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871:, opposition parties polled 2.25% and gained 19 of 163 seats in Parliament—the first time opposition parties had actually managed to get into the chamber. Ben Ali was unopposed for a second full term, again after being the only candidate to get enough endorsements to qualify. Turnout was officially reported at 95%. However, at this and subsequent elections, opposition parties never accounted for more than 24 percent of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies. All legislation continued to originate with the president, and there was little meaningful opposition to executive decisions.
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political figures. Given the RCD's near-absolute dominance of the political scene, prospective opposition candidates discovered they could not get their nomination papers signed. The subsequent years saw the return of several
Bourguiba-era restrictions. For many years, the press had been expected to practice self-censorship, but this increasingly gave way to official censorship. Amendments to the press code allowed the Interior Ministry to review all newspaper and magazine articles before publication. In 1992, the president's younger brother
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himself. The day of his accession to power was celebrated annually in
Tunisia as New Era Day. Two of the names given to Ben Ali's rise to the presidency include "the medical coup d'état" and the "Tunisian revolution". Ben Ali favoured the latter. Ben Ali’s assumption of the presidency was in conformity with Article 57 of the Tunisian Constitution. The country had faced 10% inflation, external debt accounting for 46% of GDP and a
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55:
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1161:, Saudi Arabia. Subsequent reports in the media rumoured that Ben Ali was seeking protection in either France or Malta, although a Tunisian pilot who was involved in the arrangement of the flight stated that the plan was "to fly directly to Jeddah", which is also supported by recordings released by the BBC in 2022. Ben Ali and his family were accepted by
889:, creating the Chamber of Advisers. It also allowed the president to run for an unlimited number of five-year terms and amended the upper age limit for a presidential candidate to 75 years old (previously 70). The latter measures were clearly aimed at keeping Ben Ali in office; he faced having to give up the presidency in 2004. He was duly reelected in
720:, declared to a parliamentary committee that "from 1985 to 1987, we organized a coup of sorts in Tunisia, putting president Ben Ali as head of state, replacing Bourguiba who wanted to flee". Bourguiba, although a symbol of anti-colonial resistance, was considered incapable of leading his country any longer, and his reaction to the rising Islamic
655:. He also held a diploma in electronics engineering from a local university. Returning to Tunisia in 1964, he began his professional military career the same year as a Tunisian staff officer. During his time in military service, he established the Military Security Department and directed its operations for 10 years. He briefly served as
1148:, dissolved the government on 14 January 2011, and promised new legislative elections within six months. However, events moved quickly, and it appears the armed forces and key members of the legislature had lost confidence in Ben Ali and had decided to take steps of their own. With power slipping from Ben Ali's grasp, prime minister
976:
lackluster tourism (partly due to some tourists being nervous about flying in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks in New York), better conditions after 2003 helped push growth to about 5% of GDP. For about 20 years after 1987, the GDP annual growth averaged nearly 5%. A report published in July 2010 by the Boston
Consulting Group (
1255:(approximately €50 million, and $ 64 million) that Ben Ali was required to pay. This verdict was dismissed as a "charade" by some Tunisians dissatisfied with the trial and as a "joke" by Ben Ali's lawyer. The sentences were to take immediate effect, although Ben Ali and his wife were living in Saudi Arabia and the
912:, who was harassed and imprisoned for his criticism of Ben Ali. By the dawn of the new millennium, Ben Ali was reckoned as leading one of the most repressive regimes in the world. Under his rule, Tunisia consistently ranked near the bottom of most international rankings for human rights and press freedom.
1227:
On 26 January 2011, the
Tunisian government issued an international arrest warrant for Ben Ali, accusing him of taking money out of the nation illegally and illegally acquiring real estate and other assets abroad, Justice Minister Lazhar Karoui Chebbi said. Videos show that the president stashed cash
844:
was little different from past elections. The RCD swept every seat in the legislature, and Ben Ali appeared alone on the ballot in
Tunisia's first presidential election since 1974. Although opposition parties had been legal since 1981, presidential candidates were required to get endorsements from 30
736:
According to
Martini, the SISMI did not have an operational role in Ben Ali's rise to power, but organised a move to support his new government politically and economically, preventing Tunisia from falling into an open confrontation with fundamentalists, as happened in Algeria in the following years.
1206:
However, this arrangement was very short-lived, because early the following day (15 January 2011), the
Constitutional Council of Tunisia determined that Ben Ali was not "temporarily unable" to exercise his duties and that the presidency was in fact vacant. The arrangements he had made with the Prime
1012:
Committed to fighting poverty at home, Ben Ali instituted reforms, including the
National Solidarity Fund, which slashed the Tunisian poverty rate from 7.4% in 1990 to an estimated 3.8% in 2005. The National Solidarity Fund was part of a dual strategy to fight current and potential terrorism through
1041:
promoting peaceful settlement of conflicts. Tunisia took a middle of the road approach contributing to peacemaking, especially in the Middle East and Africa. Tunisia hosted the first-ever
Palestinian American dialogue. While contributing actively to the Middle East peace process, Tunisian diplomacy
820:
Alan Cowell, a prominent New York Times journalist, believed Ben Ali's initial promises of a more democratic way of ruling the country than had prevailed under
Bourguiba. One of his first acts upon taking office was to loosen restrictions on the press; for the first time state-controlled newspapers
1320:
reported that a Saudi source had confirmed that Ben Ali had indeed sustained severe complications of a stroke and that he was in critical condition. The information has never been confirmed or denied by the Saudi government. However, on 17 June 2011, Ben Ali's attorney, Jean-Yves Leborgne, stated
1250:
for his suspected involvement in some of the country's largest businesses during his 23-year-long reign. On 20 June 2011, Ben Ali and his wife were sentenced to 35 years in prison after being found guilty of theft and unlawful possession of cash and jewelry. The verdict also included a penalty of
975:
As president, Ben Ali instituted economic reforms that increased Tunisia's growth rate and foreign investment. During his administration, Tunisia's per capita GDP more than tripled from $ 1,201 in 1986 to $ 3,786 in 2008. Although growth in 2002 slowed to a 15-year low of 1.9% due to drought and
704:
On the morning of 7 November 1987, doctors attending to President Bourguiba filed an official medical report declaring him medically incapacitated and unable to fulfill the duties of the presidency. Ben Ali, next in line to the presidency, removed Bourguiba from office and assumed the presidency
1013:
economic assistance, development and the rule of law, but also increased opportunities for corruption and clientelism. The fund provided opportunities to those living in impoverished areas and are vulnerable to recruitment by terrorists. It was a critical element in the fight against terrorism.
1218:
Mebazaa took the oath in his office in parliament, swearing to respect the constitution in the presence of his senate counterpart, Abdallal Kallel, and representatives of both houses. It was also announced that the speaker of parliament would occupy the post of president temporarily and that
1084:
Ben Ali's government was considered to have one of the worst human rights records in the world. It largely bucked the trend toward greater democracy in Africa. The level of repression became particularly severe during what would be the last decade of his rule. Ben Ali's government was deemed
1293:
which led to the fall of his government. Many of Ben Ali's family members subsequently also fled the country. On 20 January 2011, Tunisian television reported that 33 members of Ben Ali's family had been arrested in the past week, as they tried to flee the country.
1046:
in 1982–1993, Ben Ali's government tried to moderate the views of that organisation. Tunisia, since the early 1990s, called for a "concerted" international effort against terrorism. It was also a key US partner in the effort to fight global terrorism through the
1016:
However, Tunisia continued to suffer from high unemployment, especially among youth. Left out of the recent prosperity were many rural and urban poor, including small businesses facing the world market. This and the blocking of free speech were the causes of the
935:
indicated that Tunisia had not permitted monitoring of the election by international observers, but that the U.S. was still committed to working with the Ben Ali and the Tunisian government. There also were reports of mistreatment of an opposition candidate.
670:, and served in that position for four years. He also served as the military intelligence chief from 1964 to 1974 and later Director General of national security between December 1977 and 1980 until he was appointed as Minister of Defense. Soon after the
943:
against Ben Ali's government. On 13 January 2011, he announced he would not run for another term in 2014, and pledged steps to improve the economy and loosen restrictions on the press. The following day, however, thousands demonstrated in the center of
1207:
Minister before leaving the country were found to be unconstitutional under article 57 of the constitution. The country's constitutional council, at the time the highest legal authority on constitutional matters, announced the transition saying that
1152:
announced that he would act as head of state during the president's "temporary" absence. With the army surrounding the Presidential Palace in Tunis, Ben Ali and close members of his family hastily left and headed to Laouina airport (annexed to the
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in January 1984, he was reappointed director-general of national security. Ben Ali subsequently served as Minister of State in charge of the interior before being appointed Interior Minister on 28 April 1986 then Prime Minister by President
2030:
3196:
1266:
In November 2016, Ben Ali made a statement via the office of his lawyer, Mounir Ben Salha, acknowledging his regime made "errors, abuses and violations". His statement came as a reaction to the public hearing sessions made by the
1067:
to eradicate poverty and promote social development based on the successful experience of the Tunisian National Solidarity Fund. Ben Ali also played a lead role in the UN's proclaiming 2010 as the International Year of Youth.
