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was sworn in on March 4 and immediately traveled to the area as his first priority. He released some thirty individuals held under martial law, transferred Mother Jones to
Charleston for medical treatment, and in April moved to impose conditions for the strike settlement. Strikers had the choice to
767:
claiming that the AP had not only suppressed the facts of the strike, but that the AP had a profound conflict of interest. Despite the AP's denials, its local AP representative, Cal Young, was also a member of the military tribunal passing judgment on the strikers. The AP responded with two suits
532:
When the Paint Creek union negotiated a new contract with the operators in 1912, they demanded that operators raise the compensation rate to the same level as the surrounding area. This increase would have cost operators approximately fifteen cents per miner per day, but the operators refused. The
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in the region the following day. The 1,200 state troops confiscating arms and ammunition from both sides lessened tensions to some degree, but the strikers were forbidden to congregate, and were subject to fast, unfair trials in military court. Meanwhile, strikers' families began to suffer from
617:
arrived in June, as mine owners began evicting workers from their rented houses, and brought in replacement workers. Beatings, sniper attacks, and sabotage were daily occurrences. Through July, Jones rallied the workers, made her way through armed guards to persuade another group of miners in
661:
On
October 15, martial law was lifted, only to be re-imposed on November 15 and lifted on January 10 by Governor Glasscock, with less than two months left in office. On February 7 Mucklow was again attacked by miners with at least one casualty. In retaliation that evening, the Kanawha County
468:
The strike lasted from April 18, 1912, through July 1913. After the confrontation, Fred
Stanton, a banker, estimated that the strike and ensuing violence cost $ 100,000,000. The confrontation directly caused perhaps fifty violent deaths, as well as many more deaths indirectly caused by
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and killing him. Sarah
Blizzard led a group of women to damage the railroad tracks used by the train to prevent a second attack. Another miners' raid on Mucklow killed at least two people a few days later, and on February 10 martial law was imposed for the third and final time.
662:
Sheriff Bonner Hill and a group of detectives attacked the Holly Grove miners' settlement with an armored train, called the "Bull Moose
Special", attacking with machine guns and high-powered rifles, putting 100 machine-gun bullets through the frame house of striker
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One theme of the Senate hearings was an attempt to identify the number of deaths related to the strike, and responsibility for them. One source estimates "perhaps fifty violent deaths" without estimating the effect of the conditions in the tent camp.
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accept
Hatfield's somewhat favorable terms, or be deported from the state. The Paint Creek miners accepted and signed the "Hatfield Contract" on May 1. The Cabin Creek miners continued to resist, with some violence, until the end of July.
686:), and, later, conspiracy to commit murder. She refused to recognize the jurisdiction of the military court, and refused to enter a plea. Jones was sentenced to twenty years in the state penitentiary and acquired a case of pneumonia.
729:
opening an investigation into conditions in West
Virginia coal mines. Congress almost immediately authorized two similar investigations into the copper mining industry in Michigan, and mining conditions in Colorado.
772:
against
Eastman and Young in November 1913 and January 1914. Both suits eventually were dropped. The AP's specific reasons for dropping the suits, and its general relationship to labor, are explored in
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Partly because of the influence of the UMW, the strike was conducted without violence for its first month. However, on May 10, 1912, the operators on Paint Creek and Cabin Creek hired the notorious
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pledged full support, hoping to spread the union into
Southern West Virginia, a longtime goal of the union. The UMW promised full financing and any aid it could provide to support strikers.
2006:
815:
1022:
Laurie, Clayton D. "The United States Army and the Return to
Normalcy in Labor Dispute Interventions: The Case of the West Virginia Coal Mine Wars, 1920–1921."
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in operation on Paint Creek and Cabin Creek, employing 7,500 miners. Of these mines, the forty-one on Paint Creek were all unionized, as was all of the rest of
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5. That cribbing be discontinued and that 2,000 pounds of mined coal constitute a ton. That scales be installed at mines to weigh the tonnage of the miners.
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6. That miners be allowed to employ their own check-weighmen to check against the weights found by company check-weighmen, as provided by law.
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Associated Press poisoning the well of the news with suppressed facts, lies, prejudice, slander, and hatred of labor organization, July 1913
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1996:
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Bloodletting in Appalachia: The Story of West Virginia's Four Major Mine Wars and Other Thrilling Incidents of Its Coal Fields.
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among the striking miners. In the number of casualties it counts among the worst conflicts in American labor union history.
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1958:
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to join the strike, and organized a secret march of three thousand armed miners to the steps of the state capitol in
2001:
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After little debate, the Cabin Creek miners decided to join the Paint Creek miners and declared their own strike.
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hunger, cold, and the unsanitary conditions in their temporary tent colony at Holly Grove. Mother Jones and
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coal field except for the 55 mines on Cabin Creek. However, miners on Paint Creek received compensation of 2
1932:
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The strike was a prelude to subsequent labor-related West Virginia conflicts in the following years, the
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Scholten, Pat Creech. "The Old Mother and Her Army: The Agitative Strategies of Mary Harris Jones."
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organized an “umbrella march” when pro-union women marched through the valley with umbrellas.
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718:. Governor Hatfield released Jones, without comment, after a total of 85 days imprisonment.
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The Devil is Here in These Hills: West Virginia's Coal Miners and Their Battle for Freedom.
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Life, Work, and Rebellion in the Coal Fields: The Southern West Virginia Miners, 1880–1922.
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to break the strike. Baldwin–Felts responded by sending more than 300 mine guards led by
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1991:
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and charged in military court for inciting riot (reportedly for attempting to read the
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Labor organizer Mother Jones rallying workers in the town of Montgomery in August 1912
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for a museum and research facility that specializes in the West Virginia Mine Wars
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The Battle of Blair Mountain: The Story of America's Largest Labor Uprising.
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2. That the miners' right to free speech and peaceable assembly be restored.
1952:
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790:, Mother Jones, and Baldwin-Felts Detectives would all be involved in the
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Mother Jones rallies the miners in Eskdale to join the Paint Creek strike.
1971:
1921:
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From Blackjacks to Briefcases: A history of commercialized strikebreaking
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Working Class Radicals: The Socialist Party in West Virginia, 1898-1920.
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joined the strikers' tent city, leading Governor Glasscock to establish
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On September 1, a force of over 5,000 miners from the north side of the
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Holly Grove tent colony houses evicted miner families during the strike.
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Mother Jones ties the shoelaces of a miner's child in the tent colony.
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Labor strike and violent confrontation in Cabin Creek, West Virginia
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Agents hired by the coal operators to break the strike stand armed.
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1947:
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Charleston, W.Va.: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1991.
78:
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The strike came to national attention in July 1913, cartoonist
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7. That the two check-weighmen determine all docking penalties.
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union called a strike for April 18, 1912. Their demands were:
1429:
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Thunder in the Mountains: The West Virginia Mine War, 1920–21.
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193:
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Morgantown, W.Va.: West Virginia University Library, 1969.
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called "Poisoned at the Source" depicting the president of
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New ed. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1981.
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Mother Jones outside her jailhouse in Pratt, West Virginia
900:
634:, leaving at least twelve strikers and four guards dead.
504:
The violence on Paint Creek and Cabin Creek began with a
2007:
Labor disputes led by the United Mine Workers of America
816:
Murder of workers in labor disputes in the United States
1403:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
948:"Bill Blizzard, Blair Mountain and justice for miners"
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4. That compulsory trading at company stores be ended.
1418:
List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes
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company in September 1913 and saw the April 20, 1914
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1. That the operators accept and recognize the union.
630:. On July 26, miners attacked Mucklow, present-day
542:
3. That black-listing discharged workers be stopped.
529:¢ less per ton than other union miners in the area.
1089:
The Goldenseal Book of the West Virginia Mine Wars.
725:of May 26, 1913, led to the United States Senate's
1983:
1669:Social and economic stratification in Appalachia
457:, centered on the area enclosed by two streams,
1109:Full text of Mother Jones speech at Charleston
1012:Charleston, W.Va.: Appalachian Editions, 1990.
