Voynich manuscript

1309: 1692: 365: 1084:, if visual spaces in the manuscript are assumed to indicate word breaks, there are consistent patterns that suggest a three-part word structure of prefix, root or midfix, and suffix. Certain characters and character combinations are more likely to appear in particular fields. There are minor variations between Voynich A and Voynich B. The predictability of certain letters in a relatively small number of combinations in certain parts of words appears to explain the low entropy (h2) of Voynichese. In the absence of obvious punctuation, some variants of the same word appear to be specific to typographical positions, such as the beginning of a paragraph, line, or sentence. 1646: 1100: 778: 1112: 2698:, made headlines for his theory that the manuscript was written in a "calligraphic proto-Romance" language. He claimed to have deciphered the manuscript in two weeks using a combination of "lateral thinking and ingenuity." Cheshire has suggested that the manuscript is "a compendium of information on herbal remedies, therapeutic bathing, and astrological readings"; that it contains numerous descriptions of medicinal plants and passages that focus on female physical and mental health, reproduction, and parenting; and that the manuscript is the only known text written in 898: 1057:

entropy. Natural languages tend to have an h2 between 3 and 4, but Voynichese has much more predictable character sequences, and an h2 around 2. However, at higher levels of organisation, the Voynich manuscript displays properties similar to those of natural languages. Based on this, Bowern dismisses theories that the manuscript is gibberish. It is likely to be an encoded natural language or a constructed language. Bowern also concludes that the statistical properties of the Voynich manuscript are not consistent with the use of a

2006: 886: 2312: 2300: 1846: 766: 1900: 874: 1236: 49: 1091:, supporting the idea that the text has linguistic meaning. This has implications for the encoding methods most likely to have been used, since some forms of encoding interfere with the Zipfian distribution. Measures of the proportional frequency of the ten most common words is similar to those of the Semitic, Iranian, and Germanic languages. Another measure of morphological complexity, the Moving-Average Type–Token Ratio (MATTR) index, is similar to Iranian, Germanic, and Romance languages. 1505:. The new Italian government decided to confiscate many properties of the Church, including the library of the Collegio. Many books of the university's library were hastily transferred to the personal libraries of its faculty just before this happened, according to investigations by Xavier Ceccaldi and others, and those books were exempt from confiscation. Kircher's correspondence was among those books, and so, apparently, was the Voynich manuscript, as it still bears the 1877:, the friend of Marci who was the reputed source of the Bacon story, was himself a cryptographer and apparently invented a cipher which he claimed was uncrackable (c. 1618). This has led to the speculation that Mnishovsky might have produced the Voynich manuscript as a practical demonstration of his cipher and made Baresch his unwitting test subject. Indeed, the disclaimer in the Voynich manuscript cover letter could mean that Marci suspected some kind of deception. 1479: 866:: Four lines written in rather distorted Latin script, referred to as "Michitonese", except for two words in the unknown script. The words in Latin script appear to be distorted with characteristics of the unknown language. The lettering resembles European alphabets of the late 14th and 15th centuries, but the words do not seem to make sense in any language. Whether these bits of Latin script were part of the original text or were added later is not known. 1294: 2413: 1798: 1721: 1124: 8981: 793:. The bulk of the text in the 240-page manuscript is written in an unknown script, running left to right. Most of the characters are composed of one or two simple pen strokes. There exists some dispute as to whether certain characters are distinct, but a script of 20–25 characters would account for virtually all of the text; the exceptions are a few dozen rarer characters that occur only once or twice each. There is no obvious 354: 1924: 930: 556:(righthand) page has been numbered from 1 to 116, using a style of numerals that originated at a later date. From the various numbering gaps in the quires and pages, it seems likely that in the past, the manuscript had at least 272 pages in 20 quires, some of which were already missing when Wilfrid Voynich acquired the manuscript in 1912. There is strong evidence that many of the book's 470:, a Polish book dealer who purchased it in 1912. The manuscript consists of around 240 pages, but there is evidence that pages are missing. The text is written from left to right, and some pages are foldable sheets of varying sizes. Most of the pages have fantastical illustrations and diagrams, some crudely coloured, with sections of the manuscript showing people, fictitious plants, 2291:); as a consequence, a text in a particular subject would have many words with similar prefixes—for example, all plant names would begin with similar letters, and likewise for all diseases, etc. This feature could then explain the repetitive nature of the Voynich text. However, no one has been able yet to assign a plausible meaning to any prefix or suffix in the Voynich manuscript. 1583:. Periods of unknown ownership are indicated in white. The commonly accepted owners of the 17th century are shown in orange; the long period of storage in the Collegio Romano is yellow. The location where Wilfrid Voynich allegedly acquired the manuscript (Frascati) is shown in green (late 1800s); Voynich's ownership is shown in red, and modern owners are highlighted blue. 1782:

manuscript, not that the Voynich manuscript is the same one mentioned. These letters could possibly have been the motivation for Voynich to fabricate the manuscript, assuming that he was aware of them. However, many consider the expert internal dating of the manuscript and the June 1999 discovery of Baresch's letter to Kircher as having eliminated this possibility.

1834:. Rudolf II had ennobled him in 1607, had appointed him his Imperial Distiller, and had made him curator of his botanical gardens as well as one of his personal physicians. Voynich (and many other people after him) concluded that Jacobus owned the Voynich manuscript prior to Baresch, and he drew a link from that to Rudolf's court, in confirmation of Mnishovsky's story. 2731:

medieval Romance-language dictionaries until he finds a word that seems to suit his theory. Then he argues that because he has found a Romance-language word that fits his hypothesis, his hypothesis must be right. His "translations" from what is essentially gibberish, an amalgam of multiple languages, are themselves aspirational rather than being actual translations.

2343:, was invented around 1550 as an encryption tool, more than 100 years after the estimated creation date of the Voynich manuscript. Some maintain that the similarity between the pseudo-texts generated in Gordon Rugg's experiments and the Voynich manuscript is superficial, and the grille method could be used to emulate any language to a certain degree. 2188:, in association with relevant illustrations, in the context of other languages of the same time period. A paper he posted online offers tentative translation of 14 characters and 10 words. He suggested the text is a treatise on nature written in a natural language, rather than a code, but no further work has been done since Bax's death in 2017. 1270:. The herbal pictures that match pharmacological sketches appear to be clean copies of them, except that missing parts were completed with improbable details. In fact, many of the plant drawings in the herbal section seem to be composite: the roots of one species have been fastened to the leaves of another, with flowers from a third. 1411:

his which I send you herewith, and he relinquished hope only with his life. But his toil was in vain, for such Sphinxes as these obey no one but their master, Kircher. Accept now this token, such as it is and long overdue though it be, of my affection for you, and burst through its bars, if there are any, with your wonted success.

5791:... an overwhelmingly high percentage of Chinese segmental morphemes (bound or free) consist of a single syllable; no more than perhaps five percent are longer than one syllable, and only a small handful are shorter. In this sense — in the sense of the favored canonical shape of morphemes — Chinese is indeed monosyllabic. 1177:, etc.). Each of these has 30 female figures arranged in two or more concentric bands. Most of the females are at least partly nude, and each holds what appears to be a labelled star or is shown with the star attached to either arm by what could be a tether or cord of some kind. The last two pages of this section were lost ( 2462:

forgery. Churchill acknowledges the possibility that the manuscript is either a synthetic forgotten language (as advanced by Friedman), or else a forgery, as the preeminent theory. However, he concludes that, if the manuscript is a genuine creation, mental illness or delusion seems to have affected the author.

581:). The quality of the parchment is average and has deficiencies, such as holes and tears, common in parchment codices, but was also prepared with so much care that the skin side is largely indistinguishable from the flesh side. The parchment is prepared from "at least fourteen or fifteen entire calfskins". 2461:

The theory is controversial, and it is virtually impossible to prove or disprove it, short of deciphering the text. Kennedy and Churchill are themselves not convinced of the hypothesis, but consider it plausible. In the culminating chapter of their work, Kennedy states his belief that it is a hoax or

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demonstrating that the grille method could reproduce many larger-scale features of the text. In 2019, Torsten Timm and Andreas Schinner published a paper arguing that the text was produced by a process of "self-citation" in which scribes copied and modified meaningless words from earlier in the text.

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The former owner of this book asked your opinion by letter, copying and sending you a portion of the book from which he believed you would be able to read the remainder, but he at that time refused to send the book itself. To its deciphering he devoted unflagging toil, as is apparent from attempts of

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A dense, continuous text interspersed with drawings, mostly showing small nude women, some wearing crowns, bathing in pools or tubs connected by an elaborate network of pipes. The bifolio consists of folios 78 (verso) and 81 (recto); it forms an integrated design, with water flowing from one folio to

550:. The total number of pages is around 240, but the exact number depends on how the manuscript's unusual foldouts are counted. The quires have been numbered from 1 to 20 in various locations, using a style of numerals consistent with those used in the 15th century, and the top righthand corner of each 2367:

exist in the text of the manuscript, such as content-bearing words occurring in a clustered pattern, or new words being used when there was a shift in topic. With this evidence, he believes it unlikely that these features were intentionally "incorporated" into the text to make a hoax more realistic,

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says that the radiocarbon dating of the parchment (or, more accurately, vellum) "effectively rules out any possibility that the manuscript is a post-medieval forgery", as the consistency of the pages indicates origin from a single source, and "it is inconceivable" that a quantity of unused parchment

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The use of the framework was exemplified with the analysis of the Voynich manuscript, with the final conclusion that it differs from a random sequence of words, being compatible with natural languages. Even though our approach is not aimed at deciphering Voynich, it was capable of providing keywords

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Practically no words have fewer than two letters or more than ten. Some words occur in only certain sections, or in only a few pages; others occur throughout the manuscript. Few repetitions occur among the thousand or so labels attached to the illustrations. There are instances where the same common

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The University of Bristol subsequently removed a reference to Cheshire's claims from its website, referring, in a statement, to concerns about the validity of the research and stating: "This research was entirely the author's own work and is not affiliated with the University of Bristol, the School

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As with most would-be Voynich interpreters, the logic of this proposal is circular and aspirational: he starts with a theory about what a particular series of glyphs might mean, usually because of the word's proximity to an image that he believes he can interpret. He then investigates any number of

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If Bacon did not create the Voynich manuscript, a supposed connection to Dee is much weakened. It was thought possible, prior to the carbon dating of the manuscript, that Dee or Kelley might have written it and spread the rumour that it was originally a work of Bacon's in the hopes of later selling

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As noted in Bowern's review, multiple scribes or "hands" may have written the manuscript, possibly using two methods of encoding at least one natural language. The "language" Voynich A appears in the herbal and pharmaceutical parts of the manuscript. The "language" known as Voynich B appears in the

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video that the Voynich script is a kind of Old Turkic written in a "poetic" style. The text would then be written using "phonemic orthography", meaning the author spelled out words as they heard them. Ardıç claimed to have deciphered and translated over 30% of the manuscript. His submission to the

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researchers Daniel Gaskell and Claire Bowern published the results of an experiment in which human participants intentionally tried to write meaningless text. They found that the resulting text was often highly non-random and exhibited many of the same unusual statistical properties as the Voynich

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in Westmont, Illinois, found that the paints in the manuscript were of materials to be expected from that period of European history. There have been erroneous reports that McCrone Associates indicated that much of the ink was added not long after the creation of the parchment, but their official

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in 2009. The results were consistent for all samples tested and indicated a date for the parchment between 1404 and 1438. Protein testing in 2014 revealed that the parchment was made from calfskin, and multispectral analysis showed that it had not been written on before the manuscript was created

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can be traced as far back as the ninth century, it is nowhere near as compact or complex as the shapes Newbold made out. Close study of the manuscript revealed the markings to be artefacts caused by the way ink cracks as it dries on rough vellum. Perceiving significance in these artefacts can be

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pointed out serious flaws in his theory. For example, each shorthand character was assumed to have multiple interpretations, and as a result there was no reliable way to determine which was intended for any given case. Newbold's method also required rearranging letters at will until intelligible

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Because the text cannot be read, the manuscript is conventionally divided into sections based on its illustrations. Most of the manuscript forms six different sections, each typified by illustrations with different styles and supposed subject matter except for the last section, in which the only

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Many books and articles have been written about the manuscript. Copies of the manuscript pages were made by alchemist Georgius Barschius (the Latinized form of the name of Georg Baresch; cf. the second paragraph under "History" above) in 1637 and sent to Athanasius Kircher, and later by Wilfrid

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In 2014, applied linguistics Professor Stephen Bax self-published a paper proposing a "provisional, partial decoding" of the Voynich Manuscript, proposing a translation for ten proper nouns and fourteen letters from the manuscript using techniques similar to those used to successfully translate

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1576. These dates contradict the earlier radiocarbon date of the vellum and other elements of the manuscript. However, they argued that the vellum could have been stored and used at a later date. The analysis has been criticised by other Voynich manuscript researchers, who argued that a skilled

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have applied statistical methods to the Voynich manuscript, comparing it to other languages and encodings of languages, and have found both similarities and differences in statistical properties. Character sequences in languages are measured using a metric called h2, or second-order conditional

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However, the presence of many tightly grouped shapes in the Voynich manuscript (such as "or", "ar", "ol", "al", "an", "ain", "aiin", "air", "aiir", "am", "ee", "eee", among others) does suggest that its cipher system may make use of a "verbose cipher", where single letters in a plaintext get

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published a study using statistical methods to analyse the relationships of the words in the text. Instead of trying to find the meaning, Amancio's team looked for connections and clusters of words. By measuring the frequency and intermittence of words, Amancio claimed to identify the text's

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Some suspect Voynich of having fabricated the manuscript himself. As an antique book dealer, he probably had the necessary knowledge and means, and a lost book by Roger Bacon would have been worth a fortune. Furthermore, Baresch's letter and Marci's letter only establish the existence of a

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Despite initial excitement in the community surrounding Gibbs' theory, scholars judged Gibbs' hypothesis to be unoriginal. His work was criticised as patching together already-existing scholarship with a highly speculative and incorrect translation; Lisa Fagin Davis, director of the

2177:, proposed that the manuscript was written in a "hitherto unknown North Germanic dialect". He identified in the manuscript a "skeletal syntax several elements of which are reminiscent of certain Germanic languages", while the content is expressed using "a great deal of obscurity". 913:

Various transcription alphabets have been created to equate Voynich characters with Latin characters to help with cryptanalysis, such as the Extensible (originally: European) Voynich Alphabet (EVA). The first major one was created by the "First Study Group", led by cryptographer

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In 1943, Joseph Martin Feely claimed that the manuscript was a scientific diary written in shorthand. According to D'Imperio, this was "Latin, but in a system of abbreviated forms not considered acceptable by other scholars, who unanimously rejected his readings of the text".