878:, Ben Ali became the first Tunisian president to actually face an opponent after the 30-signature requirement was lifted a few months earlier. However, he won a third full term with an implausible 99.4 percent of the vote.
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was deemed "a bit too energetic" by Martini; Bourguiba's threat to execute the suspects might have generated strong negative responses in neighbouring countries. Acting under directives from Italian Prime Minister
4108:
626:
Ben Ali joined the local resistance against French colonial forces and was imprisoned. His expulsion from secondary school was the reason why he never completed his secondary education. He studied at the Sousse
2291:
4165:
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995:(Davos World Economic Forum) ranked Tunisia 1st in Africa and 32nd globally out of 139 countries but it dropped to 40th in 2011/12 as a result of political instability and was not ranked in 2012/13.
821:
published statements from the opposition. Ben Ali also released some political prisoners and granted them with pardons. In 1988, he changed the name of the ruling Destourian Socialist Party to the
3701:
1831:
1203:
went on state television to say "Since the president is temporarily unable to exercise his duties, it has been decided that the prime minister will temporarily exercise the (presidential) duties."
1308:, which works to empower women in Arab states. She has three children: Nesrine, Halima and Mohamed Zine El Abidine. Ben Ali has three daughters from his first marriage: Ghazwa, Dorsaf and Cyrine.
534:
by declaring him incompetent. Ben Ali led an authoritarian regime. He was reelected in several non-democratic elections where he won with enormous majorities, each time exceeding 90% of the vote,
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to 35 years in prison on 20 June 2011 on charges of theft and unlawful possession of cash and jewelry, which was put up for auction. In June 2012, a Tunisian court sentenced him
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1105:. They criticised Tunisian officials for not observing international standards of political rights and interfering with the work of local human rights organisations. In
983:
Steady increases in GDP growth continued through positive trade relations with the European Union, a revitalised tourism industry and sustained agricultural production.
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Other close associates and family members who attempted to leave the country via Tunis-Carthage were prevented from doing so by the army, which had seized the airport.
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1946:
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to life imprisonment for inciting violence and murder and another life sentence by a military court in April 2013 for violent repression of protests in
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to live in Saudi Arabia under the condition that he should keep out of politics. Ben Ali and his family went to exile in Jeddah, the same city where
619:
Ben Ali was born in 1936 to moderate-income parents as the fourth of eleven children in the family. His father worked as a guard at the port city of
3436:
1157:). The military allowed Ben Ali's plane to take off, immediately after which the Tunisian airspace was closed. The presidential plane then left for
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3996:
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980:) listed Tunisia as one of the African "Lions" and indicated the eight such countries account for 70% of the continent's gross domestic product.
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Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2013). "The Other Side of a Neoliberal Miracle: Economic Reform and Political De-Liberalization in Ben Ali's Tunisia".
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that Ben Ali "is not in the state that he's said to be in" and that "a meeting with his client took place under 'normal circumstances'".
825:(RCD), and pushed through constitutional amendments that limited the president to three five-year terms, with no more than two in a row.
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1304:, a group that promotes social integration and provides employment opportunities for the disabled. She was also the president of the
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1824:"Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, Former Tunisian President, Sentenced To 35 Years in Jail For Theft, Unlawful Cash And Jewelry Possession"
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1063:. He took several initiatives to promote solidarity, dialogue and cooperation among nations. Ben Ali initiated the creation of the
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On 17 February 2011, it was reported that Ben Ali had suffered a stroke, and had been hospitalised for an indefinite period.
1009:
According to the Oxford Business Group, Tunisia's economy was likely to grow from 2008 thanks to its diversified industries.
6735:
3413:
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1122:, ranking 144th out of 167 countries studied. In 2008, in terms of freedom of the press, Tunisia was ranked 143 out of 173.
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and jewellery in the president's palace. The gold and jewellery will be redistributed to the people by the government. The
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in 1958. Nevertheless, after being chosen as one among a group of young officers, he was awarded training in France at the
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1942:
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4239:"Nelson Mandela – Speeches – Address by President Nelson Mandela at a banquet in honour of President Ben Ali of Tunisia"
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2004:
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ECOSOC Endorses Decision to Establish World Solidarity Fund to Eradicate Poverty and Promote Social Development
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2722:"Two International Organizations Protest Ongoing Harassment of Tunisian Journalist | Human Rights Watch"
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announced that it was freezing millions of dollars held in bank accounts by his family. On 28 January 2011,
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was tried in absentia in France for laundering the proceeds of drug trafficking, in a case known as the "
948:, demanding Ben Ali's immediate resignation. On 14 January 2011, Ben Ali, his wife and children fled to
6063:
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4963:
3332:"Dans le monde de l'après-11 septembre, seule la paix protège les libertés – Reporters sans frontières"
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1173:, lived in exile until his death in 2003 after being removed from power in 1979 at the end of the
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2584:"Couscous connection. (Tunisian President Zinc el-Abidine Ben Ali's brother on trial in France)"
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477:
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4131:"Past Recipients of Honorary Membership in Maltese Honours and Awards and Date of Conferment"
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987:, increasing foreign investment, improvements in government efficiency and reduction of the
856:
733:, Martini claims to have brokered the accord that led to the peaceful transition of powers.
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2001:"جريدة الدستور : في عيد مولده.. هل فهم زين العابدين بن علي الشعب التونسي حقًا؟ (طباعة"
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issued an arrest warrant for Ben Ali and his six family members, including his wife Leïla.
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Ben Ali and his family were accused of corruption, which was a major contribution to the
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Ganley, Elaine; Charlton, Angela; Keaten, Jamey; Al-Shalchi, Hadeel (14 January 2011).
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coming on 25 October 2009. Ben Ali was the penultimate surviving leader deposed in the
124:
100:
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Recipients of the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
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Tunisia: President Ben Ali stresses need to intensify cooperation to combat terrorism
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Opposition leader who gave TV interview in Paris is beaten by police on his return
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931:, who described the election as "free and fair". However, a spokesperson from the
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The African Challengers: Global Competitors Emerge from the Overlooked Continent
2844:"EA WorldView – Home – Tunisia LiveBlog: Will Ben Ali's "Last Card" Be Trumped?"
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Donald H. Rumsfeld and Peter Rodman meet with Ben Ali in Tunis, in February 2006
978:
The African Challengers: Global Competitors Emerge from the Overlooked Continent
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and Spain before being appointed General Director of National Security in 1977.
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1690:(in French). Department of Justice of Canada. 16 December 2011. Archived from
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3907:"Tunisia's Ben Ali, Autocrat Who Inspired Arab Spring Revolts, Dies in Exile"
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on 19 September 2019 at the age of 83. He was buried on 21 September at the
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In December 2010 and January 2011, riots over unemployment escalated into
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but failed to earn a professional certificate and joined the newly formed
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5023:
4988:
4746:
4740:
4692:
4395:
4385:
3375:"Flight of the dictator: The pilot who flew Tunisia's Ben Ali into exile"
1260:
1052:
904:
Tunisia under Ben Ali had problems with human rights violations, such as
539:
165:
1365:
893:, again by an implausibly high margin—this time 94 percent of the vote.
595:, on 19 September 2019 at the age of 83 after nearly a decade in exile.
6544:
6116:
5863:
5648:
5184:
4948:
4933:
4582:
4301:
3795:"BASMA Association for the Promotion of Employment of Disabled Persons"
3203:
Delinda C. Hanley, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, April 2005
3078:
1056:
780: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
362:
2236:
The Making of the Tunisian Revolution: Contexts, Architects, Prospects
2056:"زين العابدين بن علي... الرئيس الذي حكم تونس 23 عاما وأسقطه بائع خضار"
5043:
4031:
3997:"Tunisia's former president Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali has died: lawyer"
3306:"Tunisie – Droits de l'Homme : après le harcèlement, l'asphyxie"
1429:
721:
647:, and also in the United States at the Senior Intelligence School in
3194:
Tunisia's President Ben Ali Seeks Solidarity in Fight to End Poverty
755:
5955:
5372:
4938:
4027:"Tunisia ex-president Ben Ali buried in Muslim holy city of Medina"
3406:"Secret audio sheds light on toppled dictator's frantic last hours"
1605:
1233:
1219:
elections would be held within a period of between 45 and 60 days.
1166:
863:
is welcomed by Ben Ali at the Presidential Palace in Tunis, in 2000
853:". French television news was blocked in Tunisia during the trial.
693:
648:
562:
4047:"Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour"
3820:
1763:
Ben Ali's Tunisia: Power and Contention in an Authoritarian Regime
5587:
5547:
5503:
National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
4657:
4520:
2346:"Tunisie: la Révolution des "Nouzouh"* n'a pas l'odeur du jasmin"
1623:
1569:
1447:
964:
660:
526:
in October 1987. He assumed the Presidency on 7 November 1987 in
410:
4208:
561:
and their three children. The interim Tunisian government asked
5582:
5392:
4305:
3890:
1551:
1483:
1337:
1325:
1170:
1158:
620:
588:
245:
226:
54:
5205:
3937:"Lawyer: Tunisia's toppled ruler Zine El Abidine Ben Ali dies"
3720:"Ben Ali: My regime 'committed errors, abuses and violations'"
3505:
1093:
and undemocratic by international human rights groups such as
2647:. United Nations Development Department. 2010. Archived from
2582:
2514:"THE WORLD; An Opening In Tunisia, A More Open North Africa?"
