822:, probably against the Shunga Empire, and possibly in defence of Buddhism: "After having conquered Saketa, the country of the Panchala and the Mathuras, the Yavanas, wicked and valiant, will reach Kusumadhvaja ("The town of the flower-standard", Pataliputra). The thick mud-fortifications at Pataliputra being reached, all the provinces will be in disorder, without doubt. Ultimately, a great battle will follow, with tree-like engines (siege engines)." "The Yavanas will command, the Kings will disappear. (But ultimately) the Yavanas, intoxicated with fighting, will not stay in Madhadesa (the Middle Country); there will be undoubtedly a civil war among them, arising in their own country, there will be a terrible and ferocious war." The "Anushasanaparava" of the
499:
487:
762:
888:
951:
1337:
257:
1099:
69:
1815:
The Śakas in India, 1981, p 12, Satya Shrava; Journal, 1920, p 175, University of
Calcutta. Department of Letters; India & Russia: Linguistic & Cultural Affinity, 1982, p 100, Weer Rajendra Rishi; Indological Studies, 1950, p 32, Dr B. C. Law; Political History of India from the Accession of
47:
826:
affirms that the country of
Majjhimadesa was invaded the Yavanas and the Kambojas who were later utterly defeated. The Yona invasion of Majjhimadesa ("middle country, midlands") was jointly carried out by the Yonas and the Kambojas. Majjhimadesa here means the middle of Greater India which then
802:
Indologists like Dr H. C. Raychadhury, Dr B. C. Law, Dr Satya Shrava and others see in these verses the clear glimpses of the struggles of the Hindus with the mixed invading hordes of the barbaric Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Pahlavas etc. from north-west. The time frame for these struggles is 2nd
542:
refers to the Greek populations under his rule. Rock Edicts V and XIII mention the Yonas (or the Greeks) along with the
Kambojas and Gandharas as a subject people forming a frontier region of his empire and attest that he sent envoys to the Greek rulers in the West as far as the Mediterranean,
2305:
Inscriptions of Campā based on the editions and translations of Abel
Bergaigne, Étienne Aymonier, Louis Finot, Édouard Huber and other French scholars and of the work of R. C. Majumdar. Newly presented, with minor corrections of texts and translations, together with calculations of given
1249:...the masters and slaves, and that the Arya could become Dasa and vice versa. The Vishnu Purana also indicates that the "Chaturvarna" or four class social system was absent in the lands of Kiratas in the East, and the Yavanas and Kambojas etc. in the West.
996:
in 120 CE, there are six inscriptions made by self-described Yavana donors, who donated six of the pillars, although their names are
Buddhist names. They account for nearly half of the known dedicatory inscriptions on the pillars of the Chaitya.
1199:
king
Parvataka. This Himalayan alliance gave Chandragupta a powerful composite army made up of the frontier martial tribes of the Shakas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Parasikas, Bahlikas etc. which he may have utilised to aid defeat the
1869:
A reference to a Yona in the Sanchi inscriptions is also of immense value.(...) One of the inscriptions announces the gift of a
Setapathia Yona, "Setapathiyasa Yonasa danam" i.e the gift of a Yona, inhabitant of Setapatha.
737:
kings of the Shakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Bahlikas etc. shall rule the earth un-righteously in
Kaliyuga ...". This reference apparently alludes to chaotic political scenario following the collapse of the
1998:
differ on the content of this inscription. Here, Epigraphia Indica Vol.7 was chosen, as
Epigraphia Indica Vol.18 only mentions an inscription similar to that of pillar No.3, a possible mixup.
413:
The usage of "Yona" and "Yavana, or variants such as "Yauna" and "Javana", appears repeatedly, and particularly in relation to the Greek kingdoms which neighboured or sometimes occupied the
1816:
Parikshit to the
Coronation of Bimbisara, 1923, Page iii, Hemchandra Raychaudhuri; Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 4, Raychaudhury; Indological Studies, 1950, p 4, Dr B. C. Law.
1234:(Hindu caste). Anushasanaparva of Mahabharata also views the Yavanas, Kambojas, Shakas etc. in the same light. Patanjali's Mahabhashya regards the Yavanas and Sakas as Anirvasita (pure)
1367:, however "mlechas" was also used probably due to their barbaric behaviour as invaders. Indian languages did not base a distinction on religion early on but after the arrival of
1141:
Udyogaparva of Mahabharata says that the composite army of the Kambojas, Yavanas and Sakas had participated in the Mahabharata war under the supreme command of Kamboja king
1437:, derived from the Indian word for Greek, "Yavana", however, it is actually the transcription of the word "Viet" or "Yueh" rather than "Yavana", because the Khmer word
1122:
groups the Yavanas with the Kambojas and the Chinas and calls them "Mlechchas" (Barbarians). In the Shanti Parva section, the Yavanas are grouped with the Kambojas,
866:
2492:
618:) Maharakkhita was sent to the "Yona country" and he preached Buddhism among the Yonas and the Kambojas, and that at the same time the Yona elder monk (
1348:
was donated by a Yavana, according to the inscription on the central flat surface of the lotus. Detail of the "Ya-va-na-sa" circular inscription in
1138:(dacoits). In another chapter of the same Parva, the Yaunas, Kambojas, Gandharas etc. are spoken of as equal to the "Svapakas" and the "Grddhras".