1871:. Müller sent some unintelligible text to Kircher with a note explaining that it had come from Egypt, and asking him for a translation. Kircher reportedly solved it. It has been speculated that these were both cryptographic tricks played on Kircher to make him look foolish. 1744: 977:– things that occur commonly at the beginning or end of words, such as 's' or 'd' in our language, and that are used to express grammar, never appear in the middle of 'words' in the Voynich manuscript. That's unheard of for any Indo-European, Hungarian, or Finnish language. 2566:, a cancer research scientist and amateur cryptographer, believed that the solution to the Voynich manuscript was a "peculiar double system of arithmetical progressions of a multiple alphabet". Strong published a translation of two pages in 1947, and claimed that the 5967: 981:

Stephan Vonfelt studied statistical properties of the distribution of letters and their correlations (properties which can be vaguely characterised as rhythmic resonance, alliteration, or assonance) and found that under that respect Voynichese is more similar to the

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showed that text with characteristics similar to the Voynich manuscript could have been produced using a table of word prefixes, stems, and suffixes, which would have been selected and combined by means of a perforated paper overlay. The latter device, known as a

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While Wilfrid Voynich took Raphael's claims at face value, the Bacon authorship theory has been largely discredited. However, a piece of evidence supporting Rudolf's ownership is the now almost invisible name or signature, on the first page of the book, of

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and produced three-dimensional models of the text's structure and word frequencies. The team concluded that, in 90% of cases, the Voynich systems are similar to those of other known books, indicating that the text is in an actual language, not random

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Much of the text is written in a single column in the body of a page, with a slightly ragged right margin and paragraph divisions and sometimes with stars in the left margin. Other text occurs in charts or as labels associated with illustrations. The

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This theory holds that the text of the Voynich manuscript is mostly meaningless, but contains meaningful information hidden in inconspicuous details—e.g., the second letter of every word, or the number of letters in each line. This technique, called

958:), some characters never follow others, or some may be doubled or tripled, but others may not. The distribution of letters within words is also rather peculiar: Some characters occur only at the beginning of a word, some only at the end (like Greek 2106:(2013) argued that the Voynich manuscript "is mostly compatible with natural languages and incompatible with random texts". Building on this theory, deep learning analysis conducted in 2023 determined that the alphabet was strikingly similar to 2268:

a little later. It was clear that the productions of these two men were much too systematic, and anything of the kind would have been almost instantly recognisable. My analysis seemed to me to reveal a cumbersome mixture of different kinds of

2079:(an overlay with cut-outs for the meaningful text) of some sort, this seems somewhat unlikely because the words and letters are not arranged on anything like a regular grid. Still, steganographic claims are hard to prove or disprove, because 2590:, a professor of classical and medieval philosophy at Yale University, claimed that the manuscript was a forgery intended to fool Emperor Rudolf II into purchasing it, and that the text is Latin enciphered with a complex, two-step method. 2660:

in an attempt to decode the manuscript. Their findings were presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics in 2017, in the form of an article suggesting that the language of the manuscript is most likely

856:: The astrological series of diagrams in the astronomical section has the names of ten of the months (from March to December) written in Latin script, with spelling suggestive of the medieval languages of France, northwest Italy, or the 1202:

More circular diagrams, but they are of an obscure nature. This section also has foldouts; one of them spans six pages, commonly called the Rosettes folio, and contains a map or diagram with nine "islands" or "rosettes" connected by

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with an invented alphabet. He suggested Chinese in jest, but later comparison of word length statistics with Vietnamese and Chinese made him view that hypothesis seriously. In many language families of East and Central Asia, mainly

2439:, either because of voices heard or because of an urge. This often takes place in an invented language in glossolalia, usually made up of fragments of the author's own language, although invented scripts for this purpose are rare. 595:. Insect holes are present on the first and last folios of the manuscript in the current order and suggest that a wooden cover was present before the later covers. Discolouring on the edges points to a tanned leather inside cover. 1545:

acquired 30 of these manuscripts, among them the one which now bears his name. He spent the next seven years attempting to interest scholars in deciphering the script, while he worked to determine the origins of the manuscript.

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Sometime before 1921, Voynich was able to read a name faintly written at the foot of the manuscript's first page: "Jacobj à Tepenecz". This is taken to be a reference to Jakub Hořčický of Tepenec, also known by his Latin name

1262:, but attempts have failed to identify the plants, either with actual specimens or with the stylised drawings of contemporaneous herbals. Only a few of the plant drawings can be identified with reasonable certainty, such as a 5957: 1985:

According to the "letter-based cipher" theory, the Voynich manuscript contains a meaningful text in some European language that was intentionally rendered obscure by mapping it to the Voynich manuscript "alphabet" through a

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lived in Bohemia for several years, where they had hoped to sell their services to the emperor. However, this sale seems quite unlikely, according to John Schuster, because Dee's meticulously kept diaries do not mention it.

5501: 1475:, the head of Rudolf's botanical gardens in Prague. Rudolf died still owing money to de Tepenecz, and it is possible that de Tepenecz may have been given the book (or simply taken it) in partial payment of that debt. 7571: 1383:

Whether Kircher answered the request or not is not known, but he was apparently interested enough to try to acquire the book, which Baresch refused to yield. Upon Baresch's death, the manuscript passed to his friend

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light. It does not match the copy of his signature in a document located by Jan Hurych in 2003. As a result, it has been suggested that the signature was added later, possibly even fraudulently by Voynich himself.

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forger could construct plants that coincidentally have a passing resemblance to theretofore undiscovered existing plants. Nahuatl specialist M.P. Hansen has rejected their proposed readings as pure nonsense.

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than to the text of works from European languages, although the numerical differences between Voynichese and Mandarin Chinese pinyin look larger than those between Mandarin Chinese pinyin and European languages.

2497:, forming a second level of script that held the real content of the writing. Newbold claimed to have used this knowledge to work out entire paragraphs proving the authorship of Bacon and recording his use of a 1684:) of actual gold weight. (Mnishovsky had died in 1644, more than 20 years earlier, and the deal must have occurred before Rudolf's abdication in 1611, at least 55 years before Marci's letter. However, 6803: 2631:

In September 2017, television writer Nicholas Gibbs claimed to have decoded the manuscript as idiosyncratically abbreviated Latin. He declared the manuscript to be a mostly plagiarised guide to women's health.

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Coloured paint was applied (somewhat crudely) to the ink-outlined figures, possibly at a later date. The blue, white, red-brown, and green paints of the manuscript have been analysed using PLM, XRD, EDS, and

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divisions, and often with stars in the left margin; the rest of the manuscript appears in the form of graphics (i.e. diagrams or markings for certain parts related to illustrations), containing some foldable

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The manuscript has never been demonstrably deciphered, and none of the proposed hypotheses have been independently verified. The mystery of its meaning and origin has excited speculation and provoked study.

5056: 4566: 1713:. Marci said that he was suspending judgment about this claim, but it was taken quite seriously by Wilfrid Voynich, who did his best to confirm it. Voynich contemplated the possibility that the author was 2380:

analysis. Their conclusion is that clusters derived by computation match with the topics of the illustrations to some degree, thus providing evidence that the Voynich manuscript contains meaningful text.

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This book, bequeathed to me by an intimate friend, I destined for you, my very dear Athanasius, as soon as it came into my possession, for I was convinced that it could be read by no one except yourself.

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The fact that the manuscript has defied decipherment thus far has led various scholars to propose that the text does not contain meaningful content in the first place, implying that it may be a medieval

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In June 2023, Cheshire published his translation of the foldout illustration on page 158. He claims that it depicts a volcano, and theorises that it places the manuscript's creators near the island of

1380:; Baresch twice sent a sample copy of the script to Kircher in Rome, asking for clues. The 1639 letter from Baresch to Kircher is the earliest known mention of the manuscript to have been confirmed. 942:

The text consists of over 170,000 characters, with spaces dividing the text into about 35,000 groups of varying length, usually referred to as "words" or "word tokens" (37,919); 8,114 of those words

7490: 5866: 8969: 2505:. A circular drawing in the astronomical section depicts an irregularly shaped object with four curved arms, which Newbold interpreted as a picture of a galaxy, which could be obtained only with a 1809:, slightly resemble Voynich illustrations. Fontana was familiar with cryptography and used it in his books, although he did not use the Voynich script but a simple substitution cipher. In the book 6696: 2037:, but they usually yield ciphertexts where all cipher shapes occur with roughly equal probability, quite unlike the language-like letter distribution which the Voynich manuscript appears to have. 2610:

after 1991. However, the date Stojko gives for the letters, the lack of relation between the text and the images, and the general looseness in the method of decryption have all been criticised.

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Jules Janick and Arthur O. Tucker, based on plant and animal identification, and the kabbalah map of central Mexico (folio 86v), argued that it was composed in Mexico between 1562 and 1572.

7311: 1430:, the Englishman. On this point I suspend judgement; it is your place to define for us what view we should take thereon, to whose favor and kindness I unreservedly commit myself and remain 5326: 6726: 5739: 2191:

Tucker & Talbert (2014) published a paper claiming a positive identification of 37 plants, 6 animals, and one mineral referenced in the manuscript to plant drawings in the

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made high-resolution digital scans publicly available online, and several printed facsimiles appeared. In 2016, the Beinecke Library and Yale University Press co-published a facsimile,

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of the time. Some parts of these drawings are larger and cleaner copies of sketches seen in the "pharmaceutical" section. None of the plants depicted are unambiguously identifiable.

8970: 2551:, in which he claimed that the book was a scientific diary written by Roger Bacon. Feely's method posited that the text was a highly abbreviated medieval Latin written in a simple 1857: 2578:, published in 1550. Notes released after his death reveal that the last stages of his analysis, in which he selected words to combine into phrases, were questionably subjective. 2017:

would be excluded because the distribution of letter frequencies does not resemble that of any known language, while the small number of different letter shapes used implies that

542:, or physical characteristics of the manuscript, has been studied by researchers. The manuscript measures 23.5 by 16.2 by 5 cm (9.3 by 6.4 by 2.0 in), with hundreds of 7406: 1073:

section, some parts of the medicinal and herbal sections, and the astrological section. The most common vocabulary items of Voynich A and Voynich B are substantially different.