1659:
1533:
1519:
1501:
1465:
945:
717:
652:
494:
3817:"First Lady Leila Ben Ali: Activities of the AWO Presidency"
1452:
Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
952:, and a caretaker ruling committee headed by Prime Minister
611:
598:
565:
to issue an international arrest warrant, charging him with
3615:
2913:
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, President of the Tunisian Republic
2753:. United Nations, Tunisian Government. 2009. Archived from
2139:
Zine El Abidine Bin Ali, President of the Tunisian Republic
587:. He served none of those sentences, subsequently dying in
584:
499:; 3 September 1936 – 19 September 2019), commonly known as
908:, highlighted by the official treatment of the journalist
2335:
2333:
1536: : Honorary Companions of Honour with Collar of the
1522: : Collar of the Order of the Grand Conqueror (1992)
3546:
3544:
3542:
2314:. Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com. 7 November 1987.
1037:
During Ben Ali's presidency, Tunisia pursued a moderate
3739:"Tunisia Leader Shaken as Riots Hit Hamlet of Hammamet"
3477:"Tunisia: President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali forced out"
2615:"En Tunisie, une loi contre le cannabis et la jeunesse"
2339:
2330:
1890:"Tunisia's Ben Ali sentenced for incitement to murder"
615:
A young Ben Ali, as a military officer, in Tunis, 1961
5523:
National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
4652:
3639:"As Protests Mount, Tunisia Delays Cabinet Reshuffle"
3539:
2468:"Tunisia, il golpe italiano 'Si', scegliemmo Ben Ali"
507:, was a Tunisian politician who served as the second
4352:
Call by Ben Ali to establish 'World Solidarity Fund'
3508:"Tunisian leader flees amid protests, PM takes over"
3469:
3017:"Global Competitiveness Index, World Economic Forum"
2497:"An Opening In Tunisia, A More Open North Africa?".
1411:
Grand Master of the Order of the Seventh of November
1347:
1042:
has supported the Palestinian cause. As host to the
1005:
meets with Ben Ali in the Oval Office on 18 Feb 2004
651:
and the School for Anti-Aircraft Field Artillery in
482:
385:
Zine El Abidine Ben Haj Hamda Ben Haj Hassen Ben Ali
6416:
3905:Hubbard, Ben; Gladstone, Rick (19 September 2019).
3702:"Tunisians dissatisfied with quick Ben Ali verdict"
2873:
UNdata Record View Per Capita GDP at Current Prices
2406:"Republic of Tunisia Country Assistance Evaluation"
666:In April 1980, Ben Ali was appointed ambassador to
3769:"Ousted Tunisian leader Ben Ali's family arrested"
3582:"Tunisia issues intl warrant for ousted president"
2555:
1071:
573:. A Tunisian court sentenced Ben Ali and his wife
4854:Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity
3967:"Décès de l'ex président Zine El Abidine Ben Ali"
2157:
2155:
1192:A banner demanding the resignation of Ben Ali in
1055:foreign policy, though he improved ties with the
991:presented challenges for the future. The 2010/11
927:to cover the election. The delegation was led by
716:, former head of Italian military secret service
377:School for Anti-Aircraft Field Artillery in Texas
6602:
4515:
3904:
2368:
1144:In response to the protests, Ben Ali declared a
6701:First Class of the Order of the Star of Romania
3819:. Arab Women Organization. 2009. Archived from
2562:. Lanham, Maryland: Stryker-Post Publications.
1688:"Étrangers politiquement vulnérables (Tunisie)"
1222:
2772:
2152:
885:—the first ever held in Tunisia—established a
6402:
5221:
4838:
4638:
4501:
4468:Chairman of the Organisation of African Unity
2382:/moofid.com. 25 February 2011. Archived from
1974:(in Arabic). Islam Message. 15 January 2011.
1311:
3428:
3135:Institute for Security Studies, 1 June 2008
3067:Field Listing: Population Below Poverty Line
2549:
2547:
2210:(in Arabic). BBC News Arabic. 20 June 2011.
2109:
1786:
1390:
1380:18 October Coalition for Rights and Freedoms
1051:. Ben Ali mostly retained his predecessor's
511:from 1987 to 2011. In that year, during the
43:
6691:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles
6626:Democratic Constitutional Rally politicians
3736:
3696:
3694:
3636:
2003:(in Arabic). Al-Dustour. 3 September 2016.
1857:
1125:
919:for a fifth term with 89% of the vote. The
6409:
6395:
5228:
5214:
4845:
4831:
4807:
4645:
4631:
4607:
4508:
4494:
4328:
4105:"Visiting Tunisian President Zine El-Abid"
3608:"Ousted Tunisian president 'stashed' cash"
82:7 November 1987 – 14 January 2011
53:
3737:Kirkpatrick, David D. (13 January 2011).
3675:. Agence France-Presse. 28 January 2011.
3637:Kirkpatrick, David D. (26 January 2011).
3175:The Report: Tunisia 2007: Country Profile
3097:
2553:
2544:
2376:"La révolution par le feu et par un clic"
2284:
2282:
2184:(in Arabic). Ali Tihad. 15 January 2011.
1995:
1993:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1434:Order of the Liberator General San Martín
1396:Grand Master of the Order of Independence
1239:After Ben Ali fled Tunisia following the
1049:Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative
812:Ben Ali with Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister
796:Learn how and when to remove this message
740:
599:Early life, education and military career
145:2 October 1987 – 7 November 1987
3691:
2676:. DPEPA/UNDESA. May 2002. Archived from
2087:(in French). abdijan.net. Archived from
2058:(in Arabic). France24. 18 January 2011.
1486: : Grand Cross of the Order of the
1278:
1187:
1135:
1075:
1028:
997:
971:meeting with Ben Ali on 17 February 2004
963:
895:
855:
827:
807:
692:
610:
602:
3434:
2239:. Oxford University Press. p. 66.
1860:"Ben Ali sentenced to 35 years in jail"
1853:
1851:
1849:
1215:, had been appointed acting president.
1183:
375:Senior Intelligence School in Maryland
14:
6661:Socialist Destourian Party politicians
6603:
4249:from the original on 19 September 2019
4007:from the original on 21 September 2019
3977:from the original on 25 September 2019
3947:from the original on 21 September 2019
3917:from the original on 23 September 2019
3704:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from
3252:"Tunisia | Amnesty International"
2901:The Boston Consulting Group, June 2010
2702:"Win confirms Tunisia leader in power"
2511:
2279:
2050:
2048:
1990:
1940:
1811:
1592:Grand Collar of the State of Palestine
27:President of Tunisia from 1987 to 2011
6390:
5209:
4826:
4626:
4489:
4269:"BOE.es – Documento BOE-A-1991-13147"
4183:"Estrangeiros com Ordens Portuguesas"
4111:from the original on 2 September 2022
4079:"Ces Légions d'honneur controversées"
3853:from the original on 19 February 2011
3749:from the original on 16 November 2016
3679:from the original on 25 November 2020
3649:from the original on 18 November 2018
2728:from the original on 18 February 2011
2612:
2438:"L'Italia dietro il golpe in Tunisia"
2418:from the original on 21 December 2011
2188:from the original on 24 December 2017
2079:
2077:
2062:from the original on 24 December 2017
2033:from the original on 27 November 2020
2007:from the original on 24 December 2017
1978:from the original on 24 December 2017
1966:
1964:
1949:from the original on 24 December 2017
1943:"Ben Ali, le dictateur "bac moins 3""
1922:from the original on 24 December 2017
1682:
1680:
941:a widespread popular protest movement
682:
637:École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr
546:, the latter dying in February 2020.
5513:Syrian Revolution General Commission
4279:from the original on 5 February 2019
3775:from the original on 20 January 2019
3669:"Interpol pursues toppled president"
3562:from the original on 28 January 2011
3487:from the original on 15 January 2011
3416:from the original on 14 January 2022
2965:from the original on 6 December 2010
2724:. Human Rights Watch. 4 April 2000.
2448:from the original on 20 January 2011
2232:
2208:"نبذة عن : زين العابدين بن علي"
1846:
1834:from the original on 20 October 2017
1759:
1755:
1753:
1155:Tunis–Carthage International Airport
1080:Ben Ali's portrait thrown into trash
1065:United Nations World Solidarity Fund
778:adding citations to reliable sources
749:
607:Hammam Sousse, birthplace of Ben Ali
368:Special Military School of Saint Cyr
2695:
2558:The World Today Series: Africa 2012
2214:from the original on 9 January 2018
2045:
1972:"محطات في حياة زين العابدين بن علي"
472:
44:
24:
6741:21st-century presidents of Tunisia
6716:Tunisian emigrants to Saudi Arabia
6711:Deaths from cancer in Saudi Arabia
6636:People expelled from public office
5563:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
5478:Society for Development and Change
4219:from the original on 31 March 2022
4189:from the original on 28 April 2019
4085:from the original on 21 April 2018
3614:. 20 February 2011. Archived from
3552:"Tunisia Swears in Interim Leader"
3435:Edwards, Alex (July–August 2012).
