7981: 7968: 7962: 7946: 7940: 7924: 7918: 7902: 7896: 7878: 7872: 7852: 7846: 7833: 7799:(2): 187–204. 7786: 7780: 7767: 7761: 7748: 7742: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7711: 7709:, pp. 15. 7699: 7687: 7685:, p. 314. 7675: 7663: 7651: 7649:, p. 433. 7639: 7624: 7609: 7607:, p. 442. 7597: 7595:, p. 443. 7585: 7583:, p. 437. 7570: 7558: 7546: 7534: 7532:, p. 122. 7522: 7520:, p. 128. 7510: 7508:, p. 121. 7498: 7486: 7474: 7472:, p. 449. 7462: 7460:, p. 250. 7450: 7448:, p. 388. 7438: 7436:, p. 295. 7419: 7417:, p. 109. 7407: 7395: 7383: 7371: 7359: 7347: 7335: 7323: 7311: 7299: 7287: 7285:, p. 133. 7275: 7263: 7251: 7249:, p. 364. 7232: 7220: 7208: 7206:, p. 109. 7196: 7194:, p. 107. 7181: 7169: 7157: 7145: 7143:, p. 106. 7128: 7116: 7104: 7089: 7070: 7068:, p. 172. 7058: 7056:, p. 121. 7046: 7027: 7015: 7003: 6991: 6974: 6968: 6948: 6942: 6920: 6916:Palestine Post 6904: 6885: 6867: 6850: 6838: 6836:, p. 139. 6826: 6824:, p. 125. 6811: 6802: 6800:, p. 167. 6790: 6788:, p. 198. 6778: 6769: 6767:, p. 154. 6748: 6746:, p. 146. 6733: 6721: 6719:, p. 153. 6709: 6707:, p. 181. 6694: 6692:, p. 147. 6671: 6659: 6647: 6635: 6623: 6621:, p. 122. 6611: 6609:, p. 242. 6596: 6566: 6550: 6548:, p. 149. 6535: 6533:, p. 426. 6523: 6521:, p. 427. 6504: 6502:, p. 292. 6492: 6490:, p. 156. 6480: 6468: 6466:, p. 255. 6464:Cleveland 2000 6456: 6454:, p. 132. 6444: 6435: 6423: 6411: 6409:, p. 154. 6399: 6397:, p. 279. 6387: 6368: 6339: 6337:, p. 165. 6327: 6325:, p. 293. 6308: 6265: 6253: 6241: 6239:, p. 246. 6226: 6214: 6202: 6200:, p. 158. 6190: 6177: 6165: 6142: 6140:, p. 416. 6130: 6128:, p. 150. 6115: 6113:, p. 428. 6094: 6062: 6050: 6035: 6033:, p. 254. 6023: 6008: 6006:, p. 425. 5993: 5991:, p. 424. 5976: 5958: 5956:, p. 399. 5946: 5937: 5925: 5923:, p. 417. 5910: 5903: 5895:Free Jerusalem 5885: 5873: 5871:, p. 239. 5861: 5859:, p. 222. 5846: 5827: 5815: 5813:, p. 125. 5800: 5773: 5756: 5754:, p. 339. 5744: 5742:, p. 100. 5732: 5720: 5718:, p. 391. 5708: 5693: 5691:, p. 401. 5681: 5672: 5647: 5635: 5607: 5593: 5569: 5567:, p. 278. 5557: 5555:, p. 279. 5545: 5543:, p. 197. 5533: 5516: 5514:, p. 213. 5501: 5499:, p. 423. 5486: 5484:, p. 196. 5467: 5465:, p. 291. 5450: 5448:, p. 274. 5438: 5426: 5410: 5398: 5389: 5387:, p. 193. 5377: 5368: 5366:, p. 272. 5356: 5340: 5338:, p. 208. 5328: 5326:, p. 129. 5316: 5299: 5287: 5285:, p. 162. 5275: 5263: 5251: 5249:, p. 117. 5239: 5237:, p. 116. 5227: 5215: 5203: 5201:, p. 344. 5191: 5189:, p. 263. 5179: 5177:, p. 237. 5167: 5165:, p. 127. 5155: 5153:, p. 295. 5143: 5141:, p. 113. 5131: 5119: 5117:, p. 264. 5107: 5105:, p. 490. 5095: 5083: 5071: 5069:, p. 339. 5059: 5057:, p. 254. 5042: 5040:, p. 341. 5025: 5013: 5011:, p. 360. 5001: 4999:, p. 106. 4989: 4977: 4960: 4958:, p. 239. 4943: 4931: 4919: 4917:, p. 109. 4907: 4905:, p. 273. 4895: 4893:, p. 106. 4883: 4881:, p. 105. 4871: 4869:, p. 103. 4854: 4852:, p. 102. 4842: 4830: 4818: 4806: 4804:, p. 159. 4789: 4787:, p. 160. 4760: 4748: 4746:, p. 381. 4736: 4734:, p. 377. 4721: 4709: 4697: 4685: 4673: 4671:, p. 313. 4661: 4659:, p. 306. 4644: 4632: 4620: 4618:, p. 136. 4605: 4593: 4591:, p. 338. 4581: 4558: 4556:, p. 333. 4541: 4511: 4499: 4484: 4465: 4461:Levenberg 1993 4444: 4442:, p. 145. 4432: 4420: 4405: 4403:, p. 103. 4393: 4391:, p. 220. 4378: 4376:, p. 128. 4366: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4284:, p. 159) 4273: 4264: 4254: 4233: 4220: 4211: 4202: 4193: 4184: 4171: 4162: 4154:patrimonialism 4141: 4114: 4087: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4009: 4006: 4002:Mau Mau revolt 3927: 3926:Historiography 3924: 3900:British Empire 3890: 3887: 3799: 3796: 3780:Eliyahu Golomb 3744: 3741: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3654: 3651: 3610: 3607: 3599: 3598:Jerusalem area 3596: 3499: 3496: 3462: 3459: 3453:or a group of 3420:qa'id al-fasil 3362: 3359: 3281: 3278: 3233:Labour Zionist 3204: 3201: 3161: 3158: 3148: 3147: 3141: 3136: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3088: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3049: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3030: 3029: 2980: 2978: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2938:British Empire 2850:, possibly in 2829: 2826: 2791:British Consul 2782:Reuven Zaslany 2767:Istiqlal Party 2759:general strike 2755:colonial state 2733:Reuven Zaslany 2725: 2722: 2689: 2686: 2600:, Admiral Sir 2537: 2534: 2499:as "Air-Pin". 