381:, involving "Jewish settlement and presence" between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, was required for security reasons. Holzmann replied, arguing that Tal's maps showed terrorist attacks had been in decline, and the incidents enumerated lay outside the zone where the expulsion had taken place. Holzmann died of a heart attack before his summation, later given by his law partner, could be delivered. While the case was still pending, Dayan secretly asked Tel Aviv architects Yehuda Drexler and Ze'ev Drukman to draw up a blueprint for the projected port town of Yamit. The design brochure they produced was then sequestered by the IDF to ensure that the material would not come to the court's attention.
93:
292:
tribal sheikhs claimed 20,000 people were affected by the expulsion. Israeli army statistics put the number of expelled at 4,950. Those with tents were given a day to remove them. Those in concrete houses were given an extra day to leave, and their homes were reduced to rubble. Bulldozers, following a map design drawn by Sharon, drove down a swathe extending several dozen metres wide where the
Bedouins were encamped and smashed everything in their way. The decision to build Yamit was approved by the Israeli government in September 1973.
385:
settlement blocs surrounded it: to the east lay Pri'el, Talme Yosef, Netiv, Ha-Asara, Ugda, Nir
Avraham, Prigan, Sadot, Diqua, and the block centre Avshalom, while south of Yamit, settlements were made at Atzmona, Tarsag and Ne'ot Sinai. Most of the population was composed of secular Israelis who were attracted to the pristine settings near the Mediterranean and the low cost of housing. The settlement was positioned about half a kilometre away from the shore, adjacent to Bedouins who lived nearby along the shoreline itself.
60:
46:
394:
100:
67:
414:
Yamit settlers and other supporters. Some residents barricaded themselves on the rooftops before being dragged into buses by
Israeli soldiers. Political extremists from the rest of the country infiltrated Yamit to demonstrate their solidarity and sabotage the withdrawal. Among the more extreme examples of resistance were the disciples of Rabbi
426:
would return to their homes surreptitiously and that a disastrous clash between them and the
Egyptians might occur. One suggestion was that Sharon deliberately made the whole process more traumatic than it needed to be so that the Israeli public would refuse the dismantling of other settlements even for the sake of peace.
282:
farmers who "tended almond, peach, olive, and castor-oil trees and patches of wheat. Near the coastline, where groundwater rose almost to the surface, they farmed a strip a few hundred meters wide that yielded richer crops. Herds of sheep and goats added to their livelihood. They were settled tribes;
347:
argues however that the Arab decision to go to war preceded the
Galilee Document's publication. Nonetheless, Dayan made public remarks about his intention to build a deep-water port at Yamit, cutting Egypt off from the Gaza Strip, and Sadat is on record as saying, "Every word spoken about Yamit is a
274:
with Egypt in 1979, it became clear to residents that Yamit's days were numbered. Most accepted compensation and relocated to other cities. Those who chose to stay were joined by nationalist supporters who moved in to boost their numbers. When the order came to evacuate Yamit by force, many of the
413:
party, led that opposition. They wanted to stop the evacuation and revoke the peace treaty with Egypt, arguing, that once Egypt had the entire Sinai, it would cancel the peace treaty with Israel and rejoin the rest of the Arab world. Yamit was evacuated on April 23, 1982, amid resistance by some
291:
On
January 14, 1972, without explicit instructions by the Israeli government, Ariel Sharon ordered the expulsion of the Bedouins of the Rafah Plain, about 18 square miles (47 km) of land in northeast Sinai, together with the razing of their orchards and the blocking of their water wells. The
425:
for the houses and infrastructure of Yamit. Ariel Sharon decided to destroy the settlement. Sharon claimed that he decided in response to an
Egyptian request, but this was not the case. According to the Israeli ambassador to Egypt at the time, Moshe Sasson, Begin feared that the Israeli settlers
384:
Dayan envisaged a metropolis whose population would be expanded to a quarter of a million people by the year 2000. His plan was shelved because its cost would have had serious consequences for Israel's poor. The first residents arrived in August 1975 and the population quickly expanded. Two
364:
to show
Israelis the destruction that had taken place, and to bring to public attention the fact that the image of the Bedouin as nomads were inexact, and that their orchards were being bulldozed. In July 1972, nine Bedouin sheikhs from the area petitioned the
307:
A group of members from kibbutzim in the region, including me, started to investigate. We went out and toured the area, and were stunned by the dimensions of the wreckage, and by the number of persons who were expelled. The
351:
Local kibbutzniks were outraged by the destruction and, in consultation with the tribal chief, Suleiman
Hussein Uda Abu Hilo, arranged for a human rights lawyer to appeal on their behalf. Some kibbutzniks, among them
263:. Construction of Yamit began in January 1975. When the first fifty residents arrived there were no buildings, roads, electricity or water. Nevertheless, ambitious plans were drawn up for a port, a flour mill, a
369:
to obtain an order permitting them to return to their homes. Their case was presented by a Mapam man, Haim
Holzman, who argued that the evacuation had no legal or military rationale, and violated the
335:'s government implemented the pre-prepared plan for settlements on this Bedouin territory. According to one source, it was this official decision to establish a large Israeli city at Yamit which, for
970:
833:
303:, drafted to bridge the gap between hardliners and moderates in the Israeli Labour Party. According to one Israeli kibbutznik who visited the area immediately after the expulsion:
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312:(IDF) and the government denied the facts that we presented and claimed that they had merely evacuated a few nomads from state lands onto which the nomads had recently encroached.