3029:from the original on 25 March 2019
2590:. 28 November 1992. Archived from
2532:from the original on 27 April 2023
2478:from the original on 27 March 2019
2118:from the original on 16 April 2018
2074:
1961:
1677:
1415:
25:
6752:
6726:21st-century Tunisian politicians
6721:20th-century Tunisian politicians
6646:People of the Tunisian revolution
4338:collected news and commentary at
4322:collected news and commentary at
4313:collected news and commentary at
4295:
3588:from the original on 21 June 2013
3403:
2854:from the original on 27 June 2019
2779:"Tunisian president in fifth win"
2625:from the original on 10 June 2021
2162:Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali Biography
2112:"عهد الجنرال زين العابدين بن علي"
1896:from the original on 17 June 2019
1870:from the original on 7 April 2017
1787:Yannick Vely (23 November 2009).
1750:
1738:from the original on 13 June 2018
1044:Palestine Liberation Organization
883:constitutional referendum in 2002
6621:Ambassadors of Tunisia to Poland
6371:
6370:
4806:
4793:
4606:
4593:
4534:
4059:from the original on 22 May 2020
3513:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
3385:from the original on 6 July 2020
2997:from the original on 1 July 2014
2613:Mekki, Thameur (1 August 2018).
2318:from the original on 6 June 2013
1652:
1634:
1616:
1598:
1580:
1562:
1544:
1526:
1512:
1494:
1476:
1458:
1440:
1422:
1364:
1350:
915:On 25 October 2009, Ben Ali was
754:
699:presidential palace of Carthage.
549:On 14 January 2011, following a
515:, he was overthrown and fled to
423:
403:
299:
6164:Libyan civil war (2011–present)
5543:Constitutional Democratic Rally
5408:National Association for Change
5235:
4261:
4231:
4201:
4175:
4155:
4123:
4097:
4071:
4039:
4019:
3989:
3959:
3929:
3898:
3878:
3865:
3849:(in French). 17 February 2011.
3835:
3809:
3787:
3761:
3730:
3712:
3661:
3630:
3600:
3574:
3499:
3397:
3367:
3350:
3324:
3312:from the original on 5 May 2013
3298:
3281:
3270:
3244:
3225:
3206:
3187:
3168:
3145:
3126:
3091:
3072:
3060:
3041:
3009:
2977:
2953:"Global Competitiveness Report"
2945:
2926:
2904:
2885:
2866:
2836:
2814:
2791:
2740:
2714:
2663:
2637:
2606:
2576:
2505:
2490:
2460:
2430:
2398:
2304:
2260:
2226:
2200:
2174:
2130:
2103:
2029:(in Arabic). AlJazeera Arabic.
2019:
1714:"A Coup is reported in Tunisia"
1538:National Order of Merit (Malta)
1199:At about 18:00, Prime Minister
1118:, Tunisia was classified as an
1072:International characterisations
900:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in 2002
823:Democratic Constitutional Rally
765:needs additional citations for
321:
295:
264:Constitutional Democratic Rally
6631:Leaders who took power by coup
5814:Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
3069:CIA, The World Fact Book, 2005
2882:United Nations, 10 August 2010
2411:. World Bank. September 2004.
1934:
1908:
1882:
1780:
1706:
1664:Order of Isabella the Catholic
1385:
1324:Ben Ali died at a hospital in
1259:ignored Tunisia's requests to
13:
1:
6731:Interior ministers of Tunisia
5558:Tunisian General Labour Union
5448:National Transitional Council
5248:Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam
3871:Aljazeera Satellite Channel,
3771:. BBC News. 20 January 2011.
3277:Freedom in the World (report)
3254:. Amnesty.org. Archived from
2512:Cowell, Alan (5 March 1989).
2182:"زين العابدين بن علي في سطور"
1941:Farhat, Mehdi (7 July 2011).
1670:
993:Global Competitiveness Report
553:against his rule, he fled to
542:; he was survived by Egypt's
6641:People convicted in absentia
5789:Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf
5487:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
3308:. Rfi.fr. 16 December 2004.
3112:10.1080/13629395.2012.761475
2554:Dickovick, J. Tyler (2008).
2289:Bourguiba Described in Tunis
1858:Jo Adetunji (20 June 2011).
1628:Order of the Star of Romania
1504: : Grand Cordon of the
1269:Truth and Dignity Commission
1223:Flight and trial in absentia
1024:
840:However, the conduct of the
832:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali and
495:
7:
6706:Deaths from prostate cancer
6686:Tunisian military personnel
6169:Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)
5378:February 14 Youth Coalition
4052:(in German). p. 1586.
3232:Address by Mr. Samir Labidi
3184:Oxford Business Group, 2007
2942:Oxford Business Group, 2010
2788:, BBC News, 26 October 2009
2645:"Arab Parliaments: Tunisia"
1945:(in French). SlateAfrique.
1795:(in French). Archived from
1766:. Oxford University Press.
1644: : Grand Cross of the
1572: : Grand Cross of the
1554: : Grand Cross of the
1343:
745:
697:Portrait of Ben Ali at the
659:in the Tunisian embassy of
641:School of Applied Artillery
483:
372:School of Applied Artillery
10:
6757:
6656:Prime ministers of Tunisia
2671:"Tunisia Votes on Reforms"
1789:"Ben Ali, sans discussion"
1506:Order of the Chrysanthemum
1450: : Grand Star of the
1312:Health condition and death
1129:
959:
686:
257:Socialist Destourian Party
6736:Burials at Jannat al-Baqī
6425:
6366:
6307:
6276:
6218:
6177:
6009:
5606:
5593:General People's Congress
5573:Alliance of Yemeni Tribes
5413:National Democratic Party
5362:
5256:
5243:
5082:
4864:
4802:
4791:
4669:
4602:
4591:
4541:
4532:
4474:
4465:
4457:
4452:
4436:
4427:
4419:
4409:
4403:Prime Minister of Tunisia
4400:
4392:
4382:
4373:
4365:
4360:
3797:. BASMA Association. 2010
3673:The Sydney Morning Herald
3437:"Understanding Dictators"
3334:. Rsf.org. Archived from
3218:25 September 2013 at the
2784:16 September 2023 at the
2114:(in Arabic). Arab Times.
2085:"Zine El Abidine Ben Ali"
1916:"Zine El Abidine Ben Ali"
1574:Order of Ouissam Alaouite
1391:Tunisian national honours
1274:
689:1987 Tunisian coup d'état
458:
454:
444:
436:
416:
398:
393:
389:
381:
361:
332:
272:
252:
237:
215:
192:
187:
183:
171:
159:
149:
138:
133:Prime Minister of Tunisia
131:
118:
106:
86:
75:
68:
64:
52:
41:
34:
6666:Tunisian anti-communists
6251:death of Muammar Gaddafi
5639:Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
5614:Women in the Arab Spring
5443:National Liberation Army
5423:Revolutionary Socialists
5418:National Salvation Front
4376:Minister of the Interior
3079:National Solidarity Fund
2933:Country Coverage Tunisia
1140:Graffiti against Ben Ali
1126:Revolution and overthrow
1103:Protection International
887:two-chambered parliament
484:Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn bin ʿAlī
6418:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
6220:International reactions
5981:Abdul Majeed al-Zindani
5904:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
5784:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
5674:Mohamed Hussein Tantawy
5518:Syrian National Council
5468:Women to drive movement
4699:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
4553:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
4336:Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali
4320:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
4311:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
3450:: 32–37. Archived from
3157:25 January 2021 at the
3053:21 October 2010 at the
2938:8 November 2010 at the
2920:21 October 2010 at the
2916:at Changement.tn, 2009
2848:www.enduringamerica.com
2826:19 October 2017 at the
2803:3 November 2009 at the
2748:"Tunisian Constitution"
2711:, BBC News, 27 May 2002
2167:5 November 2010 at the
2146:21 October 2010 at the
2142:at Changement.tn, 2009
1407:National Order of Merit
1328:, Saudi Arabia, due to
1306:Arab Women Organization
1243:, he and his wife were
1169:, the late dictator of
528:a bloodless coup d'état
465:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
354:Mohamed Zine El Abidine
36:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
18:Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali
6001:Mohammed Ali al-Houthi
5859:Muhammad Naji al-Otari
5458:February 25th Movement
5388:April 6 Youth Movement
4209:"Cancelaria Ordinelor"
3361:2 October 2006 at the
3237:3 October 2011 at the
3180:3 October 2011 at the
3100:Mediterranean Politics
1918:. GlobalSecurity.org.
