1548:
703:
29:
789:. There they "discussed where the dwarfs had been generated from in the soil and down in the earth like maggots in flesh. The dwarfs had taken shape first and acquired life in the flesh of Ymir and were then maggots, but by decision of the gods they became conscious with intelligence and had the shape of men though they live in the earth and in rocks". Stanzas from
509:, and that these drops grew until they became a jötunn, and from this being descends the jötnar. Finally, Odin asks how this being begat children, as he did not know the company of a female jötunn, to which Vafþrúðnir responds that from beneath the ancient jötunn's armpits together a girl and a boy grew, and his feet together produced a six-headed jötunn.
718:. From her teats flowed four rivers of milk, and from it fed Ymir. Gangleri asks what the cow fed from, and High responds that the cow licked salty rime-stones. The first day Auðumbla licked the rime stones it uncovered that evening the hair of a man. The second day it uncovered his head. The third day a man was uncovered from the ice. This man was named
872:, we may think that Snorri followed the better version of Vǫluspá" and, regarding Snorri's account of the cosmogenesis in general, that "from these sketches of the poetic sources from which he chiefly drew it is obvious that Snorri described several incidents which cannot be traced to them, at least in their extant forms".
1065:
Adams and
Mallory write that "In both cosmogonic myth and the foundation element of it, one of the central aspects is the notion of sacrifice (of a brother, giant, bovine, etc.). The relationship between sacrifice and cosmogony was not solely that of a primordial event but the entire act of sacrifice
752:
Gangleri asks what, if High, Just-As-High, and Third believe the trio to be gods, what the three did then. High says that the trio took the body into the middle of
Ginnungagap and from his flesh fashioned the Earth, from his blood the sea and lakes, from his bones rocks, scree and stones his teeth,
673:
coldness and all things grim, so what was facing close to
Muspell was hot and bright, but Ginunngagap was as mild as a windless sky". Third adds that when the rime and hot air met, it thawed and dripped, and the liquid intensely dropped. This liquid fell into the shape of a man, and so he was named
1061:
was dissected; from his eye comes the sun, from his mouth fire, from his breath wind, from his feet the earth, and so on. Among surviving sources, Adams and
Mallory summarize that "the most frequent correlations, or better, derivations, are the following: Flesh = Earth, Bone = Stone, Blood = Water
753:
molars, and bones. Just-As-High adds that from his gushing wounds they created the sea that surrounds the Earth. Third says that the trio took his skull and placed it above the Earth and from it made the sky. They placed the sky above the earth, and, to hold up the sky, they placed four dwarfs –
970:
By way of historical linguistics and comparative mythology, scholars have linked Ymir to other primordial, sometimes hermaphroditic or twin beings in other Indo-European mythologies and have reconstructed elements of a Proto-Indo-European cosmological dissection. Citing Ymir as a prime example,
765:
Gangleri comments that what he has just heard is remarkable, as the construction is both immense and made with great skill, and asks how the earth was arranged. High replies that the world is circular, and around it lies the depths of the sea. Along the shore the gods gave land to the jötnar.
672:
Just-As-High adds that the northern part of
Ginnungagap was heavy with ice and rime, and vapor and blowing came inward from this. Yet the southern part of Ginunngagap was clear on account of the sparks and molten flecks flying from Muspell. Third assesses that "just as from Niflheim there was
452:
in a game of wits. Odin asks Vafþrúðnir to tell him, if Vafþrúðnir's knowledge is sufficient, the answer to a variety of questions. In the first of which that refers to Ymir, Odin asks from where first came the Earth and the sky. The jötunn responds with a creation account involving Ymir:
757:– at its four corners. The trio took the molten particles and sparks that flew from Muspell and "they fixed all the lights, some in the sky, some moved in a wandering course beneath the sky, but they appointed them positions and ordained their courses". Third cites a stanza from
1066:
among the Indo-Europeans might be seen as a re-creation of the universe where elements were being continuously recycled. ... Sacrifice thus represents a creative re-enactment of the initial cosmic dismemberment of a victim and it helps return the material stuff to the world".
867:
comments (1964) that "at the beginning, according to Snorri's text of the poem, there was nothing but a void, although according to other texts, the giant Ymir existed already then. Considering how Ymir (Aurgelmir) was said to have taken shape, both Snorri and the
738:. High adds that "Odin and his brothers must be the rulers of heaven and earth; it is our opinion that this must be what he is called. This is the name of one who is the greatest and most glorious that we know, and you would well to agree to call him that too".