243:, Yamit was envisioned as a large city for 200,000 people that would create a buffer zone between the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula. It was built on land in a 140,000
525:
401:
The evacuation of Yamit was part of the final stage of Israeli evacuation from Sinai. It was carried out in the face of powerful domestic opposition in Israel.
826:
328:, on being informed, flew over the area by helicopter to see for himself and subsequently appointed a commission to investigate what Ariel Sharon had done.
339:
and senior Egyptian officials, "was the straw that broke the camel's back", eventuating in the loss of hopes for a peace agreement and the onset of the
270:
Despite efforts to promote Yamit's relatively affordable housing, Yamit did not attract enough residents to make it a seaport. Upon the signing of the
819:
429:
Since the demolition, the only structure that remains visible is the skeleton of the main synagogue, which contains no visible Jewish symbols.
331:
The subsequent inquiry revealed that the expulsion of the Bedouins had occurred under Dayan's initiative and without government authorization.
960:
847:
317:
128:
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residents barricaded themselves inside their homes, while others climbed up to their roofs as soldiers broke down their doors.
377:
gave a deposition arguing that the Rafiah Plain area had been used by terrorists, who had attacked Israelis, as a shelter. A
418:, who vowed to take their own lives rather than surrender. After the personal intervention of Kahane, they agreed to leave.
92:
264:
267:, a hotel and a university. A cornerstone was laid for a yeshiva. By the second year, the population reached 100.
255:
families of the Al-Ramilat tribes had been secretly expelled under the direct orders of the then-defense minister
271:
228:
299:. The idea was subsequently proposed in a document on Israeli policy in the occupied territories written by
216:
59:
498:
405:(of the Likud party), the head of the Knesset's Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee, and professor
278:
Before the establishment of Yamit, the area south of Gaza known as the Rafah salient had been home to
811:
805:"Expulsion from Rafah Salient : The Declassified Report of the Commission of Inquiry (Hebrew)"
370:
160:
804:
366:
734:
702:
309:
879:
449:, the Yamit plan foresaw the construction of 9 villages, 6 kibbutzim, together with Yamit.
8:
896:
231:. Prior to the return of the land to Egypt, all the homes were evacuated and bulldozed.
843:
208:
36:
772:
550:
474:
316:
The expulsion was not mentioned in the Israeli press. A month later, the head of the
526:"From Yamit to the Jordan Valley, the IDF continues to force Arabs from their homes"
406:
864:
373:. Ariel Sharon was ordered by the court to show cause for the expulsion. General
212:
200:
502:
421:
The initial agreement between Israel and Egypt stipulated that Egypt would pay
340:
300:
45:
954:
916:
353:
143:
130:
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446:
325:
321:
260:
939:
884:
777:
The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967–1977
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336:
296:
256:
220:
175:
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344:
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with a population of about 2,500 people. Yamit was established during
906:
841:
393:
478:
320:
met and raised the issue with Dayan's viceroy in the territories,
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some lived in tents, but more in tin shacks and concrete houses'.
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704:
Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians
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252:
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410:
934:
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874:
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357:
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Settling northeastern Sinai was an idea strongly promoted by
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165:
655:
643:
583:
971:
1982 disestablishments in the Israeli Military Governorate
749:
631:
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knife pointing at me personally and at my self-respect."