1460:
1135:
1047:Pittsburgh: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1990.
710:Mother Jones remained under house arrest, in
209:
1291:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911
678:Mother Jones was arrested on February 13 in
887:
885:
1467:
1453:
1142:
1128:
1010:The West Virginia Mine Wars: An Anthology.
216:
202:
27:
1213:Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892
626:to read a declaration of war to Governor
1413:Anti-union violence in the United States
926:
904:Labor Age (Vol. 11, No. 7) - August 1922
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564:
495:
853:
851:
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1984:
1623:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
1296:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
1264:Streetcar strikes in the United States
1224:Streetcar strikes in the United States
1070:Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2004.
945:
794:, which began as a strike against the
1448:
1123:
991:West Virginia University Press, 2012.
939:
873:
580:After the strike began, the national
197:
846:
674:Miners hold their rifles in Eskdale.
1408:Union violence in the United States
1281:1907 San Francisco streetcar strike
1084:University Press of Kentucky, 1995.
13:
2042:1910s strikes in the United States
1316:Copper Country strike of 1913–1914
1245:
1082:The Court-Martial of Mother Jones.
920:
901:Labor Publication Society (1922).
511:Prior to the strike there were 96
453:coal miners and coal operators in
14:
2058:
2047:Events that led to courts-martial
1114:Blair Community Center and Museum
1102:
859:The court-martial of Mother Jones
1510:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
1428:
1374:Gulf Coast longshoremen's strike
1286:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
727:Committee on Education and Labor
2027:1913 labor disputes and strikes
2022:1912 labor disputes and strikes
1997:Labor disputes in West Virginia
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1679:Childbirth in rural Appalachia
1474:
1276:1905 Chicago teamsters' strike
1202:Cotton pickers' strike of 1891
933:The West Virginia Encyclopedia
911:
894:
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835:Paint Creek Mine War 1911–1923
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788:United Mine Workers of America
589:Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency
506:United Mine Workers of America
491:
449:, was a confrontation between
443:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek Strike
109:Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency
22:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike
1:
1880:John Gordon (militia captain)
1584:Battle of the Grapevine Creek
981:
927:Davidson, Shae (2012-09-26).
560:
455:Kanawha County, West Virginia
223:
1959:The Hatfields and the McCoys
1933:Moonshine in popular culture
1488:in the Eastern United States
1368:West Coast waterfront strike
1152:American labor union history
946:Slavin, Peter (2011-08-16).
712:Mrs. Carney's Boarding House
697:
7:
809:
684:Declaration of Independence
106:Cabin Creek mine operators;
10:
2063:
1819:Cumberland Gap (folk song)
52:Cabin Creek, West Virginia
42:April 18, 1912 – July 1913
2037:Coal mining in Appalachia
1968:
1903:
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1814:Cripple Creek (folk song)
1794:Blackberry Blossom (tune)
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1613:Kentucky County, Virginia
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1301:1913 Ipswich Mills strike
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1150:Major armed conflicts in
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411:US Bituminous coal strike
378:Indiana bituminous strike
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1648:1920 Alabama coal strike
1560:Battle of Blair Mountain
1338:Battle of Blair Mountain
1327:1920 Alabama coal strike
1008:Corbin, David Alan, ed.
821:
486:Battle of Blair Mountain
356:Battle of Blair Mountain
2002:Mining in West Virginia
1911:Appalachian stereotypes
1643:West Virginia coal wars
1435:Portal:Organized Labour
1356:Columbine Mine massacre
970:Smith, Robert Michael.
749:published a cartoon in
429:Warrior Met Coal strike
388:Columbine Mine massacre
368:UMW General Coal Strike
348:West Virginia coal wars
335:Hartford coal mine riot
1858:Historical individuals
1306:Colorado Coalfield War
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1059:West Virginia History.
1024:West Virginia History.
1019:New York: Grove, 2015.
800:Colorado Fuel and Iron
792:Colorado Coalfield War
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620:Eskdale, West Virginia
610:
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571:(Potentially later in
508:strike in April 1912.