1662: : Collar of the
1626: : Collar of the
1608:: Grand Collar of the
1556:Order of Saint-Charles
1468: : Collar of the
1286:
1196:
1141:
1081:
1034:
1006:
972:
901:
864:
837:
817:
741:Presidency (1987–2011)
701:
639:in Coëtquidan and the
616:
608:
530:that ousted President
522:Ben Ali was appointed
496:Zīn il-ʿĀbdīn bin ʿAlī
6651:Presidents of Tunisia
6246:military intervention
5996:Abdul-Malik al-Houthi
5971:Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi
5951:United Arab Emirates:
5759:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
4003:. 19 September 2019.
3943:. 19 September 2019.
3292:29 April 2011 at the
3163:Middle East Quarterly
3085:25 March 2012 at the
2911:Ben Ali's biography:
2619:Le Monde diplomatique
2312:"Tunisia New Era Day"
2276:United Nations, 2009.
2267:Tunisian Constitution
2137:Ben Ali's biography:
2027:"زين العابدين بن علي"
1610:Order of Prince Henry
1401:Order of the Republic
1300:was the chair of the
1282:
1213:Speaker of Parliament
1191:
1139:
1095:Amnesty International
1079:
1032:
1001:
967:
899:
859:
831:
811:
729:and Foreign Minister
696:
614:
606:
536:his final re-election
437:Years of service
5894:Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb
5699:Khaled Mohamed Saeed
5624:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
4430:President of Tunisia
4213:canord.presidency.ro
4163:Sovereign Ordonnance
4035:. 21 September 2019.
3726:on 19 November 2016.
3584:. Apnews.myway.com.
3241:United Nations, 2008
3222:United Nations, 2003
3199:26 July 2011 at the
3152:"The Tunisian Model"
3139:20 July 2011 at the
3133:Terrorism in Tunisia
3057:The World Bank, 2008
2990:. www3.weforum.org.
2958:. www3.weforum.org.
2897:16 June 2019 at the
2878:26 July 2011 at the
2594:on 24 September 2015
2272:7 April 2019 at the
2233:Gana, Nouri (2013).
1405:Grand Master of the
1399:Grand Master of the
1184:Succession confusion
1120:authoritarian regime
906:freedom of the press
774:improve this article
672:Tunisian bread riots
557:along with his wife
509:president of Tunisia
298: 1964;
70:President of Tunisia
6671:Critics of Islamism
5986:Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar
5919:Rashid al-Ghannushi
5874:Wael Nader al-Halqi
5764:Mustafa Abdul-Jelil
5654:Ali Jawad al-Sheikh
4168:9 June 2013 at the
4107:. 21 January 2011.
3843:"Ben Ali in a coma"
3708:on 24 January 2013.
3558:. 16 January 2011.
3483:. 14 January 2011.
3381:. 2 February 2017.
2707:31 May 2009 at the
2683:on 21 December 2011
2380:Le Quotidien d'Oran
2350:Témoignage chrétien
2294:1 July 2017 at the
2091:on 24 December 2017
1760:Wolf, Anne (2023).
1726:. 7 November 1987.
1694:on 24 December 2017
1291:Tunisian Revolution
1241:Tunisian revolution
1175:Uganda–Tanzania War
1132:Tunisian Revolution
1019:Tunisian revolution
933:US State Department
929:Benjamin Bounkoulou
851:couscous connection
814:Taha Yassin Ramadan
629:Technical Institute
513:Tunisian revolution
473:زين العابدين بن علي
45:زين العابدين بن علي
6681:Exiled politicians
6292:domestic responses
6277:Domestic reactions
5966:Ali Abdullah Saleh
5909:Mohamed Ghannouchi
5398:Muslim Brotherhood
4717:Mohamed Ghannouchi
4441:Mohamed Ghannouchi
4361:Political offices
4341:The New York Times
4315:Al Jazeera English
4243:www.mandela.gov.za
4185:. 2 October 1995.
3911:The New York Times
3875:, 17 February 2011
3823:on 21 October 2010
3743:The New York Times
3643:The New York Times
2518:The New York Times
2356:on 28 January 2011
2299:The New York Times
2110:Yahya Abu Zekrih.
1799:on 29 October 2009
1719:The New York Times
1646:Order of Good Hope
1558:(7 September 2006)
1432:: Grand Cross of
1287:
1201:Mohamed Ghannouchi
1197:
1150:Mohamed Ghannouchi
1146:state of emergency
1142:
1082:
1035:
1007:
973:
954:Mohamed Ghannouchi
902:
865:
838:
818:
707:debt service ratio
702:
683:Rise to presidency
617:
609:
125:Mohamed Ghannouchi
101:Mohamed Ghannouchi
6598:
6597:
6384:
6383:
5929:Beji Caid Essebsi
5869:Riyad Farid Hijab
5709:Mohamed ElBaradei
5257:Events by country
5203:
5202:
4820:
4819:
4723:Beji Caid Essebsi
4681:Hedi Amara Nouira
4620:
4619:
4571:Beji Caid Essebsi
4484:
4483:
4475:Succeeded by
4453:Diplomatic posts
4447:
4437:Succeeded by
4410:Succeeded by
4383:Succeeded by
3161:by Jerry Sorkin,
2811:, 27 October 2009
2651:on 11 August 2010
2301:, 9 November 1987
2246:978-0-7486-9103-6
1773:978-0-19-286850-3
1470:Order of the Nile
1302:BASMA Association
806:
805:
798:
679:in October 1987.
645:Châlons-sur-Marne
551:month of protests
493:
481:
462:
461:
449:Brigadier general
268:
261:
219:19 September 2019
16:(Redirected from
6748:
6411:
6404:
6397:
6388:
6387:
6374:
6373:
5939:Mohamed Bouazizi
5844:Hassan al-Turabi
5819:Khaled al-Johani
5774:Mohammed Nabbous
5739:Marouf al-Bakhit
5734:King Abdullah II
5533:Foreign fighters
5508:Free Syrian Army
5496:National Command
5491:Regional Command
5230:
5223:
5216:
5207:
5206:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4824:
4823:
4810:
4809:
4797:
4796:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4624:
4623:
4610:
4609:
4597:
4577:Mohamed Ennaceur
4538:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4487:
4486:
4458:Preceded by
4445:
4443:
4420:Preceded by
4393:Preceded by
4366:Preceded by
4358:
4357:
4332:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4179:
4173:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4142:
4136:. Archived from
4135:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4058:
4051:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4012:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3882:
3876:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3722:. Archived from
3716:
3710:
3709:
3698:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3548:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3518:Associated Press
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3441:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3371:
3365:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3302:
3296:
3285:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3248:
3242:
3229:
3223:
3210:
3204:
3191:
3185:
3172:
3166:
3149:
3143:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3095:
3089:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2996:
2989:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2957:
2949:
2943:
2930:
2924:
2908:
2902:
2889:
2883:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2840:
2834:
2833:, 1 October 2009
2818:
2812:
2795:
2789:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2718:
2712:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2569:978-161048-881-5
2561:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2352:. Archived from
2340:Michael, Ayari;
2337:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2308:
2302:
2286:
2277:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2178:
2172:
2159:
2150:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1892:. 13 June 2012.
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1855:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1830:. 20 June 2011.
1820:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1724:Associated Press
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1684:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1488:Legion of Honour
1482:
1480:
1479:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1334:Al-Baqi Cemetery
1257:Saudi government
1251:91 million
1230:Swiss government
1113:
910:Taoufik Ben Brik
801:
794:
790:
787:
781:
758:
750:
731:Giulio Andreotti
657:military attaché
571:drug trafficking
567:money laundering
498:
488:
486:
476:
474:
429:
427:
426:
418:
409:
407:
406:
325:
323:
303:
301:
297:
266:
259:
242:Al-Baqi Cemetery
233:
222:
203:3 September 1936
202:
200:
188:Personal details
174:
162:
143:
121:
109:
89:
80:
57:
48:
47:
46:
32:
31:
21:
6756:
6755:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6676:Tunisian exiles
6601:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6421:
6415:
6385:
6380:
6362:
6303:
6272:
6214:
6173:
6089:Iraqi Kurdistan
6019:Occupy movement
6005:
5976:Tawakkol Karman
5914:Moncef Marzouki
5884:Burhan Ghalioun
5854:Bashar al-Assad
5824:Manal al-Sharif
5754:Muammar Gaddafi
5602:
5358:
5252:
5239:
5234:
5204:
5199:
5078:
4866:
4865:Organisation of
4860:
4851:
4821:
4816:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4788:
4765:Hichem Mechichi
4665:
4654:Prime ministers
4651:
4621:
4616:
4598:
4589:
4588:
4579:(2019; Interim)
4565:Moncef Marzouki
4561:(2011; Interim)
4547:Habib Bourguiba
4539:
4528:
4514:
4480:
4471:
4463:
4448:
4444:
4439:
4433:
4425:
4423:Habib Bourguiba
4415:
4406:
4398:
4388:
4379:
4371:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4280:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4252:
4250:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4222:
4220:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4170:Wayback Machine
4160:
4156:
4146:
4144:
4143:on 4 March 2016
4140:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4114:
4112:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4088:
4086:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4010:
4008:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3950:
3948:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3903:
3899:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3854:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3826:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3735:
3731:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3682:
3680:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3650:
3635:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3591:
3589:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3550:
3549:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3488:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3458:
3457:on 30 July 2013
3454:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3410:BBC News Arabic
3402:
3398:
3388:
3386:
3379:Middle East Eye
3373:
3372:
3368:
3363:Wayback Machine
3355:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3338:on 8 April 2010
3330:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3294:Wayback Machine
3286:
3282:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3239:Wayback Machine
3230:
3226:
3220:Wayback Machine
3211:
3207:
3201:Wayback Machine
3192:
3188:
3182:Wayback Machine
3173:
3169:
3159:Wayback Machine
3150:
3146:
3141:Wayback Machine
3131:
3127:
3096:
3092:
3087:Wayback Machine
3077:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3055:Wayback Machine
3046:
3042:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2940:Wayback Machine
2931:
2927:
2922:Wayback Machine
2909:
2905:
2899:Wayback Machine
2890:
2886:
2880:Wayback Machine
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2828:Wayback Machine
2819:
2815:
2805:Wayback Machine
2798:World datelines
2796:
2792:
2786:Wayback Machine
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2760:on 7 April 2019
2757:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2709:Wayback Machine
2700:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2552:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2510:
2506:
2501:. 5 March 1989.