694:
Gangleri asks how generations grew from Ymir, how other beings came into existence, and if Ymir was considered a god. High says that Ymir was no god, and "he was evil and all his descendants." High explains that Ymir is the ancestor of all jötnar (specifically
979:
comment that "the cosmogonic myth is centered on the dismemberment of a divine being – either anthropomorphic or bovine – and the creation of the universe out of its various elements". Further examples cited include the climactic ending of the
1082:
tossed into the sky by the god Thor, the eyes in the prior case becoming stars and the toe in the latter case becoming a star known as "Aurvandil's Toe". Davidson comments that "these myths are evidently connected with names of
162:) from his flesh, from his blood the ocean, from his bones the mountains, from his hair the trees, from his brains the clouds, from his skull the heavens, and from his eyebrows the middle realm in which mankind lives,
761:
in support, stating that by ways of these sky lights days and years were reckoned and counted, and that the stanza reflects that the cosmological bodies did not know their places prior to the creation of earth.
201:, and details that, upon Ymir's death, his blood caused an immense flood. Scholars have debated as to what extent Snorri's account of Ymir is an attempt to synthesize a coherent narrative for the purpose of the
496:
As the verbal battle continues, a few more exchanges directly refer to or may allude to Ymir. Odin asks what ancient jötun is the eldest of "Ymir's kin", and Vafþrúðnir responds that long, long ago it was
2664:
804:
involving Ymir, including "Ymir's skull" and "jötunn's skull", or "burden of the dwarfs" or "helmet of Vestri and Austri, Sudri, Nordri". A portion of a work by the 11th century skald
600:), Ymir receives one more mention. According to the stanza, völvas are descended from Viðòlfr, all seers from Vilmeiðr, all charm-workers from Svarthöfði, and all jötnar descend from Ymir.
3604:
1042:, wherein the malevolent being Kūnī's skin becomes the sky, from his flesh comes the earth, his bones the mountains, and from his hair comes plants; and the 10th century BCE
665:
that comes from a furnace" – it turned to ice. And so, when this ice came to a halt and stopped flowing, the vapor that rose up from the poison went in the same direction and froze to
516:, the god Odin (disguised as "Grímnir") imparts in the young Agnarr cosmological knowledge. In one stanza, Odin mentions Ymir as he recalls the fashioning of the world from his body:
860:); scholars have debated to what extent Snorri had access to outside sources that no longer survive and to what extent he synthesized a narrative from the material he had access to.
699:) and that when Ymir slept, he sweated, and from his left and right arm grew a male and a female, and his left leg produced a son with his right leg, and from them came generations.
2654:
3649:
2659:
816:
1008:
812:
poetic terms for the earth are provided, including "Ymir's flesh", followed by a section for poetic terms for "sea", which provides a portion of a work by the
1003:
2634:
766:
However, on the inner side on earth they made a fortification against the hostility of the jötnar out of Ymir's eyelashes. This fortification they called
505:'s son and Aurgelmir's grandson. In the next stanza Odin asks where Aurgelmir came from so long ago, to which Vafþrúðnir responds that venom dropped from
2629:
1806:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2624:
2619:
2614:
898:(1964) comments that "the original form of the creation myth in the north is not easy to determine. Snorri knew of at least three separate accounts".
741:
High relates that Odin, Vili, and Vé killed Ymir, and his body produced so much blood from his wounds that within it drowned all the jötnar but two,
1087:, but the strange reference to a frozen toe suggests that there is some connexion with the creation legend of the giant that emerged from the ice".
1784:
1169:
441:(Old Norse, disputed) as common nouns. Brimir and Blain are usually held to be proper names that refer to Ymir, as in Bellows's translation.
2609:
2604:
3669:
1463:
2098:
2028:
967:, meaning "separate"). The latter etymology has led scholars to a connection to Ymir on both linguistic and mythographic grounds.