501:
362:Alabama miners' strike
321:Colorado Coalfield War
290:Anthracite coal strike
260:Bituminous coal strike
243:Mahoning Valley strike
2032:Society of Appalachia
2017:1913 in West Virginia
2012:1912 in West Virginia
1674:Appalachian Americans
1532:Kanawha Valley people
1516:Chestnut Ridge people
1486:Appalachian Mountains
1380:Memorial Day massacre
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1172:Rock Springs massacre
1166:Great Railroad Strike
1080:Steel, Edward M. Jr.
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284:Carterville Mine Riot
147:Casualties and losses
1970:Part of a series on
1824:East Tennessee Blues
1789:Appalachian dulcimer
1710:Appalachian folk art
1575:French–Eversole feud
994:Corbin, David Alan.
757:The Associated Press
628:William E. Glasscock
447:Paint Creek Mine War
423:Pittston Coal strike
384:Colorado Coal Strike
315:Paint Creek mine war
296:Carbon county strike
138:William E. Glasscock
1916:Appalachian studies
1885:Devil Anse Hatfield
1738:chicken fried steak
1705:Appalachian English
1628:Southwest Territory
1590:Lincoln County feud
1580:Hatfield–McCoy feud
1570:Coal strike of 1902
1270:Colorado Labor Wars
1087:Sullivan, Ken, ed.
582:United Mine Workers
309:Westmoreland strike
100:United Mine Workers
1904:In popular culture
1844:Shady Grove (song)
1689:Urban Appalachians
1251:
1236:Illinois coal wars
1190:Thibodaux massacre
952:Blue Ridge Country
840:2015-05-06 at the
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272:Illinois coal wars
1979:
1978:
1849:Tom Dooley (song)
1784:Appalachian music
1777:Traditional music
1684:Settlement school
1595:Hillbilly Highway
1442:
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1362:Harlan County War
1350:Hanapepe massacre
1332:Battle of Matewan
1230:Lattimer massacre
1196:Morewood massacre
1178:Bay View massacre
1061:40 (Summer 1979).
929:"Mother Blizzard"
857:Steel, Edward M.
691:Henry D. Hatfield
689:New governor Dr.
482:Battle of Matewan
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394:Harlan County War
352:Battle of Matewan
266:Lattimer massacre
249:Morewood massacre
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115:
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66:Union recognition
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1974:around the world
1799:Bluegrass fiddle
1753:Goo Goo Clusters
1633:Trans-Appalachia
1618:Overmountain Men
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1321:Everett massacre
1308:, including the
1207:Homestead Strike
1184:Haymarket affair
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987:Barkey, Fred A.
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808:
775:Upton Sinclair
770:criminal libel
761:Frank B. Noyes
699:
696:
648:Sarah Blizzard
570:
562:
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329:The 10-Day War
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255:Coal Creek War
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83:Demonstrations
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1875:Davy Crockett
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1839:Nottamun Town
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1763:sorghum syrup
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1494:Ethnic groups
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1386:Hilo massacre
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1098:
1097:0-929521-57-9
1094:
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1079:
1077:
1076:0-8133-4096-9
1073:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1053:0-8229-3634-8
1050:
1046:
1043:Savage, Lon.
1042:
1040:
1039:0-87012-041-7
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1004:0-252-00895-2
1001:
997:
993:
990:
986:
985:
973:
967:
953:
949:
942:
934:
930:
923:
914:
907:. p. 20.