2496:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2386:on 14 July 2011
2374:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2342:Vincent Geisser
2338:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2296:Wayback Machine
2287:
2280:
2274:Wayback Machine
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2169:Wayback Machine
2160:
2153:
2148:Wayback Machine
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1856:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1828:Huffington Post
1822:
1821:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1758:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1653:
1651:
1635:
1633:
1617:
1615:
1599:
1597:
1581:
1579:
1563:
1561:
1545:
1543:
1527:
1525:
1513:
1511:
1495:
1493:
1477:
1475:
1459:
1457:
1441:
1439:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:Foreign honours
1393:
1388:
1372:Politics portal
1370:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1330:prostate cancer
1314:
1277:
1253:Tunisian dinars
1225:
1186:
1134:
1128:
1116:Democracy Index
1111:
1074:
1027:
962:
956:was announced.
923:sent a team of
802:
791:
785:
782:
771:
759:
748:
743:
709:of 21% of GDP.
691:
685:
677:Habib Bourguiba
601:
532:Habib Bourguiba
490:Tunisian Arabic
424:
422:
404:
402:
394:Military career
376:
374:
370:
357:
328:
327:
324: 1992)
319:
315:
305:
302: 1988)
293:
289:
286:
262:
253:Political party
225:
224:
220:
204:
198:
196:
172:
160:
154:Habib Bourguiba
144:
139:
119:
113:Habib Bourguiba
107:
99:
95:
87:
81:
76:
60:
59:Ben Ali in 2009
42:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6754:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6414:
6413:
6406:
6399:
6391:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6314:
6312:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6286:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6235:
6230:
6224:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6181:
6179:
6178:UN Resolutions
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6154:United Kingdom
6151:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6015:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5991:Sadiq al-Ahmar
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5889:Moaz al-Khatib
5886:
5881:
5879:Maher al-Assad
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5839:Omar al-Bashir
5832:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5807:
5806:
5804:Abbas El Fassi
5801:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5727:
5726:
5724:Bassem Youssef
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5694:Kamal Ganzouri
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5644:Hasan Mushaima
5641:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5617:
5616:
5610:
5608:
5607:Notable people
5604:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5528:Hizb ut-Tahrir
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5461:
5460:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5395:
5390:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5349:Western Sahara
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
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5271:
5266:
5260:
5258:
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5233:
5232:
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5210:
5201:
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5137:
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5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5086:
5084:
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5079:
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5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4870:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4850:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4827:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4759:Elyes Fakhfakh
4756:
4753:Youssef Chahed
4750:
4744:
4738:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4705:Hédi Baccouche
4702:
4696:
4690:
4687:Mohammed Mzali
4684:
4678:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4650:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4627:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4585:(2019–present)
4580:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4513:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4490:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4473:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4438:
4435:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4413:Hédi Baccouche
4411:
4408:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4381:
4372:
4369:Mohammed Mzali
4367:
4363:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4349:
4344:
4333:
4317:
4308:
4297:
4296:External links
4294:
4291:
4290:
4260:
4230:
4200:
4174:
4161:Nomination by
4154:
4122:
4096:
4070:
4038:
4018:
3988:
3958:
3928:
3897:
3877:
3864:
3834:
3808:
3786:
3760:
3729:
3711:
3690:
3660:
3629:
3599:
3573:
3538:
3498:
3468:
3427:
3396:
3366:
3349:
3323:
3297:
3280:
3269:
3243:
3224:
3205:
3186:
3167:
3144:
3125:
3090:
3071:
3059:
3040:
3008:
2976:
2944:
2925:
2903:
2884:
2865:
2835:
2813:
2790:
2771:
2739:
2713:
2694:
2662:
2636:
2605:
2575:
2568:
2543:
2504:
2499:New York Times
2489:
2459:
2429:
2397:
2367:
2329:
2303:
2278:
2259:
2245:
2225:
2199:
2173:
2151:
2129:
2102:
2073:
2044:
2018:
1989:
1960:
1933:
1907:
1881:
1845:
1810:
1779:
1772:
1749:
1705:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1649:
1648:(5 April 1995)
1631:
1613:
1595:
1577:
1559:
1541:
1523:
1509:
1491:
1473:
1455:
1437:
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1397:
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1382:
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1375:
1361:
1345:
1342:
1313:
1310:
1276:
1273:
1224:
1221:
1185:
1182:
1130:Main article:
1127:
1124:
1073:
1070:
1039:foreign policy
1026:
1023:
1003:George W. Bush
961:
958:
869:1994 elections
842:1989 elections
804:
803:
786:September 2024
762:
760:
753:
747:
744:
742:
739:
714:Fulvio Martini
687:Main article:
684:
681:
600:
597:
524:Prime Minister
460:
459:
456:
455:
452:
451:
446:
442:
441:
438:
434:
433:
420:
414:
413:
400:
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390:
387:
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379:
378:
365:
359:
358:
356:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
336:
334:
330:
329:
317:
313:Leïla Trabelsi
311:
310:
309:
308:
291:
287:
282:
281:
280:
279:
276:
274:
270:
269:
254:
250:
249:
248:, Saudi Arabia
239:
235:
234:
223:(aged 83)
217:
213:
212:
210:French Tunisia
194:
190:
189:
185:
184:
181:
180:
178:Hédi Baccouche
175:
169:
168:
163:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
136:
135:
129:
128:
122:
116:
115:
110:
104:
103:
93:Hédi Baccouche
90:
88:Prime Minister
84:
83:
73:
72:
66:
65:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6753:
6742:
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6712:
6709:
6707:
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6188:
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6183:
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6180:
6176:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6159:United States
6157:
6155:
6152:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5945:
5944:Chokri Belaid
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5934:Hamadi Jebali
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5924:Fouad Mebazaa
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5811:Saudi Arabia:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5769:Mahmud Gebril
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5719:Hesham Qandil
5717:
5715:
5714:Mohamed Morsi
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5669:Omar Suleiman
5667:
5665:
5664:Hosni Mubarak
5662:
5659:
5658:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5630:
5629:Ahmed Ouyahia
5627:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5553:Popular Front
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:Saudi Arabia:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5433:Ultras Ahlawy
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5249:
5242:
5238:
5231:
5226:
5224:
5219:
5217:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5196:
5193:
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5178:
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5171:
5168:
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5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
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5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:African Union
5081:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:African Unity
4863:
4859:
4858:African Union
4855:
4848:
4843:
4841:
4836:
4834:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4813:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4784:
4783:Kamel Madouri
4781:
4778:
4777:Ahmed Hachani
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4735:Ali Laarayedh
4733:
4730:
4729:Hamadi Jebali
4727:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4648:
4643:
4641:
4636:
4634:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4613:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4596:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4559:Fouad Mebazaa
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4537:
4531:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4506:
4504:
4499:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4479:
4470:
4469:
4462:
4461:Hosni Mubarak
4456:
4451:
4442:
4432:
4431:
4424:
4418:
4414:
4405:
4404:
4397:
4391:
4387:
4378:
4377:
4370:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4158:
4139:
4132:
4126:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4055:
4048:
4042:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3874:
3868:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3796:
3790:
3774:
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3764:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3618:on 6 May 2021
3617:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3561:
3557:
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3486:
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3404:Nader, Emir.
3400:
3384:
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3376:
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3364:
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3353:
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3333:
3327:
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3295:
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3278:
3273:
3258:on 9 May 2010
3257:
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3048:Tunisia: Data
3044:
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2717:
2710:
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2703:
2698:
2679:
2672:
2666:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2593:
2589:
2588:The Economist
2585:
2579:
2571:
2565:
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2550:
2548:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2500:
2493:
2477:
2473:
2472:la Repubblica
2469:
2463:
2447:
2443:
2442:la Repubblica
2439:
2433:
2414:
2407:
2401:
2385:
2381:
2378:(in French).
2377:
2371:
2355:
2351:
2348:(in French).