3067:
2504:
1731:
1425:
1275:
754:
2188:
1033:'s beard and hair becoming forests, his bones becoming stone, his hands mountain ridges, and so forth; the 9th century AD
139:. Ymir gave birth to a male and female from his armpits, and his legs together begat a six-headed being. The grandsons of
2941:
1777:
1641:
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657:
Gangleri asks the three what things were like before mankind. High continues that these icy rivers, which are called
349:
295:, references are twice made to Ymir. In the first instance, the third stanza of the poem, Ymir is mentioned by name:
1249:
1174:
3882:
1770:
770:. Further, they took Ymir's brains and threw them skyward, and from them made clouds. Another two stanzas from
3011:
714:
Gangleri asks where Ymir lived and what sustained him. High explains that the drips next produced a cow named
374:, 1866) and "yawning gap" (Bellows). Later in the poem, a few other references are apparently made to Ymir as
1456:
1038:
631:
661:, ran so far from their spring source that the poisonous matter that flows with them became hard "like the
237:
3624:
646:, a glowing, fiery southern region consisting of flames, uninhabitable by non-natives. After "many ages"
2088:
1489:
207:
and to what extent Snorri drew from traditional material outside of the corpus that he cites. By way of
3791:
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167:
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1494:
785:. High says that after Asgard had been built, the gods assembled on their thrones and held their
683:
592:
267:
681:, all of which descend from him. In support of these two names, Third quotes a stanza each from
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1345:
943:
873:
864:
805:
208:
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856:(as outlined above) as well as contains unique information without a provided source (such as
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1318:
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22:
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800:
poetic means of referring to the sky are provided, some of which relate to the narrative in
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1370:
895:
925:
that the
Germanic peoples sang songs about a primeval god who was born of the Earth named
8:
3143:
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2544:
2038:
1920:
1417:
622:
177:, a narrative is provided that draws from, adds to, and differs from the accounts in the
2685:
1062:(the sea, etc.), Eyes = Sun, Mind = Moon, Brain = Cloud, Head = Heaven, Breath = Wind".
3639:
3359:
2381:
1793:
1140:
885:
876:
cites Snorri's account of Auðumbla as a prime example, noting Indo-European parallels (
852:
presents a cohesive narrative that both quotes stanzas from various poems found in the
124:
41:
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2839:
2456:
2441:
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1214:
642:) about how all things came to be. The trio explain that the first world to exist was
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were given life by the gods from Ymir's flesh and blood (or the Earth and sea).
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consisting of dwarf names are then provided to show the lineage of the dwarfs.
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101:, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional material, in the
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where a bull is dissected that makes up the Irish geography, and apparently
828:
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2804:
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1875:
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236:
and have identified Ymir as an echo of a primordial being reconstructed in
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is also provided, which refers to the sky as "Ymir's old skull". Later in
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Ymir is attacked by the brothers Odin, Vili, and Vé in an illustration by
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28:
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33:
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956:, while other scholars argue that the name refers to a "two-fold" or
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Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of
Central and Northern Europe
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722:, and was large, powerful, and beautiful to behold. Búri had a son,
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Myth and
Religion of the North: The religion of ancient Scandinavia
1053:
115:. Taken together, several stanzas from four poems collected in the
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2013:
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37:
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where the sea is referred to as "Ymir's blood". Both the names
727:
216:
2720:
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2366:
2113:
2108:
2048:
1940:
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749:
with his (unnamed) wife, survived and repopulated the jötnar.
71:
65:
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1993:
1988:
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1855:
1850:
1116:
1078:'s eyes flung into the heavens by Odin and the frozen toe of
1021:
952:
881:
813:
669:. This rime increased, layer upon layer, across Ginnungagap.
639:
635:
185:, after Ymir was formed from the elemental drops, so too was
120:
112:
3664:
2371:
131:), yeasty venom that dripped from the icy rivers called the
3731:
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3544:
3517:
2974:
2969:
2705:
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2391:
2033:
2023:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1900:
1705:
1605:
1565:
1017:
723:
292:
194:
147:
1020:'s 1st century BCE to 1st century BCE
931:, and that he was the progenitor of the Germanic peoples.
2752:
2063:
1983:
2655:
people, clan, and place names in
Germanic heroic legend
193:
also states that three gods killed Ymir; the brothers
1340:
1338:
1792:
1400:
1398:
119:
refer to Ymir as a primeval being who was born from
902:
Tuisto, parallels, and Proto-Indo-European religion
448:, the (disguised) god Odin engages the wise jötunn
366:In the above translations the name of the location
68:
62:
1335:
395:Then went all the powers to their judgement-seats,
154:, fashioned the Earth (elsewhere personified as a
1395:
912:In the 1st century CE, Roman historian
468:the heaven from the skull of that ice-cold giant,
3859:
189:, a primeval cow, whose milk Ymir fed from. The
1365:
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1234:
1232:
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1228:
1226:
1224:
1074:Davidson further links accounts of the jötunn
564:Of his bones the hills, of his hair the trees,
1778:
1457:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
908:Proto-Indo-European mythology § Brothers
626:. In the first mention, in chapter 5 of
558:"Out of Ymir's flesh was fashioned the earth,
478:"Out of Ymir's flesh was fashioned the earth,
420:Out of Brimir's blood and the legs of Blain."
1404:
1356:
1170:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
398:the all-holy gods, and thereon held council,
304:There was in times of old, where Ymir dwelt,
3507:
1807:Mythological Norse people, items and places
1284:
1256:
1221:
942:that is a matter of some debate. By way of
572:"Mithgarth the gods from his eyebrows made,
417:To find who should raise the race of dwarfs
411:"Then sought the gods their assembly-seats,
404:from the sea-giant's blood and livid bones.
