Colorado Coalfield War

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resulting in a trial, which a later congressional committee would claim demonstrated a pattern of disinterest in recording fatalities associated with the mining companies. Government and private investigations have suggested that this policy of under-reporting deaths in deference to the mining interests continued during the strike's violence. Modern and contemporary estimates of fatalities vary widely, but following the Ludlow Colony's destruction an estimated 30 strikebreakers, National Guard soldiers, and mine guards were killed while a handful of pro-union fighters are reported to have died.

1992: 86: 2349: 2056:. Also that morning, strikebreaker Pedro Armijo was being escorted through a crowd of strike-supporters when he was shot in the head. The bullet wounded striker Michele Guerriero, who lost an eye and was arrested by the militia, who held him for three months on suspicion of knowing who fired the bullet. Later that day, the National Guard reported that strikers assaulted Herbert Smith, a clerk working at the McLaughlin Mine. The Military Commission held three or four men in relation to the Smith attack before releasing them to civil authorities. 2137: 3684: 1364: 2341:

McDonald from nearby Aguilar heard the fighting and rightly feared the strikers intended to kill all those at the Empire Mine. Following the deaths of the two strikers and the discovery of a union organizer willing to discuss terms, McDonald and the Aguilar mayor negotiated a ceasefire that resulted in the strikers withdrawing. However, before the siege broke, national news outlets began erroneously reporting that the families trapped in the Empire Mine were likely suffocated. Three mine guards were killed at

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colonies were supposed to have been constructed with materials from the UMWA in anticipation such an eventuality, but most of the tents arrived late, leading some families to resort to using furniture as improvised shelters. Despite internal statistics at CF&I that suggested only 10 percent of miners were union-members, Rockefeller was informed soon after the strike began that between 40 and 60 percent of the miners in the strike zone had left work, which became roughly 80.5 percent—7,660 men—by the 24th.

1490:. Violence largely ended following the arrival of federal soldiers in late April 1914, but the strike did not end until December 1914. No concessions were made to the strikers. An estimated 69 to 199 people died during the strike, though the total dead counted in official local government records and contemporary news reports is far lower. The labor dispute was the bloodiest in the United States and Colorado historian William J. Convery called it the "bloodiest civil insurrection in American history since the 1689: 3022: 2727: 346: 2392: 2477:

Trinidad and stationed his troops in anticipation of an operation to retake the town. Despite the arrival of Chase's reinforcements bringing the total militia in the southern coalfields to roughly 650, these troops were disallowed from entering Trinidad in accordance to the truce. By this point, Trinidad was thoroughly under control of the strikers and was serving as a central command hub for their armed contingents. At 7

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them as guards around their property and prepared for open warfare which such actions inevitably precipitated. Many of these special deputies and detectives were excellent men; but this has no more to do with the case than has the fact that many of the riotous striker were also excellent men. The point is that the State recognized in the contestants the right of

3250:, and was told to contact Rea's personal assistant, Lee. Despite the historical weight given to Lee's efforts on Rockefeller's behalf—with some claiming the campaign was among the first acts of large-scale public relations—Lee's involvement was only done as a secondary job, as he was still working full-time for Rea through the whole project. 2388:. A group of pro-strikers sought to deliver weapons by car before Chase's troops arrived in Walsenburg and, despite delays, managed to bring guns and ammunition to the strikers before the train full of troops reached the strike zone. The newly arrived troops were then spread out in attempts to bring the region under their control. 2416:

strikers to attack the McNally Mine located nearby, killing one. With the return of open hostilities came an increased formalization of military operations on both sides, with the union and militia forces each publishing communiqués reporting casualties and advances while diminishing the claimed successes of their opponents.

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would locate miners who were opposed to unionization and report them to the company as union sympathizers—an offense that generally resulted in contract termination—in order to covertly replace them with genuine union members. It is possible that up to 3,000 UMWA members were introduced to the coalfields in such a manner.

1840:, which was equipped with a machine gun, as well as eight machine guns purchased by CF&I from the Coal Operators' Association of West Virginia—a mining company association. Three additional machine guns reached the strike zone by the end of the conflict, though how these weapons were sourced is uncertain. 1562:, to the detriment of the mine workers. Despite the reduction of the Sociological Department's involvement in some aspects employees' lives, there was still enforcement of certain societal regulations. A later federal report would claim CF&I was censoring literature in the company towns, prohibiting " 2647:

administration, thereupon surrendered its right and duty to enforce the law and maintain order. It turned over this right and duty to the mining companies, themselves, who thereupon imported into the State or organized within the State crews of gunmen and of private detectives and the like, organized

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the same day for the first time since 1894 and for only the ninth time since the law's enactment. A total of 1,590 enlisted soldiers and 61 officers of the Army would ultimately be deployed to Colorado. Garrison's stated goal for the federal troops was to "preserve an impartial attitude." Only after

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to call in the Colorado National Guard in October 1913, but after six months all but two companies were withdrawn for financial reasons. However, during this six-month period, guardsmen were allowed to leave if their primary livelihood was threatened and many of the guardsmen were "new recruits"—mine

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Miners were generally paid according to tonnage of coal produced, while so-called "dead work", such as shoring up unstable roofs, was often unpaid. The tonnage system drove many poor and ambitious colliers to gamble with their lives by neglecting precautions and taking on risk, with consequences that

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towards the site being a sign installed by the UMWA. In the 1990s, a government-installed highway sign pointing to the Ludlow townsite and monument was installed. Following significant damage from vandalism in 2003, a celebration of the monument's restoration occurred on 5 June 2005 with roughly 400

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The strike continued until the union ran out of funds in December 1914. With the strike's end, President Wilson contacted Ammons to determine if federal troops were still needed. Ammons requested the soldiers stay in the southern part of the state but, with no further developments by 1 January 1915,

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to begin negotiations with the union and return with recommendations regarding terms to end the strike. Secretary Wilson worked with mining union heads from across the country to create a plan for concluding the strike; the President felt that federal troops could not be withdrawn until the strikers

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Following the renewed violence, the majority of Walsenburg's civilian population fled and sporadic fighting began to overrun the city. Striking Greek miners, dissatisfied with a perceived lack of response from union officials to Ludlow, began organizing guerrilla attacks in the town and mustered 300

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By 9:30 am, the gunfire had begun to reach its peak intensity. Families of the strikers sought shelter in cellars beneath their tents as the fighting raged through the morning and until past 5 pm. National Guardsmen fired a machine gun from Water Tank Hill, an elevated position above the colony that

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On 27 January, the National Guard reported discovering an unexploded bomb near their camp at Walsenburg, estimating that it could have killed many of the troops stationed there. The Guard used this incident, which resulted in new arrests, as evidence of striker aggression towards the military in the

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After an agreement between General Chase and John Lawson, on 1 November the National Guard marched between the mines and tent colonies to effect a disarmament on both sides. The military report of the incident records a warm reception by the strikers, especially those at Ludlow who created a band to

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In April 1912, the Northern Colorado Coalfield Strikes slowly ended following several years of striking and negotiations. This strike had seen internal tensions between different districts of UMWA miners, as some members of neighboring districts were recruited as strikebreakers, leading some members

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as a birthday gift. The company already had a history of buying political figures and banking "graft", but Lamont Montgomery Bowers, who was hired to "untangle the mess", caused additional issues. Bowers, made chairman of the CF&I board in 1907, admitted that the company had "mighty power in the

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18 million (equivalent to $ 547,534,884 in 2023). CF&I lost $ 1.6 million with $ 5.6 million still on hand, while the UMWA spent $ 870,000. By 1915, CF&I mines had reached 70 percent of their pre-strike outputs. Pro-union publications lamented the failure to secure immediate significant

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The President's proposal was brought to a vote by a special convention of miners in Trinidad on 16 September which approved the agreement by a 10:1 margin. President Welborn of CF&I responded on 22 September, stating the company would agree to follow state law but dismissed the remainder of the

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to further thin National Guard troops. Strikers were initially repulsed by machine gun fire, but the weapon quickly became jammed, encouraging the attackers to charge into the camp and set most of the structures alight. The attackers were accused of threatening to dynamite the mine entrance, as the

2250:. Accounts of who fired the first shot differ, but fighting began or escalated after the militia at Ludlow detonated warning charges to notify Linderfelt's troops stationed at Berwind Canyon and another detachment at Cedar Hill. In total, some 177 militia and soldiers participated in the fighting. 1943:

On 24 October, a day after Governor Ammons left the strike zone, Walsenburg Sheriff Jeff Farr recruited 55 deputies. Later that day, while escorting a set of wagons belonging to a non-striking family on Seventh Street, the deputies fired into a hostile crowd, killing three foreign miners. Fearing a

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Boughton, Edward J. (2 May 1914). Ludlow, Being the report of the special board of officers appointed by the governor of Colorado to investigate and determine the facts with reference to the armed conflict between the Colorado National Guard and certain persons engaged in the coal mining strike at

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Caught unprepared, the superintendent of Forbes used a phone to call for militia forces to be sent from Ludlow to relieve the outnumbered garrison. With Verdeckberg gone, Hamrock answered the call and relayed the superintendent's pleas to Ammons and Chase. Ammons and Chase refused to send militia,

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named Henry Llyod was killed by strikers in an incident of mistaken identity. This and other attacks by the strikers led some in Colorado, particularly outside of Denver, to remain opposed to the strikers, with local papers carrying editorials describing them as "bandit Greek element" supported by

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lawyer Horace Hawkins. The following day, John McLennan, the president of UMWA District 15 when the strike was declared, was arrested by militia at the Ludlow train stop on his way from Denver to Trinidad. Hawkins made a ceasefire conditional on McLennan's release, which was secured. Despite union

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While strikers were divided on how to respond, some sought revenge on non-striking miners, attacking Southwestern Mine Co.'s Empire Mine on Wednesday, 22 April, only to relent after a 21-hour siege. Armed strikebreakers killed two strikers at the loss of the mine's superintendent. A minister named

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The news of the massacre soon reached the other tent colonies, including the large group of strikers in Walsenburg. The response was a decentralized expedition throughout Southern and Central Colorado known as the "Ten Days War." At this point the union made an official "Call to Arms", a departure

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field workers and put forward demands to Colorado Fuel and Iron. Demands that emphasized enforcement of new regulatory laws were not met. Among the demands unheeded was the enforcement of a mine-safety bill passed in 1913 which required better ventilation in the mines, but which had no enforcement

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Members of the Baldwin-Felts are recorded as claiming that at least one of the specific guns brought from West Virginia had previously received Congressional scrutiny for apparent usage aboard a train, where it was said to have been used to fire upon striking miners and their tents during strikes

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for much of strike. A twelve year old, Frank Snyder, left his shelter and was hit by a bullet that removed much of his head, killing him instantly. National Guardsman Pvt. Martin was fatally shot in the neck. M. G. Low, a pumpman for the Colorado & Southern train that passed through the town,

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at Ludlow exchanged insults with National Guardsmen, one of whom is reported as saying to the women, "Go ahead, have your good time to-day, and to-morrow we will get your roast." On the morning of 20 April, Tikas was summoned by soldiers claiming a woman sought to speak to her husband, a supposed

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in Ludlow Colony, the strike had become relatively peaceful by the beginning of 1914. The strikers and the Guardsmen sat opposite each other at Ludlow, with brown tents for the soldiers appearing on the opposite side of the track from the white ones belonging to the colonists starting in November

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At roughly 1:30 pm on 9 October 1913, a striking miner who had been hired as a rancher, Mark Powell, was herding cattle near patrolling CF&I mine guards. The guards were passing near a C&S train bridge. A sudden burst of gunfire erupted, sending the guards to cover and killing Powell. His

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In December 1912, the UMWA had sent 21 "recruiting teams" to the Southern Colorado coalfields. These recruiting teams generally consisted of two union men: one who would embed himself among the miners and another who would find employment with the local management. Working in tandem, each pairing

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detectives in the Southern Colorado coalfields to monitor the collective organizing of miners in the region. Federal investigators would later cite these armed guards and spies, as well at their utilization of "the whole machine of the law" in the "persecution of organizers and union members," as

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of Las Animas County opted against trying any miners with murder for the attack on Forbes that occurred during Ten Days War unless "furnished with a list of the militiamen and mine guards who took part in the battle of Ludlow, with a view of prosecuting them on charges of murder and arson." In a

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On 29 April, Lawson issued an order for remaining armed miners to stand down. On 2 May, a proclamation from Garrison was issued, stating that "all persons 'not in the military service of the United States'" were to disarm, although this statement was understood as only disarming the strikers, as

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was fired upon, representing the first major breach of the truce declared days before. A force of an estimated one thousand armed strikers launched a coordinated assault on the town, culminating in its capture on 26 April. A non-striking miner was killed and a mine guard seriously injured before

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Mother Jones, who had already been arrested twice by the militia, again traveled south on 22 March in an effort to reach Trinidad. Arriving in Walsenburg by train, the militia arrested her and held her in a Huerfano County jail. At 76 years old, she was held for 26 days in the subterranean cell.

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opened an investigation on both the Northern and Southern Colorado Coalfield strikes, as well as the Calumet strike. The report pertaining to the Southern Colorado strike was released on 2 March 1915. The UMWA would legally challenge the National Guard imprisonment of four strikers in Las Animas

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lawsuits were launched against coal mining companies in Huerfano County. In the case of the 1910 Primero accident, a coroner's report issued after five days absolved CF&I of any civil or criminal responsibility. Additionally, a high rate of disease afflicted the minefields, with at least 151

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Between 1884 and 1912, Colorado's fatality rate among miners was more than double the national average, with 6.81 miners killed for every 1,000 workers (against a national average of 3.12). In the decade preceding the 1913–1914 Strike, CF&I mines had been involved in several major accidents.

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The large 27 April funeral for Tikas in Trinidad strained the militia forces of Colonel Edward Verdeckberg of the National Guard. Verdeckberg, a veteran of the 1903–1904 Cripple Creek Strike and commanding the troops in Walsenburg and Ludlow, was concerned that the funeral might spur rioting in

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At midnight on 22 April, a call went out for all National Guardsmen to head for the strike zone. Chase had claimed prior to Ludlow that he was able to muster 600 men to return to the field at a moment's notice, yet only 362 men reported for duty. Seventy-six soldiers of Troop C—nicknamed "Chase

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was touring the area. The National Guard claimed that the colony harbored the murderers and was "so established that no workmen leave the camp at Forbes without passing along or through" the colony. In retaliation, the Guard destroyed the colony on 10 March, burning it to the ground while most

2106:. She was held repeatedly over the next nine months. Strikers attempted to liberate Jones from her first detention on the 21st by marching on the hospital but failed to secure her release after being repulsed by mounted National Guardsmen. She would remain held in Mt. San Rafael for nine weeks. 2942:

In the Twenty-First Century, new histories and revaluations of the Colorado Coalfield War proposed new interpretations of the conflict and its outcomes. In particular, the interpretation of the Ludlow Massacre as a "massacre" became a matter of debate. While emphasizing the role of strikers as

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Fatalities during the strike are generally assumed to be under-reported, as Las Animas County coroner's office reports more bodies related to the strike than appear in contemporary news reports. The office recorded 232 violent deaths from the beginning of 1910 to March 1913 with only 30 deaths

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In Southern Colorado, an expanded strike began on 23 September 1913 during a rainstorm. That day, the strike peaked with up to 20,000 miners and family members being evicted from company housing. Prior to the eviction, there had been plans to move them all into union supplied tents. Eight tent

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At the end of the battle, a fire began and the colony burnt down. Soon after the gunfire ended, Tikas and other strikers were found shot in the back along with those strikers who were killed in the combat. Eleven children and two women were found suffocated by smoke in one of the subterranean

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occurred. The withdrawal of the majority of the National Guard had left only two companies of troops in the strike area, with these soldiers spread across several encampments at Berwind, Ludlow, and Cedar Hill. On Sunday, 19 April, it was reported that a group of union-aligned women playing

1498:, also involving the Baldwin-Felts and UMWA, is considered the largest labor uprising in the U.S. by number of combatants. Contemporaneous accounts suggest the Blair Mountain strikers feared Baldwin-Felts would utilize a gun-equipped truck on their number, erroneously believing that the 1753:

Most sheriffs and deputy sheriffs in the area were affiliated in some fashion with CF&I and the other major mining companies and acted as an initial force against the strikers. Their numbers were bolstered as the strike began by recruiting of new sheriffs and deputies, including

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pm, with no reports of significant violence in Trinidad, Chase received word that perhaps hundreds of strikers were attacking the CF&I McNally mine near Walsenburg. Verdeckberg was ordered by Chase to take 60 men to Walsenburg to retake the town on the morning of the 29th.

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collapsed on 22 October, killing 263 miners. The disaster was at the time the worst mining disaster in the Western United States. It served to further raise ire amongst the miners and added perceived legitimacy to the UMWA strike just north of the Colorado–New Mexico border.

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Further detectives were brought into the state once the strike commenced. Upon arrival, these between 40 and 75 detectives were deputized as county sheriffs. The Baldwin-Felts were also responsible for the recruitment of mine guards meant for service directly under CF&I.

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of Trinity Church in Trinidad and St. Mary's in Aguilar, and a small group of others from the nearby communities were among the few permitted into the still-smoldering tent colony. Ferris and his band would discover the dead in the cellar and extracted them to perform hasty

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that would eventually supplement his ranks. CF&I vehicles and other infrastructure were regularly employed by the Guard for the duration of the strike. Chase, in his position at the head of the Colorado National Guard, embraced an aggressive stance against the strikers.

2345:, where four attempts were made by strikers to take the town, and another was killed at Tabasco. These events led the sheriff of Las Animas County to send a telegram to Ammons, declaring that he had been militarily defeated by the miners and requested federal intervention. 2629:

Wilson authorized their withdrawal, which was completed by 10 January. While Wilson succeeded in bringing order to the situation, he had demonstrated support for the labor union and the miners' unconditional surrender to the companies was thus seen as a defeat for Wilson.

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Gerald Liappiat in Trinidad on 16 August 1913, five weeks before the strikes began. The widely-reported public killing of Liappiat in what was deemed by a coroner's jury a "justifiable homicide" during a two-sided gunfight had helped inflame tensions in the region.

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With Verdeckberg's force moved to Walsenburg and negotiations for disarmament once again underway, a group of 100 strikers moved from Trinidad in the night of 29 April, linking up with additional armed anti-militia forces to create a roughly 300-strong force. At

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On 17 December, the National Guard, under orders from Gov. Ammons from 1 December, allowed for the strikebreakers to resume entering the strike zone following a brief moratorium on any workers other than those already present in Southern Colorado working.

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over less-controllable independent congregations. Miners disliked the company-run congregations, often preferring to attend the same denomination in nearby non-company towns. The education of children in mining towns was also the duty of the Sociological

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Congressional hearings on the massacre, Rockefeller maintained that he was not aware of any animosity among the deputized militia subsidized by CF&I, nor that had he ordered the massacre, despite accusations to the contrary from activists including

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after years of deadly working conditions and low pay. The strike was marred by targeted and indiscriminate attacks from both strikers and individuals hired by CF&I to defend its property. Fighting was focused in the southern coal-mining counties of

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in 1914 that "waste and ruin, death and misery were the harvest of this war that was waged on helpless people. Mothers with babies at their breasts and babies at their skirts and mothers with babies yet unborn were the targets of this modern warfare."

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from their previous policy of suppressing violence on the part of the strikers. This led to widespread violence across the Southern Colorado Coalfield area, unlike the small pockets of violence that occurred in canyons in the early days of the strike.

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in 1917. Of the 408 strikers charged with a crime—many with murder—there were four convictions. All four were overturned on technicalities. Four men charged in relation to Major Lester's death were acquitted following their trial being moved from

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respectively. Ammons intended to facilitate a summit between these corporate leaders to several of the union heads so that the strike might end quickly. However, following belligerent statements on both sides, such a conference never transpired.

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for company use against their striking workers and passed on to the militia later in the conflict. Prior to being distributed to the militia, company-employed detectives were accused of firing randomly into and above the miners' colonies from

5501: 2793:, who had largely not participated in the strike. These efforts would evolve into the Colorado Industrial Plan, better known as the Rockefeller Plan and the archetype for employee representation plans, as well as the creation of a CF&I 1948:

to prevent troops from arriving in the area by the C&S train, and they fired with little effect on it as it passed through. Lieutenant Linderfelt, one of the first deputized into the militia, then led a group of 20 militiamen to hold a

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The strikers also armed themselves through private sales, primarily through local private dealers. Colorado gun dealers are recorded as having sold to both sides in the various calibers that were commercially popular at the time—especially

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Wilson had received assurances from Ammons that the militia was withdrawing and did not need to turn over their weapons. By the end of the Ten Days War, up to 54 people—including non-combatants—had been killed in the post-Ludlow violence.

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cellars. All together, at least 18 of the union side had been killed—including Snyder and those seeking shelter in the cellar—while Martin is the only confirmed casualty from the Guard. Due to the fighting and chaos, Rev. John O. Ferris,

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were back to work. President Wilson received the Secretary of Labor's recommendations several months later and, on 5 September 1914, sent a proposed agreement to the two sides. In November, the United Mine Workers sent two executives,

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There was still tension, though, and on 14 January Linderfelt was accused of hitting Tikas while at Ludlow in retaliation for Tikas not divulging the whereabouts of a boy related to an incident in which Linderfelt and his men ran into

2983:, killing 121 miners. They are commemorated by a marker nearby the monument to the victims of the Ludlow Massacre. Victor-American mines had been targeted during the strike, and some were destroyed during the last week of April 1914. 2443:

stood in front of the Capitol the next day. Despite the presence of dozens of police officers and a rainstorm, the crowds listened peacefully to speakers from the mines as well as the impassioned journalist, propagandist, and former

6345:"Find Lawson Guilty of Strike Murder; Labor Leader Gets Life Imprisonment for Killing of Deputy Sheriff in Colorado. Jury Out Since Saturday. Labor Unions Defended Prisoner, Who Is a Member of Executive Board of United Mine Workers" 2523:

am on 30 April, they attacked the Rocky Mountain Fuel Company mine at Forbes, firing weapons into the company-aligned camp and setting buildings alight. The defenders were 18 non-union men who had with them an emplaced machine gun.

6646:"Rockefeller Plies Pick in Coal Mine; Dons Overalls and Jumper and Makes First-Hand Investigation of Colorado Conditions. Calls Men His Partners, Tells Them Their Interests Are Similar; Questions Coal Diggers About Wages and Work" 3134:

While the entirety of the strike-related violence is also commonly called the "Colorado Coal War" and the "Colorado Civil War," some historians use these terms only to refer to the final ten days of intense fighting at the end of

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On 8 March 1914 the body of a strikebreaker, Neil Smith, was found on the train tracks near the Forbes tent colony, located near the then-emptied Rocky Mountain Fuel Company town of the same name, an incident that occurred as a

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proposals. Following this, negotiations again broke down. Another also unsuccessful effort by President Wilson to end the strike through diplomacy was launched in late November 1914, but by then the strike had begun to falter.

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The northernmost battle took place on 28 April at the Hecla mine in Louisville. The mine was owned by the Rocky Mountain Fuel Company, which had hired the Baldwin-Felts to help protect its property between Denver and

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to Governor Ammons sent personally from Linderfelt. Lawson, however, asserted in a telegram to Ammons that Linderfelt had used the "vilest of language" towards the boy in question and had said to the strikers "I am

1596:, part of what became the strike zone and where the Ludlow Colony was established. These incidents raised the fatality rate in Colorado to above 10 deaths per 1,000 workers, three times the national average. Due to 5771: 6948: 2951:, with Martelle later defending his perspective by contending that evidence does not support the view that National Guard started the tent colony fire with the intention of killing non-combatant strikers. 2620:

The agreement called for a three-year truce on the stipulation that both sides ceased acts of intimidation and that Colorado's state laws on mining were to be followed, along with contractual alterations.

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In 1914, Victor-American's John C. Osgood testified that up to 25 percent of a miner's payroll was spent at shops in company towns. These shops often turned a profit of roughly 20 percent for the mining

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While the Greek and Slavic miners had a major impact on the events at Ludlow and elsewhere during the strike, a significant proportion of the strikers and residents in the mining colonies were of

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were often fatal. CF&I was accused by both miners and federal investigators of occasionally not assigning checkweighmen "in order that the miners might be cheated of part of their earnings."

5809: 2639:"Whenever trouble arose between the workingmen and the employers, whenever the miners began to organize to support or enforce demands for improved conditions, the State, whether in control of a 1801:

Though there were strikes in places such as Walsenburg and Trinidad, the largest of the strike colonies was in Ludlow. It had around 200 tents with 1,200 miners. The escalating situation caused

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provision. On 16 September 1913, miners with and union members with District 15 adopted demands for a seven-step improvement to the wage scale of miners and company recognition of the UMWA.

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said Ludlow and the strike were "the culminating act of perhaps the most violent struggle between corporate power and laboring men in American history." In 1997, field work began on the

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Jesse F. Welborn, the president of CF&I, announced he would not meet with the strikers and that the confrontation “would be a strike to the finish.” The day the strike was declared,

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The return of Mother Jones to Trinidad on 11 January resulted in considerable response. She was arrested shortly thereafter by the National Guard on the orders of Ammons and taken to

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Pro-union publications used this detention as a rallying call, exaggerating the squalid qualities of the cell and claiming she was an even older, more fragile woman than she was.

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Mozzor was at her admittance to the bar in 1915 the youngest woman lawyer in Colorado and in 1917 became the first woman to serve as Assistant Attorney General of any U.S. state.

