Zamoyski family entail

52: 243:, headed by Sobiepan's sister Joanna Koniecpolska, also demanded their share of the estate. A legal war ensued in which Joanna Koniecpolska seized the fee tail, ruling it until her death in 1672. The estate remained in the hands of the Koniecpolski family until 1674, when the Sejm ordered that the estate should be transferred to 452:

were rented to private owners, and the management of the forests took on a planned shape. In the mid-19th century, the estate had an area of 373,723 hectares, and its population was 107,764, with nine towns, 291 villages, 116 folwarks, 41 mills, eight breweries, seven distilleries and several other

267:

Marcin Zamoyski took control of the estate in 1676, becoming one of the wealthiest landowners of Europe. The fee remained in the hands of his family until its end in 1944 - 1945. Zamoyski turned out to be a skillful owner, and the property flourished under his management. In 1688 he ordered the map

543:

officially remained in his post, but all decisions were taken by the Germans, who were very efficient, introducing mechanization. Soon it turned out however, that above all the Germans were interested in exploitation of the fee tail, especially its forests. It was due to efforts of the Polish

539:, whose units in October 1939 withdrew eastwards, leaving the estate in the hands of the Nazis. Short Soviet rule was marked by widespread looting by local peasants. In the late 1939 German occupational authorities established control over the estate. The 16th ordynat 569:, while 54,00 hectares of forests of the Zamoyski State were administered by the national government. Formally, the Zamoyski Family Fee Tail ceased to exist on 21 February 1945. The last owner of the estate, Jan Tomasz Zamoyski was imprisoned in 215:

As the statute stipulated, the estate continued to be inherited in full by the eldest son of the ordynat. Each time the new owner was approved by the king, and all financial arguments in the family were to be solved by the Polish Parliament

483:

the estate was a well-functioning enterprise, with 156 folwarks divided into three keys. The fee tail had several factories, and its own narrow gauge rail line. The war devastated the estate, and further destruction was brought on by the

524:. Due to poor management, its debt increased and profits decreased, so Tomasz Zamoyski sold more than 30,000 hectares of forest to the government. The estate did not become profitable until the mid-1930s, and before the outbreak of 304:, as well as 157 villages. Furthermore, Zamoyski owned glass and iron works, breweries, mills and other enterprises. Marcin Zamoyski closely cooperated with King Sobieski, which resulted in him being nominated the 464:, the area of the estate was reduced, as well as its income, since peasants ceased to pay their feudal obligations. Nevertheless, due to skillful management, the fee tail was profitable, allowing the 14th ordynat 560:

entered the area of Zamość, the estate had the area of 59,054 hectares, and was a well-functioning, profitable enterprise. Its existence came to an end on 6 September 1944, when a land reform was declared by the

160:. At the moment of its creation, this estate consisted of two towns and thirty nine villages. At the end of Zamoyski's life it included as many as 23 towns and together with 816 villages, it was called the 207:, printing shop, and court. Due to its wealth, economic, and administrative independence Ordynacja Zamojska has been considered a state within a state, with large parts of it covered by extensive forests. 413:

was being transferred to the Polish government (the transfer itself was not completed until 1821, when the fortress together with the town of Zamość officially became property of the government of

769: 251:

disagreed with the decision and used his private army to try and prevent Zamoyski from taking control over the estate. In the end Koniecpolski gave up, as Zamoyski had the supported of the local

577:, and the Communists stole family's treasure, hidden in a secret room at the Klemensow Castle. Zamoyski himself with family was ordered to stay away from the estate, so he left to 370:, invited some 100 native German families to settle in the estate. In return, the Emperor in 1786 confirmed the statute of the fee tail, and its legal and territorial separation. 496:, the 15th ordynat, actively supported Poland's fight for independence, and in the 1922 presidential elections he was a candidate of the conservative parties, running against 436:, introduced several changes to the estate. In 1833, he created the Central Office of Goods and Businesses of the Zamoyski Family, as well as General Administration Office in 373:

In the 1790s, when the Commonwealth ceased to exist, the estate's future existence depended on the good will of both Austrian and Imperial Russian courts. The 10th ordynat,

28: 766: 440:. Zamoyski divided the office into four departments (legal, administrative, political and economic), each with its own manager. At the same time, 429:, the 11th ordynat, opened in Warsaw a public Library of the Zamoyski Fee Tail, which was based on the Zamojski Academy, closed down in 1784. 469: 324:. After the conflict, its owners tried to rebuild the Zamość Estate, establishing new settlements and supporting trade. The 7th ordynat, 137:. Ordynat was the title of the principal heir of an ordynacja, and each new ordynat was obliged to uphold the statute of the fee tail. 528:, its area was 56,199 hectares, with brickyards, sawmills, a brewery, a sugar refinery at Klemensow, and several other enterprises. 17: 911:

Orłowski R., Ordynacja Zamojska w "Zamość i Zamojszczyzna w dziejach i kulturze polskiej", pod red. K. Myślińskiego, Zamość 1969.