166:. In addition, one stanza relates that the
1785:
1771:
1464:
1450:
1189:
484:The sky from the frost cold giant's skull,
313:'twas a chaotic chasm, and grass nowhere.
111:in the 13th century, and in the poetry of
2605:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend
481:And the mountains were made of his bones;
1369:
701:
27:
1240:
1057:, which describes how the primeval man
650:was made, and within it lies a spring,
578:And out of his brain the baleful clouds
462:From Ymir's flesh the earth was formed,
343:But a yawning gap, and grass nowhere."
337:Sea nor cool waves nor sand there were;
255:Ymir is mentioned in four poems in the
3860:
610:Ymir is mentioned in two books of the
437:(Old Norse "the bloody moisture") and
1766:
1445:
1414:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
1264:The Elder Edda: A book of Viking lore
1153:. Reykjavík: Orðabók Háskólans. 1989.
401:who should of the dwarfs race create,
340:Earth had not been, nor heaven above,
135:, and lived in the grassless void of
334:"Of old was the age when Ymir lived;
310:earth existed not, nor heaven above,
2665:named weapons, armour and treasures
1471:
1208:The Elder Edda of Saemund Sigfusson
545:formed Midgard for the sons of men;
13:
3842:Heathenry (new religious movement)
1317:. Translated by Faulkes, Anthony.
827:appear in a list of jötnar in the
542:and of his brows the gentle powers
525:Of Ymir's flesh was earth created,
370:is translated as "chaotic chasm" (
307:nor sand nor sea, nor gelid waves;
14:
3894:
1437:
1375:Gods and Myths of Northern Europe
1177:from the original on 12 June 2018
888:parallel in the Egyptian goddess
863:Regarding the situation, scholar
654:, from which eleven rivers flow.
551:the heavy clouds are all created.
16:Primeval being in Norse mythology
2505:Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri
1732:Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri
1546:
1250:American-Scandinavian Foundation
1014:manuscript BM MS 4783, folio 7a.
781:High explains the origin of the
755:Norðri, Suðri, Austri and Vestri
734:. The two had three sons: Odin,
487:And the ocean out of his blood."
414:The holy ones, and council held,
227:in his 1st century CE
58:
40:out of the ice in a painting by
1352:. Holt, Rhinehart, and Winston.
1266:. Translated by Orchard, Andy.
993:forms of the myth found in the
950:to the Proto-Germanic theonym *
843:
567:Of his skull the heavens high."
561:And the ocean out of his blood;
243:
215:, scholars have linked Ymir to
2942:Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán
1642:Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán
1157:
1133:
677:and known among the jötnar as
248:
1:
1127:
1016:Other examples given include
638:(the disguised mythical king
632:High, Just-As-High, and Third
603:
534:of his hair trees and plants,
465:and from his bones the hills,
291:imparts knowledge in the god
238:Proto-Indo-European mythology
838:
575:And set for the sons of men;
7:
3012:Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr
1090:
935:is the Latinized form of a
581:They made to move on high."
471:and from his blood the sea.
32:Ymir sucks at the udder of
10:
3899:
3679:Festivals and holy periods
946:some scholars have linked
905:
95:. Ymir is attested in the
20:
3829:
3719:
3678:
3597:
3590:
3500:
3462:
3167:
3116:
3075:
3066:
2947:Nine Mothers of Heimdallr
2673:
2660:named animals and plants
2595:
2485:
2187:
2122:
1969:
1836:
1813:
1804:
1724:
1674:
1652:
1616:
1555:
1544:
1479:
91:, is the ancestor of all
2768:Black elves (Svartálfar)
1069:
726:, who married a jötunn,
537:of his skull the heaven;
3650:Sacred trees and groves
2890:Hamskerpir and Garðrofa
2763:Light elves (Ljósálfar)
1029:description of the god
531:of his bones the hills,
128:
3508:
2758:Dark elves (Dökkálfar)
2407:Narfi (father of Nott)
1664:Connected by the tree
1346:Turville-Petre, E.O.G.
1144:
944:historical linguistics
865:Gabriel Turville-Petre
774:are cited in support.