1494:," the Colorado Coalfield War is notable for the number of company-aligned dead in a period when strikebreaking violence typically saw fatalities exclusively among strikers. The 7462: 2291:. The national media lambasted Rockefeller, who had prior to the Ludlow Massacre claimed no responsibility for the strike and violence, saying "My conscience will acquit me." 1961:, was killed early in the engagement. A relief force of 40 militia and Baldwin-Felts arrived with a machine gun after the fighting had shifted to the multiple camps in nearby 4466: 4871: 4502: 2851:

in 1944. Guthrie's song has been criticized by historians as perpetuating an inaccurate recounting of the events surrounding the Ludlow Massacre and the "Ten Days War."

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Sensing the militia's intent to act that day after seeing machine guns placed above the colony and choosing to disobey Tikas, strikers took cover in hastily constructed

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UMWA strikers at the Forbes Colony, 1914. After the 10 March destruction of the colony, Joseph Zanetell (light cap, in front of chimney) would lose two newborn twins to

1674:, for nine months from 1913 to 1914, ran concurrently with the Colorado strike, and both strikers and Guardsmen were aware of the events in Michigan through coverage in 7132: 6306: 3976: 3942: 2170:, and my men on horses are Jesus Christs, and we must be obeyed." Lawson also suggested Linderfelt had acted with the intention of provoking the strikers to violence. 5990: 1888:

On 24 September, a marshal employed by CF&I named Robert Lee was attempting the arrest of four strikers accused of vandalism when he was ambushed and killed at

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During this initial stage of the strike, Governor Ammons met several times with Welborn, Osgood, and David W. Brown—representing CF&I, Victor-American, and the

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were brought with the 23-car train of 242 soldiers going south from Denver on 23 April. Empty carts were attached to the front of the engines to protect against

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Hennen, John (2011). "Reviewed Work: Representation and Rebellion: The Rockefeller Plan at the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1914–1942 by Jonathan H. Rees".

2789:, and met with Mother Jones. This saw Rockefeller and King taking a tour of the CF&I mining communities in September 1915, notably including the miners of 1231: 1226: 1062: 3148:" rather than for the benefit of the miners. For example, the department would subsidize the construction of churches, but with near-exclusive preference for 2601:

As federal troops poured into the striker region, President Wilson began drawing up his own plans for how to conclude the strike. President Wilson instructed

7898: 5324: 3220:, reflecting both communities' lengthy involvement in Colorado mining operations. Additionally, among the strikers at Ludlow in particular, there were also 2485:

The National Guard and mine guards from the McNally, Walsen, and Robinson mines fought strikers in the Battle of Walsenburg for control of the town and the

2751:

Nimmo by Judge Granby Hillyer in 1915 and sentenced to life imprisonment. The UMWA maintained Lawson's innocence, and his conviction was overturned by the

2468:

led a small contingent of troops that had been among those rotated off the southern front. Several mine guards were seriously injured during the fighting.

1340: 1263: 1243: 1125: 2963:

at the site in 1916. It was dedicated in 1918. The Ludlow Monument stood in relative obscurity for many years, with the only marker pointing drivers on

1654:. Bowers viewed these private investigators as “grafters” and sought to cut ties with them. However, local CF&I fuel manager E. H. Weitzel retained 7622: 6673: 5665: 4366: 2553:

rights for the strikers, leading Wilson to exert pressure on Ammons and other elected officials in Colorado and threaten to deploy federal troops. The

1318: 1268: 6765: 6386: 6058: 5592: 2070:

striker Louis Zancanelli in Trinidad on 22 November in what the National Guard's official report deemed an assassination. Zancanelli was sentenced to

2114: 7367: 6645: 1920:

and passed near the Ludlow Colony began to be used as a firing position to harass strikers on 8 October 1913, resulting in no immediate casualties.

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Rockefeller had initially been advised in the wake of the strike to only perform public outreach through Governor Ammons, but spoke to his friend

2011: 7004: 5274: 5230: 4819: 3559: 2352:

President John McLennan, who led UMWA District 15 at the start of the 1913–1914 strike, with Major Patrick Hamrock following the Ludlow Massacre.

2052:'s car with three CF&I company men, was ambushed. Gambling was the only survivor. The militia rounded up several men after finding a pile of 1545:

Colorado Fuel and Iron's treatment of its workers degraded after its sale to John D. Rockefeller, who gave his portion of the company to his son

1394: 786: 5347: 2581: 2439:

to send federal troops to the strike zone. A rally attended by five to six thousand agitated protesters and Colorado senator—and later governor—

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on a path. The official report by the National Guard detachment commander at Aguilar to General Chase on 18 January denied the claim, as did a

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While having an altruistic appearance, the CF&I Sociological Department has been reevaluated by historians as an expression of "corporate

2817: 2566: 2179:

inhabitants were away and arresting all 16 men living in the tents, an action that indirectly resulted in the deaths of two newborn children.

1924:

death came the same day four pieces of artillery arrived in the strike zone with a National Guard company. News of the incident resulted in a

7955: 6593: 5931: 4994:"2014 Mining History Association Tour: Historic Coal and Coking Camps – Starkville, Cokedale, Boncarbo, Berwind Canyon, Hastings, and Ludlow" 2696:

structural change in the relationship between miners and the CF&I and criticized the Guard and militia's response and actions at Ludlow.

7398: 1972:

The National Guard was mobilized on 28 October and began field operations the next day. The next day, several buildings were set on fire in

1820:

strikes in which they had defended themselves from violent strikers. Balwin-Felts detectives George Belcher and Walker Belk had killed UMWA

7693: 7342: 3116:

All but two companies of militia and Guardsmen—composed largely of mine guards—withdrawn after six months because of budgetary constraints.

6803: 6284: 2075: 1627:." In its aftermath, the National Guard prepared for additional violence by constructing fortifications, including the large cobblestone 1273: 987: 5410: 1482:, destroying property, and engaging in several skirmishes with the National Guard along a 225-mile (362 km) front from Trinidad to 7776: 4801: 885: 7481: 2979:

Three years after the "Ten Days War", on 27 April 1917, a Victor-American Fuel Company mine in Hastings, near the former Ludlow camp,

7995: 2994:

creating the Ludlow Centennial Commemoration Commission in preparation for the hundredth anniversary of the Massacre a year later. A

1999: 1184: 1115: 1088: 830: 6799: 4993: 7940: 7935: 7893: 7854: 3987: 3815: 2911: 2357: 1724:"Rise up and strike! If you are too cowardly, there are enough women in this country to come in here and beat the hell out of you." 1205: 1132: 1101: 4849: 4542: 3361:

Boor Tonn, Mari (2011). "'From the Eye to the Soul': Industrial Labor's Mary Harris "Mother" Jones and the Rhetorics of Display".

2201:

National Guardsmen with a M1895 machine gun on Water Tank Hill, an elevated position that overlooked the Ludlow tent colony, 1914.

8005: 6983: 6952: 3063: 2537:

am, only hours before federal troops began arriving in the region. In total, nine of the Forbes camp were killed, including four

1335: 1323: 1194: 5027: 2921:, was published the same year as the former's presidential run. It was a revised version of McGovern's 1953 Ph.D. dissertation, 2809:

there. In 1917, the chairman of CF&I's board, Lamont Montgomery Bowers, took over the company at the behest of Rockefeller.

2781:

in June 1914 to help create a system by which miners could have internal representation within CF&I. Rockefeller also hired

1957:

pm they came under fire from strikers in elevated positions on the ridges. John Nimmo, a mine guard and National Guardsman from

7796: 7744: 7704: 7615: 6933: 4480: 2703:

from the rest of the National Guard and militia involved in the suppression of the strike, as they faced additional charges of

1293: 1072: 4761: 4517: 2887:

The conflict has also inspired many academic histories, among the first being Barron Beshoar's 1942 biography of John Lawson,

7985: 7148: 6140: 4797: 2995: 2679: 2311:

Popular opinion began to side with the miners. Newspapers that had previously sided with the company and Ammons, such as the

2259:

witnessed the fighting and moved a train engine to protect some of those fleeing the battle and directed them towards cover.

2175: 1219: 999: 5472: 3991: 3954: 3637: 2323:, began to sympathize with the strikers and blame "dilly-dallying" on Ammons' part for the deaths. The generally anti-union 2059:

The National Guard reported that on 18 November the Piedmont home of Domenik Peffello, a miner who had quit the strike, was

7429: 6598: 5375: 3083: 1892:. Another lawman later testified that Lee had been particularly hated by the strikers for his insults against their wives. 1663: 1169: 1120: 471: 7990: 7970: 7888: 7761: 6001: 4428: 4221:

Age of Industrial Violence 1910–1915: The Activities and Findings of the United States Commission on Industrial Relations

2197: 1774: 1387: 1350: 1210: 1106: 779: 3668: 7632: 7306: 6572: 6530: 5939: 5704: 5632: 5284: 4674: 4581: 4348: 4298: 4236: 3759: 3719: 3603: 3528: 3293: 3073: 2959:

The UMWA purchased a 40-acre lot that contained the Ludlow Colony and some of the land around it and began work on the

2617:

from the International Executive Board to discuss negotiations with the President's representatives in Indianapolis.

2283: 1692:

Map illustrating the main locations of striking miners' colonies and towns during the Colorado Coalfield War, 1913–1914

954: 554: 294: 2833: 745: 7848: 7756: 7682: 7608: 5618: 3590: 2726: 2707:

in relation to the deaths of strikers in custody at Ludlow, including Tikas. Hamrock was charged on 13 May 1914 with

2044:"–non-striking and strikebreaking miners. William Gambling rejected offers to join the union on his way to the local 1643: 5502:"Colorado State Researcher Recounts Aftermath of Violent Coal War on 90th Anniversary of Colorado's Ludlow Massacre" 3780: 8000: 7766: 6830: 5312: 4722: 3913: 2712: 2644: 2640: 2602: 2453: 2264: 1900: 1558:

Department and embraced the idea of a hands-off approach to employee management. This caused rampant dishonesty in

5450: 2939:'s Ludlow Massacre Archaeological Project, with research from the program published in multiple academic mediums. 2723:. The military court found Linderfelt guilty of the assault on Tikas, "but attach no criminality" to his actions. 2243:, persuaded Tikas to meet at the Ludlow train stop. Tikas told his agitated fellow Greek strikers to remain calm. 1478:

attacked. In retaliation, armed miners attacked dozens of mines and other targets over the next ten days, killing

96: 4513: 3088: 2829: 2577: 2368:

anger at Hawkins for negotiating, they observed the truce along what had become a 175 miles (282 km) front.

1614: 1258: 981: 464: 5221:"Fired Machine Gun in Ludlow Battle; Trained It on a Point Near Colorado Miners' Tents, Major Hamrock Testifies" 4798:

Report on the Colorado strike investigation made under House resolution 387, sixty-third Congress, third session

2015:

Mounted Colorado National Guardsmen break up a protest seeking to secure Mother Jones's release in January 1914.

1865:. Dealers in Walsenburg and Pueblo also sold explosives to both sides of the conflict, though the investigating 6486: 4407: 4110: 2969: 2570: 1985: 1813: 1697: 1628: 1527: 1423: 1380: 948: 938: 860: 813: 772: 507: 2533:

unarmed men, women, and children took cover there. None in the cave were killed. The fighting had ceased by 10

2025:

herald the arrival of soldiers, though the National Guard only received a reported 20–30 weapons, including a

7960: 5737: 1913: 1159: 6685: 6163: 6054: 4622: 2124:

grounds, while the National Guard stated the imprisonments were permitted by previous court rulings and the

65: 6773: 6135: 4666: 4374: 3330: 3285: 1655: 1539: 1503: 1475: 1083: 1052: 1020: 579: 306: 6026: 2677:—a social worker who would later become the first female Assistant Attorney General of Colorado—wrote for 5547:"30 Besieged in Mine may be Suffocated; Mouth of Slope Blocked by Dynamite Explosions Caused by Strikers" 4793: 4154: 3908: 3370: 2778: 2731: 2610: 2541:

strikebreakers. At least three strikers were killed by returning fire, including two by the machine gun.

2385: 2330: 2247: 2231:

resident of the Ludlow Colony. Tikas refused the initial invitation to meet in the soldiers' tent. Major

1746: 1593: 1436: 1057: 672: 564: 302: 76: 7600: 7534: 7110: 6193: 3417:

Walker, Mark (2003). "The Ludlow Massacre: Class, Warfare, and Historical Memory in Southern Colorado".

1650:

was among the most successful in his infiltration, rising to the position of vice-president of the UMWA

1550:

entire state." Under his leadership, every employee—regardless of citizenship status—as well as company

105: 7950: 7945: 7860: 7646: 7554: 3595: 2973: 1917: 1647: 667: 558: 5918: 5164: 2209:

Guardsmen posing as though they are taking cover shortly following the Ludlow Massacre, 20 April 1914.

1995:

The Ludlow Colony as set up following the September 1913 eviction of strikers, pictured in early 1914.