2206:. Department of Culture and Monuments, Authority for the Protection and Management of the Region Angkor / Siem Reap. 2006. pp. 117, 118, 119.
240:
In general, the words "Yoṇa" or "Yoṇaka" were the current Greek Hellenistic forms, while the term "Yavana" was the Indian word to designate the
1852:"A guide to Sanchi" John Marshall. These "Greek-looking foreigners" are also described in Susan Huntington, "The art of ancient India", p. 100
1317:
1288:
1164:
king Vishwamitra The Kishkindha Kanda of Ramayana locates the Sakas, Kambojas, Yavanas and Paradas in the extreme north-west beyond the
662:
or "Great Chronicle" of Sri Lanka refers to the thera Mahārakkhita being sent to preach to the Yona country, and also to the Yona thera
2507:
1476:
The word Yona, or one of its derivatives, is still used by some languages to designate contemporary Greece, such as in Arabic (
1291:
informs us that the kings of the Shakas and the Yavanas, like those of the Kambojas, may also be addressed by their respective
2454:
785:
There are important references to the warring Mleccha hordes of the Shakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, the Pahlavas and others in the
2328:
2287:
2231:
1896:
1683:
1656:
1617:
1590:
2497:
1241:
The Assalayana Sutta of Majjhima Nikaya attests that in Yona and Kamboja nations, there were only two classes of people...
923:. They are all celebrating at the entrance of the stupa. These men would be foreigners from north-west India visiting the
2163:
Religions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West, BRILL, 2013
1765:
170:
1926:
World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 ʻAlī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, 2008
2512:
2441:
2415:
2185:
1745:
1371:
to the subcontinent, the term Yavana was used along with Turuka, Turuska, Tajik, and Arab more than Mussalaman or
2487:
2273:
1310:
like the Shakas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Tusharas, Parasikas, Hunas etc. by annihilating these sinners completely.
1238:. Gautama-Dharmasutra regards the Yavanas or Greeks as having sprung from Shudra females and Kshatriya males.
2383:
1156:
also groups the Yavanas with the Kambojas, Sakas, Pahlavas etc. and refers to them as the military allies of
631:
1607:
911:, capes and sandals. The musical instruments are also quite characteristic, such as the double flute called
899:
also show devotees in Greek attire. The men are depicted with short curly hair, often held together with a
547:
498:
1446:
847:, who had sent an ambassador to the court of the Shunga emperor Bhagabhadra, was also qualified as "Yona".
671:
550:, the Greek kings to the West are associated unambiguously with the term "Yona": Antiochus is referred as
486:
435:
969:
i.e. "(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Yasavadhana from Denukakata". Below: detail of the word
1064:. It is described by other donors in other inscriptions as a "vaniya-gama" (A community of merchants).
690:
587:
227:
273:
2364:
1434:
761:
72:
Yavana kingdom alongside other locations of kingdoms and republics mentioned in the Indian epics or
2223:
Rethinking Cultural Resource Management in Southeast Asia: Preservation, Development, and Neglect
1981:
Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions, Shankar Goyal – 2001, p.104
563:
417:
over a period of several centuries from the 4th century BCE to the first century CE, such as the
560:"param ca tena Atiyokena cature 4 rajani Turamaye nama Amtikini nama Maka nama Alikasudaro nama"
2405:
609:
575:
523:
422:
113:
17:
2221:
2044:
1646:
1633:
1280:
attests that it was a practice among the Yavanas and the Kambojas to wear short-cropped hair (
1268:
and refers to the peculiar hair styles of these people which were different from those of the
2277:
2259:
2164:
1942:
1927:
1886:
1735:
1673:
1580:
904:
887:
269:
31:
950:
2502:
1576:
1500:
567:
515:
2467:
8:
1540:
1535:
1205:
1192:
938:
Three inscriptions are known from Yavana donors at Sanchi, the clearest of which reads "
769:(photograph and rubbing). Detail of the "Yo-ṇa-ka-sa" word (adjectival form of "Yoṇaka",
717:(160–135 BC), and to the guard of "five hundred Greeks" that constantly accompanies him.
511:
451:
1991:
1970:
1958:
1387:
746:
in northern India and its subsequent occupation by foreign hordes such as of the Yonas,
1716:
1461:
1336:
1161:
555:
507:
426:
393:
177:
38:
2345:
2321:
Cities of Nineteenth Century Colonial Vietnam: Hanoi, Saigon, Hue and the Champa Ruins
2032:
2020:
2008:
1995:
1954:
1915:
650:
are found everywhere in his empire except in the lands of the Yonas and the Kambojas.