2444: 2441: 2355:Charles Tegart 2343:Charles Tegart 2326: 2323: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2094: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2026: 2023: 2002:Chaim Weizmann 1997:Labour Zionist 1991:, some of the 1922:Herbert Samuel 1912: 1909: 1818:Richard Peirse 1692:Main article: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1563: 1560: 1538: 1535: 1350:The advent of 1335: 1332: 1231: 1228: 1120:general strike 1104:Qassamite band 1044: 1043: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1007: 1006: 996: 991: 990: 989: 978: 975: 974: 963: 962: 955: 948: 940: 931: 930: 928: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 876: 873: 872: 861: 860: 853: 846: 838: 830: 829: 813: 793: 792: 788: 787: 776: 761: 760: 756: 755: 681:Ibrahim Nassar 465: 457: 456: 450:Eliyahu Golomb 413:Air Commodore 376:Major-General 364:Robert Haining 287: 286: 282: 281: 270: 269: 254: 253: 250: 226: 225: 224: 223: 222: 209: 208: 198: 197: 196: 191: 162: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 125:United Kingdom 112: 111: 107: 106: 103: 102: 101: 100: 89: 85: 84: 79: 77: 73: 72: 67: 59: 58: 44: 43: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13258: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13143: 13141: 13126: 13118: 13117: 13114: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13057:Greater Yemen 13055: 13053: 13052:Greater Syria 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13029: 13027: 13023: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12988: 12986: 12984: 12980: 12974: 12973: 12969: 12967: 12966: 12962: 12960: 12959: 12955: 12954: 12952: 12948: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12768: 12766: 12764: 12763:Organizations 12760: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12683:George Habash 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12663:Izzat Darwaza 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12598:Yasser Arafat 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12580: 12578: 12576: 12575:Personalities 12572: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12550:Arab identity 12548: 12547: 12545: 12541: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12464:Arab Cold War 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12404: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12381: 12378: 12377: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12364: 12361: 12360: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12350: 12348: 12344: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12314: 12312: 12308: 12304: 12297: 12292: 12290: 12285: 12283: 12278: 12277: 12274: 12261: 12258: 12255: 12252: 12249: 12246: 12243: 12240: 12237: 12234: 12231: 12228: 12225: 12222: 12219: 12216: 12213: 12210: 12207: 12204: 12201: 12198: 12195: 12192: 12189: 12186: 12183: 12180: 12177: 12174: 12171: 12168: 12165: 12162: 12159: 12156: 12153: 12150: 12147: 12144: 12141: 12138: 12135: 12134:Ikhwan revolt 12132: 12129: 12126: 12123: 12120: 12117: 12114: 12111: 12108: 12105: 12102: 12099: 12096: 12093: 12090: 12087: 12084: 12081: 12078: 12075: 12072: 12069: 12066: 12063: 12060: 12057: 12054: 12051: 12048: 12045: 12042: 12039: 12036: 12033: 12030: 12027: 12024: 12021: 12018: 12017: 12015: 12009: 12002: 11999: 11996: 11993: 11990: 11987: 11984: 11981: 11978: 11975: 11972: 11969: 11966: 11963: 11960: 11957: 11954: 11951: 11948: 11945: 11942: 11939: 11936: 11933: 11930: 11927: 11924: 11921: 11918: 11915: 11912: 11909: 11906: 11903: 11900: 11897: 11894: 11891: 11888: 11885: 11882: 11879: 11876: 11873: 11870: 11867: 11864: 11861: 11858: 11855: 11852: 11849: 11846: 11843: 11840: 11837: 11834: 11831: 11828: 11825: 11822: 11819: 11816: 11813: 11810: 11807: 11804: 11801: 11798: 11795: 11792: 11789: 11786: 11783: 11780: 11777: 11774: 11771: 11768: 11765: 11762: 11759: 11756: 11753: 11750: 11747: 11744: 11741: 11738: 11735: 11732: 11729: 11726: 11723: 11720: 11717: 11714: 11711: 11708: 11705: 11702: 11699: 11696: 11693: 11690: 11687: 11684: 11681: 11678: 11675: 11672: 11669: 11666: 11663: 11660: 11657: 11654: 11651: 11648: 11645: 11642: 11639: 11636: 11633: 11630: 11627: 11624: 11621: 11618: 11615: 11612: 11609: 11606: 11603: 11600: 11597: 11594: 11591: 11588: 11585: 11582: 11581:Spice Islands 11579: 11576: 11573: 11570: 11567: 11564: 11561: 11558: 11555: 11552: 11549: 11546: 11543: 11540: 11539:Santo Domingo 11537: 11534: 11531: 11528: 11525: 11522: 11519: 11516: 11513: 11510: 11507: 11504: 11501: 11498: 11495: 11492: 11489: 11488: 11486: 11480: 11473: 11470: 11467: 11464: 11461: 11458: 11455: 11452: 11449: 11446: 11443: 11440: 11437: 11434: 11431: 11428: 11425: 11422: 11419: 11416: 11413: 11410: 11407: 11404: 11401: 11398: 11395: 11392: 11389: 11386: 11383: 11380: 11377: 11374: 11371: 11368: 11365: 11362: 11359: 11356: 11353: 11350: 11347: 11344: 11341: 11338: 11335: 11332: 11329: 11328:Pontiac's War 11326: 11323: 11320: 11317: 11314: 11311: 11308: 11305: 11302: 11299: 11296: 11293: 11290: 11287: 11284: 11281: 11280:Carnatic Wars 11278: 11275: 11272: 11269: 11266: 11263: 11260: 11257: 11254: 11251: 11250:Tuscarora War 11248: 11245: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11233: 11226: 11223: 11220: 11217: 11214: 11211: 11208: 11205: 11202: 11199: 11196: 11193: 11190: 11187: 11184: 11181: 11178: 11175: 11172: 11169: 11166: 11163: 11160: 11157: 11154: 11151: 11148: 11145: 11142: 11139: 11136: 11133: 11130: 11127: 11124: 11121: 11118: 11115: 11112: 11109: 11106: 11103: 11102: 11100: 11094: 11090: 11086: 11078: 11073: 11071: 11066: 11064: 11059: 11058: 11055: 11043: 11041: 11034: 11028: 11027: 11023: 11021: 11020: 11016: 11014: 11013: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11003: 11001: 10997: 10989: 10988: 10987: 10982: 10981: 10980: 10979:Yemeni crisis 10977: 10975: 10974: 10970: 10968: 10967: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10949: 10948: 10944: 10943: 10942: 10941: 10940: 10935: 10931: 10930: 10926: 10924: 10923: 10919: 10918: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10902: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10879: 10878: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10861: 10857: 10855: 10854: 10850: 10849: 10847: 10843: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10821: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10794: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10783: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10745: 10744: 10740: 10739: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10727: 10726:Iran–Iraq War 10723: 10722: 10720: 10716: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10693: 10690: 10689: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10677:NDF Rebellion 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10657: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10626: 10620: 10617: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10599: 10598: 10597: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10565: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10525: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10469: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10436: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10424: 10423: 10422: 10421: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10409:Alwaziri coup 10407: 10405: 10402: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10379: 10378: 10377: 10373: 10372: 10370: 10366: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10310: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10264: 10258: 10255: 10251: 10250:United States 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10219: 10216: 10215: 10214: 10213: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10168: 10165: 10164: 10163: 10160: 10159: 10158: 10157: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10130: 10125: 10123: 10118: 10116: 10111: 10110: 10107: 10097: 10096: 10085: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10072: 10069: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10060: 10057: 10053: 10050: 10049: 10048: 10045: 10041: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10028: 10020: 10017: 10016: 10015: 10012: 10008: 10005: 10004: 10003: 10000: 9996: 9993: 9992: 9991: 9988: 9987: 9984: 9981: 9980: 9978: 9974: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9958: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9932: 9928: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9911: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9901: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9875: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9841: 9836: 9834: 9829: 9827: 9822: 9821: 9818: 9811: 9807: 9804: 9801: 9798: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9789: 9775: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9752: 9748: 9742: 9739:. Routledge. 9738: 9733: 9729: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9636:Kessler, Oren 9633: 9629: 9623: 9619: 9614: 9610: 9604: 9600: 9595: 9591: 9578: 9570: 9566: 9559: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9488: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9425: 9421: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9406: 9401: 9400:Cohen, Hillel 9397: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9384: 9373: 9367: 9363: 9362: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9329:(3): 93–113. 9328: 9324: 9323: 9317: 9313: 9312: 9307: 9303: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9288: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9269: 9265: 9264:Profile Books 9261: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9214: 9209: 9205: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9186: 9182: 9176: 9172: 9167: 9163: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9144: 9140: 9134: 9130: 9125: 9121: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9093: 9089: 9084: 9080: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9065: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9034: 9028: 9024: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9009: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8968: 8964: 8959: 8955: 8949: 8946:. Routledge. 8945: 8944: 8938: 8933: 8929: 8928: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8879: 8875: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8831: 8826: 8822: 8816: 8812: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8778: 8774: 8768: 8764: 8759: 8755: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8734:Morris, Benny 8731: 8727: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8708:Morris, Benny 8705: 8701: 8695: 8691: 8686: 8682: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8663: 8659: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8644: 8638: 8634: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8598: 8594: 8589: 8585: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8490:Rogan, Eugene 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8414: 8408: 8405:. Routledge. 