1566:" texts as well as books described by a CF&I spokesman as containing "erroneous ideas," including 7980: 7975: 7781: 5955: 5517: 5358: 4440: 4432: 4228: 4102: 2964: 2757: 1440: 1137: 7233:"Marking Labor History on the National Landscape: The Restored Ludlow Memorial and its Significance" 7217: 3683: 3321:

From Redstone to Ludlow: John Cleveland Osgood's Struggle against the United Mine Workers of America

3282:

From Redstone to Ludlow: John Cleveland Osgood's Struggle against the United Mine Workers of America

3002:

service was held at the memorial site on 20 April 2014, which was coincidentally Easter in both the

2687:

Six mines and several company towns, including the abandoned Forbes, were damaged or destroyed. The

7818: 7807: 5081: 4965: 4574:

The Nine Lives of Charles E. Lively: The Deadliest Man in the West Virginia-Colorado Coal Mine Wars

4290: 3835: 3711: 3520: 2775: 2765: 2585: 2549:

Part-owner John D. Rockefeller Jr. refused President Wilson's offer of mediation, conditioned upon

2445: 1572: 1495: 1427: 1164: 932: 926: 6623: 2435:

on 25 April. These women forced a "drawn and haggard" Ammons to send a request for U.S. President

1769: 1554:

were registered to vote. The workers were coerced to vote for the company's interests. He cut the

7915: 7836: 7513: 7073: 6877: 5991:"Fourteenth Biennial Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the State of Colorado 1913–1914" 3831: 3196: 3078: 2980: 2573: 2214: 2103: 1950: 1866: 1546: 1514: 1330: 1174: 958: 918: 905: 549: 361: 286: 126: 6800:"'Yes, Ludlow Was a Massacre' by DeStefanis & Feurer, with Response by Martelle and Andrews" 6080: 4791: 2299: 2063:. Peffello likely lost his home after returning to it upon abandoning the Piedmont tent colony. 707: 7298: 7172: 6522: 6330: 6276: 6242: 5903: 5886: 5867: 5833: 5817: 5795: 5779: 5509: 4895: 4714: 2848: 2825: 2752: 2432: 2377: 2360: 2334: 2205: 1932: 1592:

Mine explosion that killed 56 on 8 October of that year. Both of these accidents took place in

1431: 1422:

between September 1913 and December 1914. Striking began in late summer 1913, organized by the

1363: 1298: 751: 596: 544: 527: 290: 6562: 4397: 56: 7652: 7539: 7294: 7204: 6850: 5418: 5354: 5320: 5252: 5145: 4634: 3983: 3247: 3217: 3195:

The Zanetell family's furnishings from the Forbes Colony survive on permanent display in the

2892: 2837: 2761: 2550: 2240: 1758:, who later led the militia. Many of those deputized, and at least 66 in two days, were from 1444: 1278: 854: 532: 5346:

Simmons, R. Laurie; Simmons, Thomas H.; Haecker, Charles; Siebert, Erika Martin (May 2008).

4938:

The Military Occupation of the Coal Strike Zone of Colorado by the National Guard, 1913–1914

4177:

Clyne, Rick J. (1999). "Coal People: Life in Southern Colorado's Company Towns, 1890–1930".

1638:

of 1903–1904, CF&I had spent $ 20,000 annually (equivalent to $ 678,222 in 2023) on

1502:

had been present at the Ludlow Massacre. Like the Colorado National Guard in 1913–1914, the

7144: 6314: 6198: 5959: 5692: 5383: 5198: 5035: 4813: 3925: 3788: 3743: 2936: 2907: 2692: 2408: 1991: 1802: 1786: 1639: 1589: 1483: 1452: 1303: 993: 866: 682: 623: 365: 6901:: Colorado Labor Historical Committee of the Denver Trades and Labor Assembly – via 2372:

Troop" as two of the general's sons along with other family members were part of the unit—

1812:

As was common in mine strikes of the time, the company also brought in strikebreakers and

1700:

organized its regional District 15, led by John McLennan, to represent Southern Coloradan

85: 8: 7750: 6979: 6807: 6798:

DeStafanis, Anthony; Feurer, Rosemary; Martelle, Scott; Andrews, Thomas (21 April 2014).

6564:

Irish Americans: The History and Culture of a People: The History and Culture of a People

6120: 5005: 4845: 3633: 3550: 3149: 3068: 2879:

in 1917. This second text was rejected by publishers until 1974, after Sinclair’s death.

2428: 2348: 2319: 2125: 1833: 1790: 1635: 1535: 1248: 1154: 606: 279: 4833: 3839: 2267: 2003:

Members of the Ladies Voting Assembly of Southern Colorado march in Trinidad to support

7965: 7716: 7670: 7287: 7260: 7252: 7185: 7065: 7055: 6862: 6650: 6615: 6536: 6455: 6381: 6349: 6031: 5714: 5660: 5587: 5551: 5445: 5225: 5119: 5073: 4734: 4370: 3442: 3434: 3390: 3382: 3299: 3003: 2926: 2869:

in 1917. The novel is set during the Colorado Coalfield War. He continued the story of

2663: 2657: 2554: 2538: 2404: 2396: 2325: 2276: 2232: 1735: 1491: 1448: 842: 687: 633: 141: 24: 2395:

Lt. Karl Linderfelt (center) with two of his brothers (left), Lt. Lawrence, and Major

2136: 1600:

by the companies, very few accident lawsuits were launched; between 1895 and 1915, no

7842: 7830: 7812: 7710: 7676: 7658: 7302: 7264: 7189: 7077: 6998: 6917: 6712: 6619: 6568: 6526: 6514: 6482: 5935: 5700: 5628: 5280: 5141: 5123: 5043: 4738: 4680: 4670: 4604: 4577: 4403: 4304: 4294: 4232: 4190: 4116: 4106: 3867: 3755: 3715: 3546:"Justice Story: Women, kids killed in bloody 1913 Ludlow Massacre during coal strike" 3524: 3513: 3446: 3394: 3289: 3221: 3093: 2987: 2918: 2743: 2720: 2704: 2674: 2614: 2605: 2507: 2486: 2461: 2440: 2342: 2148:

Due to the influence of the Colorado National Guard and Greek Union leaders, such as

2087: 2071: 2067: 2037: 1973: 1962: 1905: 1889: 1729: 1717: 1667: 1619: 1585: 1559: 1308: 1288: 1253: 964: 922: 836: 819: 727: 722: 712: 702: 697: 692: 350: 231: 4753: 2565:

had raised tensions and on 22 April U.S. sailors fought the Mexican military at the

1789:

had been the leader of the National Guard units charged with the suppression of the

7801: 7687: 7664: 7477: 7338: 7244: 7177: 6929: 6854: 6681: 6607: 6447: 6234: 5927: 5745: 5159: 4879: 4841: 4726: 4546: 4186: 4006: 3426: 3374: 2802: 2790: 2786: 2735: 2688: 2424: 2272: 2255: 1845: 1459: 1149: 968: 846: 717: 677: 601: 120: 4805: 4338: 3625: 3125:

Lt. Linderfelt was convicted of assault for beating Tikas the day of the massacre.

1869:

noted they did "not believe a majority of the people of Colorado indorse [

456: 345: 7824: 7790: 7526: 7434: 6892: 5583:"Miners Capture Town; Take Chandler After Two Days of Heavy Fighting with Guards" 5477: 4660: 4284: 4092: 3378: 3176:

Belcher would later be killed during the strike, most likely by Louis Zancanelli.

3153: 3027: 3007: 2991: 2960: 2914: 2288: 2222: 2192: 2053: 1821: 1805: 1755: 1720:

led a march on the Trinidad town hall, giving a brief speech outside and inside:

1601: 1519: 1471: 1283: 1144: 942: 895: 739: 650: 628: 591: 369: 357: 6611: 5656:"Gov. Ammons Threatened; Impeachment or Recall if Special Session Does Not Meet" 5387: 4711:

Guarding capital: Soldier strikebreakers on the long road to the Ludlow massacre

7698: 7579: 7549: 7461:

Montoya, Fawn-Amber; DiPrince, Dawn (March–April 2014). Steve Grinstead (ed.).

7181: 6238: 4344: 3903: 3863:"He made this town the world's 'sex-change capital,' but he's not honored here" 3707: 3209: 3041: 2854: 2700: 2562: 2465: 2436: 2381: 2236: 1945: 1862: 1794: 1624: 1597: 1567: 1534:, by a group of Colorado-based board members and investors with the support of 1531: 1479: 1035: 825: 638: 611: 574: 517: 373: 340: 255:

The Rockefeller Plan introduced to internally improve corporate-miner relations

7248: 6594:"Ivy Lee and the Rockefellers' Response to the 1913–1914 Colorado Coal Strike" 6540: 6506: 4684: 4444: 4308: 3660: 3303: 3277: 7929: 7866: 7029: 6761: 6116: 5624: 5556: 4608: 4224: 4194: 3950: 3555: 2844: 2794: 2490: 2120: 2041: 1817: 1696:

The Coalfield Strikes of 1913–1914 began in the late summer of 1913 when the

1688: 1606: 1412: 436: 235: 7081: 6451: 2925:, a study which had helped form some of McGovern's political sensibilities. 2832:

from 1937 to 1939, wrote a song in tribute to the striking miners entitled "

2699:

Major Patrick Hamrock and Lieutenant Karl Linderfelt were tried in separate

2489:

which overlooked it. Two strikers were killed on the 28th, including one by

7593: 6902: 6578: 6478: 6424: 6149: 5614: 5297: 4997: 4945: 4688: 4599: 4413: 4312: 4124: 3751: 3213: 3055: 2904: 2875: 2494: 2449: 2313: 2049: 2033: 2004: 1966: 1676: 1355: 522: 334: 20: 4730: 4120: 2303:

Colorado National Guard troops outside the Ludlow Home Saloon, April 1914.

1980:

and a mine. The Guard later arrested several strikers in relation to this

7630: 7059: 6842: 5186: 4471: 3872: 3823: 3747: 3145: 2932: 2158: 2149: 2141: 1977: 1651: 1419: 1238: 1189: 512: 330: 7256: 7232: 6459: 5440: 4151:

The Ludlow Massacre: A study in the mis-employment of the National Guard

3792: 3438: 3386: 2821:

The Ludlow Monument in 2009 following repairs to the vandalized statues.

2239:-born leader of the "Rocky Mountain Sharpshooters" and a veteran of the 1904:

View west from Water Tank Hill above Ludlow into Berwind Canyon towards

6511:

Making an American Workforce: The Rockefellers and the Legacy of Ludlow

6280: 6203: 6171: 3876: 3430: 3243: 2859: 2841: 2502: 2162: 1936: 1925: 1763: 1467: 275: 7368:"Gov. Hickenlooper Creates Ludlow Centennial Commemoration Commission" 6866: 4931: 2221:

and after months of increased tension between the armed factions, the

2078:

in 1917 when the trial was determined to have been improperly judged.

147:

Strikers stand near dead National Guardsman killed during Ten Days War

7584: 7399:"Ludlow Massacre centennial will be commemorated by state commission" 6254: 6194:"'Spirit of the West' Girl Now Colorado's Assistant Attorney General" 3515:

Blood Passion: The Ludlow Massacre and Class War in the American West

2999: 2929: 2865: 2557:

meant that any deployment of an already reduced and largely deployed

2497:

Major Pliny Lester was killed tending to either Scott or Miller. At 5

1659:

among the primary reasons for strikers taking arms against CF&I.

1563: 1555: 1463: 850: 796: 135: 43: 7133:"Ludlow Massacre Archaeological Project Celebrates 20th Anniversary" 5920:

The Role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders, 1877–1945

7403: 7069: 6858: 6716: 6518: 6318: 6115:. Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law. Vol. CXI, 2. 5963: 5821: 5783: 5749: 5696: 5513: 5077: 5039: 4883: 4718: 4550: 4436: 3599: 2423:

by over a thousand members of the Women's Peace Association—led by

2227: 2060: 1671: 1584:

These included the 31 January 1910 explosion that killed 75 at the

1538:. Osgood was the wealthiest Coloradan at the time, and founded the 1416: 272: 7727: 6409:"Conviction of John R. Lawson Set Aside by Colorado Supreme Court" 2391: 5140:

K. E. Linderfelt (January 1914). Report, Berwind, Colo (Report).

2782: 2558: 2045: 2026: 1944:

military response, an armed group of Greek strikers were sent by

1506:

were drawn into the suppression of the strike at Blair Mountain.

569: 4597:

Sullivan, Mark, ed. (7 February 1914). "The Issues at Calumet".

2596: 2363:

was attempting to secure a ceasefire through UMWA's influential

7573: 7473: 7439: 7408: 7334: 7140: 6977: 6925: 6898: 6797: 6707:

Ubbelohde, Carl; Benson, Maxine; Smith, Duane A., eds. (1972).

