892:-value 10 meters smaller than that for the WGS 66 Ellipsoid was based on several calculations and indicators including a combination of satellite and surface gravity data for position and gravitational field determinations. Sets of satellite derived station coordinates and gravimetric deflection of the vertical and geoid height data were used to determine local-to-geocentric datum shifts, datum rotation parameters, a datum scale parameter and a value for the semimajor axis of the WGS Ellipsoid. Eight solutions were made with the various sets of input data, both from an investigative point of view and also because of the limited number of unknowns which could be solved for in any individual solution due to computer limitations. Selected Doppler satellite tracking and astro-geodetic datum orientation stations were included in the various solutions. Based on these results and other related studies accomplished by the committee, an
842:
850:
1134:
830:
satellite tracking stations established in support of the Navy's
Navigational Satellite System (NNSS). Doppler data was also available from the numerous sites established by GEOCEIVERS during 1971 and 1972. Doppler data was the primary data source for WGS 72 (see image). Additional electronic satellite data was provided by the SECOR (Sequential Collation of Range) Equatorial Network completed by the U.S. Army in 1970. Optical satellite data from the Worldwide Geometric Satellite Triangulation Program was provided by the BC-4 camera system (see image). Data from the
42:
1153:
669:
2454:
920:
3342:
3363:
2443:
3352:
2047:
858:
available in sufficient quantity. The value for areas of sparse or no observational data were developed from geophysically compatible gravity approximations using gravity-geophysical correlation techniques. Approximately 45 percent of the 410 mean free air gravity anomaly values were determined directly from observed gravity data.
749:. By matching the relative astro-geodetic geoids of the selected datums with an earth-centered gravimetric geoid, the selected datums were reduced to an earth-centered orientation. Since the Army and Air Force systems agreed remarkably well for the NAD, ED and TD areas, they were consolidated and became WGS 60.
661:. The latter observational method is more suitable for global mapping. Therefore, a motivation, and a substantial problem in the WGS and similar work is to patch together data that were not only made separately, for different regions, but to re-reference the elevations to an ellipsoid model rather than to the
1356:
The original standardization document for WGS 84 was
Technical Report 8350.2, published in September 1987 by the Defense Mapping Agency (which later became the National Imagery and Mapping Agency). New editions were published in September 1991 and July 1997; the latter edition was amended twice, in
910:
In the development of local-to WGS 72 datum shifts, results from different geodetic disciplines were investigated, analyzed and compared. Those shifts adopted were based primarily on a large number of
Doppler TRANET and GEOCEIVER station coordinates which were available worldwide. These coordinates
821:
After an extensive effort over a period of approximately three years, the
Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1972 was completed. Selected satellite, surface gravity and astrogeodetic data available through 1972 from both DoD and non-DoD sources were used in a Unified WGS Solution (a large
861:
The astrogeodetic data in its basic form consists of deflection of the vertical components referred to the various national geodetic datums. These deflection values were integrated into astrogeodetic geoid charts referred to these national datums. The geoid heights contributed to the
Unified WGS
857:
The surface gravity field used in the
Unified WGS Solution consisted of a set of 410 10° à 10° equal area mean free air gravity anomalies determined solely from terrestrial data. This gravity field includes mean anomaly values compiled directly from observed gravity data wherever the latter was
623:
of other institutions and countries, began to develop the needed world system to which geodetic data could be referred and compatibility established between the coordinates of widely separated sites of interest. Efforts of the U.S. Army, Navy and Air Force were combined leading to the DoD World
869:
The
Unified WGS Solution, as stated above, was a solution for geodetic positions and associated parameters of the gravitational field based on an optimum combination of available data. The WGS 72 ellipsoid parameters, datum shifts and other associated constants were derived separately. For the
829:
The largest collection of data ever used for WGS purposes was assembled, processed and applied in the development of WGS 72. Both optical and electronic satellite data were used. The electronic satellite data consisted, in part, of
Doppler data provided by the U.S. Navy and cooperating non-DoD
935:
In the early 1980s, the need for a new world geodetic system was generally recognized by the geodetic community as well as within the US Department of
Defense. WGS 72 no longer provided sufficient data, information, geographic coverage, or product accuracy for all then-current and anticipated
786:
satellite data had become available since the development of WGS 60. Using the additional data and improved techniques, WGS 66 was produced which served DoD needs for about five years after its implementation in 1967. The defining parameters of the WGS 66 Ellipsoid were the flattening
862:
Solution by providing additional and more detailed data for land areas. Conventional ground survey data was included in the solution to enforce a consistent adjustment of the coordinates of neighboring observation sites of the BC-4, SECOR, Doppler and BakerâNunn systems. Also, eight
737:
had each developed a world system by using different approaches to the gravimetric datum orientation method. To determine their gravimetric orientation parameters, the Air Force used the mean of the differences between the gravimetric and astro-geodetic
1375:, which was released on 7 January 2024 as an update to G2139, now aligned to both the ITRF2020, the most recent ITRF realization, and the IGS20, the frame used by the International GNSS Service (IGS). G2139 was aligned with the IGb14 realization of the
1364:
The original WGS84 model had an absolute accuracy of 1â2 meters. WGS84 (G730) first incorporated GPS observations, taking the accuracy down to 10 cm/component rms. All following revisions including WGS84 (G873) and WGS84 (G1150) also used GPS.
870:
unified solution, a normal equation matrix was formed based on each of the mentioned data sets. Then, the individual normal equation matrices were combined and the resultant matrix solved to obtain the positions and the parameters.
812:
field provided the basic data for producing the WGS 66 gravimetric geoid. Also, a geoid referenced to the WGS 66 Ellipsoid was derived from available astrogeodetic data to provide a detailed representation of limited land areas.
721:
and an earth-centered orientation for each initially selected datum. (Every datum is relatively oriented with respect to different portions of the geoid by the astro-geodetic methods already described.) The sole contribution of
628:
as used here refers to a smooth surface somewhat arbitrarily defined as zero elevation, consistent with a set of surveyor's measures of distances between various stations, and differences in elevation, all reduced to a grid of
761:
and the astronautic
Mercury datum. In January 1966, a World Geodetic System Committee composed of representatives from the United States Army, Navy and Air Force was charged with developing an improved WGS, needed to satisfy
948:
that allowed for a consistent combination solution from different types of measurements all relative to the Earth's gravity field, measurements such as the geoid, gravity anomalies, deflections, and dynamic Doppler.
936:
applications. The means for producing a new WGS were available in the form of improved data, increased data coverage, new data types and improved techniques. Observations from Doppler, satellite laser ranging and
982:, but it contains a very slight variation in the inverse flattening, as it was derived independently and the result was rounded to a different number of significant digits. This resulted in a tiny difference of
2051:
1705:
742:
and geoid heights (undulations) at specifically selected stations in the areas of the major datums. The Army performed an adjustment to minimize the difference between astro-geodetic and
1200:
through the Earth's center of mass, but rather "misses west" of the center of mass by about 102 meters.) The longitude positions on WGS 84 agree with those on the older
940:(VLBI) constituted significant new information. An outstanding new source of data had become available from satellite radar altimetry. Also available was an advanced
3082:
3072:
2131:
401:
826:
adjustment). The results of the adjustment consisted of corrections to initial station coordinates and coefficients of the gravitational field.
1428:
578:
473:
223:
1464:
964:
391:
359:
17:
1376:
369:
2988:
1358:
489:
3355:
2403:
2171:
1361:
as NGA.STND.0036. These updates provide refined descriptions of the Earth and realizations of the system for higher precision.
831:
349:
2635:
1811:
971:
are geocentric, and internally consistent, at the few-cm level, while still being metre-level consistent with WGS 84.
1948:
1794:
841:
2124:
616:
2525:
329:
3398:
3230:
2657:
2545:
130:
3077:
2348:
1618:
937:
429:
849:
2535:
2495:
1260:
1552:"NOAA History - Stories and Tales of the Coast & Geodetic Survey - Personal Tales/Earth Measurer/Aslakson Bio"
3403:
3265:
2251:
1410:
1743:
Malys, Stephen; Seago, John H.; Palvis, Nikolaos K.; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Kaplan, George H. (1 August 2015).
3345:
2938:
2117:
808:
determined from a combination of Doppler satellite and astro-geodetic data). A worldwide 5° à 5° mean free air
215:
2081:
Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984, Its Definition and Relationships With Local Geodetic Systems
2072:
Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984, Its Definition and Relationships With Local Geodetic Systems
1480:
1357:
January 2000 and June 2004. The standardization document was revised again and published in July 2014 by the
231:
2393:
1836:
1193:
1157:
3388:
1418:
2453:
2590:
2022:
1923:
1380:
1161:
3125:
2530:
2490:
1998:
1589:
1459:
1454:
1391:
953:
481:
194:
2091:
2068:
1401:
Solution for Earth orientation parameters consistent with ITRF2014 is also needed (IERS EOP 14C04).
866:
long line precise traverses were included for the purpose of controlling the scale of the solution.
3255:
2630:
2620:
2560:
2196:
2166:
2055:
641:. Heritage surveying methods found elevation differences from a local horizontal determined by the
505:
161:
108:
3292:
3275:
3112:
2605:
2470:
2408:
2398:
2291:
1181:
1173:
547:
A unified geodetic system for the whole world became essential in the 1950s for several reasons:
299:
259:
1896:
1441:
3287:
3225:
2652:
2338:
1857:
279:
3120:
2610:
2505:
2140:
952:
The new world geodetic system was called WGS 84. It is the reference system used by the
541:
422:
89:
3307:
3140:
2843:
2700:
2565:
2276:
1756:
1593:
1495:
1395:
1201:
931:) and mean Earth radii as defined in the 1984 World Geodetic System revision (not to scale)
574:
485:
461:
239:
189:
115:
1398:(WMM) is updated separately. The current version of WGS 84 uses EGM2008 and WMM2020.
1137:
WGS 84 reference frame. The oblateness of the ellipsoid is exaggerated in this image.
1133:
835:
8:
3408:
3302:
3187:
3182:
2908:
2580:
2540:
2256:
1526:
1505:
1435:
1197:
975:
739:
151:
99:
1760:
3245:
2958:
2948:
2913:
2813:
2798:
2695:
1205:
1189:
986:
in the semi-minor axis. The following table compares the primary ellipsoid parameters.
945:
678:
71:
41:
1634:
1152:
3327:
3317:
3260:
3240:
2923:
2888:
2823:
2803:
2793:
2675:
2363:
2221:
1614:
1551:
1500:
1490:
1469:
658:
171:
156:
1871:
3393:
3282:
3250:
3220:
3029:
3014:
2883:
2818:
2710:
2625:
2555:
2480:
2261:
2231:
2161:
2156:
1764:
650:
415:
166:
1999:"Evolution of the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) Terrestrial Reference Frame"
3087:
2983:
2933:
2898:
2858:
2750:
2720:
2570:
2520:
2430:
2388:
2321:
2246:
2206:
1212:
1003:
995:
809:
566:
1635:"USER DOCUMENTATION Programs: INVERSE, FORWARD, INVERS3D, FORWRD3D Versions 2.0"
668:
3197:
3192:
3097:
3092:
2928:
2868:
2863:
2595:
2485:
2306:
2241:
2216:
2077:
1872:"Modern Geocentric Datum | GEOG 862: GPS and GNSS for Geospatial Professionals"
1787:
1718:
1684:
1475:
1142:
734:
710:
477:
379:
146:
120:
2442:
1769:
1744:
1659:
3382:
3367:
3215:
3135:
3024:
2943:
2918:
2853:
2783:
2690:
2585:
2462:
2383:
2343:
2316:
2226:
2176:
2104:
1185:
941:
823:
779:
775:
771:
758:
552:
2083:(1991-09-01). This edition documents the original Earth Gravitational Model.
1924:"What are the limitations of using World Geodetic System 1984 in Australia?"
1921:
1858:
Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984 - NGA.STND.0036_1.0.0_WGS84
1299:
This leads to several computed parameters such as the polar semi-minor axis
3322:
3270:
3210:
3161:
3039:
3034:
3009:
2993:
2968:
2685:
2575:
2515:
2301:
2211:
2186:
1141:
The coordinate origin of WGS 84 is meant to be located at the Earth's
642:
556:
104:
963:. Current geodetic realizations of the geocentric reference system family
919:
3312:
3044:
2973:
2838:
2778:
2745:
2735:
2730:
2615:
2550:
2510:
2500:
2475:
2358:
2331:
2311:
2271:
2236:
2086:
1701:
1196:. (This is related to the fact that the local gravity field at Greenwich
743:
453:
61:
2109:
2099:
1973:
3130:
2978:
2953:
2848:
2828:
2755:
2740:
2725:
2715:
2680:
2600:
2420:
2415:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2266:
1485:
1235:
1012:
863:
845:
Doppler satellite ground stations providing data for WGS 72 development
697:
649:, or an equivalent device that depends on the local gravity field (see
585:
3362:
3202:
3064:
3049:
2963:
2808:
2647:
2642:
2425:
2353:
2281:
2201:
2191:
2148:
1169:
1165:
727:
723:
718:
646:
638:
634:
620:
589:
537:
501:
488:(WMM). The standard is published and maintained by the United States
140:
66:
730:
flattening which was obtained from the nodal motion of a satellite.
511:
Mathematische und Physikalische Theorien der Physikalischen GeodÀsie
3297:
3019:
2878:
2770:
2760:
2705:
2181:
630:
596:
319:
136:
125:
3166:
3156:
2326:
2296:
1371:
WGS 84 has most recently been updated to use the reference frame
1231:
853:
Worldwide geometric satellite triangulation network, BC-4 cameras
783:
767:
706:
705:
In accomplishing WGS 60, a combination of available surface
653:). As a result, the elevations in the data are referenced to the
533:
523:
519:
457:
199:
56:
33:
1685:"The EGM96 Geoid Undulation with Respect to the WGS84 Ellipsoid"
911:
had been determined using the Doppler point positioning method.
2873:
2286:
1368:
WGS 84 (G1762) is the sixth update to the WGS reference frame.
979:
714:
604:
603:-wide geospatial reference system, in accordance with the NATO
309:
269:
207:
1922:
Australian Government - Geoscience Australia (20 March 2017).
1611:
Geometrical Geodesy: Using Information and Computer Technology
3235:
3054:
2833:
2788:
1387:
959:
757:
Improvements to the global system included the Astrogeoid of
746:
688:
662:
654:
94:
1531:
Office of Geomatics, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
1394:(EGM), with improved resolution and accuracy. Likewise, the
2667:
1688:
968:
726:
data to the development of WGS 60 was a value for the
600:
570:
396:
289:
1793:(2nd ed.). Defense Mapping Agency. 1 September 1991.
1742:
1409:
Components of WGS 84 are identified by codes in the
766:, charting and geodetic requirements. Additional surface
763:
465:
797:
determined from satellite data) and the semimajor axis (
1702:
European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation
516:
Mathematical and Physical Theories of Physical Geodesy
1281:. The angular velocity of the Earth is defined to be
1837:"Data collection of WGS 84 information â or is it?"
1613:. Germany: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 20.
1472:â for marking up WGS 84 coordinates in (X)HTML
562:
The lack of inter-continental geodetic information.
1788:"Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984"
1180:The WGS 84 meridian of zero longitude is the
956:. It is geocentric and globally consistent within
3083:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
1782:
1780:
1736:
3380:
1852:
1850:
1708:: WGS 84 Implementation Manual, p. 13. 1998
1390:for WGS 84 are now published as a separate
3073:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
540:of the Earth were derived (e.g., Helmert 1906,
1777:
1145:; the uncertainty is believed to be less than
2125:
1847:
624:Geodetic System 1960 (WGS 60). The term
529:ZentralbĂŒro fĂŒr die Internationale Erdmessung
474:Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system
423:
1351:
770:observations, results from the extension of
657:, a surface that is not readily found using
527:
509:
2095:, Chapter VIII, "The World Geodetic System"
1897:"Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)"
907:and a flattening of 1/298.26 were adopted.
717:surveys were used to define a best-fitting
581:(TD), to provide a worldwide geo-data basis
500:Efforts to supplement the various national
2132:
2118:
1527:"World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84)"
1465:European Terrestrial Reference System 1989
965:International Terrestrial Reference System
599:preparedness necessitated a standardised,
430:
416:
397:Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID)
392:International Terrestrial Reference System
2139:
1768:
1608:
1377:International Terrestrial Reference Frame
1263:(mass of Earth's atmosphere included) is
713:data and results from HIRAN and Canadian
1719:"Greenwich Meridan, Tracing its History"
1188:or 102 metres (335 ft) east of the
1151:
1132:
918:
848:
840:
733:Prior to WGS 60, the U.S. Army and
667:
1609:Hooijberg, Maarten (18 December 2007).
1519:
1359:National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
1259:. The refined value of the WGS 84
504:systems began in the 19th century with
490:National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
14:
3381:
2404:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
1325:, and the first eccentricity squared,
2113:
2023:"World Geodetic System 1984 ensemble"
1695:
1208:, in the east-central United States.
1172:) west of the WGS 84 datum (the
834:was also used which included camera (
832:Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
3351:
2105:ANTEX (.atx) files that define IGS20
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1211:The WGS 84 datum surface is an
480:, and also describes the associated
1800:from the original on 3 August 2021.
617:United States Department of Defense
402:Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
364:European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989
24:
3231:National Oceanographic Data Center
2658:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
2546:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
2054:from websites or documents of the
1745:"Why the Greenwich meridian moved"
873:The value for the semimajor axis (
274:Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936
240:Discrete Global Grid and Geocoding
131:Horizontal position representation
25:
3420:
3078:Global Sea Level Observing System
2062:
1569:
938:very-long-baseline interferometry
532:(Central Bureau of International
3361:
3350:
3341:
3340:
2536:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
2452:
2441:
2050: This article incorporates
2045:
1660:"WGS 84: Ellipsoid Details"
1598:. United States Air Force. 1984.
190:Global Nav. Sat. Systems (GNSSs)
40:
3266:Ocean thermal energy conversion
2989:VineâMatthewsâMorley hypothesis
2100:Spatial reference for EPSG:4326
2027:EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset
2015:
1991:
1966:
1941:
1915:
1889:
1864:
1829:
1804:
1664:EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset
1411:EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset
778:networks, and large amounts of
672:Gravimetric datum orientation.
354:N. American Vertical Datum 1988
1711:
1677:
1652:
1627:
1602:
1544:
1404:
384:Internet link to a point 2010
314:Geodetic Reference System 1980
232:Quasi-Zenith Sat. Sys. (QZSS)
13:
1:
1512:
1481:Geographic information system
1379:(ITRF) 2014 and uses the new
1156:Handheld GPS receiver at the
1128:
877:) of the WGS 72 Ellipsoid is
374:Chinese obfuscated datum 2002
2526:El NiñoâSouthern Oscillation
2496:CraikâLeibovich vortex force
2252:Luke's variational principle
2069:NGA Standardization Document
1158:Royal Observatory, Greenwich
324:Geographic point coord. 1983
7:
2087:NGA webpage for WGS 84
2078:DMA Technical Report 8350.2
1590:"THE WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM"
1447:
1419:coordinate reference system
565:The inability of the large
284:Systema Koordinat 1942 goda
10:
3425:
2591:Ocean dynamical thermostat
2439:
1816:IHS Markit Standards Store
838:) and some laser ranging.
569:, such as European Datum (
536:), and a series of global
495:
344:World Geodetic System 1984
18:World Geodetic System 1984
3399:Global Positioning System
3336:
3175:
3149:
3126:Ocean acoustic tomography
3111:
3063:
3002:
2939:MohoroviÄiÄ discontinuity
2897:
2769:
2666:
2531:General circulation model
2461:
2167:BenjaminâFeir instability
2147:
1770:10.1007/s00190-015-0844-y
1460:Earth Gravitational Model
1455:Degree Confluence Project
1392:Earth Gravitational Model
1352:Updates and new standards
1202:North American Datum 1927
967:(ITRS) maintained by the
954:Global Positioning System
914:
816:
752:
610:
605:Standardisation Agreement
584:Need for global maps for
482:Earth Gravitational Model
334:North American Datum 1983
304:South American Datum 1969
27:Geodetic reference system
3256:Ocean surface topography
2631:Thermohaline circulation
2621:Subsurface ocean current
2561:Hydrothermal circulation
2394:Waveâcurrent interaction
2172:Boussinesq approximation
2056:National Geodetic Survey
1949:"NGA Geomatics - WGS 84"
1424:EPSG:4979 – 3D CRS
1386:Updates to the original
452:) is a standard used in
195:Global Pos. System (GPS)
162:Spatial reference system
3293:Sea surface temperature
3276:Outline of oceanography
2471:Atmospheric circulation
2409:shallow water equations
2399:Waves and shallow water
2292:Significant wave height
1876:www.e-education.psu.edu
1215:with equatorial radius
1192:at the latitude of the
1182:IERS Reference Meridian
1174:IERS Reference Meridian
615:In the late 1950s, the
468:. The current version,
3404:Military globalization
3288:Sea surface microlayer
2653:Wind generated current
2093:Geodesy for the Layman
2052:public domain material
1974:"World Magnetic Model"
1595:Geodesy for the Layman
1261:gravitational constant
1198:does not point exactly
1177:
1160:, indicating that the
1138:
932:
854:
846:
702:
528:
510:
3121:Deep scattering layer
3103:World Geodetic System
2611:Princeton Ocean Model
2491:CoriolisâStokes force
2141:Physical oceanography
1417:EPSG:4326 – 2D
1155:
1136:
922:
888:. The adoption of an
852:
844:
671:
555:and the beginning of
446:World Geodetic System
90:Geographical distance
3141:Underwater acoustics
2701:Perigean spring tide
2566:Langmuir circulation
2277:Rossby-gravity waves
1901:Office of Geomantics
1496:North American Datum
1396:World Magnetic Model
992:Ellipsoid reference
575:North American Datum
486:World Magnetic Model
462:satellite navigation
264:Sea Level Datum 1929
116:Geodetic coordinates
3303:Science On a Sphere
2909:Convergent boundary
2581:Modular Ocean Model
2541:Geostrophic current
2257:Mild-slope equation
1812:"DMA TR 8350.2 WGS"
1761:2015JGeod..89.1263M
1436:reference ellipsoid
976:reference ellipsoid
700:-oriented ellipsoid
677: Ellipsoid of
294:European Datum 1950
252:Standards (history)
152:Reference ellipsoid
100:Figure of the Earth
3389:Coordinate systems
2959:Seafloor spreading
2949:Outer trench swell
2914:Divergent boundary
2814:Continental margin
2799:Carbonate platform
2696:Lunitidal interval
1953:earth-info.nga.mil
1843:. 2 November 2016.
1749:Journal of Geodesy
1723:Gpsinformation.net
1440:EPSG:6326 –
1434:EPSG:7030 –
1427:EPSG:4978 –
1206:85° longitude west
1190:Greenwich meridian
1178:
1162:Greenwich meridian
1139:
933:
855:
847:
703:
679:astro-geodetically
172:Vertical positions
3376:
3375:
3368:Oceans portal
3328:World Ocean Atlas
3318:Underwater glider
3261:Ocean temperature
2924:Hydrothermal vent
2889:Submarine volcano
2824:Continental shelf
2804:Coastal geography
2794:Bathymetric chart
2676:Amphidromic point
2364:Wave nonlinearity
2222:Infragravity wave
1755:(12): 1263â1272.
1501:Point of interest
1470:Geo (microformat)
1383:Antex standard.
1194:Royal Observatory
1126:
1125:
659:satellite geodesy
440:
439:
388:
387:
167:Spatial relations
157:Satellite geodesy
112:
16:(Redirected from
3416:
3366:
3365:
3354:
3353:
3344:
3343:
3283:Pelagic sediment
3221:Marine pollution
3015:Deep ocean water
2884:Submarine canyon
2819:Continental rise
2711:Rule of twelfths
2626:Sverdrup balance
2556:Humboldt Current
2481:Boundary current
2456:
2445:
2262:Radiation stress
2232:Iribarren number
2207:Equatorial waves
2162:Ballantine scale
2157:Airy wave theory
2134:
2127:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2003:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1715:
1709:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1639:geodesy.noaa.gov
1631:
1625:
1624:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1586:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1556:History.noaa.gov
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1523:
1491:GIS file formats
1442:horizontal datum
1347:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1148:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1008:
1000:
989:
988:
985:
974:The WGS 84
962:
930:
926:
906:
904:
901:
895:
891:
887:
885:
882:
876:
807:
805:
802:
796:
795:
791:
695:
686:
676:
651:physical geodesy
619:, together with
588:, aviation, and
567:geodetic systems
544:1910 and 1924).
531:
513:
432:
425:
418:
256:
255:
235:
227:
219:
211:
203:
143:
102:
44:
30:
29:
21:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3360:
3332:
3171:
3145:
3107:
3088:Sea-level curve
3059:
2998:
2984:Transform fault
2934:Mid-ocean ridge
2900:
2893:
2859:Oceanic plateau
2765:
2751:Tidal resonance
2721:Theory of tides
2662:
2571:Longshore drift
2521:Ekman transport
2457:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2437:
2389:Wave turbulence
2322:Trochoidal wave
2247:Longshore drift
2143:
2138:
2065:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1700:
1696:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1607:
1603:
1588:
1587:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1450:
1407:
1354:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1213:oblate spheroid
1146:
1131:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1006:
1004:Semi-minor axis
998:
996:Semi-major axis
983:
957:
928:
924:
917:
902:
899:
897:
893:
889:
883:
880:
878:
874:
819:
810:gravity anomaly
803:
800:
798:
793:
789:
788:
755:
701:
698:Gravimetrically
693:
691:
684:
682:
674:
613:
498:
436:
407:
406:
253:
245:
244:
233:
225:
217:
209:
201:
185:
177:
176:
135:
85:
77:
76:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3422:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3358:
3348:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3308:Stratification
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3200:
3198:Color of water
3195:
3193:Benthic lander
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3098:Sea level rise
3095:
3093:Sea level drop
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2929:Marine geology
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2869:Passive margin
2866:
2864:Oceanic trench
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2596:Ocean dynamics
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2486:Coriolis force
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2307:Stokes problem
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2242:Kinematic wave
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2089:
2084:
2075:
2064:
2063:External links
2061:
2060:
2059:
2040:
2039:
2014:
1990:
1965:
1940:
1914:
1903:. January 2024
1888:
1863:
1846:
1828:
1803:
1776:
1735:
1710:
1694:
1676:
1651:
1626:
1619:
1601:
1568:
1543:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1506:TRANSIT system
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1476:geo URI scheme
1473:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1406:
1403:
1353:
1350:
1143:center of mass
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1112:
1095:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1060:
1043:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1009:
1001:
993:
944:method called
916:
913:
818:
815:
754:
751:
735:U.S. Air Force
711:astro-geodetic
692:
683:
681:oriented datum
673:
612:
609:
608:
607:
593:
582:
563:
560:
551:International
506:F.R. Helmert's
497:
494:
478:geodetic datum
438:
437:
435:
434:
427:
420:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
399:
394:
386:
385:
382:
376:
375:
372:
366:
365:
362:
356:
355:
352:
346:
345:
342:
336:
335:
332:
326:
325:
322:
316:
315:
312:
306:
305:
302:
296:
295:
292:
286:
285:
282:
276:
275:
272:
266:
265:
262:
254:
251:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
237:
229:
221:
213:
205:
197:
192:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
175:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
147:Map projection
144:
133:
128:
123:
121:Geodetic datum
118:
113:
97:
92:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:
75:
74:
69:
64:
59:
53:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3421:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3357:
3349:
3347:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:Marine energy
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:Acidification
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:SOFAR channel
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:Oceanic crust
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:Fracture zone
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Oceanic basin
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:Abyssal plain
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:Internal tide
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Ocean current
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2444:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:Wave shoaling
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:Ursell number
2342:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2227:Internal wave
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:Breaking wave
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2057:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2000:
1994:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1929:
1928:www.ga.gov.au
1925:
1918:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1622:
1620:9783540682257
1616:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1349:
1329:
1311:
1307:
1303:which equals
1297:
1294:10 rad/s
1262:
1237:
1233:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1135:
1113:
1096:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1061:
1044:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1002:
997:
994:
991:
990:
987:
984:0.105 mm
981:
978:was based on
977:
972:
970:
966:
961:
955:
950:
947:
943:
942:least squares
939:
921:
912:
908:
871:
867:
865:
859:
851:
843:
839:
837:
833:
827:
825:
824:least squares
814:
811:
785:
781:
777:
776:trilateration
773:
772:triangulation
769:
765:
760:
759:Irene Fischer
750:
748:
745:
741:
736:
731:
729:
725:
720:
716:
712:
708:
699:
690:
680:
670:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
622:
618:
606:
602:
598:
594:
591:
587:
583:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
561:
558:
554:
553:space science
550:
549:
548:
545:
543:
539:
535:
530:
525:
521:
517:
512:
507:
503:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:, defines an
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
433:
428:
426:
421:
419:
414:
413:
411:
410:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
383:
381:
378:
377:
373:
371:
368:
367:
363:
361:
358:
357:
353:
351:
348:
347:
343:
341:
338:
337:
333:
331:
328:
327:
323:
321:
318:
317:
313:
311:
308:
307:
303:
301:
298:
297:
293:
291:
288:
287:
283:
281:
278:
277:
273:
271:
268:
267:
263:
261:
258:
257:
249:
248:
241:
238:
236:
230:
228:
222:
220:
214:
212:
208:BeiDou (BDS)
206:
204:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
181:
180:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
142:
138:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
110:
109:circumference
106:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
81:
80:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
19:
3323:Water column
3271:Oceanography
3246:Observations
3241:Explorations
3211:Marginal sea
3204:
3162:OSTM/Jason-2
3102:
2994:Volcanic arc
2969:Slab suction
2686:Head of tide
2576:Loop Current
2516:Ekman spiral
2302:Stokes drift
2212:Gravity wave
2187:Cnoidal wave
2092:
2080:
2074:(2014-07-08)
2071:
2030:. Retrieved
2026:
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
1993:
1981:. Retrieved
1977:
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1952:
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1900:
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1875:
1866:
1840:
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1815:
1806:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1722:
1713:
1697:
1679:
1667:. Retrieved
1663:
1654:
1642:. Retrieved
1638:
1629:
1610:
1604:
1594:
1559:. Retrieved
1555:
1546:
1534:. Retrieved
1530:
1521:
1408:
1400:
1385:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1327:
1323:.3142 m
1309:
1305:
1298:
1210:
1179:
1140:
973:
951:
934:
923:Equatorial (
909:
872:
868:
860:
856:
828:
820:
756:
732:
704:
643:spirit level
625:
614:
557:astronautics
546:
526:founded the
515:
508:famous book
499:
469:
449:
445:
443:
441:
339:
184:Technologies
139: /
51:Fundamentals
3313:Thermocline
3030:Mesopelagic
3003:Ocean zones
2974:Slab window
2839:Hydrography
2779:Abyssal fan
2746:Tidal range
2736:Tidal power
2731:Tidal force
2616:Rip current
2551:Gulf Stream
2511:Ekman layer
2501:Downwelling
2476:Baroclinity
2463:Circulation
2359:Wave height
2349:Wave action
2332:megatsunami
2312:Stokes wave
2272:Rossby wave
2237:Kelvin wave
2217:Green's law
2032:21 December
1881:31 December
1821:26 December
1669:21 December
1536:21 December
1405:Identifiers
1279:10 m/s
1204:at roughly
1186:arc seconds
946:collocation
915:WGS 84
817:WGS 72
753:WGS 66
744:gravimetric
740:deflections
611:WGS 60
579:Tokyo Datum
577:(NAD), and
470:WGS 84
454:cartography
62:Geodynamics
3409:Navigation
3383:Categories
3251:Reanalysis
3150:Satellites
3131:Sofar bomb
2979:Subduction
2954:Ridge push
2849:Ocean bank
2829:Contourite
2756:Tide gauge
2741:Tidal race
2726:Tidal bore
2716:Slack tide
2681:Earth tide
2601:Ocean gyre
2421:Wind setup
2416:Wind fetch
2379:Wave setup
2374:Wave radar
2369:Wave power
2267:Rogue wave
2197:Dispersion
2007:15 January
1983:23 January
1907:20 January
1513:References
1486:Geotagging
1429:geocentric
1236:flattening
1170:arcseconds
1166:arcminutes
1129:Definition
1013:flattening
927:), polar (
896:-value of
864:geodimeter
836:BakerâNunn
647:plumb line
639:elevations
635:longitudes
621:scientists
586:navigation
538:ellipsoids
484:(EGM) and
464:including
3113:Acoustics
3065:Sea level
2964:Slab pull
2901:tectonics
2809:Cold seep
2771:Landforms
2648:Whirlpool
2643:Upwelling
2426:Wind wave
2354:Wave base
2282:Sea state
2202:Edge wave
2192:Cross sea
1860:(Report).