906:
905:
897:
891:Shogan, p. 38
888:
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731:
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724:
721:The Senate's
719:
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713:
704:
695:
692:
687:
685:
681:
672:
668:
665:
655:
651:
649:
644:
640:
639:Kanawha River
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
607:
603:
602:
598:
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583:
574:
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534:
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518:
517:Kanawha River
514:
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460:
456:
452:
448:
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430:
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421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
408:
405:1940s – 2020s
404:
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389:
385:
382:
379:
376:
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366:
363:
360:
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342:1920s – 1930s
341:
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237:1870s – 1900s
236:
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207:
205:
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182:
177:
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76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:United States
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1957:
1953:Redneck joke
1920:
1870:Daniel Boone
1834:In the Pines
1758:Shucky beans
1733:apple butter
1622:
1526:Scotch-Irish
1433:
1295:
1257:20th century
1159:19th century
1088:
1081:
1065:
1058:
1044:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
995:
988:
971:
966:
955:. Retrieved
951:
941:
932:
922:
913:
903:
896:
875:
866:
858:
830:
785:
778:
750:
744:
740:
720:
709:
688:
677:
660:
636:
615:Mother Jones
612:
593:Albert Felts
586:
579:
556:
531:
510:
503:
479:
475:malnutrition
467:
446:
442:
440:
314:
180:
175:
167:
162:
157:
135:Bonner Hill;
134:
129:Mother Jones
127:
120:Lead figures
1972:hill people
1922:Deliverance
1895:Belle Starr
1748:country ham
1715:Affrilachia
1501:Black-Dutch
1364:, 1931–1932
1312:, 1913–1914
1272:, 1903–1904
1266:, 1895–1929
1238:, 1898–1899
1226:, 1895–1929
796:Rockefeller
765:Max Eastman
664:Cesco Estep
643:martial law
601:Tony Gaujot
492:The demands
463:Cabin Creek
459:Paint Creek
396:1931–1939 (
274:1898–1900 (
1986:Categories
1943:Poor White
1829:Hootenanny
1768:soup beans
1664:Appalachia
1476:Appalachia
1026:50 (1991).
982:References
957:2018-03-13
917:Lee, p. 22
879:Lee, p. 18
752:The Masses
624:Charleston
561:The strike
513:coal mines
471:starvation
1992:Coal Wars
1928:Hillbilly
1743:chow-chow
1599:Baltimore
1530:formerly
1521:Melungeon
974:, page 27
747:Art Young
698:Aftermath
632:Gallagher
613:Activist
597:Lee Felts
445:, or the
386:1927–28 (
350:1912–21 (
323:1913–14 (
280:Pana riot
226:Coal Wars
1809:Clogging
1506:Cherokee
838:Archived
810:See also
484:and the
451:striking
181:Injuries
163:Injuries
47:Location
1948:Redneck
1725:Cuisine
1698:Culture
1657:Society
1607:Detroit
1603:Chicago
1553:History
1540:Shawnee
1536:Koasati
861:, p. 61
798:-owned
524:⁄
431:2021–23
425:1989–90
419:1977–78
311:1910–11
298:1903–04
168:Arrests
89:Parties
79:Protest
75:Strikes
71:Methods
1542:, and
1388:, 1938
1382:, 1937
1376:, 1935
1370:, 1934
1358:, 1927
1352:, 1924
1346:, 1922
1340:, 1921
1334:, 1920
1323:, 1916
1232:, 1897
1220:, 1894
1209:, 1892
1198:, 1891
1192:, 1887
1186:, 1886
1180:, 1886
1174:, 1885
1168:, 1877
1095:
1074:
1051:
1037:
1002:
599:, and
370:1922 (
176:Deaths
158:Deaths
1544:Yuchi
822:Notes
680:Pratt
303:1910s
170:: 30+
160:: 50+
63:Goals
1093:ISBN
1072:ISBN
1049:ISBN
1035:ISBN
1000:ISBN
786:The
573:1922
473:and
461:and
441:The
413:1974
380:1927
364:1920
337:1914
317:1912
292:1902
268:1897
262:1894
251:1891
245:1873
39:Date
768:of
1988::
1605:,
1601:,
1538:,
1534:,
950:.
931:.
884:^
848:^
806:.
783:.
759:,
595:,
488:.
465:.
354:,
327:,
282:,
278:,
178::
165::
81:,
77:,
54:,
1609:)
1597:(
1586:)
1582:(
1512:)
1508:(
1468:e
1461:t
1454:v
1143:e
1136:t
1129:v
960:.
935:.
575:)
526:2
522:1
400:)
390:)
374:)
358:)
331:)
286:)
217:e
210:t
203:v
183::
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