6087:. Charleston, West Virginia: Charleston Mail. November 28, 1914 5997: 5891: 5855: 5316: 5194: 5105: 4941: 4630: 4476: 4182: 4098: 3784: 2772: 2748: 2420: 2373: 2364: 2218: 1958: 1858: 1487: 7910: 6000:: Smith-Brooks Publishing Company. p. 204. Archived from 3049: 1518:

Miners in Primero recover a casualty from the 31 January 1910

132:

Colorado National Guardsmen riding atop railcars, Ludlow, 1914

5732: 5730: 5481:. The Public Papers of Margaret Sanger: Web Edition. May 1914 5001: 2943:"agents" in the instigation of the fighting in his 2008 book 2708: 2544: 2529: 2167: 1981: 1759: 6978:

Thomas (O'Neal), Mary (1887–); Berger Gluck, Sherna (1974).

5345: 5276:

Welsh Americans: A History of Assimilation in the Coalfields

3953:: Cork Mother Jones Committee. 25 March 2021. Archived from 1623:, to claim "autonomous district organization is on par with 1455:. It followed the 1912 Northern Colorado Coalfield Strikes. 764: 7289:

Homicide, Race, and Justice in the American West, 1880–1920

6846: 5348:"National Historic Landmark Nomination: Ludlow Tent Colony" 3827: 2798: 2719:

not guilty. Linderfelt admitted to striking Tikas with his

2716: 2649: 1701: 1551: 6413:

Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen's Magazine

5727: 2580:

to begin moving units towards Colorado while preparing to

2032:

On the morning of 8 November, at the Oakview Mine, in the

6951:. Scholarship @ the Beach: The CSULB Digital Repository, 5122:. Report, Aguilar, Colorado., January 18, 1914 (Report). 4961:"Remembering the Dawson mining disaster, 100 years later" 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 2128:. The court sided with the National Guard on 29 January. 1871: 7324:"The One-Chance Men: The Hastings Mine Disaster of 1914" 5160:"Ludlow Massacre | United States history [1914]" 4091:

McGovern, George Stanley; Guttridge, Leonard F. (1972).

4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 3626:"Topics in Chronicling America – Colorado Coalfield War" 2972:, in attendance. The Ludlow Monument was dedicated as a 1793:

and was disposed positively towards the mine guards and

6732:"Bowers worked with Rockefeller, left legacy in Broome" 5742:

Cripple Creek Labor Disturbance Photographs (1893–1894)

4219:

Adams Jr., Graham (1966). "VII: Massacre in Colorado".

3977:"Historic Resources of Redstone, Colorado and Vicinity" 1953:

along the railway a half-mile south of Ludlow when at 3

7884:

List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States

4364: 2899:, the only eyewitness account of the Ludlow Massacre. 1809:

guards and strikebreakers in National Guard uniforms.

7899:

List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes

6329:– via Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection, 6113:

Labor Disputes and the President of the United States

5832:– via Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection, 5794:– via Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection, 4894:– via Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection, 4467:"1910 Explosion at the Starkville Mine Killed 56 Men" 4013: 2742:

In the weeks following the federal intervention, the

2333:

into the jaws of death, worse in its effect than the

2066:

Baldwin-Felts detective George Belcher was killed by

7284: 7173:"Decolonizing Ludlow: A Study in Public Archaeology" 6706: 6106: 6104: 6102: 5902:– via Colorado Historic Newspaper Collection, 5866:– via Colorado Historic Newspaper Collection, 5620:

Rebel at Large: Recollections of Fifty Crowded Years

3327:

EH.Net Encyclopedia of Economic and Business History

3017: 2471: 2213:

On the morning of April 20, 1914, the day after the

1341:

Princeton School of Public and International Affairs

7430:"Ludlow Massacre 100th anniversary service planned" 7016: 7014: 6928:: Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, 486: 252:

Union abandons strike following exhaustion of funds

7286: 7171: 5441:"In the Hot Seat: Rockefeller Testifies on Ludlow" 3704:Buried Unsung: Louis Tikas and the Ludlow Massacre 3512: 3275: 2086:Mine guard Robert McMillen was shot and killed at 1908:and Tabasco. Site of the 24 October 1913 fighting. 1605:inhabitants of CF&I company towns contracting 6980:"Thomas (O'Neal), Mary (audio interview #1 of 2)" 6561:Watson, William E.; Halus, Eugene J. Jr. (2014). 6164:"Woman Prosecutor Tells How to Succeed as Lawyer" 6099: 5752:: Pikes Peak Library District Digital Collections 5380:The Colorado Coalfield War Archaeological Project 4090: 3586:"European grandparents came to U.S. to mine coal" 2738:Mine during their 1915 tour of CF&I holdings. 2115:United States House Committee on Mines and Mining 7927: 7011: 6918:"Coal Mining and the Steel Industry (1880–1945)" 5139: 4992:Hart, Steve; Osterhout, Shannon (15 June 2014). 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4751: 4349:United States Commission on Industrial Relations 2747:Trinidad court, John Lawson was found guilty of 2186: 7521:Killing for Coal: America's Deadliest Labor War 7460: 6307:"District Attorney Will Not Prosecute Strikers" 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 2294: 1878: 1680:and other nationally circulating publications. 7546:. Minerva Printing & Publishing Co., 1971. 7231:Green, James; Jameson, Elizabeth (Fall 2009). 6894:Out of the Depths: The Story of John R. Lawson 4944:: Smith-Brooks Publishing Company – via 4927: 4925: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 3579: 3577: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 2691:estimated the financial cost of the strike at 2584:National Guard units. Wilson would invoke the 7616: 7237:International Labor and Working-Class History 6916:Carter, Carrol Joe; Mehls, Steven F. (1984). 6684:: Bessemer Historical Society. Archived from 6606:(4). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.: 268. 5932:United States Army Center of Military History 5319:: Denver Public Library Special Collections, 4991: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4776: 4360: 4358: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 2873:’s protagonist, Hal Warner, with the novella 2857:, the author of the socialist activist novel 2597:Final months of the strike, May–December 1914 2589:this intervention to disarm did the war end. 2561:would be a risky move. Earlier in April, the 2513: 2279:party would visit and photograph the cellar. 2007:, who was repeatedly jailed during this time. 1388: 780: 472: 7772:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911 7230: 5541: 5539: 5004:: Mining History Association. Archived from 3816:"The Colorado Coalfield Strike of 1913–1914" 1609:in the year preceding the 1913–1914 strike. 7163: 7003:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6922:Colorado Southern Frontier Historic Context 6915: 6804:Labor and Working-Class History Association 6560: 5988: 5135: 5133: 4932:Colorado Adjutant General's Office (1914). 4818:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4245: 4201: 3701: 3574: 3453: 2501:pm that day, an unarmed pro-union man on a 2074:for the murder, though this conviction was 7623: 7609: 7103:"100th Anniversary of the Ludlow Massacre" 5989:Pearce, James B.; Brake, Edwin V. (1914). 5948: 5916: 5719:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5279:. The University of North Carolina Press. 5251: 4902: 4708: 4516:. 11 April 1912. p. 3. Archived from 4355: 4161: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 1683: 1395: 1381: 787: 773: 479: 465: 193: – April 30, 1914 172: – April 20, 1914 7694:Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892 6719:: Pruett Publishing Company. p. 260. 6500: 6498: 6475:Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr 6055:"Battle of Walsenburg, third in a series" 5536: 4399:Historical Gazetteer of the United States 4218: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3737: 3733: 3731: 3659:Seligman, Edwin R. A. (5 November 1914). 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3360: 2452:. Among the demands of the crowd was the 7894:Anti-union violence in the United States 7321: 7054: 6591: 6507:"In Order to Form a More Perfect Worker" 5686: 5499: 5310: 5268: 5266: 5229:. 21 May 1914. p. 4. Archived from 5130: 5118: 5104:Ludlow, Colo., April 20, 1914 (Report). 5102: 5066:"Obiturary: Franklin David Zanetell, Sr" 4695: 4654: 4652: 4596: 4395: 3988:United States Department of the Interior 3697: 3695: 3693: 3658: 3584:Wilde, Debbie Carnevale (5 April 2010). 3510: 2816: 2725: 2510:" descriptions of "fictitious battles." 2390: 2347: 2298: 2204: 2196: 2135: 2010: 1998: 1990: 1899: 1768: 1687: 1513: 449:Total deaths, including Ludlow Massacre: 7396: 6984:California State University, Long Beach 6953:California State University, Long Beach 6890: 6831:"The Coal War: A Sequel to 'King Coal'" 6793: 6791: 6764:(2018). McNeill, S.; Mintz, S. (eds.). 6760: 6472: 6224: 5408: 5259:. Minerva Printing & Publishing Co. 4754:"Ludlow and the Colorado Coalfield War" 4752:Weiser-Alexander, Kathy (August 2018). 4658: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4282: 4148: 4131: 3937: 3935: 3832:Charles Redd Center for Western Studies 3630:Newspaper & Periodical Reading Room 3356: 3354: 3352: 3262: 2828:, UMWA President from 1917 to 1919 and 2785:, an early practitioner and pioneer of 2131: 1816:. These detectives had experience from 1195:Louis Brandeis Supreme Court nomination 7928: 7777:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912 7745:Streetcar strikes in the United States 7705:Streetcar strikes in the United States 7514:Ludlow Massacre § Further reading 6495: 6437: 6133: 6110: 4958: 4872:"Lipplatt Funeral at Colorado Springs" 3861:Smith, Martin J. (12 September 2019). 3813: 3768: 3728: 3661:"Colorado's Civil War and Its Lessons" 3543: 3416: 3401: 3316: 2882: 2464:. During the ten-hour battle, Captain 2329:declared the massacre "worse than the 1844:was constructed at a CF&I shop in 1832:The Baldwin-Felts and CF&I had an 129:artillery practice early in the strike 19:Not to be confused with the 1864–1865 7604: 6949:"Mary Thomas O'Neal, audio interview" 6946: 6828: 6729: 6504: 5982: 5613: 5272: 5263: 5096: 4792:House Committee on Mines and Mining, 4649: 4176: 3901: 3860: 3690: 3583: 1424:United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) 768: 460: 280:United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) 7956:Riots and civil disorder in Colorado 7463:"Remembering Ludlow 100 Years Later" 6788: 6766:"'Ludlow Massacre' By Woody Guthrie" 6599:Journal of Public Relations Research 5245: 4571: 4426: 4336: 4319: 3932: 3349: 3064:Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894 2986:On 19 April 2013, Colorado governor 1522:that killed 75 at the CF&I mine. 1170:United States occupation of Veracruz 214: – December 1914 7889:Union violence in the United States 7762:1907 San Francisco streetcar strike 7397:Calhoun, Patricia (18 April 2013). 7061:The Colorado coal strike, 1913–1914 5848:"15 Men Killed In Battle At Forbes" 5313:"Ludlow strike Negro miner striker" 5213: 4709:DeStefanis, Anthony Roland (2004). 4367:Pre-1963 Colorado mining fatalities 3947:The Spirit of Mother Jones Festival 2923:The Colorado Coal Strike, 1913–1914 2797:. Through his connections with the 2399:(right), pictured together in 1914. 1079:28th President of the United States 899: 13: 7797:Copper Country strike of 1913–1914 7726: 7502: 7169: 6730:Smith, Gerald (17 December 2015). 6141:The International Socialist Review 5956:"Ludlow; the Battle of Walsenburg" 5042:. 15 November 2015. Archived from 2954: 2715:, and murder, for all of which he 2284:Commission on Industrial Relations 14: 8017: 7523:(Harvard University Press, 2008), 6385:. August 18, 1915. Archived from 6182:– via NewspaperArchive.com. 5816:. Vol. XXVIII, no. 11. 5778:. Vol. XXVIII, no. 11. 4723:The College of William & Mary 3781:"Colorado Coal Field War Project" 3591:Glenwood Springs Post Independent 3544:Bovsun, Mara (8 September 2013). 2968:people, including UMWA President 2569:. On 28 April, Wilson spoke with 2472:Battle of Walsenburg, 27–29 April 2040:, pro-union men began harassing " 1883: 1530:was taken over from its founder, 1466:occupied by about 1,200 striking 1432:Colorado Fuel and Iron (CF&I) 1073:New Jersey gubernatorial election 1068:President of Princeton University 291:Colorado Fuel and Iron (CF&I) 144:under striker control, April 1914 7996:Wars involving the United States 7909: 7855:Gulf Coast longshoremen's strike 7767:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909 7454: 7422: 7390: 7360: 7315: 7278: 7224: 7125: 7095: 7048: 6971: 6940: 6936:from the original on 2022-01-30. 6909: 6884: 6822: 6754: 6723: 6700: 6666: 6638: 6509:. In Montoya, Fawn-Amber (ed.). 6134:Mozzor, Clara Ruth (June 1914). 5500:Hallahan, Kirk (19 April 2004). 5357:. pp. 41–42. Archived from 4543:"Colorado National Guard Armory" 4479:. 24 August 2012. Archived from 3914:University of Pennsylvania Press 3814:Larsen, Natalie (12 June 2018). 3682: 3679:– via Accessible Archives. 3236: 3084:Copper Country strike of 1913–14 3048: 3034: 3020: 2545:Conclusion of the "Ten Days War" 2431:, and Dora Phelps—paralyzed the 2403:Through the day on 25 April the 2275:. Soon after the discoveries, a 2081: 2019: 1368: 1362: 1019: 344: 104: 95: 84: 75: 64: 55: 7941:1914 labor disputes and strikes 7936:1913 labor disputes and strikes 7378:from the original on 2022-01-30 7109:. 19 April 2014. Archived from 6829:Suggs, George G. (April 1978). 6742:from the original on 2022-01-30 6592:Hallahan, Kirk (October 2002). 6585: 6554: 6466: 6440:The Journal of American History 6431: 6401: 6369: 6337: 6299: 6261: 6218: 6186: 6156: 6127: 6073: 6061:from the original on 2022-01-30 6047: 6019: 5970:from the original on 2022-01-30 5910: 5874: 5840: 5802: 5764: 5680: 5664:. 27 April 2021. Archived from 5648: 5607: 5591:. 27 April 1914. Archived from 5575: 5559:. 23 April 1914. Archived from 5506:Colorado State Public Relations 5493: 5465: 5453:from the original on 2022-01-30 5433: 5402: 5368: 5339: 5327:from the original on 2022-01-30 5304: 5191:Colorado Coal Field War Project 5179: 5152: 5112: 5080:. 26 March 2020. Archived from 5058: 5020: 4985: 4973:from the original on 2022-01-30 4952: 4878:. Vol. XXXI, no. 17. 4864: 4852:from the original on 2022-01-30 4826: 4764:from the original on 2022-01-30 4745: 4623:"Captain Hildreth Frost Papers" 4615: 4590: 4565: 4535: 4514:Industrial Workers of the World 4495: 4459: 4420: 4389: 4365:Gerald Emerson Sherard (2006). 3969: 3895: 3883:from the original on 2022-01-30 3854: 3807: 3671:from the original on 2022-01-30 3652: 3640:from the original on 2022-01-30 3618: 3227: 3216:heritage, the latter including 3202: 3189: 3179: 3170: 3160: 3138: 3128: 3089:Denver Streetcar Strike of 1920 2830:Lieutenant Governor of Colorado 2528:believing the Forbes assault a 2331:order sent to the Light Brigade 2097: 1914:Colorado and Southern (C&S) 1895: 1615:Industrial Workers of the World 655: 249:Federal disarmament of strikers 8006:United Mine Workers of America 7757:1905 Chicago teamsters' strike 7683:Cotton pickers' strike of 1891 7507: 6174:. January 21, 1917. p. 21 6027:"Must Surrender Colorado Arms" 5854:. Vol. 11, no. 647. 5772:"Strikers Fight State Militia" 4834:"Today in History – October 3" 3537: 3317:Doesch, Ethan (6 March 2009). 3310: 3119: 3110: 3074:1927–1928 Colorado Coal Strike 2680:International Socialist Review 1791:1903–1904 Cripple Creek Strike 1773:Baldwin-Felts detectives with 1698:United Mine Workers of America 1528:Colorado Fuel and Iron Company 1445:Colorado and Southern railroad 555:Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency 508:United Mine Workers of America 295:Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency 1: 7285:Clare Vernon McKanna (1997). 7032:. 15 May 1972. Archived from 6947:Gluck, Sherna Berger (1974). 6353:. May 3, 1915. Archived from 6283:. 14 May 1914. Archived from 6168:Cincinnati Commercial Tribune 5890:. Vol. 20, no. 36. 5882:"Fourteen Dead At Coal Camps" 4627:Western History and Genealogy 4603:. Vol. 52, no. 21. 4340:Report on the Colorado Strike 3990:. 9 July 1989. Archived from 3943:"The Arrival of Mother Jones" 3099: 2734:(center) with a miner at the 2187:Battle and Massacre at Ludlow 1509: 794: 393:10,000–12,000 striking miners 7986:Military history of Colorado 7849:West Coast waterfront strike 7633:American labor union history 7480:. p. 30. Archived from 6835:Western Historical Quarterly 5738:"Colonel Edward Verdeckberg" 5409:Stimson, Beverly E. (2016). 4959:Sharpe, Tom (Oct 13, 2013). 4667:University Press of Colorado 3902:Green, James (Spring 2009). 3379:10.1080/02773945.2011.575325 3331:Economic History Association 3286:University Press of Colorado 3256: 2807:CF&I Minnequa steel mill 2805:to serve the workers at the 2730:Rockefeller Jr. (right) and 2705:assault with a deadly weapon 2632: 2412:National Guardsmen arrived. 2356:By the evening of the 22nd, 1984:and handed them over to the 1879:Violence early in the strike 1642:and security to monitor and 1617:, through their publication 1540:Victor-American Fuel Company 1504:West Virginia National Guard 1415:in the southern and central 580:Victor-American Fuel Company 307:Victor-American Fuel Company 164:September 23, 1913 7: 7529:and Leonard F. Guttridge. 6930:Colorado Historical Society 6891:Beshoar, Barron B. (1942). 6612:10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1404_1 6269:"Militia Accused of Crimes" 6214:– via Newspapers.com. 6081:"Mine Heads Attend Session" 4794:63rd United States Congress 4512:. Vol. 4, no. 3. 4373:. p. 1. Archived from 4283:Andrews, Thomas G. (2010). 4187:Colorado Historical Society 4155:University of Northern Iowa 3702:Papanikolas, Zeese (1982). 3371:Rhetoric Society of America 3276:F. Darrell Munsell (2009). 3013: 2912:1972 presidential candidate 1747:Rocky Mountain Fuel Company 1470:and their families, in the 565:William Lyon Mackenzie King 303:Rocky Mountain Fuel Company 10: 8022: 7991:Labor disputes in Colorado 7971:1910s in the United States 7562: 7555:Where the Sun Never Shines 7511: 7322:Clements, Eric L. (2017). 7182:10.1007/s10761-019-00507-w 6239:10.1007/s10761-019-00507-w 6225:Eastman, Max (June 1914). 5824:. 30 April 1914. p. 1 5786:. 30 April 1914. p. 2 4802:Government Printing Office 4441:Huerfano County Government 4402:. Routledge. p. 143. 4396:Hellmann, Paul T. (2006). 3738:Heckscher, August (1991). 3363:Rhetoric Society Quarterly 2974:National Historic Landmark 2514:Battle of Forbes, 30 April 2190: 1474:on 20 April 1914 when the 1206:1916 presidential election 1102:1912 presidential election 668:Sangre de Cristo Mountains 18: 7907: 7876: 7782:1913 Ipswich Mills strike 7737: 7724: 7639: 7631:Major armed conflicts in 7576:, MA: Radial Books, 2018. 7249:10.1017/S0147547909990032 7022:"The Great Coalfield War" 6678:Southern Colorado History 5518:Colorado State University 5273:Lewis, Ronald L. (2008). 4662:Colorado Women: A History 4659:Andrews, Gail M. (2012). 4531:– via Marxists.org. 4229:Columbia University Press 3904:"Re-Interpretting Ludlow" 2812: 2771:Rockefeller hired future 1916:route that connected the 1762:, while others were from 1458:Tensions climaxed at the 1331:Wilson and race relations 1138:Woman Suffrage Procession 988:US Bituminous coal strike 982:US Bituminous coal strike 949:Indiana bituminous strike 804: 500: 447: 420: 415: 387: 382: 322: 317: 266: 261: 242: 226: 155: 115:Clockwise from top left: 49: 41: 36: 7819:Battle of Blair Mountain 7808:1920 Alabama coal strike 6206:. 1917-03-04. p. 67 5687:Conarroe, Carol (1978). 5108:: Williamson-Haffner Co. 4337:West, George P. (1915). 4291:Harvard University Press 3712:University of Utah Press 3521:Rutgers University Press 3511:Martelle, Scott (2007). 3104: 2586:Insurrection Act of 1807 1814:Baldwin-Felts detectives 1573:On the Origin of Species 1496:Battle of Blair Mountain 1244:Foreign policy 1917-1921 1165:Federal Trade Commission 1028:This article is part of 927:Battle of Blair Mountain 752:"Ludlow Massacre" (song) 366:Adjutant Gen. John Chase 206:April 29, 1914 185:April 20, 1914 16:1913–1914 labor uprising 8001:Colorado National Guard 7916:Portal:Organized Labour 7837:Columbine Mine massacre 7531:The great coalfield war 7199:– via SpringLink. 7074:Northwestern University 6878:Oxford University Press 6227:"Class War in Colorado" 6111:Berman, Edward (1924). 5165:Encyclopædia Britannica 4149:Sunseri, Alvin (1972). 