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highlighted that parts of the text and drawings have been modified, using darker ink over a fainter, earlier script. Evidence for this is visible in various folios, for example

2486:. His singular hypothesis held that the visible text is meaningless, but that each apparent "letter" is in fact constructed of a series of tiny markings discernible only under 2352:

supported the hoax hypothesis. Schinner posited that the statistical properties of the manuscript's text were more consistent with meaningless gibberish produced using a quasi-

1567:. Kraus was unable to find a buyer and donated the manuscript to Yale University in 1969, where it was catalogued as "MS 408", sometimes also referred to as "Beinecke MS 408". 6664: 2384:

However, other scholars have argued that such sophisticated patterns could also appear in hoaxed documents. In 2016, Gordon Rugg and Gavin Taylor published another article in

2279: 1255:. However, the puzzling details of the illustrations have fuelled many theories about the book's origin, the contents of its text, and the purpose for which it was intended. 6566: 6076: 5900: 1601: 6448: 6793: 1606: 3035:, about the history of famous ciphers. As part of the lead-up to the 1,000th strip, Knörzer posted the translated English text on 28 June 2018, revealing the crucial 8647: 8549: 7870: 7102: 6855: 6035: 3404: 9287: 9269: 8604: 7831: 7137: 7067: 3340: 3211: 1489:

No records of the book for the next 200 years have been found, but in all likelihood, it was stored with the rest of Kircher's correspondence in the library of the

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Using a computer simulation of this process, they demonstrated that it could reproduce many of the statistical characteristics of the Voynich manuscript. In 2022,

5060: 2283:(1668), but still postdates the generally accepted origin of the Voynich manuscript by two centuries. In most known examples, categories are subdivided by adding 1008:). Words that differ by only one letter also repeat with unusual frequency, causing single-substitution alphabet decipherings to yield babble-like text. In 1962, 7520: 2450:, which can induce a trance-like state prone to glossolalia. Prominent features found in both are abundant "streams of stars", and the repetitive nature of the " 2368:

as most of the required academic knowledge of these structures did not exist at the time the Voynich manuscript would have been written. In 2021, researchers at

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Earliest information about its existence comes from a letter that was found inside the covers of the manuscript—the letter was written in either 1665 or 1666

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Some scholars have claimed that the manuscript's text appears too sophisticated to be a hoax. In 2013, Marcelo Montemurro, a theoretical physicist from the

7480: 5858: 2623:. He claimed the manuscript to be a treatise on nature, in a Near Eastern or Asian language, but no full translation was made before Bax's death in 2017. 6886: 6686: 4821: 2985:, four illustrated pages inspired by the Voynich manuscript. All four pages show strange illustrations next to a cipher text. The strip was mentioned in 2013:

The counterargument is that almost all cipher systems consistent with that era fail to match what is seen in the Voynich manuscript. For example, simple

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were used for the text and figure outlines. The ink of the drawings, text, and page and quire numbers have similar microscopic characteristics. In 2009,

8048: 4712: 1277:, and other medical procedures common during the likeliest dates of the manuscript. However, interpretation remains speculative, apart from the obvious 9358: 7648: 506: 7965: 6600: 6048: 1575:

The timeline of ownership of the Voynich manuscript is given below. The time when it was possibly created is shown in green (early 1400s), based on

7543: 3025: 1046: 7303: 2446:'s works to point out similarities between the Voynich manuscript and the illustrations that she drew when she was suffering from severe bouts of 560:

were reordered at various points in the book's history, and that its pages were originally in a different order than the order they are in today.

2376:

analysis, further investigated the relation between clusters of subjects in the text and topics as they could be identified by illustrations and

7458: 6718: 6470: 4065: 8566: 6928: 5958:"British academic claims to have made a breakthrough in his quest to unlock the 600 year-old secrets of the mysterious Voynich manuscript" 5729: 5322: 3006: 1994:

that operated on individual letters. This was the working hypothesis for most 20th-century deciphering attempts, including an informal team of

9242: 7893: 7163: 5426: 1399:

Marci also sent Kircher a cover letter (in Latin, dated 19 August 1665 or 1666) that was still attached to the book when Voynich acquired it:

1308: 9250: 8260: 7345: 6623: 6204: 6099: 6001: 5935: 5653: 5612: 4736: 237:

Colour ink, a bit crude, was used for painting the figures, probably later than the time of creation of the text and the outlines themselves

6959: 5198: 4212: 2806: 1467:. Widemann was a prolific collector of esoteric and alchemical manuscripts, so his ownership of the manuscript is plausible, but unproven. 965:

Many researchers have commented upon the highly regular structure of the words. Professor Gonzalo Rubio, an expert in ancient languages at

8733: 8065: 7808: 7615: 7572:"Misteriosul manuscris Voynich, unul dintre pilonii romanului "Solenoid" al lui Mircea Cărtărescu, va fi reprodus de o editură din Spania" 3939: 2256:

After reading my report, Mr. Friedman disclosed to me his belief that the basis of the script was a very primitive form of synthetic

2184:

made public his research into using "bottom up" methodology to understand the manuscript. His method involved looking for and translating

824:: A sequence of Latin letters in the right margin parallel with characters from the unknown script, also the now-unreadable signature of " 9353: 3127: 8355: 4950: 4455: 7398: 6771: 6235: 1602: 9021: 8570: 6278: 5561: 5531: 5225: 5146: 4589: 4006: 2755: 479: 40: 7375: 7203: 6656: 2720:, Lisa Fagin Davis, denouncing the paper as "just more aspirational, circular, self-fulfilling nonsense". Approached for comment by 8210: 3813: 2193: 6848:"Has the Voynich Manuscript Finally Been Decoded?: Researchers Claim That the Mysterious Text Was Written in Phonetic Old Turkish" 6559: 6069: 5889: 3973: 3568: 3258: 395:

to the early 15th century (1404–1438). Stylistic analysis has indicated the manuscript may have been composed in Italy during the

8664: 6444: 5388: 1691: 8986: 2522:

was produced. These factors alone ensure the system enough flexibility that nearly anything at all could be discerned from the

1605: 6167: 5256: 1537:

In 1903, the Society of Jesus (Collegio Romano) was short of money and decided to sell some of its holdings discreetly to the

463:) currently lacking the translation(s) and context needed to both properly entertain or eliminate any of these possibilities. 8828: 8809: 8777: 8674: 8543: 8483: 8380: 8349: 8252: 8240: 8174: 8141: 7932: 7709: 7437: 7234: 5591: 5495: 5485: 5465: 5398: 4040: 3842: 3834: 3756: 1603: 1599: 1563:. She died in 1960 and left the manuscript to her close friend Anne Nill. In 1961, Nill sold the book to antique book dealer 1189:

and Taurus are split into four paired diagrams with 15 women and 15 stars each. Some of these diagrams are on fold-out pages.

5176: 4429: 9363: 8700: 5826: 2765:

The Beinecke Library also authorised the production of a print run of 898 replicas by the Spanish publisher Siloé in 2017.

2252:

to analyse a few pages of the text, but Tiltman did not share this conclusion. In a paper in 1967, Brigadier Tiltman said:

2218: 616: 7862: 6847: 3412: 933:

Extensible Voynich Alphabet: Capital EVA letters are sometimes used to illustrate different variations of the same symbol.

9279: 7839: 3215: 2423:

In their 2004 book, Gerry Kennedy and Rob Churchill suggest the possibility that the Voynich manuscript may be a case of

1252: 9055: 8619: 5116: 4848: 4655:

Amâncio, Diego R.; Altmann, Eduardo G.; Rybski, Diego; Oliveira, Osvaldo N. Jr.; da Costa, Luciano F. (July 2013).

3359: 643:

in one of the samples tested. The similarity between the drawing inks and text inks suggested a contemporaneous origin.

8390:

Landini, Gabriel (October 2001). "Evidence of linguistic structure in the Voynich manuscript using spectral analysis".

4981: 3880: 3283:

Landini, Gabriel (October 2001). "Evidence of linguistic structure in the Voynich manuscript using spectral analysis".

1604: 1598: 1597: 17: 8302: 7674: 7512: 5297: 2640:, stated that Gibbs' decipherment "doesn't result in Latin that makes sense." Davis added that she was "surprised the 1862: 9343: 8288:"Book Transactions of Emperor Rudolf II, 1576–1612: New Findings on the Earliest Ownership of the Voynich Manuscript" 6407: 6132: 5283:"Book Transactions of Emperor Rudolf II, 1576–1612: New Findings on the Earliest Ownership of the Voynich Manuscript" 4923:

Proceedings of the 5th ACL-HLT Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities

4871: 4299: 4154: 2908: 2703: 1967: 1821:

both used a cryptographic system, described as a simple, rational cipher, based on signs without letters or numbers.

1607: 1459:. The only matching transaction in Rudolf's records is the 1599 purchase of "a couple of remarkable/rare books" from 7736: 1949: 1077:

of the manuscript suggests that pages identified as written by a particular scribe may relate to a different topic.

789:

Every page in the manuscript contains text, mostly in an unidentified language, but some have extraneous writing in

9368: 9348: 8941:

Solution of the Voynich Manuscript: A liturgical manual for the Endura Rite of the Cathari heresy, the cult of Isis

8098: 7991:

Amancio, Diego R.; Altmann, Eduardo G.; Rybski, Diego; Oliveira, Osvaldo N. Jr.; Costa, Luciano da F. (July 2013).

2716:

However, experts in medieval documents disputed this interpretation vigorously, with the executive director of the

897: 7277: 3910: 3473: 9095: 2436: 1789:

comprising "at least fourteen or fifteen entire calfskins" could have survived from the early 15th century.

1494: 7925:

Unsolved!: the history and mystery of the world's greatest ciphers from ancient Egypt to online secret societies

5362: 5034: 4500: 4392: 4361: 4268: 4185: 3672: 603:

Many pages contain substantial drawings or charts which are coloured with paint. Based on modern analysis using

7036: 4105: 2086:

It has been suggested that the meaningful text could be encoded in the length or shape of certain pen strokes.

1934: 995: 6878: 4793: 7992: 7640: 5097: 4656: 2641: 1702:

According to the letter, Mnishovsky (but not necessarily Rudolf) speculated that the author was 13th-century

1665: 1649: 1541:. The sale took place in 1912, but not all of the manuscripts listed for sale ended up going to the Vatican. 1419: 966: 259: 9278:(TV documentary). TV 2011 festival winners (Silver World Medal). Austria: ORF (film company). Archived from 5487:

Openness, Secrecy, Authorship: Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowledge from Antiquity to the Renaissance

4531: 4330: 3519: 2669:. However, the team admitted that experts in medieval manuscripts who reviewed the work were not convinced. 8705: 3448: 3117: 2965: 2099: 1813:(Secret of the treasure-room of experiments in man's imagination), written c. 1430, Fontana described 1161:, some of them with suns, moons, and stars. One series of 12 diagrams depicts conventional symbols for the 653: 8800:

The Friar and the Cipher: Roger Bacon and the Unsolved Mystery of the Most Unusual Manuscript in the World

7957: 6356:

Timm, Torsten; Schinner, Andreas (May 2019). "A possible generating algorithm of the Voynich manuscript".

5075: 1247:

The overall impression given by the surviving leaves of the manuscript is that it was meant to serve as a

399:. While the origins, authorship, and purpose of the manuscript are still debated, hypotheses range from a 6592: 4057: 2717: 2637: 1874: 1806: 1661: 1645: 1634: 1498: 1444: 1174: 6393:"Gibberish after all? Voynichese is statistically similar to human-produced samples of meaningless text" 6321:

Rugg, Gordon; Taylor, Gavin (September 2016). "Hoaxing statistical features of the Voynich Manuscript".

1600: 6474: 5862: 5680:"Softcomputing in identiﬁcation of the origin of Voynich manuscript bycomparison with ancient dialects" 2891: 2483: 2181: 604: 364: 191: 169:≈ 23.5 cm × 16.2 cm × 5 cm (9.3 in × 6.4 in × 2.0 in) 8596:

Letters to God's Eye: The Voynich manuscript for the first time deciphered and translated into English

1019: 817:

Only a few of the words in the manuscript are thought to have not been written in the unknown script:

9168: 9005: 7454: 6989: 6967: 6478: 4425: 2856: 2657: 2606:. The theory caused some sensation among the Ukrainian diaspora at the time, and then in independent 2470:

Since the manuscript's modern rediscovery in 1912, there have been a number of claimed decipherings.

2117:

once suggested that the Voynich manuscript text could be some little-known natural language, written

1396:

in Prague. A few years later, Marci sent the book to Kircher, his longtime friend and correspondent.

8578: 6936: 6300:

Sterneck, Rachel; Polish, Annie; Bowern, Claire (2021). "Topic Modeling in the Voynich Manuscript".

9326: 8911:"The most mysterious manuscript in the world: Did Roger Bacon write it and has the key been found?" 8166: 3809: 3355: 3168:

The smallest estimated number is 272 pages (i.e. 20 quires), and it contains >170,000 characters

2396:

manuscript, supporting the idea that some features of the text could have been produced in a hoax.

2360: 2174: 1178: 1081: 840:: A small number of words in the bottom left corner near a drawing of a nude man have been read as 514: 353: 9156: 8423:"Keywords and Co-Occurrence Patterns in the Voynich Manuscript: An Information-Theoretic Analysis" 6194: 5993: 5925: 5422: 2702:. He further claimed: "The manuscript was compiled by Dominican nuns as a source of reference for 1227:

Five folios contain only text, and at least 14 folios (28 pages) are missing from the manuscript.

1099: 7333: 6914: 6833: 5646: 5608: 2937: 2772:

of ten selected pages were made public, potentially revealing details unseen with visible light.

2571: 2502: 2479: 2139: 1945: 1223:

Full pages of text broken into many short paragraphs, each marked with a star in the left margin.