8404: 8399: 8395: 8389: 8385: 8384: 8378: 8374: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8359: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8270: 8266: 8261: 8257: 8252: 8248: 8242: 8238: 8237: 8231: 8227: 8221: 8217: 8212: 8208: 8202: 8199:. Routledge. 8198: 8193: 8189: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8161: 8157: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8138: 8133: 8129: 8123: 8119: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8089: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8046: 8041: 8037: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8022: 8016: 8012: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7991:Cohen, Hillel 7988: 7984: 7978: 7974: 7969: 7965: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7928:Black, Jeremy 7925: 7921: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7893: 7889: 7888: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7843: 7839: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7793: 7787: 7783: 7777: 7773: 7768: 7764: 7758: 7755:. Routledge. 7754: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7735: 7734:Profile Books 7731: 7730: 7725: 7724:Allport, Alan 7721: 7720: 7708: 7703: 7696: 7691: 7684: 7679: 7673:, p. 66. 7672: 7667: 7661:, p. 51. 7660: 7655: 7648: 7643: 7636: 7631: 7629: 7621: 7616: 7614: 7606: 7601: 7594: 7589: 7582: 7577: 7575: 7565: 7563: 7556:, p. 24. 7555: 7550: 7543: 7538: 7531: 7526: 7519: 7514: 7507: 7502: 7495: 7490: 7483: 7478: 7471: 7466: 7459: 7454: 7447: 7442: 7435: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7416: 7411: 7404: 7399: 7392: 7387: 7380: 7375: 7368: 7363: 7356: 7351: 7344: 7339: 7332: 7327: 7321:, p. 89. 7320: 7315: 7309:, p. 86. 7308: 7303: 7296: 7291: 7284: 7279: 7273:, p. 87. 7272: 7267: 7260: 7255: 7248: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7230:, p. 32. 7229: 7224: 7217: 7212: 7205: 7200: 7193: 7188: 7186: 7179:, p. 80. 7178: 7173: 7166: 7161: 7155:, p. 83. 7154: 7149: 7142: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7125: 7120: 7113: 7108: 7101: 7096: 7094: 7086: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7067: 7062: 7055: 7050: 7043: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7025:, p. 30. 7024: 7019: 7013:, p. 87. 7012: 7007: 7001:, p. 88. 7000: 6995: 6988: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6971: 6965: 6962:, Routledge, 6961: 6960: 6952: 6945: 6939: 6936:, Routledge, 6935: 6931: 6924: 6917: 6913: 6908: 6901: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6881: 6877: 6871: 6864: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6845: 6843: 6835: 6830: 6823: 6818: 6816: 6806: 6799: 6794: 6787: 6782: 6773: 6766: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6745: 6740: 6738: 6730: 6725: 6718: 6713: 6706: 6701: 6699: 6691: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6668: 6663: 6657:, p. 14. 6656: 6651: 6645:, p. 99. 6644: 6639: 6632: 6627: 6620: 6615: 6608: 6603: 6601: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6547: 6542: 6540: 6532: 6527: 6520: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6501: 6496: 6489: 6484: 6478:, p. 23. 6477: 6476:Sacharov 2004 6472: 6465: 6460: 6453: 6448: 6439: 6433:, p. 80. 6432: 6427: 6421:, p. 28. 6420: 6415: 6408: 6403: 6396: 6391: 6384: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6365: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6336: 6331: 6324: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6305: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6263:, p. 33. 6262: 6257: 6251:, p. 16. 6250: 6245: 6238: 6233: 6231: 6224:, p. 30. 6223: 6218: 6212:, p. 11. 6211: 6206: 6199: 6194: 6187: 6181: 6175:, p. 51. 6174: 6169: 6162: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6139: 6134: 6127: 6122: 6120: 6112: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6079: 6072: 6066: 6060:, p. 73. 6059: 6054: 6047: 6046: 6039: 6032: 6027: 6020: 6015: 6013: 6005: 6000: 5998: 5990: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5973: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5955: 5950: 5941: 5934: 5929: 5922: 5917: 5915: 5906: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5877: 5870: 5865: 5858: 5853: 5851: 5843: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5824: 5819: 5812: 5807: 5805: 5788: 5784: 5777: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5753: 5748: 5741: 5736: 5729: 5724: 5717: 5712: 5705: 5700: 5698: 5690: 5685: 5676: 5669: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5644: 5639: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5611: 5596: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5573: 5566: 5561: 5554: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5529: 5528: 5520: 5513: 5508: 5506: 5498: 5493: 5491: 5483: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5464: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5447: 5442: 5436:, p. 80. 