2437:
2411:
2324:
2283:
2252:
2247:
2227:
2181:
1892:
1741:
1708:
1679:
1652:
1613:
1586:
1411:
1188:
836:
686:
503:
491:
455:
430:
192:
1465:
1201:
535:
530:: 𑀬𑁄𑀦, third and fourth letters after the first occurrence of Antigonus in red).
390:
281:
181:
2434:
The shape of ancient thought. Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian philosophies
1102:
Vedika pillar with possible Greek warrior (headband of a king, tunic etc...) from
2201:
1862:
1769:
1525:
1426:, the Cham reference for the Viet should have been derived from "Yue" or "Viet".
1078:
990:
571:
519:
418:
352:
277:
2319:
Barrelon, Pierre; De Corbigny, Brossard; Lemire, Charles; Cahen, Gaston (1999).
2217:
1530:
1442:
1430:
1265:
1227:
1217:
1106:. Bharhut, Madhya Pradesh, Shunga Period, c.100-80BC. Reddish brown sandstone.
932:
593:
526:
by name (underlined in colour). Here the Greek rulers are described as "Yona" (
463:
386:', as they were the first Greeks with whom the Persians had extensive contact).
371:
105:
73:
55:
647:
2481:
2043:
Faces of Power: Alexander's Image and Hellenistic Politics by Andrew Stewart
1712:
1487:
1441:
spelled with the diphthong uo, not v in "Yavana". According to Kiernan, "the
1407:
1406:(yvan). Both terminologies in Cham materials were written in Cham script and
1399:
1349:
1345:
1209:
1176:
1107:
974:
928:
778:
743:
739:
706:
694:
663:
627:
623:
444:
362:
306:
295:
207:
101:
1793:
1780:
1760:
1449:
as part of a millennial ethnic epic"; therefore they altered the meaning of
1277:
470:
1303:
1180:
1157:
1149:
numerously applauds this composite army as being very fierce and wrathful.
1061:
920:
876:
855:
679:
675:
604:
440:
219:
108:
speakers. "Yona" and "Yavana" are transliterations of the Greek word for "
2472:
1556:
1390:
as "Yavana". However this statement is largely vague. Cham sources refer
1146:
1119:
1068:
986:
955:
844:
819:
774:
766:
730:
379:
245:
188:
133:
1888:
The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Archaeology
1720:
1699:
Lal, Shyam Bihari (2004). "Yavanas in the Ancient Indian Inscriptions".
1067:
The Yavanas are also known for their donation of a complete cave at the
942:" ("Gift of the Yona of Setapatha"), Setapatha being an uncertain city.
294:
This usage was shared by many of the countries east of Greece, from the
256:
1609:
Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE
1223:
1142:
1056:"(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Chulayakha from Dhenukakata"
1026:"(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Yasavadhana from Denukakata"
714:
710:
203:
165:
Examples of direct association of these terms with the Greeks include:
51:
1046:"(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Dhamadhaya from Denukakata"
1006:"(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Sihadhaya from Dhenukataka"
1513:
1321:
1307:
1299:
1273:
1231:
1196:
1169:
1036:"This pillar is the gift of the Yavana Vitasamghata from Umehanakata"
859:
851:
598:
232:
214:
147:
142:
1341:
46:
1545:
1391:
1165:
1153:
1111:
1084:
993:
900:
811:
795:
755:
747:
667:
635:
459:
454:'s invasion, the Greek settlements had existed in eastern parts of
159:
124:
97:
37:"Yavana" redirects here. For the Hellenistic kingdom in India, see
2407:
Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims: Tribes, Castes and Communities
1313:
The Brahmanda Purana refers to the horses born in Yavana country.
693:
in the country of the Yonas, to be present at the building of the
1550:
1363:
The terms "Yona", "Yonaka" or "Yavana" literally referred to the
1325:
1261:
1253:
1213:
1131:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1060:
The city of Dhenukakata is thought to be Danahu near the city of
982:
965:, like five other pillars. The inscription of this pillar reads:
840:
815:
790:
765:
Dedication by a man of Greek descent on a wall of Cave 17 in the
734:
643:
397:
337:
327:
196:
109:
89:
1941:
Some Early Dynasties of South India, by Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya
1512:), or the Pashto, Hindi, Urdu, Malay and Indonesian languages ("
1095:
and other northwestern tribes in numerous ancient Indian texts.
827:
included Afghanistan, Pakistan and large parts of Central Asia.
806:
The other Indian records prophecies the 180 BCE Yona attacks on
1383:
1372:
1364:
1235:
1123:
1072:
1071:(cave No.17), and for their donations with inscriptions at the
916:
896:
770:
539:
527:
414:
401:
317:
241:
155:
2318:
1079:
The Yonas and other northwestern invaders in Indian literature
869:
class the language of the Yavanas with the Milakkhabhasa i.e.