711:
588:
494:
427:
364:
209:historical linguistics
45:
3883:Legendary progenitors
2900:Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi
2179:Sister-wife of Njörðr
1009:Frisian Code of Emsig
999:Poem of the Dove Book
705:
528:of his blood the sea,
518:
455:
388:
297:
287:, in which an undead
213:comparative mythology
31:
23:Ymir (disambiguation)
3670:Wetlands and islands
2790:Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn
1525:Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn
1418:Taylor & Francis
1371:Davidson, H.R. Ellis
382:(here anglicized as
21:For other uses, see
2952:Narfi (son of Loki)
2099:Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr
1480:Astronomical bodies
1151:Íslensk orðsifjabók
1039:Škend Gumānīg Wizār
817:Ormr Barreyjarskáld
596:(found in the poem
181:. According to the
3598:Religious practice
3572:Old Norse language
3039:Váli (son of Loki)
2927:Líf and Lífthrasir
2835:Árvakr and Alsviðr
2830:Horses of the Æsir
2810:Hati Hróðvitnisson
1951:Váli (son of Odin)
1794:Old Norse religion
1495:Árvakr and Alsviðr
1319:Everyman's Library
730:, the daughter of
712:
684:Völuspá hin skamma
593:Völuspá hin skamma
223:being attested by
46:
42:Nicolai Abildgaard
3855:
3854:
3847:Nordic Bronze Age
3837:Germanic paganism
3825:
3824:
3696:Germanic calendar
3660:Temple at Uppsala
3458:
3457:
3062:
3061:
3022:Þjálfi and Röskva
2966:Personifications
1829:and other figures
1760:
1759:
1427:978-1-884964-98-5
1277:978-0-14-043585-6
806:Arnórr jarlaskáld
587:
586:
493:
492:
426:
425:
363:
362:
353:
323:
3890:
3595:
3594:
3513:
3280:Grove of fetters
3073:
3072:
2780:Fjalar (rooster)
2540:Fjalar and Galar
1834:
1833:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1550:
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1367:
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1311:
1282:
1281:
1268:Penguin Classics
1260:
1254:
1253:
1238:
1219:
1218:
1210:. Translated by
1204:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1137:
1102:Hyperion (Titan)
1015:
986:Táin Bó Cúailnge
548:but of his brain
520:
519:
457:
456:
390:
389:
348:
318:
299:
298:
109:Snorri Sturluson
78:
77:
74:
73:
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67:
64:
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3893:
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3891:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3821:
3777:Norse cosmology
3715:
3674:
3586:
3582:Later influence
3496:
3454:
3168:Other locations
3163:
3112:
3058:
2985:Sumarr and Vetr
2669:
2591:
2481:
2282:Gjálp and Greip
2183:
2118:
1965:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1761:
1756:
1720:
1679:and eschatology
1678:
1676:
1670:
1648:
1612:
1596:Sumarr and Vetr
1551:
1542:
1475:
1473:Norse cosmology
1470:
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1357:
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1261:
1257:
1246:The Poetic Edda
1239:
1222:
1215:Norrœna Society
1206:
1205:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1149:"Ýmir, †Ymir".
1148:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1093:
1072:
1013:
1006:), the Frisian
1004:Голубиная книга
960:being (compare
910:
904:
896:H.R.E. Davidson
846:
841:
608:
590:In a stanza of
429:In this stanza
253:
246:
79:), also called
61:
57:
50:Norse mythology
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3896:
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3878:Sky supporters
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3472:Æsir–Vanir War
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1921:Móði and Magni
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1438:External links
1436:
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1119:
1114:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1085:constellations
1071:
1068:
1035:Middle Persian
958:hermaphroditic
937:Proto-Germanic
916:writes in his
903:
900:
874:Turville-Petre
845:
842:
840:
837:
833:Skáldskaparmál
810:Skáldskaparmál
798:Skáldskaparmál
708:Lorenz Frølich
623:Skáldskaparmál
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3640:Öndvegissúlur
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3626:
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3620:Heitstrenging
3618:
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3600:
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3567:Völsung Cycle
3565:
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3562:Tyrfing Cycle
3560:
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3510:Gesta Danorum
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3482:Fróði's Peace
3480:
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2142:Ingunar-Freyr
2140:
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1683:
1681:
1675:Cosmogenesis,
1673:
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1637:
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1538:
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1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
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1515:
1511:
1510:Hjúki and Bil
1508:
1506:
1503:
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1500:
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1455:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:Mallory, J.P.
1407:
1401:
1399:
1390:
1388:0-14-013627-4
1384:
1380:
1379:Penguin Books
1376:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1328:0-460-87616-3
1324:
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1292:
1290:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:Bellows, H.A.