591:

The goat skin binding and covers are not original to the book, but date to its possession by the

9072:

Public-domain font based on Voynich 101, which was used to transcribe the text to a digital form

5647:"An Outline of the Stroke Theory as a Possible Method of Encipherment of the Voynich Manuscript" 5457: 5202: 4208: 2677:

In 2018, Ahmet Ardıç, an electrical engineer with an interest in Turkic languages, claimed in a

1143:

Each page displays one or two plants and a few paragraphs of text, a format typical of European

9086: 8741: 8133: 8078: 7800: 7602: 3943: 2602:, in which he claimed that the Voynich Manuscript was a series of letters written in vowelless 2235: 2123: 2030: 1737: 1696: 1170: 1166: 809:; there is no delay between characters, as would normally be expected in written encoded text. 718: 8533: 6227: 4809: 3746: 2539:. Thanks to Manly's thorough refutation, the micrography theory is now generally disregarded. 2435:. If so, the author felt compelled to write large amounts of text in a manner which resembles 777: 8339: 8330: 7341: 2769: 2695: 2653: 2514: 2026: 1321: 1186: 1062: 1024: 923: 573: 9042: 7993:"Probing the statistical properties of unknown texts: Application to the Voynich manuscript" 7227:

The Medieval Map and the Mercy Mission: A Complete Translation of the Voynich Manuscript Map

4954: 4657:"Probing the statistical properties of unknown texts: Application to the Voynich manuscript" 4466: 1941: 1736:

sold the manuscript to Rudolf. Dee was a mathematician and astrologer at the court of Queen

1320:

is unknown, though the text and illustrations are all characteristically European. In 2009,

1111: 190:

Partially damaged and incomplete; 240 out of 272 pages found (≈ 88%, i.e. 18 out of 20

9001: 8493:

Schinner, Andreas (April 2007). "The Voynich manuscript: Evidence of the hoax hypothesis".

8434: 8014: 6749: 6691: 4678: 4418: 3560: 3040: 2947: 2620: 2603: 2443: 2245: 1352:" that had been "taking up space uselessly in his library" for many years. He learned that 1088: 471: 408: 104: 8573:, General Collection of Rare Books and Manuscripts, Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts. 6270: 5557: 5527: 5229: 4603: 3996: 954:

laws of some sort; for example, certain characters must appear in each word (like English

8: 9237: 9014: 8848: 8839: 8640:"A preliminary analysis of the botany, zoology, and mineralogy of the Voynich manuscript" 7367: 7195: 6028:"A preliminary analysis of the botany, zoology, and mineralogy of the Voynich manuscript" 5139: 4561: 3082: 2942: 2552: 2510: 2498: 2241: 2143: 2072: 2014: 1999: 1884:

proposed that the Voynich manuscript was written by 15th-century North Italian architect

1621:

Many people have been proposed as possible authors of the Voynich manuscript, among them

1377: 1373: 1213:

Many labelled drawings of isolated plant parts (roots, leaves, etc.), objects resembling

1058: 915: 510: 460: 396: 8841:

Méthodes d'analyse du langage crypté: Une contribution à l'étude du manuscrit de Voynich

8438: 8341:

The Voynich Manuscript: The mysterious code that has defied interpretation for centuries

8201: 8018: 5452:

The Gallery of Memory: Literary and Iconographic Models in the Age of the Printing Press

4682: 4624: 3800: 2874: 8888: 8880: 8520: 8457: 8422: 8409: 8126: 8074: 8035: 8004: 7958:"Sandra and Woo » [0500] The Book of Woo in English | The comedy webcomic" 7741: 7698: 6994: 6540: 6373: 6338: 6301: 5782: 5450: 4891: 4813: 4699: 4668: 4620: 3965: 3677: 3302: 3248: 3097: 2257: 2018: 1868: 1456: 1393: 1357: 1329: 1325: 1301: 1012: 885: 569: 432: 298: 292: 274: 134: 8476:

The Curse of the Voynich: The secret history of the world's most mysterious manuscript

5859:"600 year old mystery manuscript decoded by University of Bedfordshire professor" 4872:"How many glyphs and how many scribes? Digital paleography and the Voynich Manuscript" 2356:

method, such as the one described by Rugg, than with Latin and medieval German texts.

2034: 1911:

Many hypotheses have been developed about the Voynich manuscript's "language", called

1660:

Marci's 1665/1666 cover letter to Kircher says that, according to his friend the late

1217:

jars, ranging in style from the mundane to the fantastical, and a few text paragraphs.

9313: 8892: 8824: 8805: 8773: 8710: 8670: 8539: 8512: 8479: 8462: 8376: 8345: 8248: 8236: 8228: 8197: 8170: 8137: 8040: 7938: 7928: 7705: 7433: 7230: 6998: 6798: 6687:"Artificial intelligence takes a crack at decoding the mysterious Voynich manuscript" 6377: 5679: 5587: 5491: 5461: 5394: 5091: 4895: 4817: 4742: 4704: 4036: 3876: 3838: 3830: 3796: 3752: 3062: 3030: 2917: 2563: 2288: 2022: 1888:(also known as "Filarete"), a theory broadly consistent with the radiocarbon dating. 1531: 1389: 873: 857: 672: 636: 632: 400: 288: 8524: 8413: 8323: 6929:"Bristol academic cracks Voynich code, solving century-old mystery of medieval text" 3306: 2102:(about 10 bits per word) is similar to that of English or Latin texts. Amancio 482:. In 2020, Yale University published the manuscript online in its entirety in their 9265: 9210: 9205: 9036: 9032: 8872: 8504: 8452: 8442: 8401: 8128:

Hidden Codes & Grand Designs: Secret languages from ancient times to modern day

8030: 8022: 7700:

Hidden Codes & Grand Designs: Secret languages from ancient times to modern day

6984: 6976: 6761: 6365: 6342: 6330: 6171: 5774: 5701: 5691: 5252: 4921:

Reddy, Sravana; Knight, Kevin (2011). "What we know about the Voynich manuscript".

4883: 4805: 4747: 4694: 4686: 3294: 2954: 2926: 2900: 2587: 2509:. However, Newbold's analysis has since been dismissed as overly speculative after 2364: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2095: 1854: 1831: 1805:

It has been suggested that some illustrations in the books of an Italian engineer,

1527: 1519: 1472: 1353: 1282: 983: 825: 543: 444: 404: 264: 129: 100: 6980: 6369: 6334: 4234: 2950:

and pictures of imaginary plants in a style reminiscent of the Voynich manuscript.

1837:

Jacobus's name has faded further since Voynich saw it, but is still legible under

1273:

Astrological considerations frequently played a prominent role in herb gathering,

1051: 9025: 8910: 8729: 8574: 8447: 7399:"University withdraws announcement researcher had cracked the Voynich Manuscript" 6052: 5962: 5930: 5172: 4632: 3157: 3102: 3011: 2883: 2831: 2662: 2570:

revealed the Voynich manuscript to be written by the 16th-century English author

2531: 2392: 2369: 2265: 2041:

enciphered into groups of fake letters. For example, the first two lines of page

1714: 1653: 1542: 1538: 1490: 1482: 1385: 1365: 1361: 1297: 1267: 943: 551: 483: 475: 467: 448: 308: 282: 123: 8798: 5833: 2260:

such as was developed in the form of a philosophical classification of ideas by

9255: 9200: 5696: 3153: 3092: 3087: 3057: 2981:, published 29 July 2013, writer Oliver Knörzer and artist Puri Andini created 2977: 2866: 2519: 2491: 2147: 2107: 2046: 2005: 1904: 1415: 1263: 1074: 428: 9301: 9228:

news – summary of Gordon Rugg's paper directed towards a more general audience

8508: 8405: 8026: 7832:"Top 5 Webcomics That You Missed This Week: 'xkcd,' 'A Softer World' And More" 7250: 6908: 6825: 6794:"Computer scientist claims clues to deciphering mysterious Voynich manuscript" 4752: 4690: 3298: 2045:(seen above) contain "oror or" and "or or oro r", which strongly resemble how 2009:

The Vigenère square or table may have been used for encryption and decryption.

1418:

to Ferdinand III, then King of Bohemia, told me the said book belonged to the

631:

of copper and occasionally zinc. EDS did not show the presence of lead, while

9337: 9059: 8989:

was created from a revision of this article dated 14 September 2016

8714: 8516: 8265: 7942: 7610: 6104: 5734: 4844: 3072: 3067: 2823: 2699: 2487: 2340: 2155: 2151: 2076: 2068: 2025:

should be ruled out, because these typically employ larger cipher alphabets.

1899: 1765: 1761: 1747: 1685: 1630: 1576: 1564: 1550: 1460: 1337: 1248: 1042: 1005: 628: 612: 592: 490: 321: 313: 269: 9147: 4977: 2346:

In April 2007, a study by Austrian researcher Andreas Schinner published in

8466: 8287: 8044: 7670: 7548: 7485: 7168: 6628: 6199: 6065: 5323:"The journey to America of a set of manuscripts from the Collegium Romanum" 5282: 4708: 3107: 2998: 2848: 2814: 2722: 2432: 2311: 2299: 2274: 2261: 2249: 2159: 1881: 1845: 1560: 1512: 1502: 1274: 1009: 947: 919: 790: 765: 714: 518: 502: 494: 420: 392: 303: 8924:"A preliminary sketch of the history of the Roger Bacon cipher manuscript" 7304:"No, someone hasn't cracked the code of the mysterious Voynich manuscript" 6392: 4887: 4291: 4146: 2478:

One of the earliest efforts to decode the book's code was made in 1921 by

2075:

in 1499. Though the plain text was speculated to have been extracted by a

1235: 918:

in the 1940s, where each line of the manuscript was transcribed to an IBM

557: 177:

One column in the page body, with slightly indented right margin and with

48: 9215: 8495: 8392: 8067:

A Search-Based Tool for the Automated Cryptoanalysis of Classical Ciphers

7544:"New multispectral analysis of Voynich manuscript reveals hidden details" 6766: 4384: 4353: 4177: 3285: 3122: 3077: 3036: 2969: 2527: 2523: 2424: 2386: 2377: 2348: 2335: 2185: 2114: 1838: 1785: 1710: 1622: 1549:

In 1930, the manuscript was inherited after Wilfrid's death by his widow

1427: 1182: 951: 847: 794: 547: 498: 489:

The Voynich manuscript has been studied by both professional and amateur

456: 440: 118: 9121: 6544: 5706: 4097: 1478: 802: 8884: 7770:"New Haven Symphony readies a dramatic opener with Lash & Yukashev" 7273: 5078:. University of Arizona. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011 4597: 3481: 3112: 2994: 2536: 2455: 2428: 2373: 2353: 1740:

who was known to have owned a large collection of Bacon's manuscripts.

1703: 1677: 1555: 1448: 1369: 1317: 1214: 1136:

drawings are small stars in the margin. The conventional sections are:

1104: 1070: 698: 578: 539: 452: 436: 226: 218: 9180: 9148:"Extensive list of authors who published about the Voynich manuscript" 5786: 5678:

Zelinka, Ivan; Lara, Melvin; C. Windsor, Leah; Lozi, René (May 2023).

2412: 2094:

Statistical analysis of the text reveals patterns similar to those of

1801:

One of Giovanni Fontana's fantastical illustrations, c. 1420–1430

1732:

The assumption that Bacon was the author led Voynich to conclude that

1293: 1015:

described such statistical analyses as "doomed to utter frustration".

619:(EDS) revealed that the inks contained major amounts of carbon, iron, 9090: 8605:"The Voynich manuscript: The most mysterious manuscript in the world" 7481:"Publisher wins rights to Voynich manuscript, a book no one can read" 7274:"Consonants & Vowels, Castles & Volcanoes. - lingbuzz/004381" 6750:"Decoding anagrammed texts written in an unknown language and script" 5354: 5026: 4523: 4492: 4322: 4260: 3511: 3341:"The Voynich manuscript: The most mysterious manuscript in the world" 3152:

A very small number of words in the manuscript have been found to be

3043: 2797: 2567: 2506: 2494: 2206: 2202: 2163: 2118: 2080: 1991: 1720: 1507: 1158: 1154: 1123: 1087:

The Voynich word frequencies of both variants appear to conform to a

1029: 683: 640: 624: 222: 214: 178: 8876: 7164:"Latin, Hebrew, ... proto-Romance? New theory on Voynich manuscript" 7125: 7090: 7059: 7028: 6960:"The language and writing system of MS 408 (Voynich) explained" 6719:"Mysterious 15th century manuscript finally decoded 600 years later" 6070:"A brand new new world / Nahuatl Voynich manuscript theory ..." 6025: 3440: 1952:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1515:, head of the Jesuit order and the university's rector at the time. 9292: 9112: 8184:

Child, James R. (Summer 1976). "The Voynich manuscript revisited".

6306: 5806:

Child, James R. (Summer 1976). "The Voynich manuscript revisited".

5778: 5761:

Hockett, Charles F. (1951). "Review of John de Francis (1950)

4001: 3970:

Yale University Library – Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library

2986: 2447: 2404: 2273:

The concept of a constructed language is quite old, as attested by

2167: 1885: 1814: 1733: 1725: 1707: 1681: 1626: 1523: 1452: 1204: 694: 679: 8791:(in Spanish). Cáceres, Spain: Ed. Asesores Astronómicos Cacereños. 8009: 5226:"The letter of Johannes Marcus Marci to Athanasius Kircher (1665)" 4673: 678:

The green paint is tentatively characterised by copper and copper-

6879:"Will mystery of the medieval Voynich Manuscript ever be solved?" 4556:"The Voynich Manuscript: will we ever be able to read this book?" 3253: 2780:

The manuscript has inspired various works of fiction, including:

2710: 2678: 2666: 2607: 2210: 2173:

Child (1976), a linguist of Indo-European languages for the U.S.

1756: 1669: 1422:

and that he presented to the bearer who brought him the book 600

1341: 665: 661: 245:

Two manuscript copies which Baresch sent twice to Kircher in Rome

2652:

Greg Kondrak, a professor of natural language processing at the

2240:

The peculiar internal structure of Voynich manuscript words led

805:

flows smoothly, giving the impression that the symbols were not

9288:"Le mystère de l'indéchiffrable manuscrit Voynich reste entier" 8863:

Manly, John Matthews (1931). "Roger Bacon and the Voynich MS".

6445:"Does the "Voynich = migraine" theory make your head hurt too?" 4419:"William F. Friedman's Transcription of the Voynich Manuscript" 4130:

Duffy, Eamon (20 April 2017). "Secret Knowledge – or a Hoax?".

3474:"The New Signature of Horczicky and the Comparison of them all" 2451: 2320: 2284: 2214: 2198: 1987: 1580: 1526:, a large country palace near Rome that had been bought by the 1464: 1349: 1345: 1328:

the manuscript's vellum to between 1404 and 1438. In addition,

1278: 1259: 1162: 1144: 988: 806: 620: 416: 388: 210: 159: 4737:"Can statistics help crack the mysterious Voynich manuscript?" 2694:

In 2019, Gerard Cheshire, a biology research assistant at the

1849:

Some pages of the manuscript fold out to show larger diagrams.

1595: 929: 9078: 6754:

Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics

5173:"Archive of communications of the Journal of Voynich Studies" 3209: 3178: 2840: 1673: 1423: 1207:" and containing castles, as well as what might be a volcano. 955: 690: 608: 585: 380: 89: 70: 7990: 6522: 4654: 3870: 2665:, but encoded using alphagrams, i.e. alphabetically ordered 2217:. They date the manuscript to between 1521 (the date of the 2205:

in the paint, they argue that the plants were from colonial

2049:

such as "CCC" or "XXXX" would look if verbosely enciphered.

1797: 1743: 8758: 8421:

Montemurro, Marcelo A.; Zanette, Damián H. (20 June 2013).

4925:. Stroudsburg, PA: Assoc. Comput. Linguist. pp. 78–86. 2328: 1728:

may have sold the manuscript to Emperor Rudolf around 1600.

946:"word types". The structure of these words seems to follow 424: 412: 326: 9134: 6531:[On the "impossible sources" of national history: The 4845:"Papers on the Voynich manuscript. The Voynich Manuscript" 959: 834:: A line of writing in the Latin script in the top margin. 588:(such as 42 and 47) are thicker than the usual parchment. 8928:

Transactions of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia

8261:"Mexican plants could break code on gibberish manuscript" 7196:"Medieval manuscript code 'unlocked' by Bristol academic" 6917:

from the original on 4 November 2021 – via YouTube.

6100:"Mexican plants could break code on gibberish manuscript" 5677: 5027:"Voynich MS – Long tour: Known history of the manuscript" 3434: 3432: 3430: 1995: 1811:

Secretum de thesauro experimentorum ymaginationis hominum

8669:(digitally enhanced researchers' ed.). Lulu Press. 7513:"El Manuscrito Voynich de Siloé llega a Emiratos Árabes" 7368:"Voynich manuscript translation claims raise 'concerns'" 5994:"Breakthrough over 600 year-old mystery manuscript" 5926:"Breakthrough over 600 year-old mystery manuscript" 5393:(digitally enhanced researchers' ed.). Lulu Press. 2959:

The Voynich Cipher Manuscript, for chorus & ensemble

1695:

Ernest Board's portrayal of Bacon in his observatory at

5586:. New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media. 2018. 5001: 4999: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3704: 3702: 3700: 1853:

Baresch's letter bears some resemblance to a hoax that

8638:

Tucker, Arthur O.; Talbert, Rexford H. (Winter 2013).

6026:

Tucker, Arthur O.; Talbert, Rexford H. (Winter 2013).

6021: 6019: 4792:

Bowern, Claire L.; Lindemann, Luke (14 January 2021).

3837:; Saffron Walden, UK: Books Express Publishing, 2011, 3427: 3212:"The Voynich Code — The World's Mysterious Manuscript" 3177:

A very small number of words in the manuscript are in

6271:"Mysterious Voynich manuscript has 'genuine message'" 5348: 5346: 5344: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 3997:"Mysterious Voynich manuscript has 'genuine message'" 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 2713:

which was an active volcano during the 15th century.

986: 671:

The white paint is likely a mixture of egg-white and

7894:"Verschlüsselungsrätsel als Kunst: Das Buch des Woo" 7157: 7155: 6624:"Has a Mysterious Medieval Code Really Been Solved?" 6299: 5076:"UA Experts Determine Age of Book 'Nobody Can Read'" 4996: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 3847: 3697: 2180:

In February 2014, Professor Stephen Bax of the

1530:

in 1866 and housed the headquarters of the Jesuits'

1037:

that could be helpful for decipherers in the future.

697:

and iron sulfide. Minor amounts of lead sulfide and

9271:

The Voynich Code: The world's mysterious manuscript

9251:"The unread: The mystery of the Voynich manuscript" 8763:(doctoral thesis) (in German). Universität zu Köln. 6560:"A proposed partial decoding of the Voynich script" 6016: 5987: 5985: 5721: 4969: 2248:. In 1950, Friedman asked the British army officer 1817:machines, written in his cypher. That book and his 383:, hand-written in an unknown script referred to as 8797: 8795: 8338:Kennedy, Gerry; Churchill, Rob (14 January 2011). 8322: 8125: 7697: 5449: 5341: 5011: 4735: 4590:"The strange resonances of the Voynich manuscript" 4554: 4035:. London: Arcturus Publishing. pp. 135, 136. 3673:"The Voynich manuscript: The book nobody can read" 3496: 3399: 3397: 3395: 2319:, from the balneological section showing apparent 1688:sold books to Rudolf II in March 1599.) 1497:). It probably remained there until the troops of 1403:Reverend and Distinguished Sir, Father in Christ: 1258:The first section of the book is almost certainly 568:Samples from various parts of the manuscript were 9157:"Unsupervised analysis of the Voynich manuscript" 8904:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 8420: 7863:"Sandra And Woo do the Voynich… The Book of Woo!" 7152: 6256: 5890:A proposed partial decoding of the Voynich script 5671: 4641: 4493:"Analysis Section ( 2/5 ) – Character statistics" 4138: 4080: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3249:"Experts determine age of book 'nobody can read'" 2972:to compose a symphony inspired by the manuscript. 563: 9335: 8370: 8337: 7251:"Facsimile of volcano map in Voynich manuscript" 6657:"So much for that Voynich manuscript "solution"" 6431: 5982: 5423:"The enciphered manuscripts of Giovanni Fontana" 5005: 4385:"Text Analysis – Transcription of the Text: FSG" 4354:"Text Analysis – Transcription of the Text: Eva" 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3708: 1903:The Voynich manuscript is written in an unknown 689:Analysis of the red-brown paint indicated a red 8786: 7455:"Yale publishes mysterious medieval manuscript" 7126:"Plant Series, No. 10. Manuscript MS 408. 4791: 3392: 2201:written in 1552. Together with the presence of 1243:, has been interpreted to represent a sunflower 8943:. Laguna Hills, California: Aegean Park Press. 8796:Goldstone, Lawrence; Goldstone, Nancy (2005). 8329:(1st ed.). New York: Macmillan. pp. 8099:"Materials Analysis of the Voynich Manuscript" 7091:"Plant Series, No. 9. Manuscript MS 408. 7060:"Plant Series, No. 8. Manuscript MS 408. 7029:"Plant Series, No. 6. Manuscript MS 408. 5382: 5380: 5191: 3932: 3772: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3278: 3276: 2742:of Arts nor the Centre for Medieval Studies". 2656:, and his graduate student Bradley Hauer used 2490:. These markings were supposed to be based on 80:Unknown; parchment dated to early 15th century 8637: 8618:(3). National Security Agency. Archived from 8325:The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing 8196: 6130: 5801: 5799: 5164: 4948: 4842: 4125: 4123: 3829:; Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press, 1978, 3795: 3713: 3039:involved translating the plain text into the 1348:. Baresch was apparently puzzled about this " 1281:symbols and one diagram possibly showing the 1004:word appears up to three times in a row (see 9201:"World's most mysterious book may be a hoax" 8538:. Tom Doherty Associates. pp. 175–272. 6747: 6525:До "неможливих джерел" вітчизняної історії: 6390: 6355: 6225: 5754: 5730:""Voynich-Manuskript" das grosse Rätselbuch" 5355:"Voynich MS – History of research of the MS" 5276: 5274: 5104: 4412: 4410: 3751:. Tom Doherty Associates. pp. 175–272. 2644:published it." Other researchers concurred. 1750:might have created the manuscript as a fraud 1388:(also known as Johannes Marcus Marci), then 1018:In 2014, a team led by Diego Amancio of the 841: 701:are possibly present in the red-brown paint. 682:resinate; the crystalline material might be 8823:(in Spanish). Barcelona, ES: Océano Ambar. 8344:. Inner Traditions International, Limited. 6436: 6064: 5600: 5377: 5131: 4920: 4836: 4794:"The Linguistics of the Voynich Manuscript" 4625:"The most mysterious ms. – still an enigma" 4524:"Analysis Section ( 3/5 ) – Word structure" 4456:"What we know about the Voynich manuscript" 4453: 4323:"Text Analysis – Transcription of the Text" 4147:"The Radio-Carbon Dating of the Voynich MS" 4134:. Vol. 64, no. 7. pp. 44–46. 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3405:"Philip Neal's analysis of Marci's grammar" 3313: 3273: 705:The pigments used were deemed inexpensive. 9051:— navigating through high-resolution scans 8818: 8760:Textprozessierung – Design und Applikation 8740:. Vol. 19, no. 2. Archived from 7188: 6748:Hauer, Bradley; Kondrak, Grzegorz (2016). 6320: 6131:Pharao Hansen, Magnus (25 December 2018). 5818: 5796: 5551: 5549: 5217: 5057:"Mysterious Voynich manuscript is genuine" 4975: 4521: 4175: 4144: 4120: 4095: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3509: 3468: 3466: 2473: 1501:captured the city in 1870 and annexed the 962:), and some always in the middle section. 357:Evidence of retouching of text on page 3; 9359:Undeciphered historical codes and ciphers 9214: 9198: 9192: 9022:Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library 8772:(in Italian). Roma, IT: Eremon Edizioni. 8728: 8571:Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library 8456: 8446: 8233:The Voynich Manuscript: An Elegant Enigma 8203:The Voynich Manuscript: An Elegant Enigma 8160: 8123: 8104:. Beinecke Library (McCrone Associates). 8034: 8008: 7927:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 7734: 7695: 7541: 7301: 6990:1983/a6f1af84-f023-405a-b1e8-448c01ef0673 6988: 6765: 6539:(in Ukrainian). 32–33 (Part 2): 611–618. 6305: 6268: 6195:"Secret of historic code: It's gibberish" 5705: 5695: 5521: 5519: 5271: 5244: 4914: 4863: 4810:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030613 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4751: 4698: 4672: 4546: 4407: 3994: 3898: 3802:The Voynich Manuscript: An elegant enigma 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3128:St. James: The Book of the 7 Dispensation 2807:Indiana Jones and the Philosopher's Stone 2756:Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library 2549:Roger Bacon's Cipher: The Right Key Found 1968:Learn how and when to remove this message 1776: 1589:Timeline of Voynich manuscript ownership 1518:Beckx's private library was moved to the 1447:, and the sum of 600 ducats is 67.5 1153:Contains circular diagrams suggestive of 480:Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library 41:Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library 9079:"Voynich manuscript character navigator" 8997:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 8980: 8837: 8531: 8492: 8258: 7829: 7767: 7671:"Codex Seraphinianus: Some Observations" 7542:Ouellette, Jennifer (9 September 2024). 7489:. Agence France-Presse. 21 August 2016. 7271: 7224: 7123: 7088: 7057: 7026: 6957: 6551: 6391:Daniel, Gaskell; Claire, Bowern (2022). 6097: 5763:Nationalism and language reform in China 5728:Neidhart, Christoph (13 November 2002). 5727: 5170: 5049: 4619: 4030: 3858: 3744: 3621: 3512:"17th Century letters related to the MS" 3210:Steindl, Klaus; Sulzer, Andreas (2011). 2411: 2403: 2310: 2298: 2194:Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis 2004: 1898: 1844: 1796: 1742: 1719: 1690: 1644: 1616: 1570: 1477: 1307: 1292: 1234: 1122: 1110: 1098: 928: 776: 764: 363: 352: 9233:"The mystery of the Voynich manuscript" 9091:"Skeptoid #252: The Voynich Manuscript" 9085: 8938: 8921: 8899: 8602: 8473: 8389: 8371:Kennedy, Gerry; Churchill, Rob (2004). 8235:. Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press. 7860: 7798: 7600: 7569: 7452: 7427: 6876: 6442: 5760: 5606: 5546: 5456:. University of Toronto Press. p. 5447: 5325:. Gregorian Archives. 22 October 2016. 5110: 4587: 3671:Schmeh, Klaus (January–February 2011). 3558: 3552: 3547: 3534: 3463: 3338: 3282: 2547:In 1943, Joseph Martin Feely published 2408:Script invented by Hildegard von Bingen 2244:to conjecture that the text could be a 2229: 1185:, roughly February and January), while 937: 686:or some other copper-chlorine compound. 474:, etc. Since 1969, it has been held in 27:15th century codex in an unknown script 14: 9336: 9110: 8756: 8662: 8593: 8216:from the original on 27 September 2020 8163:The World's Most Mysterious Manuscript 8096: 7891: 7334:"Statement re: Voynich research paper" 7297: 7295: 7161: 7008:from the original on 28 September 2021 6910:Voynich Manuscript: Update and Q&A 6667:from the original on 11 September 2017 6654: 6636:from the original on 12 September 2017 6603:from the original on 11 September 2017 6511: 5970:from the original on 25 September 2015 5659:from the original on 12 September 2016 5555: 5525: 5516: 5386: 5352: 5171:Ensanian, Berj N. (27 February 2007). 5137: 5113:"The Marci letter found inside the VM" 5073: 5024: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4902:from the original on 26 September 2021 4772: 4733: 4727: 4490: 4454:Reddy, Sravana; Knight, Kevin (2011). 4382: 4351: 4320: 4289: 4258: 4235:"Books once owned by Jacobus Horčický" 4206: 4200: 3988: 3903: 3819:from the original on 27 September 2020 3685:from the original on 16 September 2018 3670: 3651: 3646: 3583: 3438: 3382: 3380: 3246: 3233: 3194: 2936:Between 1976 and 1978, Italian artist 2581: 2542: 2465: 1894: 1312:Voynich among his books in Soho Square 664:with minor traces of the copper oxide 9181:"Voynich manuscript discussion forum" 8908: 8862: 8698: 8273:from the original on 23 December 2014 8183: 8063: 8051:from the original on 29 November 2014 7922: 7651:from the original on 10 November 2012 7523:from the original on 13 November 2017 6836:from the original on 4 November 2021. 6655:Newitz, Annalee (10 September 2017). 6621: 6590: 6471:"William Romaine Newbold (1865–1926)" 6238:from the original on 11 November 2006 6192: 6112:from the original on 23 December 2014 5991: 5824: 5805: 5742:from the original on 23 December 2019 5738:(interview) (in German). Zürich, CH. 5633: 5528:"Athanasius Kircher – the VM in Rome" 5429:from the original on 15 February 2018 4869: 4824:from the original on 2 September 2021 4760:from the original on 29 November 2021 4715:from the original on 29 November 2014 4522:Zandbergen, René (26 December 2015). 4435:from the original on 29 November 2014 4416: 4302:from the original on 16 December 2017 4129: 4108:from the original on 11 February 2018 4026: 4024: 3894: 3892: 3871:Gerry Kennedy, Rob Churchill (2004). 3522:from the original on 14 November 2017 3451:from the original on 11 February 2018 2775: 812: 773:, showing characteristics of the text 607:(PLM), it has been determined that a 9199:Whitfield, John (17 December 2003). 9135:"Voynich manuscript mailing list HQ" 8767: 8320: 8308:from the original on 10 January 2023 8285: 7904:from the original on 13 October 2013 7780:from the original on 21 October 2016 7735:Griffiths, Paul (18 November 2001). 7677:from the original on 28 January 2020 7673:. Bulgaria: Bas. 29 September 2004. 7582:from the original on 13 January 2020 7461:from the original on 22 October 2016 7396: 7140:from the original on 13 January 2021 7105:from the original on 13 January 2021 7070:from the original on 13 January 2021 7027:Cheshire, Gerard E. (January 2020). 6826:"Voynich Manuscript Revealed (2018)" 6806:from the original on 13 January 2021 6774:from the original on 28 January 2018 6729:from the original on 27 January 2018 6699:from the original on 3 February 2018 6591:Gibbs, Nicholas (5 September 2017). 6499: 6413:from the original on 10 January 2023 6281:from the original on 2 February 2020 6168:"Replicating the Voynich Manuscript" 5644: 5483: 5329:from the original on 25 October 2017 5303:from the original on 10 January 2023 5280: 5259:from the original on 13 January 2019 4569:from the original on 12 January 2022 4215:from the original on 29 October 2018 4209:"Evidence of text retouching of f1r" 4068:from the original on 28 January 2020 4009:from the original on 2 February 2020 3920:from the original on 10 January 2019 3386: 3261:from the original on 17 January 2012 3020:was also discussed in the 2017 book 2975:For the 500th strip of the webcomic 2558: 2219:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 2033:in the 1460s and included the later 1917: 1443:The "Dr. Raphael" is believed to be 617:energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy 202:Unknown; possibly an invented script 114:Unknown; suggested (amongst others): 9166: 9104: 8838:Casanova, Antoine (19 March 1999). 8787:Violat-Bordonau, Francisco (2006). 8757:Hermes, Jürgen (14 February 2012). 8734:"The Mysterious Voynich Manuscript" 8564: 8111:from the original on 15 August 2019 7955: 7768:Amarante, Joe (23 September 2016). 7493:from the original on 23 August 2016 7302:Ouellette, Jennifer (15 May 2019). 7292: 6557: 6269:Hogenboom, Melissa (22 June 2013). 6226:D'Agnese, Joseph (September 2004). 5887: 5564:from the original on 23 August 2013 5558:"More about Dr. Raphael Mnishowsky" 5556:Hurych, Jan B. (20 December 2007). 5534:from the original on 23 August 2013 5037:from the original on 7 October 2000 4984:from the original on 17 August 2019 4929: 4552: 4503:from the original on 17 August 2019 4395:from the original on 17 August 2019 4364:from the original on 17 August 2019 4333:from the original on 17 August 2019 4188:from the original on 17 August 2019 4055: 3995:Hogenboom, Melissa (21 June 2013). 3616: 3571:from the original on 14 August 2019 3377: 3247:Stolte, Daniel (10 February 2011). 2363:, published findings claiming that 2089: 2071:, is very old and was described by 1792: 1664:, the book had once been bought by 1333:report contains no such statement. 660:The blue paint proved to be ground 639:, potassium hydrogen sulphate, and 368:Retouching of drawing on page 131; 229:sections and a section with recipes 24: 9354:Scientific illuminated manuscripts 9145: 8967: 8909:Manly, John Matthews (July 1921). 8692: 8552:from the original on 18 March 2024 8358:from the original on 18 March 2024 8259:Grossman, Lisa (3 February 2014). 8097:Barabe, Joseph G. (1 April 2009). 7873:from the original on 2 August 2013 7811:from the original on 2 August 2013 7749:from the original on 23 April 2016 7570:Tronaru, Doinel (26 August 2016). 7453:Dunavin, Davis (14 October 2016). 7272:Cheshire, Gerard (December 2018). 7058:Cheshire, Gerard E. (April 2020). 6622:Zhang, Sarah (10 September 2017). 6593:"Voynich manuscript: the solution" 6477:. 6 September 1926. Archived from 6207:from the original on 23 April 2016 6098:Grossman, Lisa (3 February 2014). 5504:from the original on 18 March 2024 5250: 5179:from the original on 12 March 2018 5111:Jackson, David (23 January 2015). 