4094:The Great Coalfield War 3820:Intermountain Histories 3197:Colorado History Museum 3079:Columbine Mine massacre 2901:The Great Coalfield War 2215:Eastern Orthodox Church 2176:congressional committee 2104:Mt. San Rafael Hospital 2036:and near the pro-union 1969:, broke up the battle. 1965:. This, coupled with a 1867:congressional committee 1684:Beginning of the strike 1547:John D. Rockefeller Jr. 1476:Colorado National Guard 1264:Against Austria-Hungary 1175:Pancho Villa Expedition 1000:Warrior Met Coal strike 959:Columbine Mine massacre 939:UMW General Coal Strike 919:West Virginia coal wars 906:Hartford coal mine riot 550:John D. Rockefeller Jr. 362:John D. Rockefeller Jr. 287:Colorado National Guard 7787:Colorado Coalfield War 7731: 7212:Cite journal requires 7147:. 2017. Archived from 7107:Zinn Education Project 6523:University of Colorado 6331:Colorado State Library 6148:: 722–724 – via 5904:Colorado State Library 5887:The Colorado Statesman 5868:Colorado State Library 5834:Colorado State Library 5796:Colorado State Library 5070:Gunnison Country Times 4896:Colorado State Library 4576:. Fox Run Publishing. 4503:"Colorado Coal Miners" 3425:(3). Springer: 66–80. 3419:Historical Archaeology 3150:mainline Protestantism 2836:" set to the tune of " 2834:We're Coming, Colorado 2822: 2753:Colorado Supreme Court 2739: 2654: 2400: 2353: 2335:Black Hole of Calcutta 2304: 2210: 2202: 2145: 2016: 2008: 1996: 1909: 1782: 1743: 1693: 1523: 1409:Colorado Coalfield War 1294:Paris Peace Conference 933:Alabama miners' strike 892:Colorado Coalfield War 861:Anthracite coal strike 831:Bituminous coal strike 814:Mahoning Valley strike 746:We're Coming, Colorado 597:Stephen R. Fitzgarrald 545:Colorado Fuel and Iron 490:Colorado Coalfield War 37:Colorado Coalfield War 7861:Memorial Day massacre 7730: 7653:Rock Springs massacre 7647:Great Railroad Strike 7544:Those Damn Foreigners 7295:University of Arizona 7091:– via WorldCat. 6851:Utah State University 6711:(1982 5th ed.). 6505:Henry, Robin (2014). 6473:Chernow, Ron (1998). 6452:10.1093/jahist/jaq129 5917:Laurie; Cole (1997). 5415:Colorado Encyclopedia 5411:"Rev. John O. Ferris" 5355:National Park Service 5321:Denver Public Library 5311:Doyle, Ed (c. 1914). 5257:Those Damn Foreigners 5146:Denver Public Library 4934:History of Operations 4731:10.21220/s2-d7pf-f181 4635:Denver Public Library 3984:National Park Service 3665:Frank Leslie's Weekly 3248:Pennsylvania Railroad 2897:Those Damn Foreigners 2838:Battle Cry of Freedom 2820: 2729: 2637: 2551:collective bargaining 2394: 2351: 2302: 2241:Wounded Knee Massacre 2208: 2200: 2139: 2038:town of the same name 2014: 2002: 1994: 1928:on guns in Trinidad. 1903: 1875:] such actions." 1772: 1722: 1691: 1666:of copper workers in 1517: 1319:Judicial appointments 1160:Clayton Antitrust Act 855:Carterville Mine Riot 416:Casualties and losses 7961:Colorado Mining Boom 7341:: 19. Archived from 7145:University of Denver 6810:on 22 September 2021 6481:. pp. 571–586. 6415:. Vol. 63. 1917 6311:The Walsenburg World 6199:The Pittsburgh Press 5689:The Louisville Story 5390:on 29 September 2021 5384:University of Denver 5364:on 22 February 2017. 5199:University of Denver 4572:Yoho, R. G. (2020). 3926:University of Denver 3842:on 20 September 2020 3789:University of Denver 3562:on 29 September 2021 3288:. pp. 256–276. 2937:University of Denver 2456:of Governor Ammons. 2132:Events before Ludlow 2048:and, returning in a 1986:U.S. Marshal Service 1740:, 23 September 1913. 1664:Copper County Strike 1646:. Baldwin-Felts spy 1351:Presidential Library 1304:Treaty of Versailles 1185:Daylight saving time 994:Pittston Coal strike 955:Colorado Coal Strike 886:Paint Creek mine war 867:Carbon county strike 402:75 armed detectives 7751:Colorado Labor Wars 7527:McGovern, George S. 7519:Andrews, Thomas G. 7056:McGovern, George S. 6654:. 22 September 1915 6525:. pp. 81–102. 6121:Columbia University 5814:The Gilpin Observer 5776:The Gilpin Observer 5421:on 24 February 2021 5253:O'Neal, Mary Thomas 5046:on 21 February 2020 4846:Library of Congress 4808:on 17 January 2021. 4483:on 25 February 2020 3795:on 25 February 2021 3634:Library of Congress 3278:"The Ten Days' War" 3069:Colorado Labor Wars 2917:, co-authored with 2883:Academic appraisals 2429:Helen Ring Robinson 2320:Rocky Mountain News 2126:Posse Comitatus Act 1636:Colorado Labor Wars 1536:John D. Rockefeller 1274:American home front 1249:Zimmermann telegram 1155:Federal Reserve Act 1063:South Carolina home 880:Westmoreland strike 607:Helen Ring Robinson 370:Lt. Karl Linderfelt 123:before the massacre 7732: 7717:Illinois coal wars 7671:Thibodaux massacre 7540:Mary Thomas O'Neal 7348:on 12 January 2020 7151:on 30 January 2021 6776:on 19 January 2021 6709:A Colorado History 6688:on 14 October 2012 6651:The New York Times 6382:The New York Times 6350:The New York Times 6287:on 27 January 2021 6032:The New York Times 6007:on 18 January 2021 5852:Denver Weekly Post 5661:The New York Times 5627:: Van Rees Press. 5588:The New York Times 5552:The New York Times 5446:The New York Times 5226:The New York Times 5028:"Death at Delagua" 4758:Legends of America 3431:10.1007/BF03376612 3337:on 22 January 2013 2823: 2740: 2664:Edward P. Costigan 2658:Theodore Roosevelt 2611:Benjamin F. Morris 2603:Secretary of Labor 2567:Battle of Veracruz 2555:Mexican Revolution 2401: 2380:and 220 rounds of 2354: 2326:The New York Times 2305: 2295:The "Ten Days War" 2211: 2203: 2146: 2113:The same day, the 2017: 2009: 1997: 1910: 1783: 1694: 1640:private detectives 1524: 843:Illinois coal wars 634:Patrick J. Hamrock 533:Mary Thomas O'Neal 426:32 strikers killed 119:Armed strikers at 25:Colorado Labor War 7951:Conflicts in 1914 7946:Conflicts in 1913 7923: 7922: 7843:Harlan County War 7831:Hanapepe massacre 7813:Battle of Matewan 7711:Lattimer massacre 7677:Morewood massacre 7659:Bay View massacre 7470:Colorado Heritage 7374:. 19 April 2014. 7331:Colorado Heritage 6245:on 27 August 2019 6085:Newspaper Archive 5376:"Water Tank Hill" 4876:The Salida Record 4510:Industrial Worker 4427:Mitchell, Karen. 3868:Los Angeles Times 3094:Steelworks Museum 3008:Eastern calendars 2988:John Hickenlooper 2976:on 28 June 2009. 2919:Leonard Guttridge 2889:Out of the Depths 2849:"Ludlow Massacre" 2744:district attorney 2721:Springfield rifle 2675:Clara Ruth Mozzor 2615:Thomas J. Hagerty 2606:William B. Wilson 2578:Department of War 2273:Christian burials 2254:had served as an 2072:life imprisonment 1775:M1895 machine gun 1644:infiltrate unions 1620:Industrial Worker 1594:Las Animas County 1560:middle management 1542:later that year. 1405: 1404: 1309:League of Nations 1289:Wilsonian Armenia 1254:Thrasher incident 1045: 1044: 1009: 1008: 965:Harlan County War 923:Battle of Matewan 837:Lattimer massacre 820:Morewood massacre 760: 759: 673:Las Animas County 455: 454: 443: 442: 411: 410: 358:Gov. Elias Ammons 313: 312: 232:Southern Colorado 8013: 7981:1914 in Colorado 7976:1913 in Colorado 7913: 7877:Related articles 7802:Everett massacre 7789:, including the 7688:Homestead Strike 7665:Haymarket affair 7625: 7618: 7611: 7602: 7601: 7591:Upton Sinclair, 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7487:on 19 April 2021 7486: 7478:History Colorado 7467: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7394: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7347: 7339:History Colorado 7328: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7292: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7215: 7210: 7208: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7175: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7099: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7036:on 19 April 2021 7018: 7009: 7008: 7002: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6959:on 23 April 2016 6955:. Archived from 6944: 6938: 6937: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6875: 6873: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6806:. Archived from 6795: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6772:. Archived from 6758: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6727: 6721: 6720: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6674:"Frederick Mine" 6670: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6622:. Archived from 6589: 6583: 6582: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6502: 6493: 6492: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6446:(4): 1149–1150. 6435: 6429: 6428: 6422: 6420: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6389:on 17 April 2020 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6357:on 17 April 2020 6341: 6335: 6334: 6328: 6326: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6252: 6250: 6241:. Archived from 6222: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6131: 6125: 6124: 6108: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6006: 5995: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5928:Washington, D.C. 5925: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5901: 5899: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5865: 5863: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5831: 5829: 5810:"Our Double War" 5806: 5800: 5799: 5793: 5791: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5746:Colorado Springs 5734: 5725: 5724: 5718: 5710: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5668:on 15 April 2021 5652: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5595:on 16 April 2021 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5563:on 19 April 2021 5543: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5524:on 19 March 2021 5520:. Archived from 5497: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5417:. Archived from 5406: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5386:. Archived from 5372: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5352: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5295: 5293: 5270: 5261: 5260: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5084:on 31 March 2020 5062: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5013: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4929: 4900: 4899: 4893: 4891: 4886:. 22 August 1913 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4842:Washington, D.C. 4838:Today in History 4830: 4824: 4823: 4817: 4809: 4804:. Archived from 4796:(2 March 1915). 4789: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4706: 4693: 4692: 4656: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4553:: Golden History 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4523:on 28 April 2014 4522: 4507: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4447:on 17 April 2020 4443:. Archived from 4424: 4418: 4417: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4377:on 7 August 2020 4362: 4353: 4352: 4334: 4317: 4316: 4286:Killing for Coal 4280: 4243: 4242: 4216: 4199: 4198: 4179:Colorado History 4174: 4159: 4158: 4146: 4129: 4128: 4103:Houghton Mifflin 4088: 4011: 4010: 4007:History Colorado 4004: 4002: 3997:on 29 March 2016 3996: 3981: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3957:on 19 April 2021 3939: 3930: 3929: 3923: 3921: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3838:. Archived from 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3791:. Archived from 3777: 3766: 3765: 3735: 3726: 3725: 3699: 3688: 3687: 3686: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3602:. Archived from 3596:Glenwood Springs 3581: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3558:. Archived from 3541: 3535: 3534: 3518: 3508: 3451: 3450: 3414: 3399: 3398: 3358: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3333:. Archived from 3314: 3308: 3307: 3273: 3251: 3246:, president the 3240: 3234: 3231: 3225: 3206: 3200: 3193: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3142: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3058: 3053: 3052: 3044: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3030: 3025: 3024: 3023: 2945:Killing for Coal 2787:public relations 2689:Associated Press 2668: 2576:and ordered the 2574:Lindley Garrison 2571:Secretary of War 2536: 2522: 2500: 2480: 2433:Capitol building 2282:During the 1915 2256:observation post 2054:repeating rifles 1956: 1795:hired detectives 1741: 1397: 1390: 1383: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1220:2nd inauguration 1150:Silent Sentinels 1133:Women's suffrage 1121:1st inauguration 1041: 1040: 1038: 1031: 1023: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1011: 969:Battle of Evarts 847:Battle of Virden 799: 789: 782: 775: 766: 765: 602:Alma V. Lafferty 495: 491: 481: 474: 467: 458: 457: 422: 421: 389: 388: 348: 268: 267: 222: 221: 219: 213: 211: 200: 198: 192: 190: 179: 177: 171: 169: 138:arrive at Ludlow 108: 99: 88: 79: 68: 59: 34: 33: 8021: 8020: 8016: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8011: 8010: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7919: 7903: 7872: 7825:Herrin massacre 7791:Ludlow Massacre 7733: 7722: 7635: 7629: 7565: 7516: 7510: 7505: 7503:Further reading 7500: 7490: 7488: 7484: 7465: 7459: 7455: 7445: 7443: 7435:The Denver Post 7428: 7427: 7423: 7413: 7411: 7395: 7391: 7381: 7379: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7351: 7349: 7345: 7326: 7320: 7316: 7309: 7297:Press. p. 7283: 7279: 7269: 7267: 7229: 7225: 7213: 7211: 7202: 7201: 7194: 7192: 7170:Larkin, Karin. 7168: 7164: 7154: 7152: 7131: 7130: 7126: 7116: 7114: 7101: 7100: 7096: 7086: 7084: 7053: 7049: 7039: 7037: 7020: 7019: 7012: 6996: 6995: 6988: 6986: 6976: 6972: 6962: 6960: 6945: 6941: 6914: 6910: 6889: 6885: 6871: 6869: 6827: 6823: 6813: 6811: 6796: 6789: 6779: 6777: 6770:Digital History 6759: 6755: 6745: 6743: 6728: 6724: 6705: 6701: 6691: 6689: 6672: 6671: 6667: 6657: 6655: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6629: 6627: 6626:on 21 June 2021 6590: 6586: 6575: 6559: 6555: 6545: 6543: 6533: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6471: 6467: 6436: 6432: 6418: 6416: 6407: 6406: 6402: 6392: 6390: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6324: 6322: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6248: 6246: 6223: 6219: 6209: 6207: 6192: 6191: 6187: 6177: 6175: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6132: 6128: 6109: 6100: 6090: 6088: 6079: 6078: 6074: 6064: 6062: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6038: 6036: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6008: 6004: 5993: 5987: 5983: 5973: 5971: 5954: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5897: 5895: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5861: 5859: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5827: 5825: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5789: 5787: 5770: 5769: 5765: 5755: 5753: 5736: 5735: 5728: 5712: 5711: 5707: 5685: 5681: 5671: 5669: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5612: 5608: 5598: 5596: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5564: 5545: 5544: 5537: 5527: 5525: 5498: 5494: 5484: 5482: 5478:The Woman Rebel 5471: 5470: 5466: 5456: 5454: 5449:. 21 May 1915. 5439: 5438: 5434: 5424: 5422: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5350: 5344: 5340: 5330: 5328: 5309: 5305: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5271: 5264: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5233:on 4 March 2021 5219: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5170: 5168: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5138: 5131: 5117: 5113: 5101: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5049: 5047: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5011: 5009: 5008:on 31 July 2020 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4966:The New Mexican 4957: 4953: 4930: 4903: 4889: 4887: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4811: 4810: 4790: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4750: 4746: 4707: 4696: 4677: 4657: 4650: 4640: 4638: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4486: 4484: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4433:Huerfano County 4425: 4421: 4410: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4363: 4356: 4335: 4320: 4301: 4281: 4246: 4239: 4217: 4202: 4175: 4162: 4147: 4132: 4113: 4089: 4014: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3941: 3940: 3933: 3919: 3917: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3859: 3855: 3845: 3843: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3779: 3778: 3769: 3762: 3754:. p. 330. 