1379:
1368:
1292:
1269:
1135:
924:
912:
908:
807:
614:
383:
357:
299:
261:
59:
382:
word for designating the Greeks, namely "Yauna" (literally '
120:), who were probably the first Greeks to be known in India.
68:
1632:
The Greeks in Bactria and India by William Woodthorpe Tarn
1257:
1246:
1242:
1184:
1127:
1088:
751:
162:, as two societies where there are only nobles and slaves.
85:
2362:
1585:. Asian Educational Services. p. 85 with footnote 2.
1504:
1083:
The Yavanas or Yonas are frequently found listed with the
709:(Chapter I), where "Yonaka" is used to refer to the great
1910:
1908:
1422:
are connected. Similarly for Kiernan's argument to Khmer
30:
This article is about the Pali word. For other uses, see
2055:
D.N. Jha,"Early India: A Concise History"p.150, plate 17
1414:, showing little linguistic evidence to prove that Cham
862:, probably contributing to trade between East and West.
251:
1872:
The word Yona can't be here anything, but a Greek donor
2436:, by Thomas Mc Evilly (Allworth Press, New York 2002)
1905:
1612:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 173.
1468:, is thought to have been derived from the term Yona.
1320:
speaks of Yona and Parama Yona, probably referring to
1226:
lists the Yavanas with the Kambojas, Sakas, Pahlavas,
27:
Term used to designate Greek-speakers in ancient India
2216:
1957:
and Epigraphia Indica Vol.7 [Epigraphia Indica Vol.7
1867:. Indian Archaeological Society. 1975. p. 188.
1402:: nagara yvan, lit. "Viet state"), and the Viets as
879:
traders in Tamilakkam were also considered Yavanas.
2175:
1433:word "Yuon" (yuôn) យួន /yuən/ was thought to be an
534:Some of the better-known examples are those of the
490:Territories "conquered by the Dharma" according to
2251:
1671:
945:
2449:10:2. "Filii Iapheth: Gomer et Magog et Madai et
1825:Political History of Ancient India, 1996, pp 3–4.
1375:for invaders professing Islam as their religion.
967:"Dhenukakata Yavanasa/ Yasavadhanana/ thabo dana"
2479:
2180:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. p. 52.
2404:Singh, Nagendra Kr; Khan, Abdul Mabud (2001).
2363:Kenneth Tso and Sophal Ear (8 February 2010).
2178:Subordinate and marginal groups in early India
1491:
1445:, following French orientalists, mythologized
891:Foreigners on the Northern Gateway of Stupa I.
2210:
1884:
1134:etc. and are spoken of as living the life of
1477:
670:("the Western Ends"). It also mentions that
481:
469:The Yavanas are mentioned by the grammarian
2381:
2279:Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations
1410:, the first dated 1142 during the reign of
907:. The clothing too is Greek, complete with
558:"), beyond whom live the four other kings:
462:. The references to the Yonas in the early
458:, northwest of India, as neighbours to the
2343:
2337:
2266:
2258:. University of California Press. p.
1701:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
1672:Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2011).
506:of Ashoka, which mentions the Greek kings
473:, probably in reference to their writing.
2403:
1843:Gargi-Samhita, Yuga Purana Chapter, No 7.
1569:
626:was sent to the country of Aparantaka in
429:. The Yavanar are mentioned in detail in
2391:Yale University Genocide Studies Program
2220:; Goh, Geok Yian; O'Connor, Sue (2011).
1740:. Harvard University Press. p. 57.
1648:A Companion to the Classical Greek World
1335:
1097:
954:Left pillar No.9 of the Great Chatya at
949:
886:
760:
562:(lit. "And beyond Antiochus, four kings
497:
485:
439:, describing their brisk trade with the
255:
206:and his bodyguard of "500 Yonas" in the
67:
45:
2246:
2145:Brahmanda Purana, Upodghatapada, 16–17.
1834:Gargi-Samhita Paragraph 5, Yuga Purana.
1306:had unburdened the sacred earth of the
1256:literature groups the Yavanas with the
556:The Greek king by the name of Antiochus
14:
2493:Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations
2480:
2302:
2272:
1733:
1651:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 202.
1605:
1575:
1016:"Of Dhamma, a Yavana from Dhenukakata"
958:. This pillar was donated by a Yavana
843:in Central India, the Indo-Greek king
2169:
1937:
1935:
1678:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 87.
1644:
1471:
404:", which may come from the term Yona.
252:Comparable terms in the ancient world
2468:Pali dictionary definition of "Yona"
1505:
720:
581:
543:faultlessly naming them one by one.
2282:. Infobase Publishing. p. 64.
1855:
1698:
1478:
830:
689:, is mentioned as having come from
538:(c. 250 BCE), in which the Emperor
476:
223:"Nativity of the Yavanas" (150 CE).