5435: 5430: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5407: 5406:Townsend 1988 5402: 5393: 5386: 5381: 5372: 5365: 5360: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5337: 5332: 5325: 5320: 5313: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5296: 5291: 5284: 5279: 5273:, p. 23. 5272: 5267: 5260: 5255: 5248: 5243: 5236: 5231: 5224: 5219: 5212: 5207: 5200: 5195: 5188: 5183: 5176: 5175:Matthews 2006 5171: 5164: 5159: 5152: 5147: 5140: 5135: 5128: 5123: 5116: 5111: 5104: 5099: 5092: 5087: 5081:, p. 25. 5080: 5075: 5068: 5063: 5056: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5039: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5022: 5017: 5010: 5005: 4998: 4993: 4986: 4981: 4974: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4957: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4940: 4935: 4928: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4904: 4899: 4892: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4868: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4851: 4846: 4839: 4834: 4827: 4822: 4816:, p. 94. 4815: 4810: 4803: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4786: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4757: 4752: 4745: 4740: 4733: 4728: 4726: 4719:, p. 39. 4718: 4713: 4706: 4701: 4694: 4689: 4683:, p. 27. 4682: 4677: 4670: 4665: 4658: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4641: 4636: 4630:, p. 28. 4629: 4624: 4617: 4612: 4610: 4602: 4597: 4590: 4585: 4578: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4555: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4508: 4503: 4496: 4491: 4489: 4477: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4441: 4436: 4430:, p. 44. 4429: 4424: 4418:, p. 22. 4417: 4412: 4410: 4402: 4397: 4390: 4385: 4383: 4375: 4370: 4363: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4301: 4283: 4277: 4268: 4258: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4231:, p. 82) 4230: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4181: 4175: 4166: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4138: 4132: 4123: 4118: 4111: 4105: 4096: 4091: 4084: 4078: 4072:الثورة الكبرى 4069: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3964: 3962: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3936:anti-colonial 3933: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3883:Philip Mattar 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3795: 3791: 3790:(restraint). 3789: 3786:'s policy of 3785: 3781: 3777: 3776:Moshe Shertok 3772: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3750: 3740: 3732: 3726:, 18 May 1939 3725: 3720: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3679: 3678:Fascist Italy 3673: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3595: 3592: 3586: 3584: 3573: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3480:Upper Galilee 3477: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3367: 3358: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3216: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3197:Moshe Shertok 3194: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3167:Sherut Yediot 3157: 3155: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3134:Tegart's wall 3131: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3102: 3100:(field corps) 3099: 3096: 3093: 3092:Mobile Guards 3090: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3026: 3023: 3015: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2981:This section 2979: 2975: 2970: 2969: 2961: 2959: 2958:riots of 1929 2955: 2951: 2947: 2946:Moshe Shertok 2941: 2939: 2933: 2929: 2927: 2921: 2919: 2918: 2911: 2909: 2908:Sir Hugh Foot 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2713:Mediterranean 2709: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2660: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2625:Royal Marines 2622: 2619:relieved HMS 2618: 2614: 2613: 2608:and diverted 2607: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2591: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2554: 2553: 2547: 2542: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2480:Air Commodore 2477: 2476:Arthur Harris 2473: 2470:based in the 2469: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2433:waterboarding 2430: 2426: 2425:foot whipping 2422: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2406:Tegart's wall 2402: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2359:British India 2356: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2306: 2305:human shields 2301: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2230: 2229: 2222: 2218: 2217:Chief Justice 2214: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2163: 2156: 2151: 