5074:Stolte, Daniel (9 February 2011). 4157:from the original on 4 August 2019 4033:The Codebreakers of Bletchley Park 4021: 3976:from the original on 29 March 2022 3942:. Beinecke Library. Archived from 3889: 2689: 2416:Detail of the nymphs on page 141; 1433:At the command of your Reverence, 25: 9380: 9154: 9132: 9122:"Voynich manuscript bibliography" 9119: 8948: 8922:Voynich, Wilfrid Michael (1921). 8917:. No. 143. pp. 186–197. 8900:Newbold, William Romaine (1928). 8247:(Books Express Publishing, 2011, 7968:from the original on 15 July 2018 7737:"A Metaphor, Powerful and Poetic" 7603:"L'enciclopedia dell'altro mondo" 7601:Corrias, Pino (5 February 2006). 7378:from the original on 16 June 2019 7124:Cheshire, Gerard E. (June 2020). 7089:Cheshire, Gerard E. (June 2020). 6889:from the original on 14 July 2020 6858:from the original on 14 July 2020 6451:from the original on 23 June 2016 6443:Pelling, Nick (19 January 2012). 6004:from the original on 4 March 2016 5938:from the original on 4 March 2016 5869:from the original on 15 June 2016 5645:Vogt, Elmar (22 September 2009). 5365:from the original on 10 June 2016 5152:from the original on 29 July 2019 4271:from the original on 27 July 2017 2704:Maria of Castile, Queen of Aragon 2626: 2197:or Badianus manuscript, an Aztec 2083:can be arbitrarily hard to find. 1824: 1436:Joannes Marcus Marci of Cronland 1253:medieval or early modern medicine 493:, including American and British 8979: 8603:Tiltman, John H. (Summer 1967). 8064:Banks, Michael J. (5 May 2008). 7949: 7916: 7892:Schmeh, Klaus (11 August 2013). 7885: 7854: 7830:Kleefeld, Sean (3 August 2013). 7823: 7799:Knörzer, Oliver (29 July 2013). 7792: 7761: 7728: 7689: 7663: 7633: 7621:from the original on 9 July 2017 7594: 7563: 7535: 7519:(in Spanish). 11 November 2017. 7505: 7473: 7446: 7421: 7409:from the original on 17 May 2019 7390: 7360: 7348:from the original on 21 May 2019 7326: 7314:from the original on 17 May 2019 7280:from the original on 8 June 2021 7265: 7243: 7218: 7206:from the original on 16 May 2019 7176:from the original on 16 May 2019 7117: 7082: 7051: 7039:from the original on 30 May 2023 7020: 6951: 6921: 6901: 6870: 6840: 6818: 6786: 6741: 6711: 6679: 6648: 6615: 6584: 6572:from the original on 21 May 2016 6516: 6505: 6493: 6463: 6425: 6384: 6349: 6193:McKie, Robin (25 January 2004). 6165: 6147:from the original on 7 July 2022 5906:from the original on 21 May 2016 5615:from the original on 6 July 2016 5607:Pelling, Nick (27 August 2009). 5420: 5223: 5138:Knight, Kevin (September 2009). 4976:Zandbergen, René (17 May 2016). 4851:from the original on 13 May 2021 4534:from the original on 2 June 2016 4176:Zandbergen, René (27 May 2016). 4145:Zandbergen, René (11 May 2016). 4096:Zandbergen, René (11 May 2016). 3510:Zandbergen, René (19 May 2016). 3339:Tiltman, John H. (Summer 1967). 2953:Contemporary classical composer 2061: 1922: 1640: 1485:acquired the manuscript in 1912. 1094: 908: 896: 884: 872: 828:" is found in the bottom margin. 391:on which it is written has been 53:A floral illustration on page 32 47: 8701:"Secret knowledge – or a hoax?" 8666:The Complete Voynich Manuscript 8474:Pelling, Nicholas John (2006). 7983: 7801:"[500] The Book Of Woo" 6535:in the Ukrainian context]. 6314: 6293: 6262: 6250: 6219: 6186: 6159: 6124: 6091: 6079:from the original on 5 May 2016 6058: 5992:Rigby, Nic (18 February 2014). 5950: 5918: 5888:Bax, Stephen (1 January 2014). 5881: 5851: 5827:"Again, the Voynich manuscript" 5732:[The big puzzle-book]. 5638: 5627: 5576: 5477: 5441: 5414: 5390:The Complete Voynich Manuscript 5315: 5067: 4734:Miller, Greg (20 August 2021). 4613: 4581: 4515: 4484: 4447: 4417:Reeds, Jim (7 September 1994). 4376: 4345: 4314: 4283: 4252: 4227: 4169: 4049: 3958: 3864: 3171: 3162: 2726:, Davis gave this explanation: 2647: 2598:In 1978, John Stojko published 2526:markings. Although evidence of 2307:, of the pharmaceutical section 1819:Bellicorum instrumentorum liber 1495:Pontifical Gregorian University 9241:. 21 June 2004. Archived from 8699:Duffy, Eamon (20 April 2017). 7861:Pelling, Nick (29 July 2013). 7428:Clemens, Raymond, ed. (2016). 7162:Addley, Esther (16 May 2019). 6877:Bracher, Jane (15 June 2018). 6523:Русина , Олена (2011–2014). 5526:Hurych, Jan B. (15 May 2009). 4465:. pp. 1–9. Archived from 4292:"Notes on f116v's Michitonese" 4207:Stolfi, Jorge (22 July 2004). 4098:"The origin of the Voynich MS" 3146: 2961:is inspired by the manuscript. 2672: 2613: 2593: 2399: 1559:and daughter of mathematician 1336:The first confirmed owner was 996:Records of the Grand Historian 564:Parchment, covers, and binding 528: 466:The manuscript is named after 13: 1: 9268:& Andreas Sulzer (2011). 8819:Pérez-Ruiz, Mario M. (2003). 8789:El ABC del Manuscrito Voynich 8161:Brumbaugh, Robert S. (1978). 7397:Cork, Tristan (17 May 2019). 7225:Cheshire, Gerard (May 2023). 6981:10.1080/02639904.2019.1599566 6597:The Times Literary Supplement 6558:Bax, Stephen (January 2014). 6370:10.1080/01611194.2019.1596999 6335:10.1080/01611194.2016.1206753 6257:Montemurro & Zanette 2013 6055: (archived 27 March 2014) 4951:"Voynich Information Browser" 4949:Schwerdtfeger, Elias (2004). 4178:"About the binding of the MS" 3561:"New Atlantis Voynich Theory" 3134: 2745: 1666:Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor 1426:. He believed the author was 1300:, who sent the manuscript to 1173:, a hunter with crossbow for 1165:constellations (two fish for 967:Pennsylvania State University 850:phrase for 'a widow's share'. 708: 533: 260:Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor 9043:"Voynich Manuscript Voyager" 9020:. Digital collection of the 8706:The New York Review of Books 8646:(100): 70–75. Archived from 8448:10.1371/journal.pone.0066344 8209:. National Security Agency. 8155:Codex Seraphinianus+base 21. 7723:Codex Seraphinianus+base 21. 6432:Kennedy & Churchill 2004 6034:(100): 70–75. Archived from 5584:Unraveling the Voynich codex 5006:Kennedy & Churchill 2011 4843:Currier, PH; Zandbergen, R. 4798:Annual Review of Linguistics 4638:– quoted by D'Imperio (1978) 4553:Day, Michael (24 May 2011). 4261:"Voynich Manuscript: Months" 4132:The New York Review of Books 3709:Kennedy & Churchill 2004 3681:. Vol. 35, no. 1. 3188: 3118:Undeciphered writing systems 2966:New Haven Symphony Orchestra 2921: 2904: 2887: 2870: 2852: 2835: 2818: 2801: 2788: 2334:In 2003, computer scientist 2052: 1473:Jacobus Horcicky de Tepenecz 1414:Dr. Raphael, a tutor in the 654:scanning electron microscopy 7: 9364:Works of unknown authorship 8804:. New York, NY: Doubleday. 6170:. UK: Keele. Archived from 6141:nahuatlstudies.blogspot.com 3050: 2718:Medieval Academy of America 2638:Medieval Academy of America 1948:the claims made and adding 1499:Victor Emmanuel II of Italy 1445:Raphael Sobiehrd-Mnishovsky 987: 635:(XRD) identified potassium 10: 9385: 8598:. New York: Vantage Press. 8124:Berloquin, Pierre (2008). 7696:Berloquin, Pierre (2008). 7614:(in Italian). p. 39. 6935:. May 2019. Archived from 6475:University of Pennsylvania 6046:– via archive.today. 5863:University of Bedfordshire 5697:10.1016/j.asoc.2023.110217 5609:"Voynich cipher structure" 4870:Davis, Lisa Fagin (2020). 4426:AT&T Bell Laboratories 3441:"Origin of the manuscript" 2791: 2501:four hundred years before 2484:University of Pennsylvania 2442:Kennedy and Churchill use 2233: 2182:University of Bedfordshire 1980: 1439:Prague, 19th August, 1665 1374:claimed to have deciphered 1288: 1230: 1211:Pharmaceutical, 34 folios: 605:polarized light microscopy 8915:Harper's Monthly Magazine 8902:The Cipher of Roger Bacon 8509:10.1080/01611190601133539 8406:10.1080/0161-110191889932 8295:CEUR Workshop Proceedings 8167:Weidenfeld & Nicolson 8027:10.1080/01611190601133539 7704:. Sterling. p. 300. 7432:. Yale University Press. 7148:– via academia.edu. 7113:– via academia.edu. 7078:– via academia.edu. 7047:– via academia.edu. 6958:Cheshire, Gerard (2019). 6537:Harvard Ukrainian Studies 6400:CEUR Workshop Proceedings 5290:CEUR Workshop Proceedings 5096:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4753:10.1146/knowable-081921-1 4691:10.1080/01611190601133539 4031:Turing =, Dermot (2020). 3559:SantaColoma, H. Richard. 3299:10.1080/0161-110191889932 2762:, with scholarly essays. 2658:computational linguistics 2209:and the text represented 1316:Much of the book's early 1193:Balneological, 20 folios: 1107:section of the manuscript 343: 335: 249: 241: 233: 206: 198: 186: 173: 165: 155: 142:Antonio Averlino Filarete 110: 95: 84: 76: 66: 58: 46: 39: 34: 9344:15th-century manuscripts 9302:"The Voynich Manuscript" 9264:written and directed by 9111:Zandbergen, René (ed.). 9015:"The Voynich Manuscript" 7923:Bauer, Craig P. (2017). 6913:(video). 1 August 2019. 6529:в українському контексті 6524: 5825:Child, James R. (2007). 5484:Long, Pamela O. (2001). 5140:"The Voynich manuscript" 4290:Palmer, Sean B. (2004). 4259:Palmer, Sean B. (2004). 3810:National Security Agency 3356:National Security Agency 3139: 2361:University of Manchester 2175:National Security Agency 2166:generally have only one 1251:or to address topics in 1200:Cosmological, 13 folios: 1151:Astronomical, 21 folios: 693:with the crystal phases 646: 546:pages collected into 18 9369:Yale University Library 9349:History of cryptography 8532:Schuster, John (2009). 6228:"Scientific Method Man" 5253:"El Manuscrito Voynich" 3745:Schuster, John (2009). 2480:William Romaine Newbold 2474:William Romaine Newbold 2437:stream of consciousness 2427:(speaking-in-tongues), 2294: 1020:University of São Paulo 760: 9193:News and documentaries 9033:The Voynich Manuscript 8975: 8955:Listen to this article 8768:Foti, Claudio (2010). 8373:The Voynich Manuscript 7898:Klausis Krypto Kolumne 7576:Adevarul (in Romanian) 7430:The Voynich Manuscript 5684:Applied Soft Computing 5448:Bolzoni, Lina (2001). 3873:The Voynich Manuscript 3518:. Voynich manuscript. 3003:Klausis Krypto Kolumne 2760:The Voynich Manuscript 2739: 2686:was rejected in 2019. 2574:, whose works include 2420: 2409: 2323: 2308: 2280:Philosophical Language 2271: 2236:Philosophical language 2213:, the language of the 2027:Polyalphabetic ciphers 2010: 1998:cryptographers led by 1908: 1850: 1802: 1777:Fabrication by Voynich 1751: 1738:Elizabeth I of England 1729: 1699: 1657: 1553:, author of the novel 1486: 1441: 1313: 1305: 1244: 1132: 1120: 1108: 1039: 979: 973:The things we know as 934: 842: 786: 774: 719:University of Campinas 598: 372: 361: 285:(Joannes Marcus Marci) 9245:on 10 September 2005. 9167:Pelling, Nick (ed.). 9146:Stolfi, Jorge (ed.). 8974: 8939:Levitov, Leo (1987). 8821:El Manuscrito Voynich 8612:NSA Technical Journal 8594:Stojko, John (1978). 8375:. London, UK: Orion. 8286:Guzy, Stefan (2022). 8186:NSA Technical Journal 8132:. Sterling. pp. 7641:"Codex Seraphinianus" 7342:University of Bristol 5808:NSA Technical Journal 5281:Guzy, Stefan (2022). 5251:Santos, Marcelo dos. 4888:10.1353/mns.2020.0011 4609:on 28 September 2018. 3348:NSA Technical Journal 3005:of cryptology expert 2989:and discussed in the 2957:'s 1995 chamber work 2736:L. Fagin Davis (2019) 2728: 2696:University of Bristol 2654:University of Alberta 2515:University of Chicago 2415: 2407: 2314: 2302: 2254: 2150:, etc.) and possibly 2008: 1902: 1848: 1800: 1746: 1723: 1694: 1648: 1617:Authorship hypotheses 1571:Timeline of ownership 1481: 1401: 1322:University of Arizona 1311: 1296: 1238: 1126: 1119:; resembling a dragon 1114: 1102: 1063:polyalphabetic cipher 1034: 971: 944:are considered unique 932: 903:f116v ("Michitonese") 780: 768: 574:University of Arizona 367: 356: 9216:10.1038/news031215-5 9155:Bloem, Peter (ed.). 9006:More spoken articles 8663:Winter, Jay (2015). 8581:on 11 September 2013 8565:Shailor, Barbara A. 8478:. Compelling Press. 8321:Kahn, David (1967). 7962:www.sandraandwoo.com 6854:. 21 February 2019. 6832:. 22 February 2018. 6767:10.1162/tacl_a_00084 6692:Smithsonian Magazine 6473:. Penn Biographies. 6137:written in Nahuatl?" 6049:alternate PDF source 5966:. 20 February 2014. 5934:. 18 February 2014. 5865:. 14 February 2014. 5472:Secretum de Thesauro 5387:Winter, Jay (2015). 4588:Vonfelt, S. (2014). 3966:"Voynich Manuscript" 3940:"Voynich Manuscript" 3041:constructed language 2621:Egyptian hieroglyphs 2600:Letters to God's Eye 2444:Hildegard von Bingen 2246:constructed language 2230:Constructed language 2098:. For instance, the 2015:substitution ciphers 2002:in the early 1950s. 1717:if not Roger Bacon. 1378:Egyptian hieroglyphs 1298:Joannes Marcus Marci 1127:Detail of page 158, 1089:Zipfian distribution 938:Statistical patterns 472:astrological symbols 409:constructed language 105:constructed language 9238:Scientific American 8849:Université de Paris 8439:2013PLoSO...866344M 8019:2013PLoSO...867310A 7229:. Gerard Cheshire. 7031:Andromeda polifolia 6802:. 24 January 2018. 6725:. 27 January 2018. 6695:. 31 January 2018. 6068:(14 January 2014). 4683:2013PLoSO...867310A 4621:Friedman, Elizebeth 4062:ciphermysteries.com 3083:Codex Seraphinianus 2943:Codex Seraphinianus 2770:multispectral scans 2582:Robert S. Brumbaugh 2553:substitution cipher 2543:Joseph Martin Feely 2511:John Matthews Manly 2499:compound microscope 2466:Decipherment claims 2242:William F. Friedman 2073:Johannes Trithemius 2000:William F. Friedman 1895:Language hypotheses 1463:for the sum of 600 1221:Recipes, 22 folios: 1141:Herbal, 112 folios: 1115:Detail of page 50, 1059:substitution cipher 975:grammatical markers 916:William F. Friedman 713:Computer scientist 577:(i.e., it is not a 521:were unsuccessful. 461:speculative fiction 419:, or other form of 397:Italian Renaissance 9321:Unknown parameter 9276:New York Festivals 9259:(blog). July 2013. 9169:"Voynich theories" 9133:Reeds, Jim (ed.). 9120:Reeds, Jim (ed.). 9018:(.tiff; jpeg; pdf) 8976: 8650:on 22 January 2014 8625:on 18 October 2011 8075:University of York 7774:New Haven Register 7742:The New York Times 7093:Erodium malacoides 6533:Voynich manuscript 6502:, pp. 867–869 6135:Voynich manuscript 6038:on 22 January 2014 5353:Zandbergen, René. 5119:on 28 January 2020 5063:on 5 January 2012. 5025:Zandbergen, René. 4636:. pp. E1, E5. 