24:
2323:. White Lotus Press. p. 191.
2308:. Shaker Verlag. pp. 199–200.
2157:
1932:
1920:
1230:etc. and regards them as degraded
548:the Gandhari original of Rock XIII
171:Persepolis Administrative Archives
169:The mention of the "Yauna" in the
64:, lit. "of Saviour King Menander".
25:
2524:
2461:
2136:Brihat-Katha-Manjari 10.1.285-86.
1891:. SAGE Publications. p. 18.
1727:
1453:that being misleading implied as
1331:
230:, "the city of the Yonas" in the
2453:et Thubal et Mosoch et Thiras."
2384:"Myth, nationalism and genocide"
1675:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia
854:also attests Yona settlement in
2397:
2375:
2356:
2312:
2296:
2240:
2194:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1984:
1975:
1963:
1947:
1878:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1809:
1800:
1787:
1582:The History of Buddhist Thought
946:Buddhist caves of Western India
705:Another example is that of the
700:
118:Ἴωνες < Ἰάoνες < *Ἰάϝoνες
50:The "Yona" Greek king of India
2508:Ancient peoples of Afghanistan
1774:
1754:
1737:The Land of the Elephant Kings
1692:
1665:
1638:
1626:
1599:
973:(adjectival form of "Yavana",
634:also pairs the Yonas with the
236:, Chapter 29 (4th century CE).
187:The mention of the "Yona king
176:The mention of the "Yona king
154:The Yona are mentioned in the
131:appears, for instance, in the
54:(160–135 BCE). Inscription in
13:
1:
2427:
2226:. Anthem Press. p. 241.
1994:and Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
1464:term Yonaka referring to the
1353:
1051:15th pillar of the right row:
1041:13th pillar of the right row:
959:
903:of the type commonly seen on
285:
217:and Greek terminology in the
158:inscriptions, along with the
141:appears in texts such as the
123:Both terms appear in ancient
2365:"Yuon: What's in a xenonym?"
2176:Parasher-Sen, Aloka (2004).
1282:Kamboja-mundah Yavana-mundah
1216:, and thus establishing his
1031:5th pillar of the right row:
781:for reference. Circa 120 CE.
672:Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura
653:
466:may be related to the same.
7:
2498:Ancient peoples of Pakistan
2303:Golzio, Karl-Heinz (2004).
1519:
1021:9th pillar of the left row:
1011:4th pillar of the left row:
1001:3rd pillar of the left row:
10:
2529:
2344:Post Staff (4 July 2003).
2127:Gautama-Dharmasutra IV.21.
2091:See: Mudrarakshas, Act II.
1435:ethnic slur for Vietnamese
940:Setapathiyasa Yonasa danam
773:: 𑀬𑁄𑀡𑀓𑀲), with Nasik/
733:contains prophecies that "
691:Alexandria on the Caucasus
588:Greco-Buddhist monasticism
585:
408:
228:Alexandria on the Caucasus
117:
61:Bασιλέως Σωτῆρος Μενάνδρου
60:
36:
29:
2154:Mahaniddesa, pp 155, 415.
2031:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
2019:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
2007:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
1992:p.55-56 Inscription No.10
1953:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
1914:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
1645:Kinzl, Konrad H. (2010).
1492:
1483:
882:
482:Edicts of Ashoka (250 BC)
213:The description of Greek
2513:Ancient peoples of India
1990:Epigraphia Indica Vol.7
1971:p.53-54 Inscription No.7
1969:Epigraphia Indica Vol.7
1806:Mahabharata 3.188.34–36.
1734:Kosmin, Paul J. (2014).
1563:
674:set aside a part of his
632:Ashoka's Rock Edict XIII
552:"Amtiyoko nama Yonaraja"
494:of Ashoka (260–218 BCE).
260:The Achaemenid name for
2346:"From Ionia to Vietnam"
2064:Mahabharata 5.19.21–23.
1768:20 October 2014 at the
1486:), in Turkish ("
1447:its conflict with Hanoi
1344:of the Chaitya Hall at
989:built and dedicated by
895:Some of the friezes of
803:century BCE downwards.
2488:Ancient Greeks in Asia
2021:p.326 Inscription No 4
1996:p.327 Inscription No.7
1916:p.328 Inscription No10
1885:Upinder Singh (2016).
1386:are thought referring
1360:
1298:Brihatkathamanjari of
1115:
978:
892:
782:
610:Third Buddhist council
608:reveal that after the
564:by the name of Ptolemy
531:
495:
492:Major Rock Edict No.13
423:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
291:
77:
65:
2109:Mahabharata 13.33.23.
2033:p.327 Inscription No6
2009:p.326 Inscription No1
1606:Waters, Matt (2014).
1577:Thomas, Edward Joseph
1339:
1302:informs us that king
1101:
953:
905:ancient Greek coinage
890:
764:
568:the name of Antigonos
501:
489:
270:Old Persian cuneiform
259:
71:
49:
32:Yona (disambiguation)
2382:Ben Kiernan (2001).