562: 905:

Horodyski B., Zarys dziejów Biblioteki Ordynacji Zamojskiej w "Księga Pamiątkowa ku czci Kazimierza Piekarskiego", Wrocław 1951.

581:, to be imprisoned again and finally released in 1956. One of Communist agents who tortured him at Warsaw prison was Polish Jew 937: 883: 871: 859: 847: 835: 823: 801: 721: 285: 192:

in 1579 was some 330,000 zlotys). According to another source, Jan Zamoyski's estates generated a revenue of over 200,000

133:). Ordynacja was an economic institution for the governing of landed property introduced in the late 16th century by King 984: 899:

Tarnawski A., Działalność gospodarcza Jana Zamoyskiego. Kanclerza i Hetmana Wielkiego Koronnego (1572-1605), Lwów 1905.

733: 355: 248: 122: 76: 565:. Soon afterwards, parts of the estate were divided between 1,208 families. The remaining land was transferred to the 118: 812: 744: 974: 548:

were saved. During the war, the estate lost its collection of historic books, as its Warsaw library was destroyed,

385:(1795), the whole estate found itself under Austrian rule. In the late 18th century, August Zamoyski established a 236: 169: 98: 84: 632: 367: 611: 409:, and the estate was once again divided. In 1812, its capital was moved from Zamość to Zwierzyniec, as the 362:. Austrian authorities confirmed legal status of the fee tail, but its division made management difficult. 228: 224: 674: 979: 457: 688: 667: 465: 374: 426: 382: 273: 453:

enterprises. Altogether, the profits of the fee tail were estimated at 1.4 million zlotys annually.

969: 954: 695: 493: 359: 625: 589: 111: 566: 398: 813:

Landscape Interfaces: Cultural Heritage in Changing Landscapes, edited by Hannes Palang, page 77

756:

Landscape Interfaces: Cultural Heritage in Changing Landscapes, edited by Hannes Palang, page 77

745:

Landscape Interfaces: Cultural Heritage in Changing Landscapes, edited by Hannes Palang, page 77

492:

captured Klemensow. Altogether, the losses of the estate were estimated at 8.5 million roubles.

639: 545: 521: 325: 786: 472:, together with the neglected library. Among most important items kept in the library was the 232: 149:

estate. At the beginning, Jan Zamoyski had four villages, which he inherited from his father,

908:

Orłowski R., Działalność społeczno-gospodarcza Andrzeja Zamoyskiego (1757-1792), Lublin 1965.

755: 574: 146: 157: 917:

Zielińska T., Ordynacje w dawnej Polsce w "Przegląd Historyczny", T.68, z.1, Warszawa 1977.

902:

Glatman L., Sukcesorów imć Pana Ordynata Marcina Zamoyskiego spór o ordynację, Zamość 1921.

410: 351: 145:

Chronologically, Ordynacja Zamojska was the second fee tail in the Commonwealth, after the

520:

In 1922, the fee tail had the area of 190,279 hectares, and was the largest estate of the

297: 8: 702: 540: 473: 378: 354:(1772) divided the estate into two parts. Four towns and 39 villages remained within the 240: 681: 653: 532: 497: 433: 337: 321: 309: 51: 933: 485: 256: 926:

Bender R., Reforma czynszowa w Ordynacji Zamoyskiej w latach 1833-1864, Lublin 1995.

277: 83:, the richest aristocratic family in Poland. It was established upon the request of 660: 646: 363: 204: 220:). In the course of the time, the arguments over the property became commonplace. 773: 618: 604: 489: 461: 414: 406: 244: 80: 64: 40: 168:). Its total area was app. 17,500 km., and it included estates both in the 582: 963: 289: 203:

town of Zamość, a private fortress of Jan Zamoyski with its own college, the

134: 44: 239:) regarded herself as the heiress of Zamoyski fortune. At the same time the 597: 525: 402: 193: 185: 94: 90: 32: 293: 920:

Witusik A. A., O Zamoyskich, Zamościu i Akademii Zamoyskiej, Lublin 1978.

509: 480: 437: 345: 329: 200: 177: 949: 884: