844:, conducted a survey asking for information on State Police actions during the strike. Maurer's survey found that violence significantly increased after the arrival of the State Police, and that almost all acts of violence were committed by state troopers without provocation. Mauer was so outraged by the results of his survey that he introduced a bill to abolish the state police. Hundreds of citizens later testified before state and federal commissions that mounted State Police routinely charged onto town sidewalks or into crowds, trampling and severely injuring men, women and children (whether strikers or not). Severe beatings with fists and clubs were common, with troopers breaking into and ransacking homes without warrants, beating citizens and striking miners alike. Local police officials claimed State Police routinely beat people on the street for no reason, and resisted local police attempts to stop them. State Police troopers shot up towns "in true Western style", and fired indiscriminately into crowds or into tent cities (killing and wounding sleeping women and children). Sexual assault (including rape) was disturbingly common, and at least one hotel manager accused troopers of promoting prostitution.
813:. As the miners began their march, deputy sheriffs and Coal and Iron Police on horseback stopped them. Although the local chief of police stepped forward and told the deputies that the miners had permission to march, the deputies ignored him and continued to block the marchers. The miners attempted to walk away, but the deputies charged into them with their horses, swinging clubs. A riot ensued and the sheriff's deputies fired into the crowd—killing a miner. When the chief of police attempted to arrest the deputy responsible, the other deputies seized him and charged him with obstructing an officer in the performance of his duty. Outraged citizens of the town mobbed the sheriff's office and forced his release.
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829:(PSP) proved to be the most violent group during the strike. The PSP had been founded in 1905 to discourage the use of private police forces in workers' strikes and to provide law enforcement when local police or sheriffs were unable or unwilling to enforce the law. But rather than enforce the law, the PSP proved the group most willing to break it. One trooper described how the State Police dealt with strikers: "We ride in, scoop them up and beat hell out of them."
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Pennsylvania state policemen broke into and searched the boarding house. A crowd of striking miners gathered and ridiculed their failure to find the workers. The furious and embarrassed sheriff's deputies then fired into the crowd. Thirty people were injured and one man killed. The
Westmoreland County sheriff withdrew the commissions of 18 deputies involved in the incident, but the Westmoreland Coal Company had them sworn in as local police deputies instead.
754:, all citizens were required to obtain a pass from the local mine manager before leaving the village. Union members were denied the use of post offices or the ability to enter local courthouses, because these facilities were often on coal company property. Nearly 1,000 miners were ultimately arrested for trespass or disorderly conduct. Simply walking home in a group from a union meeting on a public highway could earn a contempt citation and a $ 50 fine.
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places where the employees of the said company ordinarily pass to and from their work, and from preventing said employees from going peaceably along said injunction: highways and also from attempting by noise, intimidation, threats, personal violence or by any other means to interfere with the employees of said company in their desire to labor or with any of the property of the said company until further order of this court.
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resources. Eventually, the union gave more than $ 1 million in relief payments to the strikers. Lewis, however, continued to work to undermine the union's support for the strike. He backed an insurgent faction in
District 6 to unseat leaders who supported the strike. The act led to internecine warfare in the union and charges that Lewis and his candidates were in league with mine owners.
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They did so and escaped, but the State Police troopers chased the fifth man into a barn. The miner was shot and killed. The numerous witnesses testified that the miner was begging for his life when a State
Trooper shot him. But the other troopers and a coal company executive stated that the miner was killed in self-defense, and the trooper was exonerated.
648:, a UMWA vice president, arrived in Westmoreland County and formed a local union. Four hundred miners signed up and paid dues. Keystone Coke and Coal immediately fired 100 miners for attending the union organizing meeting. The Keystone miners walked off the job, and the strike swiftly spread throughout the Irwin Basin.
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In May 1911, State Police assaulted a group of striking miners on a public road. The miners, on their way to a meeting, walked past property owned by the
Jamison Coal and Coke Company. The road narrowed where a creek ran past the property. The mounted State Police troopers blocked the mines' path at
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In
January 1911, the Westmoreland County sheriff began deputizing striking miners as deputy sheriffs (although they served without pay). In May 1911, four sheriff's deputies were cited for contempt of court for venturing too close to coal company property. The sheriff said that the men had done so in
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coal basin. Since miners were paid by the ton, workers also wanted to standardize the size of coal wagons to ensure they were paid fairly. Miners also sought to be paid for mining "slack" (very fine coal), and for "dead work" (laying of track, shoring up tunnels, pumping out water, and removing slate
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and income from non-mining operations (such as rental properties, company stores and even breweries) to withstand the economic pressure exerted by the miners. But all companies benefited from a significant slump in the demand for coal in 1910 and 1911, which leveled the playing field vis-a-vis their
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On May 8, 1910, sheriff's deputies attempted to prevent a handful of strikebreakers from permanently quitting their jobs at the
Westmoreland Coal Company in the town of Yukon, Pennsylvania. About four hours after the replacement workers had returned to their boarding house, 25 sheriff's deputies and
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When the miners struck on March 9, the coal companies evicted thousands of families from their company-owned homes. UMWA spent $ 25,000 purchasing tents and constructing shanties, and set up 25 tent cities to accommodate the homeless. Near the town of Export, more than 100 tents went up, making it
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prevented them from leaving and told them that they had to work off the cost of their transportation before resigning. When strikebreakers still tried to leave, the police beat them and forced them back to work. In some cases, fences were built around strikebreaker housing to intimidate the workers
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The situation came to a head in 1910. The coal companies reduced wages by 16 percent, paying only 58 cents per ton-and-a-half of coal mined. The breaking point came when
Keystone Coal and Coke announced that miners would have to begin using new safety lights and new forms of explosives—and pay for
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But the miners were worse off than the employers. The winter of 1910–11 was particularly cold, and the miners and their families suffered tremendously. The union built numerous shacks and shanties, and moved miners' families out of tents and into the shacks for better protection from the elements.
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While the women were being processed for imprisonment, Jones instructed them: "You sing the whole night long. You can spell one another if you get tired and hoarse. Sleep all day and sing all night and don't stop for anyone. Say you're singing to the babies. I will bring the little ones milk and
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In June 1911, miners secured a permit to march past facilities owned by the Penn Gas Coal
Company. As the marchers peacefully walked past the company's front gate, State Police opened fire. More than 150 shots were fired, causing panic and several injuries. Westmoreland County sheriff's deputies
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In May 1910, State Police allegedly killed a man in cold blood. Several State Police officers and a coal company executive stopped and questioned four striking miners who did not speak
English. An English-speaking miner who spoke their language came on the scene and told the four men to run off.
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and local police deputies proved to be a much bigger problem. The coal companies paid the
Westmoreland County sheriff to provide deputies to protect their property and replacement workers (a common practice at the time). Although the sheriff's deputies would be acting under the color of law, they
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Miners are restrained from conducting or engaging in marches to the mines, property and works of said Keystone Coal and Coke Company and from assembling at or near the works of said company for the purpose of holding meetings at such places at any time, and from assembling on the highways at such
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to prevent striking miners from approaching company property on the grounds that the number of strikers and the loud noises they made intimidated company employees. Although the local sheriff testified that the strikers had committed no acts of violence, the state district court issued a sweeping
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Fortunately, the jail was next door to the sheriff's home, as well as several hotels, lodging houses, and other homes. The sound of women singing all through the night kept most of the townspeople awake. After five days of sleeplessness, the townspeople angrily demanded that the judge order the
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sued the leaders of the strike. The coal companies claimed they had suffered economic losses as high as $ 500,000 due to the strike and strike-related property damage. Twenty-eight officers in nearby District 5 and 17 strike leaders in Westmoreland County were arrested on charges of conspiracy,
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Jones encouraged the women to bring their babies and small children with them when they were sentenced by the court in Greensburg. The presiding judge sentenced the women to pay a $ 30 fine or serve 30 days in jail. Unable to pay, the women were jailed. As there was no one else to care for the
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Shortly after the Yukon incident, a small group of miners walking home from a meeting in Export passed coal company property. A squad of 20 sheriff's deputies and State Police troopers attacked them. Several miners were severely beaten, and one miner (trying to protect a child in his arms) was
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The coal companies moved aggressively to exploit the law in other ways as well. The Coal and Iron Police patrolled company property and denied admittance to union members and supporters. Union members were often arrested for using public roads which traversed company property. Small towns and
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had not condoned the strike, and criticized efforts by leaders in surrounding UMWA Districts to drum up increased support for the strikers. But in March 1910, a special meeting of the UMWA international executive board voted to support the strike, forcing Lewis to grudgingly offer the union's
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had tried to organize Westmoreland County coal mines since 1883, but had little success. In February 1910, however, the lower wage rates and new expenses led miners at Keystone Coal and Coke to meet and discuss their grievances among themselves. The miners decided to invite the
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was small at first, but by the fall it was nearly a flood. The number of new immigrant workers was so large that the Penn Gas Coal company constructed 30 two-story houses in Hahntown to house its replacement workers, leading local residents to refer to the area as "Scab Hill".
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intimidation, violence and general lawlessness. Local labor unions helped the 45 men post bond of $ 300 each, and instituted a special per capita assessment to form a legal defense fund. But the public outcry was so extraordinary that the coal companies dropped the suits.
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and Coal and Iron Police arrested the deputies for violating the court injunction. A court sentenced the deputies to five days in jail. When the Westmoreland County sheriff refused to put his deputies in jail, the court ordered the sheriff's arrest and charged him with
477:, on March 9, 1910, and ended on July 1, 1911. At its height, the strike encompassed 65 mines and 15,000 coal miners. Sixteen people were killed during the strike, nearly all of them striking miners or members of their families. The strike ended in defeat for the
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The vague terms of the injunction led law enforcement officials to arrest miners as much as a half mile from Keystone grounds. Other coal companies quickly asked for similar injunctions which "made marching, assembling or traversing public roads illegal".
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In Herminie, a twelve-foot fence surrounded the barracks of the strikebreakers. Mine owner John Jamison told a local official, "We are going to make a far sight more afraid of us than ." Kuritz, "The Labor Injunction in Pennsylvania, 1891–1931",
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Company was formed to begin mining coal in the region. In 1905, it bought a controlling interest in Penn Gas Coal, a company established in 1861 to gasify coal. Penn Gas Coal, in turn, had obtained a one-third ownership in the
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their official capacity as deputies, but the local court fined them anyway. The Westmoreland County sheriff became so frustrated with the injunction that he refused to permit his deputies to patrol marches on public highways.
793:" notorious of their strikebreaking activities, but nevertheless instructed the deputies to exercise restraint and ignore peaceful marches. He also warned them that he would dismiss deputies who committed acts of violence.
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Problems with the deputies were so severe that in November 1910 the Westmoreland County sheriff stopped securing them for the coal companies. The companies responded by seeking deputies from local police forces instead.
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worked hard to overcome these divisions, however. Multi-lingual organizers were employed, each ethnic group elected its own representatives, and parades and rallies featured musicians and speakers from all groups.
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The court injunctions issued in the Westmoreland County Coal Strike were not only applied in later strikes in Pennsylvania but was extended even further. Kuritz, "The Labor Injunction in Pennsylvania, 1891–1931",
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A Tribute to the Coal Miners that mined the Bituminous Coal seams at the Penn Gas No. 3 Mine (Lowber Mine), (Marchand Mine), Lowber (Blackburn), Sewickley Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. January 6,
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By mid-1911, the strike had taken its toll on the coal companies. At least $ 500,000 had been spent on security, and coal production had dropped by 45 percent. The larger companies, however, used their
710:. The coal companies sought out recent immigrants who did not speak English (or who spoke or understood it poorly), and then used this handicap against the strikebreakers. If workers tried to quit, the
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funds, but it was no longer financially able to keep the strike going. On July 1, 1911, the UMWA executive board voted to end to the strike. Although most miners returned to work, about 400 were
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The Coal and Iron Police primarily protected company property, protected strikebreakers, and kept strikebreakers from quitting. But in many ways, their role in the strike was quite limited.
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Public backing for the strike was high. Westmoreland County had a long history of support for unions. Local religious leaders signed petitions in favor of the union, testified before the
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During the strike, six striking miners, nine wives of striking miners, and one bystander were killed, and thousands of strikers and members of their families severely beaten or wounded.
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But not enough shelter could be erected, and 400 families spent the entire winter in tents. Hunger and disease were also beginning to become widespread among strikers' families.
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921:, better known as "Mother Jones". Even though she was 73 years of age, Mother Jones agreed to travel to Westmoreland County to support the United Mine Workers in their strike.
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Ethnic tension threatened to divide the nascent union. Slovaks comprised 70 percent of the striking miners, but the strike committee was led by native-born miners of English,
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this point, then charged into the crowd. Two miners were shot and several severely beaten. A Westmoreland County sheriff's deputy accompany the miners was also badly beaten.
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To end the strike and break the union, the coal companies began importing thousands of Eastern European immigrants to work the mines. Coal company representatives on the
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to physically intimidate and sometimes beat pro-union miners, workers were fired, and coal companies evicted families from the "coal patches" whenever miners struck.
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Union recognition became the biggest issue in the strike. The workers felt that if they could win recognition of the union, their other demands would come easily.
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Cited in McDonough, "Worker Solidarity, Judicial Oppression, and Police Repression in the Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania Coal Miner's Strike, 1910–1911",
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Management often took advantage of the strikebreakers, however. Company recruiters were ordered not to tell potential workers that they would be employed as
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McDonough, Judith. "Worker Solidarity, Judicial Oppression, and Police Repression in the Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania Coal Miner's Strike, 1910–1911."
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Westmoreland Coal, Penn Gas Coal and Keystone Coal and Coke strongly resisted the miners' demands and any attempt at unionization. Companies used the
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McDonough, "Worker Solidarity, Judicial Oppression, and Police Repression in the Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania Coal Miner's Strike, 1910–1911",
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McDonough, "Worker Solidarity, Judicial Oppression, and Police Repression in the Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania Coal Miner's Strike, 1910–1911",
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McDonough, "Worker Solidarity, Judicial Oppression, and Police Repression in the Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania Coal Miner's Strike, 1910–1911",
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62nd Congress, 2nd Session, U.S. House of Representatives. House Document No. 847, Vol. 97. Washington, D.C.: Congress of the United States, 1912.
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Committee on Labor. 62nd Congress, First Session, U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: Congress of the United States, August 1, 1911.
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Committee on Rules. 62nd Congress, 1st Session, U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: Congress of the United States, May 31, 1911.
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The Hearings on H. R. 179, Authorizing Committee on Labor to Investigate Conditions Existing in Westmoreland Coal Fields of Pennsylvania.
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The Hearings on H. R. 179, Authorizing Committee on Labor to Investigate Conditions Existing in Westmoreland Coal Fields of Pennsylvania,
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State Police were also involved in a number of serious violent incidents, several of which resulted in the deaths of unarmed strikers:
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A number of miners' wives had been arrested in the summer of 1910 for harassing strikebreakers and company security personnel.
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were paid for and under the control of the coal companies. The Westmoreland County sheriff obtained many deputies through "
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In early 1911, the UMWA's support for the strikers appeared strong. In January 1911, Lewis lost the presidency of UMWA to
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Fishback, Price V. "Did Coal Miners 'Owe Their Souls to the Company Store'? Theory and Evidence from the Early 1900s."
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Map of the Pittsburgh Tri-State with green counties in the metropolitan area and yellow counties in the combined area
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Company. Through these purchases, Westmoreland Coal had a near-monopoly on the gas coal market, and was the largest
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But just six months later, the UMWA called a halt to the strike. The union had disbursed more than $ 1 million in
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Despite this, sheriff's deputies instigated and participated in three particularly violent and deadly incidents:
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promised immigrants a job and housing, and paid for them and their families to move to Pennsylvania. The flow of
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on behalf of workers, and called on the governor and state legislature to force the coal companies to submit to
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Report on the Miners' Strike in the Bituminous Coal Field in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania in 1910–1911.
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Report on the Miners' Strike in the Bituminous Coal Field in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania in 1910–1911,
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Coal miners increasingly agitated for improved wages and working conditions after 1900. Miners demanded an
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The Irwin gas coal basin is an area in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. It encompasses the townships of
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The Westmoreland County coal strike was the setting for one of the more colorful incidents in the life of
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860:(all miners) identified three of the troopers and went to Penn Gas Coal Company to arrest them. Instead,
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898:. White fully backed the strike, and the UMWA convention reaffirmed the union's support for the miners.
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Employers also turned to the courts for assistance. In April 1910, Keystone Coal and Coke sought a
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Peonage in Western Pennsylvania. Hearings before the Committee on Labor on House Resolution No. 90.
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UMWA support for the strike, however, was not nearly as strong. International union president
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The number of unprovoked violent acts committed by the PSP was extremely high and frequent.
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Strikebreaking and Intimidation: Mercenaries and Masculinity in Twentieth-Century America.
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Strikebreaking and Intimidation: Mercenaries and Masculinity in Twentieth-Century America
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Company (originally the Jamison Coal Company). In 1886, the Berwind family and Judge
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1475:"Westmoreland Coal Company Historical Timeline." Westmoreland Coal Company. No date.
1141:"Westmoreland Coal Company Historical Timeline", Westmoreland Coal Company, No date.
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Employers also used force to intimidate striking miners. At their disposal were the
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villages, often encircled by coal company land, became isolated and embattled. In
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Seven companies dominated coal mining in the Irwin Basin in 1910. In 1854, the
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children, the judge was forced to jail the children along with their mothers.
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The incident has become known as "the women who sang their way out of jail".
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held hearings on whether the coal companies had illegally forced people into
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Cupp, Bob. "1910–11 Irwin Gas Coal Basin Strike Led to Industry Changes."
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company in Pennsylvania. In 1892, Robert Jamison and his sons founded the
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1503:(Contains many historical photos of the Westmoreland County coal mines.)
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injunction which essentially barred the union from use of public roads:
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In July 1910, striking miners secured a march permit from the town of
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1384:"First Saxman Settled Near Latrobe Shortly After Braddock's Defeat."
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Cupp, "1910–11 Irwin Gas Coal Basin Strike Led to Industry Changes",
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Kuritz, Hyman. "The Labor Injunction in Pennsylvania, 1891–1931."
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Committee on Labor, U.S. House of Representatives, August 1, 1911.
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into staying. The abuse of strikebreakers was so severe that the
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Committee on Rules, U.S. House of Representatives, May 31, 1911.
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588:(colloquially referred to as "coal patches") were established,
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merged three of his wholly owned or controlled coal companies.
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In 1902, a number of smaller coal gas companies in and around
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Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
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List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
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Kuritz, "The Labor Injunction in Pennsylvania, 1891–1931",
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In 1911, seven coal companies in Westmoreland County and
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Labor disputes led by the United Mine Workers of America
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Murder of workers in labor disputes in the United States
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Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area
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4th ed. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Co., 1996.
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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes
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and forced to seek employment outside Pennsylvania.
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982:. Jrmcdono.myweb.uga.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
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1467:Van Atta, Robert. "When Jamison Coal Was King."
717:U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Labor
662:and Irish descent. UMWA organizers Bittner and
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1537:
217:
3808:History of Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
3636:1885 attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers
2623:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911
1693:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
973:Westmoreland Coal Miner’s Strike 1910 – 1911
765:
608:and wages equal to those paid in the nearby
469:because about 70 percent of the miners were
451:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911
1236:
1234:
1135:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
774:, local law enforcement personnel, and the
2457:
2443:
1869:
1855:
1544:
1530:
1265:
1263:
1158:. Van Atta, "When Jamison Coal Was King",
1121:. The University of North Carolina Press.
224:
210:
3757:Mass racial violence in the United States
3168:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
2725:Illinois Central shopmen's strike of 1911
1615:Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
727:Labor injunctions and other legal actions
655:the largest tent city during the strike.
584:These companies were very paternalistic.
3843:Riots and civil disorder in Pennsylvania
2025:
1815:Anti-union violence in the United States
1507:United Mine Workers of American Web site
1353:
1351:
1231:
985:
599:
3828:Slovak-American culture in Pennsylvania
3450:Pacific Electric Railway strike of 1903
1260:
1112:
1088:
1086:
1084:
3770:
3722:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
3563:1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation
3366:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
3334:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
2874:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
2644:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
1876:
1698:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
1666:Streetcar strikes in the United States
1626:Streetcar strikes in the United States
1517:Westmoreland County Historical Society
1315:
1200:
1099:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
3838:Police brutality in the United States
3077:1895 New Orleans dockworkers massacre
2879:Indianapolis streetcar strike of 1913
2438:
1850:
1525:
1348:
912:
205:
3485:Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894
3428:Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871
1228:U.S. House of Representatives, 1912.
937:fruit. Just you all sing and sing."
876:
3455:1907 San Francisco streetcar strike
2994:1912 Forsyth County racial conflict
2473:in the history of the United States
1810:Union violence in the United States
1683:1907 San Francisco streetcar strike
1061:
575:Latrobe-Connellsville Coal and Coke
465:. The strike is also known as the
13:
3848:1910s strikes in the United States
2971:Pensacola streetcar strike of 1908
2788:St. Louis streetcar strike of 1900
2765:Copper Country strike of 1913–1914
2561:Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877
1718:Copper Country strike of 1913–1914
1647:
1512:Westmoreland Coal Company Web site
1415:The Autobiography of Mother Jones.
1362:The Autobiography of Mother Jones.
592:founded and workers often paid in
14:
3859:
2639:Baltimore railroad strike of 1877
1488:
689:
475:Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
39:Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
3732:1914 Butte, Montana, labor riots
3727:Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
2612:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
2418:
2417:
1830:
1776:Gulf Coast longshoremen's strike
1688:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
1270:Peonage in Western Pennsylvania,
924:
455:Westmoreland coal miners' strike
21:Westmoreland coal miners' strike
3783:1911 labor disputes and strikes
3778:1910 labor disputes and strikes
3552:1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike
3113:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
2680:Chicago railroad strike of 1877
2543:New York City Food Riot of 1917
1495:Penn Keystone Coal Co. Web site
1335:
1301:
1288:
1275:
1246:
3788:Labor disputes in Pennsylvania
2715:1905 Chicago teamsters' strike
2607:Anthracite coal strike of 1902
2538:1874 Tompkins Square Park riot
1678:1905 Chicago teamsters' strike
1604:Cotton pickers' strike of 1891
1187:
1174:
1165:
1144:
966:
639:United Mine Workers of America
463:United Mine Workers of America
1:
3322:Battle of the Grapevine Creek
3311:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
2783:1877 St. Louis general strike
2720:Springfield race riot of 1908
2503:1880 Garret Rock May Day riot
1405:"History." Berwind Co., 2004.
1371:
1171:"History", Berwind Co., 2004.
1150:Jamison Coal was sold to the
838:Pennsylvania General Assembly
567:Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.
484:
231:
3131:Enid–Pond Creek Railroad War
3037:New Orleans Massacre of 1866
2649:1912 Lawrence textile strike
1770:West Coast waterfront strike
1554:American labor union history
1484:Retrieved February 27, 2007.
1407:Retrieved February 27, 2007.
1393:Journal of Economic History.
1195:Journal of Economic History,
1113:Norwood, Stephen H. (2002).
941:women's release. He did so.
836:, a socialist member of the
533:. However, it was ideal for
7:
3813:Coal mining in Pennsylvania
2617:Philadelphia general strike
947:
10:
3864:
3433:San Francisco riot of 1877
3361:Meridian race riot of 1871
3072:1891 New Orleans lynchings
2989:1906 Atlanta race massacre
2818:1909 Omaha anti-Greek riot
1480:February 17, 2007, at the
1469:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review.
1379:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review.
1160:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review,
1152:Consolidation Coal Company
1094:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review,
3744:
3697:
3666:
3626:
3601:
3571:
3542:
3517:
3475:
3412:
3387:
3378:
3348:
3301:
3224:
3188:
3158:
3121:
3097:
3027:
3002:
2979:
2955:
2930:
2916:Election Massacre of 1874
2900:
2891:
2860:
2826:
2802:
2773:
2745:
2670:
2661:
2631:
2566:Reading Railroad Massacre
2551:
2516:
2508:1913 Paterson silk strike
2493:
2484:
2412:
2326:
2216:
2055:
2037:
2023:
1997:
1938:
1919:
1900:
1893:
1884:
1828:
1797:
1703:1913 Ipswich Mills strike
1658:
1645:
1560:
1552:Major armed conflicts in
978:February 2, 2009, at the
862:Pennsylvania State Police
827:Pennsylvania State Police
776:Pennsylvania State Police
766:Use of security personnel
627:
425:US Bituminous coal strike
419:US Bituminous coal strike
386:Indiana bituminous strike
241:
159:
154:
136:
131:
116:Pennsylvania State Police
95:
90:
79:
61:
49:
33:
25:
20:
3593:Battle of Lincoln (1878)
3527:Honolulu Courthouse riot
3466:Preparedness Day Bombing
3198:Memphis massacre of 1866
3143:McIntosh County Seat War
2836:Cincinnati riots of 1884
2793:St. Louis bullfight riot
2225:Pittsburgh International
1740:Battle of Blair Mountain
1729:1920 Alabama coal strike
959:
641:(UMWA) to form a union.
624:these items themselves.
577:Company was formed when
571:Greensburg, Pennsylvania
473:immigrants. It began in
364:Battle of Blair Mountain
3833:Slovak-American history
3339:West Virginia coal wars
3282:Slocum Massacre of 1910
3060:Battle of Liberty Place
2946:Hartford coal mine riot
2736:East St. Louis massacre
2572:Scranton general strike
1837:Portal:Organized Labour
1758:Columbine Mine massacre
437:Warrior Met Coal strike
396:Columbine Mine massacre
376:UMW General Coal Strike
356:West Virginia coal wars
343:Hartford coal mine riot
108:Keystone Coal and Coke;
3818:Protest-related deaths
3502:Colorado Coalfield War
3328:Tucker County Seat War
3264:Jaybird–Woodpecker War
3215:Battle of Depot Street
2578:1877 Shamokin uprising
2031:
1708:Colorado Coalfield War
1652:
672:United States Congress
517:, and the boroughs of
370:Alabama miners' strike
329:Colorado Coalfield War
298:Anthracite coal strike
268:Bituminous coal strike
251:Mahoning Valley strike
3676:Rock Springs massacre
3611:Hells Canyon Massacre
3438:Mussel Slough Tragedy
3422:Anti-Chinese violence
3258:San Elizario Salt War
3179:Phoenix election riot
3137:Brooks–McFarland feud
2847:May Day riots of 1894
2029:
1782:Memorial Day massacre
1651:
1574:Rock Springs massacre
1568:Great Railroad Strike
1436:Pennsylvania History.
1429:Pennsylvania History.
1395:46:4 (December 1986).
1343:Pennsylvania History,
1330:Pennsylvania History,
1310:Pennsylvania History,
1296:Pennsylvania History,
1283:Pennsylvania History,
1255:Pennsylvania History,
1056:Pennsylvania History,
600:Origins of the strike
559:Jamison Coal and Coke
292:Carterville Mine Riot
155:Casualties and losses
3798:1911 in Pennsylvania
3793:1910 in Pennsylvania
3646:Seattle riot of 1886
3293:Houston riot of 1917
3149:Green Corn Rebellion
3082:Robert Charles riots
3018:French–Eversole feud
2298:Pittsburgh Northeast
2258:Greensburg Jeannette
1441:Norwood, Stephen H.
1154:in 1947, and is now
772:Coal and Iron Police
712:Coal and Iron Police
618:Coal and Iron Police
537:and conversion into
431:Pittston Coal strike
392:Colorado Coal Strike
323:Paint Creek mine war
304:Carbon county strike
111:Coal and Iron Police
3641:Tacoma riot of 1885
3496:Colorado Labor Wars
3397:Pleasant Valley War
3316:Lincoln County feud
3270:Reese–Townsend feud
1672:Colorado Labor Wars
461:represented by the
317:Westmoreland strike
102:United Mine Workers
3711:Fence Cutting Wars
3682:Johnson County War
3617:Sheepshooters' War
3587:Lincoln County War
3557:Deep Creek murders
3490:Colorado Range War
3460:Wheatland hop riot
3403:Bisbee Deportation
3276:Brownsville affair
3240:Sutton–Taylor feud
3066:Thibodaux massacre
3054:Coushatta massacre
3042:Opelousas massacre
2965:Barber–Mizell feud
2852:Akron riot of 1900
2697:Illinois coal wars
2032:
1878:Greater Pittsburgh
1653:
1638:Illinois coal wars
1592:Thibodaux massacre
1411:Jones, Mary Harris
1381:February 23, 2007.
1096:February 23, 2007.
913:Women's resistance
884:financial reserves
791:detective agencies
786:Sheriff's deputies
644:On March 7, 1910,
457:, was a strike by
280:Illinois coal wars
121:Sheriff's deputies
53:Union recognition;
3765:
3764:
3740:
3739:
3688:Spring Creek raid
3581:Colfax County War
3444:Castaic Range War
3374:
3373:
3234:Early–Hasley feud
2940:Brooks–Baxter War
2887:
2886:
2868:Bay View massacre
2760:1894 Detroit riot
2755:1891 Detroit riot
2657:
2656:
2601:Lattimer massacre
2589:Morewood massacre
2432:
2431:
2066:
2021:
2020:
1844:
1843:
1764:Harlan County War
1752:Hanapepe massacre
1734:Battle of Matewan
1632:Lattimer massacre
1598:Morewood massacre
1580:Bay View massacre
1386:Latrobe Bulletin.
1358:Mary Harris Jones
1182:Latrobe Bulletin,
919:Mary Harris Jones
877:End of the strike
733:restraining order
546:Westmoreland Coal
446:
445:
402:Harlan County War
360:Battle of Matewan
274:Lattimer massacre
257:Morewood massacre
200:
199:
196:
195:
127:
126:
3855:
3745:Related articles
3657:Everett massacre
3651:Bellingham riots
3385:
3384:
3356:Greene–Jones War
3287:Boyce–Sneed feud
3252:Mason County War
3173:Hamburg massacre
3012:Rowan County War
2898:
2897:
2812:Camp Dump strike
2703:Battle of Virden
2685:Haymarket affair
2668:
2667:
2595:Homestead strike
2491:
2490:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2421:
2420:
2369:Landmarks (city)
2364:Landmarks (area)
2238:Allegheny County
2138:North Huntingdon
2060:
2056:Cities and towns
1898:
1897:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1834:
1798:Related articles
1723:Everett massacre
1710:, including the
1609:Homestead Strike
1586:Haymarket affair
1546:
1539:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1365:
1355:
1346:
1339:
1333:
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983:
970:
811:South Greensburg
759:Allegheny County
579:Marcus W. Saxman
507:South Huntingdon
491:North Huntingdon
406:Battle of Evarts
284:Battle of Virden
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3508:Ludlow Massacre
3471:
3408:
3370:
3344:
3297:
3220:
3184:
3154:
3117:
3107:Kirk–Holden war
3093:
3048:Colfax massacre
3023:
2998:
2975:
2951:
2926:
2883:
2856:
2822:
2798:
2769:
2741:
2730:Aldermen's wars
2653:
2627:
2583:Pittsburgh riot
2547:
2526:Mamaroneck riot
2512:
2480:
2463:
2433:
2428:
2408:
2322:
2212:
2188:Upper St. Clair
2059:
2057:
2051:
2033:
2017:
1993:
1934:
1915:
1889:
1880:
1875:
1845:
1840:
1824:
1793:
1746:Herrin massacre
1712:Ludlow Massacre
1654:
1643:
1556:
1550:
1491:
1482:Wayback Machine
1471:April 10, 1994.
1431:29 (July 1962).
1374:
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980:Wayback Machine
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950:
927:
915:
879:
768:
729:
692:
630:
602:
555:bituminous coal
487:
447:
442:
380:Herrin massacre
333:Ludlow Massacre
237:
232:
230:
192:
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83:defeat for the
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3246:Las Cuevas War
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3209:Coal Creek War
3206:
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3160:South Carolina
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3099:North Carolina
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2910:Eutaw massacre
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43:United States
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28:
24:
19:
16:
3589:(1878; 1881)
3203:Pulaski riot
2622:
2553:Pennsylvania
2532:Orange Riots
2470:civil unrest
2416:
2230:
2223:
2198:West Mifflin
2178:Steubenville
2044:
2038:Major cities
1989:Westmoreland
1941:Pennsylvania
1835:
1692:
1659:20th century
1561:19th century
1468:
1461:
1455:
1442:
1438:64:3 (1997).
1435:
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834:James Maurer
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683:Thomas Lewis
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565:founded the
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535:gasification
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146:Mother Jones
139:
132:Lead figures
15:
3718:(1870–1920)
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3684:(1889–1893)
3619:(1895–1906)
3583:(1873–1888)
3535:(1893–1894)
3504:(1913–1914)
3498:(1903–1904)
3446:(1890–1916)
3399:(1882–1892)
3341:(1912–1921)
3330:(1888–1893)
3318:(1878–1890)
3289:(1911–1912)
3272:(1898–1907)
3266:(1888–1889)
3260:(1877–1878)
3254:(1875–1876)
3242:(1868–1876)
3236:(1865–1869)
3211:(1891–1892)
3145:(1907–1909)
3139:(1896–1902)
3133:(1893–1894)
3088:Grabow riot
3020:(1887–1894)
3014:(1884–1887)
2923:(1892–1893)
2921:Mitcham War
2732:(1916–1921)
2699:(1898–1900)
2534:(1870–1871)
2394:Skyscrapers
2288:Monroeville
2208:Wilkinsburg
2128:Murrysville
2123:Mt. Lebanon
2113:Monroeville
2078:Bethel Park
1766:, 1931–1932
1714:, 1913–1914
1674:, 1903–1904
1668:, 1895–1929
1640:, 1898–1899
1628:, 1895–1929
907:blacklisted
867:malfeasance
676:arbitration
664:Frank Hayes
646:Van Bittner
613:and clay).
519:Murrysville
459:coal miners
404:1931–1939 (
282:1898–1900 (
141:Van Bittner
85:trade union
80:Resulted in
3772:Categories
3716:Sheep wars
3628:Washington
3573:New Mexico
3533:Black Week
3414:California
2495:New Jersey
2354:Government
2318:Zelienople
2308:Washington
2293:New Castle
2148:Penn Hills
2133:New Castle
2108:McKeesport
2103:McCandless
2046:Pittsburgh
1984:Washington
1372:References
1332:July 1962.
1312:July 1962.
1257:July 1962.
696:East Coast
610:Pittsburgh
485:Background
3823:Coal Wars
3190:Tennessee
3029:Louisiana
2709:Pana riot
2486:Northeast
2477:1865–1918
2344:Etymology
2339:Education
2303:Rostraver
2278:Joe Hardy
2268:Jefferson
2253:Eddie Dew
2098:Hempfield
2088:Cranberry
1954:Armstrong
1949:Allegheny
1930:Jefferson
511:Hempfield
499:Sewickley
453:, or the
394:1927–28 (
358:1912–21 (
331:1913–14 (
288:Pana riot
234:Coal Wars
29:1910–1911
3477:Colorado
3123:Oklahoma
3004:Kentucky
2932:Arkansas
2804:Nebraska
2775:Missouri
2747:Michigan
2672:Illinois
2518:New York
2423:Category
2313:Wheeling
2283:Lakehill
2217:Airports
1979:Lawrence
1903:Maryland
1894:Counties
1478:Archived
976:Archived
948:See also
752:Herminie
632:Miners'
539:coal gas
189:Injuries
178:: ?
171:Injuries
34:Location
3668:Wyoming
3389:Arizona
2981:Georgia
2957:Florida
2902:Alabama
2663:Midwest
2359:History
2334:Economy
2193:Weirton
2093:Hampton
2073:Baldwin
2058:15k–50k
2013:Hancock
1974:Indiana
1969:Fayette
1911:Garrett
842:Reading
806:killed.
721:peonage
527:Delmont
439:2021–23
433:1989–90
427:1977–78
319:1910–11
306:1903–04
176:Arrests
91:Parties
70:protest
66:Strikes
62:Methods
3698:Others
3690:(1909)
3678:(1885)
3659:(1916)
3653:(1907)
3613:(1887)
3603:Oregon
3559:(1896)
3529:(1874)
3519:Hawaii
3510:(1914)
3492:(1900)
3468:(1916)
3462:(1913)
3440:(1880)
3405:(1917)
3349:Others
3324:(1888)
3278:(1906)
3248:(1875)
3217:(1897)
3205:(1868)
3181:(1898)
3175:(1876)
3151:(1917)
3109:(1870)
3090:(1912)
3084:(1900)
3068:(1887)
3062:(1874)
3056:(1874)
3050:(1873)
3044:(1868)
2967:(1870)
2948:(1914)
2942:(1874)
2912:(1870)
2870:(1886)
2861:Others
2843:(1887)
2814:(1882)
2795:(1904)
2738:(1917)
2711:(1899)
2705:(1898)
2693:(1894)
2687:(1886)
2632:Others
2619:(1910)
2603:(1897)
2597:(1892)
2591:(1891)
2585:(1886)
2574:(1877)
2568:(1877)
2528:(1870)
2399:Sports
2384:People
2327:Topics
2263:Herron
2248:Butler
2243:Beaver
2173:Shaler
2153:Peters
2083:Butler
2008:Brooke
1964:Butler
1959:Beaver
1790:, 1938
1784:, 1937
1778:, 1935
1772:, 1934
1760:, 1927
1754:, 1924
1748:, 1922
1742:, 1921
1736:, 1920
1725:, 1916
1634:, 1897
1622:, 1894
1611:, 1892
1600:, 1891
1594:, 1887
1588:, 1886
1582:, 1886
1576:, 1885
1570:, 1877
1449:
1421:
1125:
660:German
634:unions
628:Strike
523:Export
471:Slovak
378:1922 (
184:Deaths
166:Deaths
3544:Idaho
3226:Texas
2893:South
2466:Riots
2374:Media
2203:White
2183:Unity
2168:Scott
1501:2003.
1285:1997.
1058:1997.
960:Notes
840:from
515:Irwin
503:Salem
479:union
311:1910s
50:Goals
3380:West
2828:Ohio
2468:and
2349:Film
2163:Ross
2158:Plum
2143:Penn
2118:Moon
2063:2010
2061:(in
1922:Ohio
1447:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1123:ISBN
825:The
531:coke
525:and
513:and
495:Penn
449:The
421:1974
388:1927
372:1920
345:1914
325:1912
300:1902
276:1897
270:1894
259:1891
253:1873
168:: 16
26:Date
1998:in
1939:in
1920:in
1901:in
3774::
1413::
1360::
1350:^
1317:^
1262:^
1233:^
1202:^
1101:^
1063:^
987:^
778:.
723:.
678:.
596:.
541:.
521:,
509:,
505:,
501:,
497:,
493:,
481:.
362:,
335:,
290:,
286:,
72:,
68:,
41:,
2479:)
2475:(
2458:e
2451:t
2444:v
2065:)
1870:e
1863:t
1856:v
1545:e
1538:t
1531:v
1131:.
408:)
398:)
382:)
366:)
339:)
294:)
225:e
218:t
211:v
191::
186::
173::
143:;
118:;
113:;
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