667:
966:
1967 establishments in the Israeli Military Governorate
619:
595:
356:, and Latif Dori, were also activists in the left-wing
492:
490:
488:
607:
485:
324:, who knew nothing of it. The IDF chief of staff
952:
577:Hollow Land: Israel's Architecture of Occupation
227:in April 1982, as part of the terms of the 1979
223:until that part of the Sinai was handed over to
239:Located in the Rafah Plain region south of the
18:Former Israeli settlement in North Sinai, Egypt
516:
514:
512:
827:
716:
714:
688:Geography and Politics in Israel Since 1967
509:
286:
834:
820:
551:"Settlers' painful memories of withdrawal"
520:
397:Israeli soldiers evacuating Yamit by force
219:of the peninsula from the end of the 1967
771:
711:
673:
661:
649:
625:
601:
589:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
789:The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World
392:
318:International Committee of the Red Cross
700:
574:
953:
783:
755:
720:
637:
613:
557:
469:
815:
685:
497:Russo, Yocheved M. (April 18, 2007).
496:
707:. South End Press. pp. 105–107.
961:Former Israeli settlements in Sinai
802:
475:"Can Israel's right deliver peace?"
204:
13:
732:
14:
982:
796:
98:
91:
65:
58:
44:
726:
694:
690:. Psychology Press. p. 93.
679:
439:
409:, the leader of the right-wing
543:
463:
1:
456:
388:
251:) area from which some 1,500
99:
66:
211:in the northern part of the
7:
779:. Henry Holt & Company.
10:
987:
765:
737:. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org
579:. Verso Books. p. 98.
259:and Southern Command head
234:
915:
854:
229:Egypt–Israel peace treaty
186:
181:
171:
159:
124:
52:
43:
33:
23:
432:
287:Expulsion of the Bedouin
27:
935:Ofira (Sharm El Sheikh)
367:Supreme Court of Israel
735:"The Yamit Evacuation"
701:Chomsky, Noam (1999).
686:Efrat, Elisha (1988).
575:Weizman, Eyal (2012).
499:"The meatman of Yamit"
398:
314:
803:IDF (March 9, 1972).
396:
310:Israel Defense Forces
305:
144:31.27556°N 34.16722°E
473:(February 7, 2009).
172:Currently located in
844:Israeli settlements
758:, pp. 399–400.
733:Persin, Stephanie.
664:, pp. 237–239.
652:, pp. 320–323.
640:, pp. 317–318.
592:, pp. 220–222.
217:Israel's occupation
140: /
773:Gorenberg, Gershom
524:(April 16, 2012).
399:
209:Israeli settlement
187: • Total
149:31.27556; 34.16722
115:Show map of Israel
37:Israeli settlement
948:
947:
930:Neviot (Nuweiiba)
553:. April 19, 2004.
371:Geneva Convention
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82:Show map of Egypt
79:Location of Yamit
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925:Dizahav (Dahab)
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848:Sinai Peninsula
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676:, p. 239.
674:Gorenberg 2006
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662:Gorenberg 2006
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650:Gorenberg 2006
642:
630:
628:, p. 223.
626:Gorenberg 2006
618:
616:, p. 317.
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604:, p. 222.
602:Gorenberg 2006
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590:Gorenberg 2006
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503:Jerusalem Post
484:
461:
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360:party and ran
341:Yom Kippur War
301:Yisrael Galili
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265:Dead Sea canal
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445:According to
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407:Yuval Ne'eman
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897:Talmei Yosef
855:
788:
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741:September 2,
739:. Retrieved
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621:
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533:. Retrieved
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447:Noam Chomsky
441:
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423:$ 80 million
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362:Rafiah tours
361:
350:
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326:David Elazar
322:Shlomo Gazit
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272:peace treaty
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261:Ariel Sharon
238:
196:
195:
15:
785:Shlaim, Avi
756:Shlaim 2001
721:Shlaim 2001
638:Shlaim 2001
614:Shlaim 2001
471:Franks, Tim
416:Meir Kahane
403:Moshe Arens
379:buffer zone
337:Anwar Sadat
297:Moshe Dayan
257:Moshe Dayan
221:Six-Day War
176:North Sinai
147: /
955:Categories
522:Amira Hass
457:References
389:Evacuation
375:Israel Tal
345:Avi Shlaim
333:Golda Meir
241:Gaza Strip
182:Population
132:31°16′32″N
890:relocated
207:) was an
135:34°10′2″E
865:Avshalom
787:(2001).
775:(2006).
535:July 26,
479:BBC News
247:(14,000
846:in the
842:Former
766:Sources
530:Haaretz
280:Bedouin
253:Bedouin
249:hectare
235:History
161:Country
35:Former
907:Pri'el
858:region
411:Tehiya
201:Hebrew
902:Yamit
875:Holit
870:Dikla
856:Yamit
433:Notes
358:Mapam
245:dunam
225:Egypt
197:Yamit
190:2,500
166:Egypt
106:Yamit
73:Yamit
25:Yamit
940:Taba
885:Sufa
743:2010
537:2014
205:ימית
28:ימית
957::
713:^
559:^
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511:^
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199:(
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