2262:. GGKEY:J7QZAZWA45P.
1864:Purātattva, Number 8
1328:as the Parama Yona.
865:Buddhist texts like
685:Another Yona thera,
355:, the word was יוון
2369:The Phnom Penh Post
2350:The Phnom Penh Post
2118:Mahabhasya II.4.10.
2100:Manusmriti X.43–44.
1541:History of Buddhism
1536:Names of the Greeks
1455:savages, foreigners
1220:in northern India.
1206:Alexander the Great
1175:The Buddhist drama
915:. Also visible are
642:) and conveys that
452:Alexander the Great
92:, and the analogue
2254:The Vermilion Bird
2248:Schafer, Edward H.
1472:Contemporary usage
1361:
1160:Vishistha against
1116:
979:
893:
867:Sumangala Vilasini
783:
687:Mahādhammarakkhita
666:, who was sent to
612:, the elder monk (
576:the name Alexander
532:
496:
427:Indo-Greek kingdom
292:
78:
66:
39:Indo-Greek kingdom
2410:. Global Vision.
2330:978-9-74843-456-8
2289:978-1-4381-0996-1
2233:978-0-85728-389-4
1898:978-93-5150-647-8
1685:978-1-4443-5163-7
1658:978-1-4443-3412-8
1619:978-1-10700-9-608
1592:978-81-206-1095-8
1490:"), in Armenian (
1195:'s alliance with
1189:Parishishtaparvan
837:Heliodorus pillar
721:Invasion of India
582:In Buddhist Texts
572:the name of Magas
504:Khalsi rock edict
456:Achaemenid Empire
431:Sangam literature
193:Heliodorus pillar
16:(Redirected from
2520:
2422:
2421:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2388:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2073:Ramayana 55.2–3.
2071:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1795:(Mahawamsa XXIX)
1791:
1785:
1778:
1772:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1573:
1508:
1507:
1495:
1494:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1466:Sri Lankan Moors
1358:
1355:
1324:as the Yona and
964:
961:
935:or Indo-Greeks.
831:Other references
536:Edicts of Ashoka
477:Role in Buddhism
290:
287:
282:Darius the Great
182:Edicts of Ashoka
119:
63:
62:
21:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2478:
2477:
2464:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2402:
2398:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2361:
2357:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2317:
2313:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2274:Higham, Charles
2271:
2267:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2218:Miksic, John N.
2215:
2211:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:Ramayana 43.12.
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1883:
1879:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1770:Wayback Machine
1762:(Mahavamsa XII)
1759:
1755:
1748:
1732:
1728:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1526:Greeks in India
1522:
1474:
1356:
1334:
1183:as well as the
1081:
991:Western Satraps
962:
948:
885:
871:impure language
835:On the 110 BCE
833:
723:
703:
682:for the Yonas.
656:
590:
584:
484:
479:
419:Seleucid Empire
411:
396:for modern-day
353:Biblical Hebrew
288:
278:DNa inscription
254:
226:The mention of
100:, were used in
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2526:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2463:
2462:External links
2460:
2459:
2458:
2444:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2396:
2374:
2355:
2336:
2329:
2311:
2295:
2288:
2265:
2239:
2232:
2209:
2193:
2186:
2168:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1983:
1974:
1962:
1946:
1931:
1919:
1904:
1897:
1877:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1808:
1799:
1786:
1773:
1753:
1746:
1726:
1691:
1684:
1664:
1657:
1637:
1625:
1618:
1598:
1591:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1531:Greco-Buddhism
1528:
1521:
1518:
1482:), in Hebrew (
1473:
1470:
1443:Pol Pot regime
1333:
1332:Later meanings
1330:
1218:Mauryan Empire
1204:successors of
1080:
1077:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1002:
947:
944:
933:Indo-Scythians
884:
881:
832:
829:
744:Shunga Empires
722:
719:
702:
699:
664:Dhammarakkhita
655:
652:
594:Buddhist texts
586:Main article:
583:
580:
483:
480:
478:
475:
464:Buddhist texts
433:epics such as
410:
407:
406:
405:
387:
374:used the word
369:
349:
340:used the word
335:
330:used the word
325:
314:
309:used the word
253:
250:
238:
237:
224:
211:
200:
185:
174:
74:Bharata Khanda
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2525:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2447:Liber Genesis
2445:
2443:
2442:1-58115-203-5
2439:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2419:
2417:9788187746102
2413:
2409:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2187:0-19-566542-2
2183:
2179:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1812:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1782:(Mahavamsa X)
1777:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1749:
1747:9780674728820
1743:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1707:: 1115–1120.