1841:GPS World
1168:(or 5.34
1164:is 0.089
1147:2 cm
1093:.0 m
1041:.0 m
728:ellipsoid
724:satellite
719:ellipsoid
631:latitudes
590:geography
502:surveying
141:Longitude
67:Geomatics
3346:Category
3298:Seawater
3025:Littoral
3020:Deep sea
2879:Seamount
2761:Tideline
2706:Rip tide
2636:shutdown
2606:Overflow
2339:Undertow
2182:Clapotis
1958:19 March
1795:Archived
1448:See also
1011:Inverse
597:Cold War
595:Western
320:ISO 6709
218:(Europe)
216:Galileo
202:(Russia)
200:GLONASS
137:Latitude
126:Geodesic
84:Concepts
3394:Geodesy
3356:Commons
3226:Mooring
3176:Related
3167:Jason-3
3157:Jason-1
3040:Pelagic
3035:Oceanic
3010:Benthic
2327:Tsunami
2297:Soliton
1757:Bibcode
1308:Ă (1 â
1249:298.257
1246:⁄
1232:equator
1230:at the
1228: m
1115:298.257
1110: m
1082:WGS 84
1063:298.257
1058: m
1030:GRS 80
1019:⁄
958:1
905: m
886: m
806: m
792:⁄
784:optical
780:Doppler
768:gravity
764:mapping
707:gravity
542:Hayford
534:Geodesy
524:Germany
520:Austria
496:History
458:geodesy
380:Geo URI
350:NAVD 88
260:NGVD 29
234:(Japan)
226:(India)
210:(China)
72:History
57:Geodesy
34:Geodesy
3045:Photic
2874:Seabed
2287:Seiche
1933:16 May
1728:24 May
1644:23 May
1617:
1561:24 May
1431:3D CRS
1287:72.921
1184:, 5.3
980:GRS 80
822:scale
794:298.25
747:geoids
715:SHORAN
709:data,
696:
694:
687:
685:
675:
637:, and
476:and a
460:, and
370:GCJ-02
360:ETRS89
340:WGS 84
330:NAD 83
310:GRS 80
270:OSGB36
224:NAVIC
105:radius
3236:Ocean
3205:Alvin
3055:Swash
2899:Plate
2844:Knoll
2834:Guyot
2789:Atoll
2668:Tides
2431:model
2317:Swell
2149:Waves
2002:(PDF)
1798:(PDF)
1791:(PDF)
1421:(CRS)
1388:geoid
1373:G2296
1333:6.694
1269:3.986
689:Geoid
663:geoid
655:geoid
626:datum
300:SAD69
280:SK-42
95:Geoid
3203:DSV
3188:Argo
3050:Surf
2506:Eddy
2034:2022
2009:2023
1985:2020
1978:NCEI
1960:2019
1935:2022
1909:2024
1883:2023
1823:2022
1730:2017
1706:IfEN
1704:and
1689:NASA
1671:2022
1646:2022
1615:ISBN
1563:2017
1538:2022
1234:and
1106:.314
1077:...
1054:.314
969:IERS
782:and
774:and
601:NATO
571:ED50
522:and
444:The
290:ED50
107:and
1765:doi
1381:IGS
1338:990
1335:379
1321:752
1318:356
1274:418
1271:004
1254:563
1251:223
1226:137
1223:378
1120:563
1117:223
1108:245
1104:752
1101:356
1091:137
1088:378
1074:711
1071:882
1068:100
1065:222
1056:140
1052:752
1049:356
1039:137
1036:378
903:135
900:378
884:135
881:378
804:145
801:378
573:),
518:).
466:GPS
450:WGS
3385::
2025:.
1976:.
1951:.
1926:.
1899:.
1874:.
1849:^
1839:.
1814:.
1779:^
1763:.
1753:89
1751:.
1747:.
1721:.
1687:.
1662:.
1637:.
1592:.
1571:^
1554:.
1529:.
1413::
1348:.
1346:10
1341:14
1331:=
1314:=
1296:.
1289:15
1285:=
1267:=
1265:GM
1241:=
1219:=
1149:.
1097:â
1045:â
665:.
645:,
633:,
492:.
456:,
2133:e
2126:t
2119:v
2058:.
2036:.
2011:.
1987:.
1962:.
1937:.
1911:.
1885:.
1825:.
1773:.
1767::
1759::
1732:.
1691:.
1673:.
1648:.
1623:.
1565:.
1540:.
1344:Ă
1328:e
1316:6
1312:)
1310:f
1306:a
1301:b
1292:Ă
1283:Ï
1277:Ă
1244:1
1239:f
1221:6
1217:a
1176:)
1099:6
1086:6
1047:6
1034:6
1022:f
1017:1
1007:b
999:a
960:m
929:b
925:a
898:6
894:a
890:a
879:6
875:a
799:6
790:1
787:(
592:.
559:.
514:(
448:(
431:e
424:t
417:v
111:)
103:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