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1176:
1172:
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1136:
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1123:
1120:
1118:
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1094:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1048:Purusha sukta
1045:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1026:Metamorphoses
1023:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1001:
1000:
996:
992:
991:Christianized
988:
987:
983:
978:
974:
968:
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963:
959:
955:
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949:
945:
941:
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929:
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923:
919:
915:
909:
899:
897:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:Vafþrúðnismál
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:
811:
807:
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788:
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773:
769:
763:
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756:
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748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
709:
704:
700:
698:
692:
690:
689:Vafþrúðnismál
686:
685:
680:
676:
670:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
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619:
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566:
563:
560:
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556:
555:
550:
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544:
541:
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522:
521:
517:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
486:
483:
480:
477:
476:
475:
470:
467:
464:
461:
460:
459:
458:
454:
451:
447:
446:Vafþrúðnismál
442:
440:
436:
432:
419:
416:
413:
410:
409:
408:
403:
400:
397:
394:
393:
392:
391:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
351:
347:
346:
345:
344:
342:
339:
336:
333:
332:
331:
321:
317:
316:
315:
314:
312:
309:
306:
303:
302:
301:
300:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:
276:
275:
270:
269:
268:Vafþrúðnismál
264:
263:
258:
251:
241:
239:
235:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:, written by
106:
105:
100:
99:
94:
90:
86:
82:
76:
55:
51:
43:
39:
36:as she licks
35:
30:
24:
19:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3487:Hjaðningavíg
3265:Glæsisvellir
2805:Gullinbursti
2476:
2452:Útgarða-Loki
1846:Almáttki áss
1700:
1677:cyclic time,
1617:Water bodies
1413:
1374:
1349:
1314:
1263:
1258:
1245:
1207:
1179:. Retrieved
1168:
1159:
1150:
1135:
1073:
1064:
1052:
1046:
1037:
1024:
1012:, and Irish
1007:
997:
984:
977:J.P. Mallory
969:
964:
951:
947:
932:
926:
920:
911:
894:
869:
862:
853:
850:Gylfaginning
849:
847:
844:Lost sources
832:
824:
820:
809:
802:Gylfaginning
801:
797:
796:In the book
795:
790:
779:Gylfaginning
778:
776:
771:
764:
758:
751:
746:
745:, who, on a
740:
736:Vili, and Vé
713:
693:
688:
682:
678:
674:
671:
656:
628:Gylfaginning
627:
621:
617:Gylfaginning
615:
611:
609:
604:
597:
591:
589:
513:
512:In the poem
511:
495:
445:
444:In the poem
443:
438:
434:
433:has treated
428:
383:
379:
375:
365:
350:H.A. Bellows
284:
278:
272:
266:
260:
256:
254:
249:
244:Attestations
231:
202:
190:
182:
178:
174:
172:
116:
102:
96:
88:
84:
80:
53:
47:
18:
3645:Reginnaglar
3577:Orthography
3550:Jómsvíkinga
3525:Poetic Edda
3438:Urðarbrunnr
3433:Mímisbrunnr
3365:Singasteinn
3295:Hindarfjall
3275:Gnipahellir
3255:Ginnungagap
3230:Fyrisvellir
3225:Fornsigtuna
3159:Vimur River
3149:Slidr River
2922:Jörmungandr
2332:Hrímgrímnir
1961:Vili and Vé
1686:Ginnungagap
1660:Nine Worlds
1406:Adams, D.Q.
995:Old Russian
962:Old Swedish
918:ethnography
854:Poetic Edda
831:section of
697:hrimthursar
368:Ginnungagap
352:translation
322:translation
257:Poetic Edda
250:Poetic Edda
229:ethnography
199:Vili and Vé
179:Poetic Edda
152:Vili and Vé
137:Ginnungagap
117:Poetic Edda
98:Poetic Edda
3862:Categories
3812:Viking Age
3787:Philosophy
3655:Sonargöltr
3540:Runestones
3532:Prose Edda
3477:Fimbulvetr
3428:Hvergelmir
3395:Valaskjálf
3355:Sessrúmnir
3325:Jötunheimr
3300:Hlidskjalf
3290:Himinbjörg
3260:Glaðsheimr
3245:Gastropnir
3200:Bilskirnir
3180:Amsvartnir
3093:Gjallarbrú
3076:Underworld
3032:Landvættir
2932:Loddfáfnir
2910:Svaðilfari
2895:Hófvarpnir
2840:Blóðughófi
2820:Hildisvíni
2696:Aurvandill
2457:Vafþrúðnir
2442:Þrúðgelmir
2302:Harðgreipr
1747:Mundilfari
1691:Muspelheim
1212:Thorpe, B.