1706:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1357: 120 CE
1351:
1350:Brahmi script
1347:
1346:Manmodi Caves
1343:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:Mudrarakshasa
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:Balakanda of
1150:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1108:Indian Museum
1105:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
992:
988:
984:
981:In the Great
976:
975:Brahmi script
972:
971:"Ya-va-na-sa"
968:
963: 120 CE
957:
952:
943:
941:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
889:
880:
878:
874:
872:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
828:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
800:
798:
797:
792:
788:
780:
779:Brahmi script
776:
772:
768:
763:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
732:
728:
718:
716:
712:
708:
707:Milinda Panha
698:
696:
695:Ruwanwelisaya
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
651:
649:
645:
641:
640:Yonakambojesu
637:
633:
629:
628:Western India
625:
624:Dharmaraksita
621:
617:
616:
611:
607:
606:
602:and the 1861
601:
600:
595:
589:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
541:
537:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
493:
488:
474:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
445:Sangam period
442:
438:
437:
436:Paṭṭiṉappālai
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
403:
399:
395:
392:
388:
385:
381:
377:
373:
370:
367:
364:
363:Modern Hebrew
360:
359:
354:
350:
347:
343:
339:
336:
333:
329:
326:
323:
319:
315:
312:
308:
305:
304:
303:
301:
297:
296:Mediterranean
289: 490 BC
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
249:
247:
243:
235:
234:
229:
225:
222:
221:
216:
212:
209:
208:Milinda Panha
205:
201:
198:
194:
190:
186:
183:
179:
175:
173:(550–333 BC).
172:
168:
167:
166:
163:
161:
157:
152:
150:
149:
144:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
121:
115:
114:Ancient Greek
111:
107:
104:to designate
103:
102:Ancient India
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
75:
70:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2455:Nova vulgata
2450:
2446:
2433:
2406:
2399:
2390:
2377:
2368:
2358:
2349:
2339:
2320:
2314:
2304:
2298:
2278:
2268:
2253:
2242:
2222:
2212:
2202:
2196:
2177:
2171:
2165:p.97 Note 97
2159:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2015:
2003:
1986:
1977:
1965:
1949:
1922:
1887:
1880:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1811:
1802:
1794:
1789:
1781:
1776:
1761:
1756:
1736:
1729:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1674:
1667:
1647:
1640:
1628:
1608:
1601:
1581:
1571:
1555:
1509:
1496:
1475:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1438:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:Harivarman I
1403:
1395:
1377:
1362:
1352:: 𑀬𑀯𑀦𑀲,
1315:
1312:
1304:Vikramaditya
1297:
1286:
1281:
1260:, Kambojas,
1251:
1240:
1222:
1193:Chandragupta
1181:Visakhadutta
1174:
1151:
1140:
1117:
1082:
1073:Junnar caves
1066:
1059:
980:
970:
966:
939:
937:
894:
875:
870:
864:
856:Anuradhapura
849:
834:
823:
805:
801:
794:
786:
784:
726:
724:
704:
701:Milindapanha
684:
680:Anuradhapura
676:capital city
659:
657:
639:
619:
613:
605:Sasana Vamsa
603:
597:
596:such as the
591:
559:
551:
545:
533:
468:
449:
441:Early Cholas
434:
412:
389:The ancient
375:
365:
356:
345:
341:
331:
321:
310:
293:
265:
239:
231:
220:Yavanajātaka
218:
189:Aṃtalikitasa
164:
153:
146:
138:
132:
128:
127:literature.
122:
93:
81:
79:
43:
2503:Indo-Greeks
1557:Yavana Rani
1418:and Indian
1396:nagara Yuen
1318:Mahaniddesa
1287:Vartika of
1120:Mahabharata
1069:Nasik Caves
987:Karla Caves
956:Karla Caves
927:, possibly
858:in ancient
845:Antialcidas
824:Mahabharata
820:Pataliputra
767:Nasik Caves
731:Mahabharata
380:Old Persian
338:Babylonians
246:Indo-Greeks
134:Mahabharata
2482:Categories
2428:References
1499:), modern
1488:Yunanistan
1308:Barbarians
1289:Katayayana
1232:Kshatriyas
1224:Manusmriti
1212:rulers of
1143:Sudakshina
1130:, and the
977:𑀬𑀯𑀦𑀲).
787:Bala Kanda
727:Vanaparava
711:Indo-Greek
145:chronicle
143:Sri Lankan
1955:p.326-328
1713:2249-1937
1497:Hounistan
1493:Հունաստան
1462:Sinhalese
1322:Arachosia
1300:Kshmendra
1274:Ganapatha
1252:Numerous
1197:Himalayan
1191:refer to
1170:Hindukush
860:Sri Lanka
852:Mahavamsa
660:Mahavamsa
654:Mahavamsa
599:Dipavamsa
524:Alexander
516:Antigonus
508:Antiochus
378:from the
328:Assyrians
307:Egyptians
276:) in the
233:Mahavamsa
215:astrology
199:(110 BCE)
191:" in the
184:(280 BCE)
180:" in the
148:Mahavamsa
80:The word
2276:(2014).