2143: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2090: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2045:Lewis Andrews 2037: 2032: 2022: 2019: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1895: 1889: 1887: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1856:Auja al-Hafir 1852: 1847: 1845: 1844:Jewish Agency 1841: 1840:Moshe Shertok 1837: 1833: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1808: 1803: 1795: 1787: 1783: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752:Lake Tiberias 1749: 1745: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1721: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1695: 1680: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1573: 1568: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1504:National Bloc 1501: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385:Jewish Agency 1382: 1378: 1377:civil society 1374: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1357: 1353: 1345: 1340: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1242: 1237: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1204:Walid Khalidi 1201: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077:colonial rule 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000: 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Retrieved 5579: 5572: 5560: 5548: 5541:Kayyālī 1978 5536: 5525: 5519: 5482:Kayyālī 1978 5441: 5434:Gilbert 1998 5429: 5401: 5392: 5385:Kayyālī 1978 5380: 5371: 5359: 5331: 5319: 5314:, p. 3. 5297:, p. 2. 5290: 5278: 5266: 5259:Sanagan 2013 5254: 5247:Sanagan 2020 5242: 5235:Sanagan 2020 5230: 5223:Sanagan 2020 5218: 5211:Sanagan 2020 5206: 5199:Sanagan 2013 5194: 5182: 5170: 5158: 5146: 5139:Commins 2004 5134: 5122: 5110: 5103:Hughes 2016b 5098: 5086: 5079:Khalidi 2001 5074: 5067:Sanagan 2013 5062: 5038:Sanagan 2013 5021:Sanagan 2013 5016: 5004: 4997:Sanagan 2020 4992: 4980: 4934: 4922: 4910: 4898: 4886: 4874: 4845: 4833: 4821: 4809: 4756:Khalidi 2001 4751: 4739: 4712: 4700: 4695:, p. 5. 4688: 4676: 4669:Hughes 2009a 4664: 4657:Laurens 2002 4635: 4623: 4596: 4589:Sanagan 2013 4584: 4554:Sanagan 2013 4523: 4514: 4509:, p. 9. 4502: 4497:, p. 1. 4474: 4468: 4435: 4423: 4416:Millman 1998 4396: 4369: 4362:Hughes 2009a 4276: 4267: 4257: 4246:Abteilung 1, 4245: 4236: 4223: 4214: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4174: 4165: 4157: 4149: 4144: 4117: 4090: 4063: 3986: 3983: 3969:gendarmeries 3968: 3966: 3961:Alan Allport 3958: 3929: 3920: 3908: 3892: 3859: 3850:Lord Halifax 3816: 3808:Benny Morris 3801: 3792: 3773: 3756: 3752: 3737: 3703:Saudi Arabia 3687: 3674: 3665: 3656: 3615:Ottoman Army 3612: 3601: 3588: 3576: 3575: 3559: 3543:Yusuf Hamdan 3529: 3517: 3511: 3501: 3464: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3405: 3355: 3327:Hebron hills 3324: 3311: 3295:Mount Carmel 3285: 3283: 3271: 3268:Jaffa Street 3264: 3249: 3245:Nazi Germany 3224: 3218: 3212: 3193:Shaul Avigur 3186: 3182: 3175:Arab Platoon 3174: 3166: 3163: 3153: 3152: 3130:Tegart forts 3059:Mobile units 3018: 3009: 2994:Please help 2982: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2915: 2912: 2891: 2880: 2878: 2862: 2844:Orde Wingate 2814:Yehuda Arazi 2807: 2804: 2779: 2771: 2742: 2710: 2691: 2681:emplacements 2671: 2664: 2658: 2656: 2647: 2639: 2631: 2629: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2605: 2602:Dudley Pound 2595: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2558: 2551: 2523: 2512: 2505: 2501: 2488:Trans-Jordan 2465: 2462: 2446: 2418: 2363:David Petrie 2352: 2325:Tegart forts 2319: 2315: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2272: 2258:11th Hussars 2250: 2233: 2227: 2202: 2187: 2183: 2172: 2104:Ralph Cairns 2096: 2087: 2066: 2042: 2014: 1985:Revisionists 1982: 1969: 1946: 1914: 1898: 1890: 1882: 1871: 1864: 1848: 1838:." However, 1828: 1823: 1812: 1780: 1748:Jordan River 1741: 1730: 1722: 1718: 1674: 1646:Thessaloniki 1631: 1608: 1577: 1544:Nuri as-Said 1540: 1530: 1512: 1471: 1440: 1432: 1416: 1408:anti-Zionist 1397: 1361: 1360:clan-based ( 1349: 1328: 1319: 1303:shanty towns 1278:immiseration 1261: 1245: 1217: 1197: 1172:British Army 1156:Saudi Arabia 1140: 1089: 1085:Jewish state 1072: 1068: 1065:Great Revolt 1064: 1050: 1015: 865: 824:108 executed 815: 805: 796: 778:1,000–3,000 739: 734:Sa'id al-'As 714: 711:Hasan Salama 690: 685:Mustafa Osta 674: 662: 639: 627: 622:Yusuf Hamdan 615: 603: 591: 537: 516: 515: 468: 467: 439:(1936–1939) 432:Dudley Pound 397:Roderic Hill 362:Lt.-General 351:Lt.-General 334:Lt.-General 290: 255: 246: 228: 164: 139:British Army 115: 110:Belligerents 91: 31:Part of the 18: 12786:Arab Ba'ath 12708:Salah Jadid 12565:Arabization 12412:Six-Day War 12407:Suez Crisis 12353:Arab Revolt 12332:Pan-Arabism 12224:Suez Crisis 12122:Transjordan 12026:West Africa 12003:(1899–1902) 11997:(1898–1901) 11989:Six-Day War 11937:(1894–1905) 11925:(1891–1895) 11905:Mashonaland 11869:Mahdist War 11809:Shimonoseki 11739:(1847–1901) 11649:(1824–1901) 11617:Cape Colony 11515:Cape Colony 11474:(1799–1805) 11468:(1799–1803) 11456:(1798–1800) 11444:(1796–1818) 11418:Cape Colony 11408:(1793–1806) 11390:(1788–1934) 11286:Nova Scotia 11256:Yamasee War 11227:(1694–1700) 11201:Child's War 11189:2nd Tangier 11183:1st Tangier 11179:(1655–1739) 11129:Saint Kitts 11107:(1593–1603) 11040:World War I 10498:Suez Crisis 10445:Suez Crisis 10174:Arab Revolt 10156:World War I 9894:Jaffa riots 9764:I.B. Tauris 9219:: 917–949. 