1128:References
1097:Cosmic Man
973:D.Q. Adams
906:See also:
829:Nafnaþulur
652:Hvergelmir
612:Prose Edda
605:Prose Edda
598:Hyndluljóð
514:Grímnismál
503:Þrúðgelmir
501:, who was
450:Vafþrúðnir
280:Hyndluljóð
274:Grímnismál
204:Prose Edda
191:Prose Edda
183:Prose Edda
175:Prose Edda
104:Prose Edda
3767:Mead hall
3701:Þorrablót
3555:Legendary
3450:Yggdrasil
3410:Víðbláinn
3405:Vanaheimr
3380:Þrymheimr
3375:Þrúðvangr
3370:Þrúðheimr
3340:Munarvágr
3330:Mímameiðr
3305:Hnitbjorg
3220:Fólkvangr
3205:Brávellir
3154:Vadgelmir
3139:Kerlaugar
3108:Niðafjöll
3068:Locations
3044:Valkyries
2992:Sæhrímnir
2880:Gulltoppr
2845:Falhófnir
2743:Einherjar
2726:Landdísir
2560:Mótsognir
2550:Hreiðmarr
2462:Víðblindi
2412:Sökkmímir
2402:Mögþrasir
2362:Hyrrokkin
2327:Hrímgerðr
2322:Hræsvelgr
2312:Helreginn
2307:Helblindi
2227:Bergelmir
1891:Ítreksjóð
1798:mythology
1742:Hræsvelgr
1666:Yggdrasil
1592:Seasons:
1532:Aurvandil
1141:Icelandic
1109:(Yima in
1080:Aurvandil
1051:from the
1044:Old Indic
982:Old Irish
971:scholars
884:) and an
839:Reception
821:Aurgelmir
777:Later in
743:Bergelmir
679:Aurgelmir
648:Niflheimr
499:Bergelmir
320:B. Thorpe
125:Old Norse
81:Aurgelmir
3830:See also
3752:Hamingja
3706:Vetrnætr
3691:Dísablót
3686:Álfablót
3492:Ragnarök
3400:Valhalla
3390:Útgarðar
3335:Myrkviðr
3320:Járnviðr
3315:Iðavöllr
3235:Gálgviðr
3215:Fensalir
3124:Élivágar
3098:Náströnd
3088:Éljúðnir
2957:Níðhöggr
2905:Sleipnir
2875:Gullfaxi
2775:Fimafeng
2691:Auðumbla
2510:Billingr
2437:Þrívaldi
2422:Suttungr
2377:Járnsaxa
2347:Hrungnir
2277:Gillingr
2272:Geirröðr
2252:Fárbauti
2242:Býleistr
2207:Angrboða
2159:Gullveig
1871:Heimdall
1861:Dellingr
1752:Viðfinnr
1737:Dellingr
1716:Ragnarök
1711:Auðumbla
1696:Niflheim
1602:Old age
1586:Hrímfaxi
1571:Skinfaxi
1412:(1997).
1373:(1990).
1348:(1964).
1321:. 1995.
1270:. 2011.
1244:(1923).
1181:30 April
1175:Archived
1091:See also
1054:Rig Veda
922:Germania
886:Egyptian
858:Auðumbla
716:Auðumbla
659:Élivágar
636:Gangleri
507:Élivágar
233:Germania
187:Auðumbla
133:Élivágar
34:Auðumbla
3782:Numbers
3762:Kenning
3635:Worship
3591:Society
3501:Sources
3420:Vingólf
3415:Vígríðr
3385:Uppsala
3350:Okolnir
3270:Glitnir
3240:Gandvik
3195:Bifröst
3185:Andlang
3103:Niflhel
3049:Völundr
2997:Skírnir
2937:Móðguðr
2733:Dragons
2716:Byggvir
2545:Gandalf
2530:Dvalinn
2500:Andvari
2337:Hrímnir
2292:Gunnlöð
2262:Fornjót
2257:Fjölvar
2237:Bölþorn
2212:Aurboða
2202:Alvaldi
2154:Gersemi
1971:Ásynjur
1876:Hermóðr
1866:Forseti
1816:Deities
1577:Night:
1539:'s eyes
1516:Earth:
1217:. 1866.
1111:Avestan
1107:Jamshid
1059:Purusha
965:tvistra
940:theonym
914:Tacitus
878:Persian
791:Völuspá
772:Völuspá
768:Midgard
759:Völuspá
732:Bölþorn
663:clinker
644:Muspell
285:Völuspá
262:Völuspá
225:Tacitus
173:In the
164:Midgard
156:goddess
44:, 1790.