3736: 3729: 3722: 3700: 3691: 3681: 3674: 3672: 3657: 3653: 3643: 3641: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3582: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3509: 3454: 3415: 3402: 3359: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3315: 3311: 3296: 3274: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3207: 3203: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3161: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3054: 3047: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3028:Colorado portal 3026: 3021: 3019: 3016: 2992:executive order 2961:Ludlow Monument 2957: 2955:Ludlow Monument 2915:George McGovern 2885: 2815: 2758:Huerfano County 2670: 2662:Letter to Rep. 2656: 2635: 2599: 2547: 2534: 2520: 2516: 2498: 2478: 2474: 2397:Patrick Hamrock 2382:shrapnel shells 2297: 2289:Margaret Sanger 2233:Patrick Hamrock 2223:Ludlow Massacre 2195: 2193:Ludlow Massacre 2189: 2134: 2100: 2084: 2022: 1954: 1898: 1886: 1881: 1756:Karl Linderfelt 1742: 1728: 1686: 1602:personal injury 1512: 1472:Ludlow Massacre 1447:passed through 1401: 1369: 1367: 1360: 1315: 1284:Fourteen Points 1269:Against Germany 1202: 1199: 1145:The New Freedom 1098: 1095: 1080: 1077: 1036: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1010: 1005: 943:Herrin massacre 896:Ludlow Massacre 800: 795: 793: 763: 762: 761: 756: 740:Ludlow Monument 651:Ludlow Massacre 629:Karl Linderfelt 592:Elias M. Ammons 496: 493: 489: 487: 485: 439: 437:court-martialed 435:Several troops 434: 429: 427: 407: 405: 403: 401: 394: 378: 377: 372: 368: 364: 360: 354: 349: 339: 329: 327:Strike leaders: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 282: 278: 238: 217: 215: 209: 207: 205: 201: 196: 194: 188: 186: 184: 180: 175: 173: 167: 165: 163: 159: 151: 150: 113: 112: 111: 110: 109: 101: 100: 91: 90: 89: 81: 80: 71: 70: 69: 61: 60: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8019: 8009: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7921: 7920: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7880: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7870: 7864: 7858: 7852: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7805: 7799: 7794: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7748: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7725: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7714: 7708: 7702: 7699:Pullman Strike 7696: 7691: 7685: 7680: 7674: 7668: 7662: 7656: 7650: 7643: 7641: 7637: 7636: 7628: 7627: 7620: 7613: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7589: 7580:Upton Sinclair 7577: 7568:Ben Kostival. 7564: 7561: 7560: 7559: 7550:Priscilla Long 7547: 7537: 7524: 7512:Main article: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7453: 7442:. 2 April 2014 7421: 7389: 7359: 7314: 7308:978-0816517084 7307: 7277: 7223: 7214:|journal= 7162: 7124: 7113:on 2 July 2021 7094: 7047: 7010: 6970: 6939: 6932:. p. 91. 6908: 6883: 6859:10.2307/966845 6821: 6787: 6762:Guthrie, Woody 6753: 6722: 6699: 6665: 6637: 6584: 6574:978-1610694674 6573: 6553: 6541:j.ctt9qhkjj.10 6532:978-1607323099 6531: 6494: 6487: 6465: 6430: 6400: 6368: 6336: 6298: 6273:Press Democrat 6260: 6217: 6185: 6155: 6126: 6098: 6072: 6057:. 8 May 2008. 6046: 6018: 5981: 5966:. 8 May 2014. 5947: 5941:978-1508419280 5940: 5909: 5873: 5839: 5801: 5763: 5726: 5706:978-0971107311 5705: 5679: 5647: 5634:978-1111743116 5633: 5606: 5574: 5535: 5492: 5464: 5432: 5401: 5367: 5338: 5303: 5286:978-0807887905 5285: 5262: 5244: 5212: 5178: 5151: 5129: 5111: 5095: 5057: 5019: 4984: 4951: 4901: 4863: 4825: 4775: 4744: 4694: 4676:978-1607322078 4675: 4648: 4637:. p. FF18 4614: 4589: 4583:978-1945602108 4582: 4564: 4534: 4494: 4458: 4429:"Primero Mine" 4419: 4408: 4388: 4354: 4345:Washington, DC 4318: 4300:978-0674736689 4299: 4244: 4238:978-0231028011 4237: 4200: 4160: 4130: 4111: 4012: 3968: 3931: 3894: 3853: 3806: 3767: 3761:978-0684193120 3760: 3740:Woodrow Wilson 3727: 3721:978-0803287273 3720: 3708:Salt Lake City 3689: 3651: 3617: 3606:on 1 July 2021 3573: 3536: 3530:978-0813544199 3529: 3452: 3400: 3348: 3309: 3304:j.ctt46nt63.17 3295:978-0870819346 3294: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3252: 3235: 3226: 3218:Mary T. O'Neal 3201: 3188: 3178: 3169: 3159: 3137: 3127: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3045: 3042:History portal 3031: 3015: 3012: 2996:Greek Orthodox 2956: 2953: 2893:Mary T. O'Neal 2884: 2881: 2855:Upton Sinclair 2814: 2811: 2779:Mackenzie King 2776:prime minister 2766:Douglas County 2732:Mackenzie King 2701:courts-martial 2636: 2634: 2631: 2598: 2595: 2563:Tampico Affair 2546: 2543: 2515: 2512: 2473: 2470: 2466:Hildreth Frost 2441:Charles Thomas 2437:Woodrow Wilson 2386:dynamite traps 2296: 2293: 2248:fire positions 2191:Main article: 2188: 2185: 2133: 2130: 2099: 2096: 2083: 2080: 2021: 2018: 1976:, including a 1963:Berwind Canyon 1897: 1894: 1885: 1884:September 1913 1882: 1880: 1877: 1863:.22 Long Rifle 1836:nicknamed the 1726: 1685: 1682: 1648:Charles Lively 1631:in June 1913. 1598:jury tampering 1568:Charles Darwin 1532:John C. Osgood 1511: 1508: 1480:strikebreakers 1413:labor uprising 1403: 1402: 1400: 1399: 1392: 1385: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1361: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1259:Entry into war 1256: 1251: 1246: 1235: 1234: 1232:19th Amendment 1229: 1227:18th Amendment 1223: 1222: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1200: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1129: 1128: 1126:Foreign policy 1123: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1078: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1037:Woodrow Wilson 1030:a series about 1026: 1024: 1007: 1006: 1004: 1003: 997: 991: 985: 978: 977: 973: 972: 962: 952: 946: 936: 930: 915: 914: 910: 909: 903: 900:The 10-Day War 889: 883: 876: 875: 871: 870: 864: 858: 840: 834: 828: 826:Coal Creek War 823: 817: 810: 809: 805: 802: 801: 792: 791: 784: 777: 769: 758: 757: 755: 754: 749: 742: 734:Commemorations 731: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 659: 658: 653: 642: 641: 639:Hildreth Frost 636: 631: 626: 618:National Guard 615: 614: 612:Woodrow Wilson 609: 604: 599: 594: 583: 582: 577: 575:John C. Osgood 572: 567: 562: 559:Charles Lively 552: 547: 536: 535: 530: 525: 520: 518:John R. Lawson 515: 510: 501: 498: 497: 484: 483: 476: 469: 461: 453: 452: 445: 444: 441: 440: 432: 430: 425: 418: 417: 413: 412: 409: 408: 399:Peak Strength: 397: 395: 392: 385: 384: 380: 379: 374:John C. Osgood 355: 341:John R. Lawson 324: 323: 320: 319: 315: 314: 311: 310: 285: 283: 271: 264: 263: 259: 258: 257: 256: 253: 250: 246:Strike failed 244: 240: 239: 230: 228: 224: 223: 157: 153: 152: 149: 148: 145: 139: 136:Federal troops 133: 130: 127:National Guard 124: 116: 114: 103: 102: 94: 93: 92: 83: 82: 74: 73: 72: 63: 62: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 47: 46: 39: 38: 32: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8018: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7918: 7917: 7912: 7906: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7875: 7868: 7867:Hilo massacre 7865: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7853: 7850: 7847: 7844: 7841: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7792: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7752: 7749: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7729: 7718: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7706: 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6840: 6836: 6832: 6825: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6792: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6757: 6741: 6737: 6736:Pressconnects 6733: 6726: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6703: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6641: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6588: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6566: 6565: 6557: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6501: 6499: 6490: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6469: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6434: 6426: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6372: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6340: 6332: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6264: 6256: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6221: 6205: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6189: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6117:New York City 6114: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6086: 6082: 6076: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6022: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5985: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5943: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5922: 5921: 5913: 5905: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5877: 5869: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5835: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5797: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5731: 5722: 5716: 5708: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5651: 5636: 5630: 5626: 5625:New York City 5622: 5621: 5616: 5615:Creel, George 5610: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5578: 5562: 5558: 5557:New York City 5554: 5553: 5548: 5542: 5540: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5468: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5436: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5405: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5299: 5288: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5269: 5267: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5216: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5134: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5107: 5099: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5032:World Journal 5029: 5023: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 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4114: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4008: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3972: 3956: 3952: 3951:Shandon, Cork 3948: 3944: 3938: 3936: 3927: 3916:. p. 132 3915: 3911: 3910: 3905: 3898: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3857: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3732: 3723: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3685: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3580: 3578: 3561: 3557: 3556:New York City 3553: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3532: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3516: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3322: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3261: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3230: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3198: 3192: 3182: 3173: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3131: 3122: 3113: 3109: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3046: 3043: 3032: 3029: 3018: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2970:Cecil Roberts 2966: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2949:Blood Passion 2946: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2845:Woody Guthrie 2843: 2842:Folk musician 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2795:company union 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2604: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2531: 2525: 2511: 2509: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2491:friendly fire 2488: 2483: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2448:Commissioner 2447: 2446:Denver Police 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2425:Alma Lafferty 2422: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2405:Chandler Mine 2398: 2393: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2315: 2309: 2301: 2292: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2251: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2219:Easter Sunday 2216: 2207: 2199: 2194: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2171: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2143: 2138: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2122: 2121:habeas corpus 2116: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2095: 2091: 2089: 2082:December 1913 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2020:November 1913 2013: 2006: 2001: 1993: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1951:section house 1947: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1902: 1893: 1891: 1876: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1854: 1852: 1851:Death Special 1847: 1843: 1842:Death Special 1839: 1838:Death Special 1835: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1818:West Virginia 1815: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1780: 1779:Death Special 1776: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1739: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1690: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1629:Golden Armory 1626: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1610: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1588:Mine and the 1587: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1526:In 1903, the 1521: 1516: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1500:Death Special 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1460:Ludlow Colony 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1375: 1365: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1346:Wilson Center 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1324:Supreme Court 1322: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1279:Espionage Act 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1180:Coalfield War 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1074: 1071: 1069: 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521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 505: 504: 499: 492: 482: 477: 475: 470: 468: 463: 462: 459: 450: 446: 438: 431: 424: 423: 419: 414: 404:695 enlisted 400: 396: 391: 390: 386: 381: 376: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 353: 352: 347: 342: 338: 337: 332: 328: 321: 316: 308: 304: 300: 299:Support from: 296: 292: 288: 284: 281: 277: 274: 270: 269: 265: 260: 254: 251: 248: 247: 245: 241: 237: 236:United States 233: 229: 225: 204: 183: 182:Ten Days War: 162: 158: 154: 146: 143: 140: 137: 134: 131: 128: 125: 122: 118: 117: 107: 98: 87: 78: 67: 58: 48: 45: 40: 35: 30: 26: 23:or 1903–1904 22: 7914: 7786: 7738:20th century 7640:19th century 7594:The Coal War 7592: 7583: 7569: 7553: 7543: 7530: 7520: 7489:. Retrieved 7482:the original 7469: 7456: 7444:. Retrieved 7433: 7424: 7412:. Retrieved 7402: 7392: 7380:. Retrieved 7371: 7362: 7350:. Retrieved 7343:the original 7330: 7317: 7288: 7280: 7268:. Retrieved 7243:(76): 6–25. 7240: 7236: 7226: 7205:cite journal 7193:. Retrieved 7165: 7153:. Retrieved 7149:the original 7136: 7127: 7115:. Retrieved 7111:the original 7106: 7097: 7085:. Retrieved 7060: 7050: 7038:. Retrieved 7034:the original 7025: 6989:21 September 6987:. Retrieved 6973: 6961:. Retrieved 6957:the original 6942: 6921: 6911: 6903:Google Books 6893: 6886: 6876:– via 6870:. Retrieved 6838: 6834: 6824: 6814:21 September 6812:. Retrieved 6808:the original 6778:. Retrieved 6774:the original 6769: 6756: 6744:. Retrieved 6735: 6725: 6708: 6702: 6690:. Retrieved 6686:the original 6677: 6668: 6656:. Retrieved 6649: 6640: 6628:. Retrieved 6624:the original 6603: 6597: 6587: 6579:Google Books 6577:– via 6567:. ABC-CLIO. 6563: 6556: 6544:. Retrieved 6510: 6479:Random House 6474: 6468: 6443: 6439: 6433: 6425:Google Books 6423:– via 6417:. Retrieved 6412: 6403: 6391:. Retrieved 6387:the original 6380: 6371: 6359:. Retrieved 6355:the original 6348: 6339: 6323:. Retrieved 6321:. 7 May 1914 6310: 6301: 6289:. Retrieved 6285:the original 6272: 6263: 6253:– via 6247:. Retrieved 6243:the original 6230: 6220: 6210:23 September 6208:. Retrieved 6197: 6188: 6178:23 September 6176:. Retrieved 6167: 6158: 6150:Google Books 6145: 6139: 6129: 6112: 6089:. Retrieved 6084: 6075: 6065:29 September 6063:. Retrieved 6049: 6037:. Retrieved 6035:. 3 May 1914 6030: 6021: 6009:. Retrieved 6002:the original 5984: 5974:29 September 5972:. Retrieved 5950: 5919: 5912: 5896:. Retrieved 5894:. 2 May 1914 5885: 5876: 5860:. Retrieved 5858:. 9 May 1914 5851: 5842: 5826:. Retrieved 5818:Central City 5813: 5804: 5788:. Retrieved 5780:Central City 5775: 5766: 5756:29 September 5754:. Retrieved 5741: 5688: 5682: 5670:. 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