8576:. Cassell. 8494:Shlaim, Avi 7707:Hughes 2019 7554:Nashif 2008 7542:Morris 1999 7506:Morris 1999 7434:Krämer 2008 7283:Morris 1999 7271:Hughes 2019 7259:Hughes 2019 7216:Hughes 2019 7204:Hughes 2019 7192:Hughes 2019 7177:Hughes 2019 7165:Hughes 2019 7153:Hughes 2019 7141:Hughes 2019 7124:Hughes 2019 6863:Anglim 2005 6765:Morris 1999 6729:Morris 1999 6717:Morris 1999 6690:Morris 1999 6619:Bajohr 2002 6607:Krämer 2008 6546:Morris 1999 6500:Krämer 2008 6452:Morris 1999 6431:Laffin 1979 6364:Thomas 2008 6323:Krämer 2008 6237:Thomas 2008 6222:Harris 1998 6198:Omissi 1990 6173:Rotter 2008 6161:Omissi 1990 6126:Morris 1999 6031:Thomas 2008 5823:Hughes 2019 5793:11 November 5728:Morris 2004 5704:Morris 1999 5565:Krämer 2008 5553:Krämer 2008 5463:Krämer 2008 5446:Krämer 2008 5364:Krämer 2008 5324:Morris 1999 5312:Hughes 2019 5295:Hughes 2019 5283:Porath 2015 5271:Bar-On 2004 5187:Krämer 2008 5163:Morris 1999 5151:Thomas 2007 5115:Krämer 2008 5055:Krämer 2008 4985:Krämer 2008 4973:Krämer 2008 4956:Krämer 2008 4939:Krämer 2008 4927:Krämer 2008 4915:Yazbak 2000 4903:Krämer 2008 4891:Yazbak 2000 4879:Yazbak 2000 4867:Yazbak 2000 4850:Yazbak 2000 4838:Yazbak 2000 4826:Yazbak 2000 4814:Yazbak 2000 4802:Morris 1999 4785:Morris 1999 4744:Hughes 2019 4732:Hughes 2019 4717:Norris 2008 4705:Norris 2008 4681:Norris 2008 4640:Norris 2008 4616:Morris 1999 4601:Hughes 2019 4577:Yazbak 2000 4539:Palestine.' 4519:Nur Masalha 4507:Kabahā 2014 4495:Hughes 2019 4440:Morris 1999 4282:Morris 1999 4229:Hughes 2019 3649:battalion. 3643:Hamad Sa'ab 3603:Issa Battat 3555:Transjordan 3551:Arab Legion 3351:Black Watch 3215:Revisionist 3213:In 1931, a 3146:settlement 2926:Acre Prison 2812:(headed by 2577:gun running 2508:road blocks 2395:Solel Boneh 2335:Tegart fort 2190:martial law 1973:Transjordan 1901:Levi Billig 1874:Transjordan 1771:Jaffa riots 1670:Haganah-Bet 1662:Petah Tikva 1168:martial law 1160:Transjordan 1016:Arab Revolt 994:Jaffa riots 653:Wasif Kamal 598:Issa Battat 463:(from 1937) 420:(1938–1939) 405:(1936–1938) 385:(1938–1939) 368:(1938–1939) 343:(1936–1937) 327:(1938–1944) 311:(1932–1938) 217:(from 1937) 13140:Categories 12950:Literature 12643:Tariq Aziz 12560:Arab world 12555:Arab Union 12484:Dhofar War 12128:Pink's War 12020:Somaliland 11857:Basutoland 11611:Guadeloupe 11593:Xhosa Wars 11575:Seychelles 11557:Guadeloupe 11545:Martinique 11412:Rohilkhand 11376:Gold Coast 11346:Rohilkhand 11304:Bengal War 11141:Pequot War 9949:The Saison 9910:Black Hand 9855:Background 9571:: 487–507. 9003:Segev, Tom 8671:I B Tauris 8648:I.B.Tauris 7906:Black, Ian 7647:Segev 1999 7605:Segev 1999 7593:Segev 1999 7581:Segev 1999 7530:Cohen 2009 7518:Cohen 2009 7494:Segev 1999 7482:Segev 1999 7470:Segev 1999 7446:Segev 1999 7331:Fiore 2010 7319:Fiore 2010 7100:Horne 2003 7085:Horne 2003 7042:Horne 2003 6987:Horne 2003 6900:Horne 2003 6798:Cohen 2009 6786:Cohen 2009 6744:Cohen 2009 6667:Segev 1999 6631:Segev 1991 6531:Segev 1999 6519:Segev 1999 6138:Segev 1999 6111:Segev 1999 6019:Horne 2003 6004:Segev 1999 5989:Segev 1999 5972:CAB 24/282 5954:Segev 1999 5921:Segev 1999 5869:Horne 2003 5857:Horne 2003 5811:Cohen 2009 5716:Louis 2006 5689:Segev 1999 5643:Horne 2003 5512:Horne 2003 5497:Segev 1999 5336:Horne 2003 5127:Tripp 2002 5009:Segev 1999 4693:Kelly 2017 4628:Kelly 2015 4374:Black 2006 4292:References 3830:Musa Alami 3714:Casualties 3623:Said al-As 3447:mujahideen 3439:mujahadeen 3290:Nashashibi 3012:April 2012 2852:Kfar Tavor 2573:destroyers 2546:Royal Navy 2451:developed 2179:sanitation 2058:Seychelles 2006:Ben Gurion 1941:Gan-Shmuel 1698:See also: 1584:Lewis guns 1502:, and the 1488:, the pro- 1483:Nashashibi 1435:), led by 1406:, a small 1404:Black Hand 1031:the Saison 905:Beit Imrin 812:2 executed 801:262 killed 730:(expelled) 582:(defected) 498:(defected) 12983:Symbolism 12327:Nasserism 12322:Ba'athism 12260:Falklands 12256:(1963–67) 12250:(1962–66) 12244:(1962–90) 12232:(1962–76) 12220:(1955–59) 12214:(1954–59) 12208:(1952–60) 12202:(1948–60) 12196:(1946–50) 12188:Indonesia 12184:(1945–46) 12182:Indochina 12178:(1944–48) 12166:(1936–39) 12160:(1936–39) 12148:(1931–32) 12142:(1930–31) 12136:(1927–30) 12118:(1922–24) 12116:Kurdistan 12100:(1919–20) 12076:(1916–17) 12056:Nyasaland 12052:(1914–15) 12046:(1914–15) 12034:(1903–04) 12028:(1901–02) 12022:(1900–20) 11985:(1897–98) 11979:(1897–98) 11961:(1896–97) 11931:(1893–94) 11895:(1886–89) 11871:(1881–99) 11865:(1880–81) 11859:(1880–81) 11853:(1879–80) 11841:(1875–76) 11827:Abyssinia 11823:(1866–71) 11817:(1864–65) 11805:(1863–64) 11797:Kagoshima 11793:(1857–58) 11787:(1857–59) 11781:(1856–60) 11775:(1856–57) 11769:(1854–56) 11767:Åland War 11751:(1848–49) 