2250:(1967).
1766:Archived
1721:44144820
1579:(1933).
1546:Kambojas
1520:See also
1392:Dai Viet
1388:Đại Việt
1262:Pahlavas
1208:and the
1154:Ramayana
1132:Pahlavas
1112:Calcutta
1093:Pahlavas
1085:Kambojas
994:Nahapana
901:headband
812:Panchala
796:Ramayana
777:-period
756:Pahlavas
748:Kambojas
715:Menander
668:Aparanta
648:śramaṇas
644:brahmans
636:Kambojas
460:Kambojas
425:and the
398:Ferghana
372:Persians
346:Yamanaya
264:Greeks:
178:Aṃtiyoka
160:Kambojas
137:, while
125:Sanskrit
98:Sanskrit
90:Prakrits
88:and the
52:Menander
1959:p.53-54
1551:Mleccha
1510:Yawnoye
1501:Aramaic
1408:Old Cam
1326:Bactria
1295:names.
1266:Paradas
1254:Puranic
1236:Shudras
1228:Paradas
1214:Magadha
1166:Himavat
1124:Kiratas
1104:Bharhut
985:of the
983:Chaitya
841:Vidisha
816:Mathura
791:Valmiki
735:Mleccha
554:(lit. "
512:Ptolemy
443:in the
409:History
391:Chinese
384:Ionians
311:ywnj-ꜥꜣ
244:or the
204:Milinda
197:Vidisha
110:Ionians
2473:Yavana
2440:
2414:
2327:
2286:
2230:
2184:
1895:
1744:
1719:
1711:
1682:
1655:
1616:
1589:
1514:Yunani
1506:ܝܘ̈ܢܝܐ
1420:Yavana
1384:Champa
1373:Muslim
1365:Greeks
1342:façade
1293:tribal
1278:Pāṇini
1270:Hindus
1187:works
1168:(i.e.
1145:. The
1136:Dasyus
929:Mallas
919:-like
917:carnyx
909:tunics
897:Sanchi
883:Sanchi
771:Brahmi
740:Maurya
630:also.
592:Other
540:Ashoka
528:Brahmi
471:Pāṇini
450:After
421:, the
415:Punjab
402:Dayuan
394:exonym
332:Iawanu
320:it is
318:Arabic
274:𐎹𐎢𐎴
262:Ionian
242:Greeks
156:Ashoka
129:Yavana
94:Yavana
18:Yavana
2451:Iavan
2387:(PDF)
2306:dates
2203:Udaya
2045:p.180
1717:JSTOR
1634:p.257
1564:Notes
1479:يونان
1431:Khmer
1380:Chams
1369:Islam
1258:Sakas
1247:Dasas
1243:Aryas
1210:Nanda
1202:Greek
1185:Jaina
1162:Vedic
1128:Sakas
1089:Sakas
1062:Karli
925:stupa
921:horns
913:aulos
877:Roman
808:Saket
775:Karla
752:Sakas
713:king
620:thero
615:thero
520:Magas
376:Yauna
366:Yavan
358:Yāwān
342:Yaman
322:Yūnān
300:Sindh
266:Yauna
202:King
106:Greek
56:Greek
2438:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2325:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2228:ISBN
2182:ISBN
1943:p.83
1928:p.42
1893:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1709:ISSN
1680:ISBN
1653:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1516:").
1484:יוון
1460:The
1451:yuon
1439:Yuon
1429:The
1424:Yuon
1416:Yuen
1404:Yuen
1400:Cham
1378:The
1340:The
1316:The
1264:and
1245:and
1158:sage
1147:epic
1118:The
850:The
818:and
754:and
742:and
725:The
658:The
646:and
578:").
522:and
502:The
400:is "
344:and
139:Yona
86:Pali
82:Yona
1394:as
1382:of
1284:).
1276:on
1179:by
1172:).
839:in
793:'s
789:of
729:of
678:of
546:In
351:In
316:In
298:to
280:of
195:in
112:" (
96:in
84:in
2484::
2389:.
2367:.
2348:.
2260:11
1934:^
1907:^
1715:.
1705:65
1703:.
1457:.
1354:c.
1272:.
1126:,
1110:,
1091:,
1087:,
1075:.
960:c.
931:,
873:.
814:,
810:,
799:.
758:.
750:,
697:.
622:)
574:,
570:,
566:,
518:,
514:,
510:,
447:.
302::
286:c.
284:,
272::
248:.
151:.
116::
58::
2457:.
2420:.
2393:.
2371:.
2352:.
2333:.
2292:.
2236:.
2190:.
1901:.
1750:.
1723:.
1688:.
1661:.
1622:.
1595:.
1503:(
1398:(
1359:.
1114:.
638:(
368:)
361:(
348:.
334:.
324:.
313:.
268:(
210:.
76:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