2347:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2275:
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2268:
2263:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2171:Biography.com
2170:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1948:
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1937:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1895:
1891:
1885:
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1854:
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1737:
1733:
1729:
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1721:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1666:(25 May 1991)
1665:
1661:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1632:
1629:
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1614:
1611:
1607:
1596:
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1589:
1578:
1575:
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1553:
1542:
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1524:
1521:
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1492:
1489:
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1471:
1467:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1438:
1435:
1431:
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1419:
1410:
1408:
1404:
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1358:Africa portal
1348:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:Leïla Ben Ali
1295:
1292:
1285:
1284:Leïla Ben Ali
1281:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1209:Fouad Mebazaa
1204:
1202:
1195:
1190:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:King Abdullah
1160:
1156:
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1147:
1138:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1109:
1108:The Economist
1104:
1100:
1099:Freedom House
1096:
1092:
1091:authoritarian
1088:
1078:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
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1050:
1045:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1000:
996:
994:
990:
989:trade deficit
986:
985:Privatization
981:
979:
970:
966:
957:
955:
951:
947:
942:
937:
934:
930:
926:
922:
921:African Union
918:
913:
911:
907:
898:
894:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
872:
870:
862:
861:William Cohen
858:
854:
852:
848:
847:Habib Ben Ali
843:
835:
830:
826:
824:
815:
810:
800:
797:
789:
779:
775:
769:
768:
763:This section
761:
757:
752:
751:
738:
734:
732:
728:
727:Bettino Craxi
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
700:
695:
690:
680:
678:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
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646:
642:
638:
634:
633:Tunisian Army
630:
624:
622:
613:
605:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:Leïla Ben Ali
556:
552:
547:
545:
544:Hosni Mubarak
541:
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514:
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431:Tunisian Army
421:
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258:
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247:
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238:Resting place
236:
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218:
214:
211:
207:
206:Hammam Sousse
195:
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182:
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71:
67:
63:
56:
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40:
33:
30:
19:
6505:Belhaj Kacem
6417:
6333:Saudi Arabia
6054:Burkina Faso
5962:
5950:
5903:
5900:
5850:
5835:
5829:Nimr al-Nimr
5810:
5795:
5780:
5750:
5730:
5704:Essam Sharaf
5684:Ahmed Shafik
5660:
5635:
5620:
5569:
5539:
5484:
5464:
5454:
5439:
5384:
5369:
5329:Saudi Arabia
5246:
5033:
4785:(since 2024)
4771:Najla Bouden
4711:Hamed Karoui
4698:
4675:Bahi Ladgham
4552:
4478:Meles Zenawi
4466:
4428:
4401:
4374:
4339:
4325:The Guardian
4323:
4283:19 September
4281:. Retrieved
4272:
4263:
4253:19 September
4251:. Retrieved
4242:
4233:
4223:19 September
4221:. Retrieved
4212:
4203:
4191:. Retrieved
4177:
4157:
4145:. Retrieved
4138:the original
4125:
4113:. Retrieved
4099:
4087:. Retrieved
4073:
4061:. Retrieved
4041:
4030:
4021:
4011:19 September
4009:. Retrieved
4000:
3991:
3981:19 September
3979:. Retrieved
3970:
3961:
3951:19 September
3949:. Retrieved
3940:
3931:
3921:19 September
3919:. Retrieved
3910:
3900:
3889:
3886:"Forbes.com"
3880:
3872:
3867:
3855:. Retrieved
3846:
3837:
3825:. Retrieved
3821:the original
3811:
3799:. Retrieved
3789:
3777:. Retrieved
3763:
3751:. Retrieved
3742:
3732:
3724:the original
3714:
3706:the original
3681:. Retrieved
3672:
3663:
3653:19 September
3651:. Retrieved
3642:
3632:
3620:. Retrieved
3616:the original
3611:
3602:
3590:. Retrieved
3576:
3564:. Retrieved
3555:
3529:. Retrieved
3511:
3501:
3489:. Retrieved
3480:
3471:
3459:. Retrieved
3452:the original
3447:
3443:
3430:
3418:. Retrieved
3409:
3399:
3387:. Retrieved
3378:
3369:
3352:
3340:. Retrieved
3336:the original
3326:
3314:. Retrieved
3300:
3283:
3272:
3260:. Retrieved
3256:the original
3246:
3227:
3208:
3189:
3170:
3162:
3147:
3128:
3106:(1): 23–41.
3103:
3099:
3093:
3074:
3062:
3043:
3031:. Retrieved
3011:
2999:. Retrieved
2985:"GCR Report"
2979:
2967:. Retrieved
2947:
2928:
2912:
2906:
2887:
2868:
2858:19 September
2856:. Retrieved
2847:
2838:
2830:
2816:
2809:Deseret News
2808:
2793:
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2755:the original
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2716:
2697:
2685:. Retrieved
2678:the original
2665:
2653:. Retrieved
2649:the original
2639:
2627:. Retrieved
2618:
2608:
2596:. Retrieved
2592:the original
2587:
2578:
2557:
2534:. Retrieved
2517:
2507:
2498:
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2471:
2462:
2450:. Retrieved
2441:
2432:
2420:. Retrieved
2400:
2388:. Retrieved
2384:the original
2370:
2358:. Retrieved
2354:the original
2320:. Retrieved
2306:
2298:
2262:
2250:. Retrieved
2235:
2228:
2216:. Retrieved
2202:
2190:. Retrieved
2176:
2138:
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2089:the original
2064:. Retrieved
2035:. Retrieved
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
1980:. Retrieved
1951:. Retrieved
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1864:The Guardian
1863:
1836:. Retrieved
1827:
1801:. Retrieved
1797:the original
1792:
1782:
1762:
1740:. Retrieved
1717:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1692:the original
1642:South Africa
1323:
1315:
1296:
1288:
1271:in Tunisia.
1265:
1246:
1238:
1226:
1217:
1205:
1198:
1179:
1143:
1106:
1083:
1061:Muslim world
1036:
1015:
1011:
1008:
982:
977:
974:
969:Colin Powell
950:Saudi Arabia
938:
914:
903:
880:
873:
866:
839:
834:Carlos Menem
819:
792:
783:
772:Please help
767:verification
764:
735:
711:
703:
665:
625:
618:
593:Saudi Arabia
580:
574:
555:Saudi Arabia
548:
521:
517:Saudi Arabia
504:
500:
464:
463:
231:Saudi Arabia
221:(2019-09-19)
173:Succeeded by
140:
120:Succeeded by
97:Hamed Karoui
77:
29:
6616:2019 deaths
6611:1936 births
6033:Azerbaijan
5799:Mohammed VI
5781:Mauritania:
5744:Samir Rifai
5689:Wael Ghonim
5679:Ahmed Nazif
5455:Mauritania:
5428:Shayfeencom
5237:Arab Spring
5140:Hailemariam
4779:(2023–2024)
4773:(2021–2023)
4767:(2020–2021)
4755:(2016–2020)
4749:(2015–2016)
4747:Habib Essid
4743:(2014–2015)
4741:Mehdi Jomaa
4737:(2013–2014)
4731:(2011–2013)
4719:(1999–2011)
4713:(1989–1999)
4707:(1987–1989)
4695:(1986–1987)
4693:Rachid Sfar
4689:(1980–1986)
4683:(1970–1980)
4677:(1969–1970)
4573:(2014–2019)
4567:(2011–2014)
4555:(1987–2011)
4549:(1957–1987)
4396:Rachid Sfar
4386:Habib Ammar
4302:Appearances
4193:2 September
3857:17 February
3753:28 February
3683:20 February
3444:The Majalla
3165:(Fall 2001)
2218:24 December
2192:24 December
2122:24 December
2095:24 December
2066:24 December
2037:19 November
2011:24 December
1982:24 December
1953:24 December
1926:24 December
1874:18 December
1838:18 February
1793:Paris-Match
1698:24 December
1386:Decorations
1247:in absentia
1087:dictatorial
1053:pro-western
581:in absentia
576:in absentia
540:Arab Spring
267:(1988–2011)
260:(1986–1988)
166:Rachid Sfar
161:Preceded by
108:Preceded by
6605:Categories
6430:Ghannouchi
6311:by country
5864:Adel Safar
5649:Ali Salman
5309:Mauritania
5180:Tshisekedi
5145:Abdel Aziz
5059:Bouteflika
4904:Boumédiène
4583:Kais Saied
4517:Presidents
4472:1994–1995
4434:1987–2011
4380:1986–1987
4354:UN Website
4273:www.boe.es
4063:1 November
3971:MosaiqueFM
3827:14 October
3801:14 October
3592:30 January
3566:30 January
3556:Al Jazeera
3531:14 January
3491:15 January
3420:14 January
3342:31 January
3316:31 January
3262:31 January
3033:31 January
2764:14 October
2732:14 January
2687:14 October
2655:14 October
2629:1 November
2482:15 January
2452:15 January
2422:31 January
2322:31 January
1866:. London.