3873:Jötnar
3625:Horses
3464:Events
3445:Ýdalir
3424:Wells
3360:Sindri
3345:Nóatún
3210:Brimir
3175:Asgard
3134:Ífingr
3117:Rivers
3027:Vættir
2885:Gyllir
2795:Fylgja
2785:Fenrir
2738:Draugs
2674:Others
2597:Heroes
2580:Brokkr
2535:Fáfnir
2525:Dúrnir
2520:Durinn
2495:Alvíss
2487:Dwarfs
2472:Vörnir
2382:Laufey
2247:Eggþér
2232:Bestla
2189:Jötnar
2174:Njörðr
2169:Kvasir
2132:Freyja
2084:Snotra
2044:Njörun
1999:Gefjon
1956:Víðarr
1896:Lóðurr
1825:jötnar
1821:dwarfs
1653:Worlds
1638:Waves
1501:Moon:
1424:
1385:
1325:
1274:
1165:"Ymir"
1147:, see
1122:Tiamat
948:Tuisto
933:Tuisto
928:Tuisto
890:Hathor
787:things
783:dwarfs
728:Bestla
435:Brimir
431:Thorpe
380:Bláinn
376:Brimir
372:Thorpe
277:, and
219:, the
217:Tuisto
168:dwarfs
143:, the
113:skalds
93:jötnar
89:Bláinn
85:Brimir
3817:Völva
3807:Skald
3802:Seiðr
3797:Runes
3792:Rings
3757:Heiti
3742:Galdr
3737:Félag
3727:Death
3720:Other
3630:Hörgr
3545:Sagas
3285:Heiðr
3250:Gimlé
3190:Barri
3129:Gjöll
3054:Vörðr
3017:Troll
3002:Sköll
2962:Norns
2870:Grani
2865:Glenr
2855:Glaðr
2825:Hjúki
2800:Garmr
2753:Elves
2748:Eldir
2721:Dísir
2701:Beyla
2635:Hi–Hy
2585:Eitri
2570:Regin
2515:Dáinn
2467:Vosud
2447:Þrymr
2427:Þjazi
2417:Surtr
2387:Leikn
2357:Hymir
2352:Hrymr
2342:Hroðr
2317:Hljod
2297:Gymir
2287:Gríðr
2267:Gangr
2217:Baugi
2164:Hnoss
2147:Yngvi
2137:Freyr
2124:Vanir
2104:Þrúðr
2079:Skaði
2074:Sjöfn
2069:Sigyn
2054:Rindr
2039:Nanna
2019:Iðunn
2004:Gerðr
1994:Fulla
1989:Frigg
1916:Mímir
1911:Meili
1886:Hœnir
1856:Bragi
1851:Baldr
1725:Other
1562:Day:
1537:Þjazi
1486:Sun:
1117:Pangu
1076:Þjazi
1070:Other
1031:Atlas
1022:Latin
953:Tiwaz
882:Vedic
814:skald
640:Gylfi
634:tell
439:Blain
384:Blain
289:völva
283:. In
121:atter
87:, or
3868:Ymir
3747:Goði
3732:Ergi
3711:Yule
3610:Blót
3518:Edda
2980:Nótt
2975:Elli
2970:Dagr
2917:Jörð
2860:Glær
2850:Gísl
2711:Búri
2706:Borr
2686:Auðr
2630:H–He
2555:Litr
2477:Ymir
2432:Þökk
2397:Logi
2392:Litr
2222:Beli
2197:Ægir
2059:Sága
2034:Lofn
2029:Irpa
2024:Ilmr
2014:Hlín
1946:Ullr
1936:Thor
1926:Odin
1906:Máni
1901:Loki
1881:Höðr
1838:Æsir
1796:and
1706:Borr
1701:Ymir
1627:Ægir
1623:Sea
1606:Elli
1581:Nótt
1566:Dagr
1556:Time
1520:Jörð
1505:Máni
1422:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1323:ISBN
1315:Edda
1272:ISBN
1183:2018
1145:Ýmir
1018:Ovid
975:and
880:and
825:Ymir
823:and
747:lúðr
724:Borr
720:Búri
687:and
675:Ymir
667:rime
620:and
378:and
293:Odin
211:and
195:Odin
160:Jörð
148:Odin
145:gods
141:Búri
129:eitr
54:Ymir
38:Búri
3772:Nīþ
3615:Hof
3083:Hel
2815:Hel
2650:T–Y
2645:P–S
2640:I–O
2625:F–G
2620:D–E
2615:B–C
2565:Ótr
2367:Iði
2114:Vör
2109:Vár
2094:Syn
2089:Sól
2064:Sif
2049:Rán
2009:Gná
1984:Eir
1979:Bil
1941:Týr
1931:Óðr
1632:Rán
1490:Sól
1139:In
848:As
386:):
72:ɪər
48:In
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3665:Vé
2372:Ím
1823:,
1818:,
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