11727:(1845–50) 11721:(1845–46) 11715:(1845–72) 11709:(1839–42) 11703:(1839–42) 11697:(1839–41) 11685:(1837–38) 11679:(1837–38) 11673:(1831–33) 11667:(1831–32) 11661:(1828–32) 11655:(1824–26) 11631:(1817–18) 11607:(1814–16) 11601:(1812–15) 11595:(1811–79) 11589:(1810–11) 11569:Mauritius 11541:(1808–09) 11523:(1806–07) 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2694:oilfields 2663:HMS 2565:howitzers 2484:Palestine 2429:denailing 2391:Histadrut 2213:gelignite 2100:Jerusalem 1964:Lord Peel 1886:John Dill 1876:, led by 1750:south of 1572:Givat Ada 1449:Qalqilyah 1413:mujāhīdūn 1368:Nebi Musa 1184:NDP party 1071:, or the 920:Beersheba 910:al-Khader 780:(1936–37) 455:Commander 336:John Dill 13125:Category 13067:Islamism 12776:Al-Fatat 12543:Concepts 12310:Ideology 12248:Malaysia 12170:Ethiopia 12068:Peshawar 11833:Manitoba 11815:Duar War 11111:Virginia 10853:Iraq War 10036:British 9716:(1989). 9690:(1987). 9664:(2007). 9638:(2023). 9402:(2015). 9390:(1938). 9284:(2012). 9258:(2004). 9108:(1999). 9054:24268904 9005:(1999). 8983:(2004). 8916:(1971). 8736:(2004). 8710:(1999). 8613:(2002). 8572:(1979). 8544:(2008). 8496:(eds.). 8481:(2001). 8258:. Knopf. 8176:(1998). 7993:(2009). 7952:(1996). 7930:(2006). 7884:(2005). 7858:(2004). 7821:20455584 7726:(2020). 4150:fallāḥīn 4008:See also 3788:havlagah 3760:Tel Aviv 3647:Lebanese 3455:quwwa'id 3443:fedayeen 3339:Old City 3303:Nazareth 3273:Havlagah 2864:Ghaffirs 2787:Damascus 2763:pan-Arab 2746:imperial 2672:Warspite 2561:cruisers 2263:mukhtars 2237:al-Bassa 2125:al-Bassa 2114:Response 2073:Havlagah 1862:desert. 1836:fellahin 1683:Timeline 1517:and the 1495:the pro- 1429:Nazareth 1299:fellahin 1252:Wauchope 1247:Falastin 1182:, whose 1174:and the 1092:fellahin 925:Tiberias 915:Kafr Sur 828:5 exiled 759:Strength 649:(exiled) 555:(exiled) 512:(exiled) 484:(exiled) 298:General 76:Location 12771:Al-Awda 12346:History 12242:Sarawak 12194:Sarawak 12086:Nigeria 12074:Mohmand 12062:Nigeria 12013:century 11671:Malacca 11665:Jamaica 11623:Algiers 11563:Reunion 11509:Surinam 11484:century 11430:Grenada 11424:Jamaica 11316:Jamaica 11237:century 11177:Jamaica 11105:Ireland 11098:century 11085:English 10245:Revolts 9758:(ed.). 9343:4284093 8109:2676453 7716:Sources 5974:, p. 4. 5770:. 1938. 4133:: 4106:: 4079:: 3974:Rif War 3932:Israeli 3895:Germany 3784:Haganah 3709:Outcome 3653:Funding 3565:Arrabah 3521:metonym 3512:fasa'il 3507:Tulkarm 3492:Lebanon 3461:Galilee 3428:Ursabat 3410:(sing: 3408:fasa'il 3307:Husayni 3183:Rekhesh 3179:Palmach 3177:of the 3173:); the 3084:Rekhesh 3004:removed 2989:sources 2892:Haganah 2882:Haganah 2677:Lebanon 2659:Repulse 2648:Repulse 2640:Repulse 2632:Repulse 2621:Emerald 2617:Repulse 2612:Emerald 2606:Repulse 2590:Repulse 2383:Lebanon 2256:of the 1858:in the 1842:of the 1809:, 1936. 1666:Yarkona 1642:Tulkarm 1615:Tel Hai 1588:Haganah 1562:Prelude 1497:Khalidi 1490:Husayni 1445:Tulkarm 1389:Haganah 1352:Zionism 1264:Ottoman 1258:in 1917 1256:Allenby 1224:Haganah 1192:faction 1136:Zionism 1081:Zionism 880:Tulkarm 740:† 691:† 675:† 663:† 640:† 628:† 616:† 604:† 592:† 538:† 453:Haganah 429:Admiral 247:fasa'il 184:Haganah 12262:(1982) 12238:(1962) 12236:Brunei 12226:(1956) 12190:(1945) 12172:(1943) 12154:(1935) 12130:(1925) 12124:(1923) 12112:(1921) 12106:(1920) 12094:(1919) 12088:(1918) 12082:(1917) 12080:Quebec 12070:(1915) 12064:(1915) 12058:(1915) 12040:(1906) 11991:(1899) 11973:(1897) 11967:(1897) 11955:(1896) 11949:(1896) 11943:(1895) 11919:(1891) 11913:(1891) 11907:(1890) 11901:(1888) 11899:Hazara 11889:(1885) 11883:(1885) 11877:(1882) 11847:(1879) 11835:(1870) 11829:(1868) 11811:(1864) 11799:(1863) 11763:(1854) 11757:(1852) 11745:(1848) 11743:Ceylon 11733:(1847) 11731:Canton 11691:(1839) 11643:(1823) 11641:Guiana 11637:(1819) 11625:(1816) 11619:(1815) 11613:(1815) 11583:(1810) 11577:(1810) 11571:(1810) 11565:(1810) 11559:(1810) 11553:(1809) 11547:(1809) 11535:(1807) 11529:(1807) 11517:(1806) 11511:(1804) 11505:(1804) 11493:(1800) 11450:(1798) 11438:(1795) 11436:Ceylon 11420:(1795) 11414:(1794) 11396:(1789) 11384:(1786) 11354:(1774) 11318:(1762) 11209:(1687) 11191:(1664) 11185:(1662) 11165:Acadia 11149:(1641) 11137:(1628) 11135:Quebec 11131:(1626) 11125:(1622) 11119:(1612) 11117:Swally 10071:Nazism 9976:Actors 9770: 9743: 9724: 9702: 9676: 9650: 9624: 9605: 9547: 9512: 9476: 9447: 9416: 9368: 9349: 9341: 9298: 9270: 9244: 9200: 9177: 9158: 9135: 9116: 9094: 9075: 9052: 9019: 8991: 8969: 8950: 8902: 8880: 8863: 8817: 8800: 8769: 8750: 8722: 8696: 8677: 8654: 8629: 8623:Fayard 8599: 8580: 8558: 8530: 8508: 8467: 8446: 8409: 8390: 8369: 8346: 8271: 8243: 8222: 8203: 8184: 8162: 8143: 8124: 8107: 8074: 8051: 8032: 8007: 7979: 7960: 7938: 7916: 7894: 7870: 7844: 7827: 7819: 7811: 7778: 7759: 7740: 6966: 6940: 6589:21 May 6087:31 May 5901: 5591: 4534: 4122:Arabic 4095:Arabic 4068:Arabic 3949:Hebrew 3699:Abwehr 3697:. 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1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine

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