1671:References
1318:Al Jazeera
917:re-elected
399:Allegiance
363:Alma mater
284:Naïma Kefi
199:1936-09-03
6540:El Gharbi
6525:M'Dhaffar
6485:Chalghoum
6465:Ben Salem
6309:Timelines
6241:civil war
6142:2011–2012
5324:Palestine
5195:Ghazouani
5190:Assoumani
5175:Ramaphosa
5125:Mutharika
5074:Mwanawasa
5019:Babangida
4944:Ramgoolam
4924:Hassan II
4032:France 24
3612:Euro News
3526:1539-7459
3120:154822868
2526:0362-4331
1732:0362-4331
1588:Palestine
1430:Argentina
1261:extradite
1025:Diplomacy
925:observers
722:integrism
712:In 1999,
478:romanized
440:1958–1980
382:Full name
150:President
141:In office
127:(interim)
78:In office
6570:Ouederni
6480:Malouche
6455:El Basti
6435:Ben Dhia
6376:Category
6124:Portugal
6099:Maldives
5956:UAE Five
5901:Tunisia:
5796:Morocco:
5636:Bahrain:
5621:Algeria:
5578:Al-Islah
5540:Tunisia:
5373:Al Wefaq
5370:Bahrain:
5274:Djibouti
5100:Obasanjo
5095:Chissano
5054:Compaoré
5014:Museveni
4979:Mengistu
4894:Selassie
4874:Selassie
4856:and the
4277:Archived
4247:Archived
4217:Archived
4187:Archived
4172:(French)
4166:Archived
4109:Archived
4083:Archived
4054:Archived
4005:Archived
4001:euronews
3975:Archived
3945:Archived
3915:Archived
3873:Newshour
3851:Archived
3847:Le Monde
3773:Archived
3747:Archived
3677:Archived
3647:Archived
3622:10 April
3586:Archived
3560:Archived
3485:Archived
3414:Archived
3383:Archived
3359:Archived
3310:Archived
3290:Archived
3235:Archived
3216:Archived
3197:Archived
3178:Archived
3155:Archived
3137:Archived
3083:Archived
3051:Archived
3024:Archived
2992:Archived
2960:Archived
2936:Archived
2918:Archived
2895:Archived
2876:Archived
2852:Archived
2831:Menassat
2824:Archived
2801:Archived
2782:Archived
2726:Archived
2705:Archived
2623:Archived
2536:27 April
2530:Archived
2476:Archived
2446:Archived
2413:Archived
2390:14 March
2360:14 March
2344:(2011).
2316:Archived
2292:Archived
2270:Archived
2212:Archived
2186:Archived
2165:Archived
2144:Archived
2116:Archived
2060:Archived
2031:Archived
2005:Archived
1976:Archived
1947:Archived
1920:Archived
1894:Archived
1868:Archived
1832:Archived
1736:Archived
1606:Portugal
1344:See also
1234:Interpol
1167:Idi Amin
746:Politics
649:Maryland
563:Interpol
417:Service/
333:Children
6575:Jaidane
6520:Zenaidi
6510:Bououni
6495:Tekkari
6490:Morjane
6440:Mansour
6420:cabinet
6318:Bahrain
6263:Tunisia
6228:Bahrain
6138:Turkey
6108:Mexico
6049:Belarus
6029:Armenia
6024:Albania
5731:Jordan:
5588:Houthis
5548:Ennahda
5344:Tunisia
5314:Morocco
5299:Lebanon
5269:Bahrain
5264:Algeria
5120:Gaddafi
5115:Kikwete
5105:Nguesso
5069:Chiluba
5064:Eyadéma
5034:Ben Ali
5029:Mubarak
5009:Mubarak
4994:Nguesso
4984:Nyerere
4969:Stevens
4964:Senghor
4959:Tolbert
4954:Nimeiry
4884:Nkrumah
4658:Tunisia
4521:Tunisia
4147:1 April
4115:1 April
4089:1 April
3779:20 June
3461:4 April
3389:6 March
1900:20 June
1624:Romania
1570:Morocco
1448:Austria
1114:s 2010
960:Economy
867:At the
836:in 1997
816:in 1988
661:Morocco
501:Ben Ali
480::
411:Tunisia
348:Nesrine
326:
318:
304:
292:
288:
273:Spouses
6585:Tekaya
6580:Baccar
6555:Zouari
6535:Hadhri
6530:Omrane
6500:Chelbi
6475:Hamada
6470:Agrebi
6460:Jouini
6450:Labidi
6288:Libya
6237:Libya
6185:65/265
6129:Russia
6094:Israel
6068:India
6064:Greece
6011:Impact
5963:Yemen:
5851:Syria:
5836:Sudan:
5751:Libya:
5661:Egypt:
5598:Hiraak
5583:Hashid
5570:Yemen:
5485:Syria:
5473:CDHRAP
5440:Libya:
5393:Kefaya
5385:Egypt:
5363:Groups
5294:Kuwait
5289:Jordan
5165:Kagame
5150:Mugabe
5130:Obiang
5110:Kufuor
5049:Mugabe
5004:Traoré
4999:Kaunda
4919:Daddah
4914:Kaunda
4909:Ahidjo
4899:Mobutu
4889:Ankrah
4879:Nasser
4761:(2020)
4725:(2011)
4701:(1987)
4446:Acting
4306:C-SPAN
3891:Forbes
3524:
3118:
3001:7 July
2969:7 July
2598:14 May
2566:
2524:
2252:13 May
2243:
1770:
1730:
1657:
1639:
1630:(2003)
1621:
1612:(1995)
1603:
1594:(1996)
1585:
1576:(1987)
1567:
1552:Monaco
1549:
1540:(2005)
1531:
1517:
1508:(1996)
1499:
1490:(1989)
1484:France
1481:
1472:(1990)
1463:
1454:(2003)
1445:
1436:(1997)
1427:
1338:Medina
1326:Jeddah
1275:Family
1263:them.
1245:tried
1211:, the
1194:French
1171:Uganda
1159:Jeddah
1101:, and
668:Poland
621:Sousse
589:Jeddah
505:Ezzine
469:Arabic
428:
419:branch
408:
351:Halima
345:Cyrine
342:Dorsaf
339:Ghazwa
246:Medina
227:Jeddah
6590:Jomaa
6565:Slama
6560:Chihi
6550:Ourak
6545:Tleti
6515:Grira
6445:Ammar
6358:Egypt
6353:Libya
6348:Yemen
6343:Yemen
6338:Syria
6328:Libya
6323:Egypt
6299:Syria
6284:Egypt
6268:Yemen
6258:Syria
6233:Egypt
6134:Spain
6059:China
5354:Yemen
5339:Syria
5334:Sudan
5304:Libya
5279:Egypt
5160:Condé
5090:Mbeki
5039:Meles
5024:Diouf
4989:Diouf
4949:Bongo
4934:Barre
4929:Gowon
4407:1987
4141:(PDF)
4134:(PDF)
4057:(PDF)
4050:(PDF)
3455:(PDF)
3440:(PDF)
3116:S2CID
3081:2009
3027:(PDF)
3020:(PDF)
2995:(PDF)
2988:(PDF)
2963:(PDF)
2956:(PDF)
2758:(PDF)
2751:(PDF)
2681:(PDF)
2674:(PDF)
2416:(PDF)
2409:(PDF)
1803:2 May
1742:2 May
1660:Spain
1534:Malta
1520:Libya
1502:Japan
1466:Egypt
1112:'
946:Tunis
718:SISMI
653:Texas
320:(
316:
294:(
290:
6210:2016
6205:2014
6200:2009
6195:1973
6190:1970
6147:2013
6117:2012
6112:2011
6104:Mali
6084:Iran
6077:2012
6072:2011
6042:2013
6037:2011
5319:Oman
5284:Iraq
5185:Sall
5170:Sisi
5155:Déby
5135:Boni
5044:Biya
4939:Amin
4812:List
4662:List
4612:List
4525:List
4285:2019
4255:2019
4225:2019
4195:2022
4149:2018
4117:2018
4091:2018
4065:2012
4013:2019
3983:2019
3953:2019
3941:CNBC
3923:2019
3859:2011
3829:2010
3803:2010
3781:2018
3755:2017
3685:2020
3655:2019
3624:2011
3594:2011
3568:2011
3533:2011
3522:ISSN
3493:2011
3463:2013
3448:1574
3422:2022
3391:2023
3344:2013
3318:2013
3264:2013
3035:2013
3003:2021
2971:2021
2860:2019
2766:2010
2734:2011
2689:2010
2657:2010
2631:2020
2600:2015
2564:ISBN
2538:2023
2522:ISSN
2484:2011
2454:2011
2424:2013
2392:2011
2362:2011
2324:2013
2254:2015
2241:ISBN
2220:2017
2194:2017
2124:2017
2097:2017
2068:2017
2039:2020
2013:2017
1984:2017
1955:2017
1928:2017
1902:2018
1876:2016
1840:2020
1805:2010
1768:ISBN
1744:2010
1728:ISSN
1700:2017
1059:and
1057:Arab
891:2004
876:1999
585:Sfax
569:and
445:Rank
300:div.
216:Died
193:Born
5402:FJP
4974:Moi
4656:of
4519:of
4304:on
3481:BBC
3108:doi
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