4491:Zandbergen, René. 4383:Zandbergen, René. 4352:Zandbergen, René. 4321:Zandbergen, René. 4058:"Voynich theories" 3946:on 13 January 2013 3678:Skeptical Inquirer 3484:on 26 January 2009 3439:Zandbergen, René. 3389:, pp. 870–871 3365:on 18 October 2011 3098:Fictional language 2893:The Sword of Moses 2776:Cultural influence 2768:In September 2024 2421: 2410: 2324: 2309: 2289:fusional languages 2258:universal language 2023:homophonic ciphers 2011: 1933:possibly contains 1909: 1880:In his 2006 book, 1875:Raphael Mnishovsky 1869:Athanasius Kircher 1851: 1803: 1752: 1730: 1700: 1662:Raphael Mnishovsky 1658: 1487: 1457:actual gold weight 1394:Charles University 1358:Athanasius Kircher 1330:McCrone Associates 1314: 1306: 1302:Athanasius Kircher 1245: 1133: 1121: 1109: 1103:A detail from the 1013:Elizebeth Friedman 935: 813:Extraneous writing 787: 775: 515:Elizebeth Friedman 379:is an illustrated 377:Voynich manuscript 373: 362: 299:Athanasius Kircher 293:Charles University 275:Athanasius Kircher 139:Raphael Mnishovsky 135:Athanasius Kircher 99:Unknown; possibly 88:Unknown; possibly 35:Voynich manuscript 18:Voynich Manuscript 9062:on 15 August 2015 8972: 8830:978-84-7556-216-2 8811:978-0-7679-1473-4 8779:978-88-89713-17-4 8770:Il Codice Voynich 8676:978-1-329-60774-3 8567:"Beinecke MS 408" 8545:978-1-4299-5919-3 8485:978-0-9553160-0-5 8382:978-0-7528-5996-5 8351:978-1-59477-854-4 8253:978-1-78039-009-3 8242:978-0-89412-038-1 8176:978-0-8093-0808-8 8143:978-1-4027-2833-4 8073:(M.Eng. thesis). 7956:Knörzer, Oliver. 7934:978-0-691-16767-1 7842:on 21 August 2014 7711:978-1-4027-2833-4 7439:978-0-300-21723-0 7338:www.bristol.ac.uk 7236:978-1-399-95499-0 7062:Paris quadrifolia 6799:The National Post 6174:on 23 August 2016 5861:(Press release). 5593:978-3-319-77293-6 5497:978-0-8018-6606-7 5467:978-0-8020-4330-6 5400:978-1-329-60774-3 4743:Knowable Magazine 4623:(5 August 1962). 4472:on 26 August 2011 4428:. pp. 1–23. 4042:978-1-78950-621-1 3875:. London: Orion. 3843:978-1-78039-009-3 3835:978-0-89412-038-1 3758:978-1-4299-5919-3 3478:Hurontaria.baf.cz 3415:on 7 October 2011 3063:Automatic writing 2933: 2932: 2918:Mircea Cartarescu 2859:The Doomsday Code 2684:Digital Philology 2564:Leonell C. Strong 2559:Leonell C. Strong 2365:semantic networks 2096:natural languages 2029:were invented by 1978: 1977: 1970: 1935:original research 1614: 1613: 1532:Ghislieri College 1416:Bohemian language 1372:) dictionary and 1340:, a 17th-century 1326:radiocarbon dated 1283:classical planets 1052:Reasonator search 858:Iberian Peninsula 826:Jacobj à Tepenecz 673:calcium carbonate 633:X-ray diffraction 627:and calcium with 570:radiocarbon dated 351: 350: 16:(Redirected from 9376: 9330: 9324: 9319: 9317: 9309: 9297: 9283: 9282:on 9 March 2012. 9266:Klaus T. Steindl 9260: 9246: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9218: 9188: 9176: 9173:Cipher Mysteries 9163: 9161: 9151: 9142: 9129: 9116: 9105:Analyst websites 9100: 9089:(5 April 2011). 9082: 9074: 9069: 9067: 9058:. Archived from 9050: 9037:Internet Archive 9029: 9019: 8996: 8994: 8983: 8982: 8973: 8963: 8961: 8956: 8944: 8935: 8918: 8905: 8896: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8847:(Ph.D. thesis). 8846: 8834: 8815: 8803: 8792: 8783: 8764: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8744:on 27 April 2018 8738:Skeptic Magazine 8730:Stollznow, Karen 8725: 8723: 8721: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8624: 8609: 8599: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8577:. Archived from 8561: 8559: 8557: 8535:Haunting Museums 8528: 8489: 8470: 8460: 8450: 8417: 8386: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8334: 8328: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8307: 8292: 8282: 8280: 8278: 8246: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8215: 8208: 8193: 8180: 8157: 8152: 8150: 8131: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8110: 8103: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8083: 8077:. Archived from 8072: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8038: 8012: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7920: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7889: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7867:Cipher Mysteries 7858: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7838:. Archived from 7827: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7765: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7754: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7718: 7703: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7620: 7607: 7598: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7517:burgosconecta.es 7509: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7394: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7299: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7159: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7128:Crepis vesicaria 7121: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7013: 7007: 6992: 6964: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6769: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6571: 6564: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6520: 6514: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6481:on 19 April 2016 6467: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6440: 6434: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6412: 6397: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6266: 6260: 6259:, p. e66344 6254: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6073:Cipher Mysteries 6062: 6056: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6023: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 5989: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5905: 5894: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5838: 5832:. Archived from 5831: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5803: 5794: 5793: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5709: 5699: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5658: 5651: 5642: 5636: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5553: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5523: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5455: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5384: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5350: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5302: 5287: 5278: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5232:on 15 March 2016 5228:. Archived from 5221: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5201:. Archived from 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5151: 5144: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5115:. Archived from 5108: 5102: 5101: 5095: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5059:. Archived from 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5022: 5009: 5003: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4978:"Rosettes folio" 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4953:. Archived from 4946: 4927: 4926: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4789: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4755: 4739: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4702: 4676: 4652: 4639: 4637: 4629: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4602:. Archived from 4594: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4558: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4471: 4460: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4434: 4423: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4127: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4093: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4028: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3916:. Yale Library. 3915: 3907: 3901: 3896: 3887: 3886: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3845: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3818: 3807: 3793: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3748:Haunting Museums 3742: 3711: 3706: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3668: 3649: 3644: 3619: 3614: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3565:Santa-coloma.net 3556: 3550: 3545: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3507: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3480:. Archived from 3470: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3436: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3411:. Archived from 3401: 3390: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3364: 3358:. Archived from 3345: 3336: 3311: 3310: 3280: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3244: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3220: 3214:. Archived from 3207: 3182: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3160: 3150: 3034: 3015: 2991:Cipher Mysteries 2955:Hanspeter Kyburz 2910:The Book of Life 2901:Deborah Harkness 2783: 2782: 2737: 2588:Robert Brumbaugh 2090:Natural language 1990:of some sort—an 1973: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1953: 1950:inline citations 1926: 1925: 1918: 1886:Antonio Averlino 1866: 1832:Jacobus Sinapius 1807:Giovanni Fontana 1793:Giovanni Fontana 1635:Giovanni Fontana 1586: 1585: 1528:Society of Jesus 1520:Villa Mondragone 1364:had published a 1055: 992: 984:Mandarin Chinese 924:machine readable 900: 888: 876: 845: 511:William Friedman 507:Prescott Currier 431:(i.e. folkloric 405:natural language 322:Hans Peter Kraus 304:Pieter Jan Beckx 265:Jakub of Tepenec 145:Cornelis Drebbel 130:Jakub of Tepenec 51: 32: 31: 21: 9384: 9383: 9379: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9374: 9373: 9334: 9333: 9322: 9320: 9311: 9310: 9300: 9286: 9263: 9249: 9231: 9221: 9219: 9195: 9179: 9159: 9107: 9077: 9065: 9063: 9054: 9047:jasondavies.com 9041: 9026:Yale University 9017: 9013: 9010: 9009: 8998: 8992: 8990: 8987:This audio file 8984: 8977: 8968: 8965: 8959: 8958: 8954: 8951: 8877:10.2307/2848508 8853: 8851: 8844: 8831: 8812: 8780: 8747: 8745: 8719: 8717: 8695: 8693:Further reading 8690: 8681: 8679: 8677: 8653: 8651: 8628: 8626: 8622: 8607: 8584: 8582: 8575:Yale University 8555: 8553: 8546: 8486: 8383: 8361: 8359: 8352: 8311: 8309: 8305: 8290: 8276: 8274: 8243: 8229:D'Imperio, M.E. 8227: 8219: 8217: 8213: 8206: 8198:D'Imperio, M.E. 8177: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8114: 8112: 8108: 8101: 8087: 8085: 8084:on 5 March 2012 8081: 8070: 8054: 8052: 7986: 7981: 7971: 7969: 7954: 7950: 7935: 7921: 7917: 7907: 7905: 7890: 7886: 7876: 7874: 7859: 7855: 7845: 7843: 7828: 7824: 7814: 7812: 7797: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7766: 7762: 7752: 7750: 7733: 7729: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7694: 7690: 7680: 7678: 7669: 7668: 7664: 7654: 7652: 7639: 7638: 7634: 7624: 7622: 7618: 7605: 7599: 7595: 7585: 7583: 7568: 7564: 7554: 7552: 7540: 7536: 7526: 7524: 7511: 7510: 7506: 7496: 7494: 7479: 7478: 7474: 7464: 7462: 7451: 7447: 7440: 7426: 7422: 7412: 7410: 7395: 7391: 7381: 7379: 7374:. 17 May 2019. 7366: 7365: 7361: 7351: 7349: 7332: 7331: 7327: 7317: 7315: 7300: 7293: 7283: 7281: 7270: 7266: 7256: 7254: 7249: 7248: 7244: 7237: 7223: 7219: 7209: 7207: 7202:. 16 May 2019. 7194: 7193: 7189: 7179: 7177: 7160: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7122: 7118: 7108: 7106: 7087: 7083: 7073: 7071: 7056: 7052: 7042: 7040: 7025: 7021: 7011: 7009: 7005: 6968:Romance Studies 6962: 6956: 6952: 6942: 6940: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6907: 6906: 6902: 6892: 6890: 6875: 6871: 6861: 6859: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6824: 6823: 6819: 6809: 6807: 6792: 6791: 6787: 6777: 6775: 6746: 6742: 6732: 6730: 6723:The Independent 6717: 6716: 6712: 6702: 6700: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6670: 6668: 6653: 6649: 6639: 6637: 6620: 6616: 6606: 6604: 6589: 6585: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6562: 6556: 6552: 6530: 6527:Рукопис Войнича 6521: 6517: 6510: 6506: 6498: 6494: 6484: 6482: 6469: 6468: 6464: 6454: 6452: 6441: 6437: 6430: 6426: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6395: 6389: 6385: 6354: 6350: 6319: 6315: 6298: 6294: 6284: 6282: 6267: 6263: 6255: 6251: 6241: 6239: 6224: 6220: 6210: 6208: 6191: 6187: 6177: 6175: 6164: 6160: 6150: 6148: 6129: 6125: 6115: 6113: 6096: 6092: 6082: 6080: 6063: 6059: 6053:Wayback Machine 6041: 6039: 6024: 6017: 6007: 6005: 5990: 5983: 5973: 5971: 5963:The Independent 5956: 5955: 5951: 5941: 5939: 5931:BBC News Online 5924: 5923: 5919: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5892: 5886: 5882: 5872: 5870: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5842: 5840: 5839:on 16 June 2009 5836: 5829: 5823: 5819: 5804: 5797: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5676: 5672: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5628: 5618: 5616: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5554: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5524: 5517: 5507: 5505: 5498: 5482: 5478: 5468: 5446: 5442: 5432: 5430: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5385: 5378: 5368: 5366: 5351: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5285: 5279: 5272: 5262: 5260: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5233: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5199:"Beinecke 408A" 5197: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5169: 5165: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5136: 5132: 5122: 5120: 5109: 5105: 5089: 5088: 5081: 5079: 5072: 5068: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5023: 5012: 5004: 4997: 4987: 4985: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4957:on 26 July 2019 4947: 4930: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4903: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4825: 4790: 4773: 4763: 4761: 4732: 4728: 4718: 4716: 4653: 4642: 4633:Washington Post 4627: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4592: 4586: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4458: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4421: 4415: 4408: 4398: 4396: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4288: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4257: 4253: 4243: 4241: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4158: 4143: 4139: 4128: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4094: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4056:Pelling, Nick. 4054: 4050: 4043: 4029: 4022: 4012: 4010: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3890: 3883: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3848: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3805: 3797:D'Imperio, M.E. 3794: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3743: 3714: 3707: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3669: 3652: 3645: 3622: 3615: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3535: 3525: 3523: 3508: 3497: 3487: 3485: 3472: 3471: 3464: 3454: 3452: 3437: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3409:Voynich Central 3403: 3402: 3393: 3385: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3343: 3337: 3314: 3281: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3245: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3221:on 9 March 2012 3218: 3208: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3185: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3103:Oera Linda Book 3053: 3028: 3018:The Book of Woo 3009: 2983:The Book of Woo 2884:Dominic Selwood 2832:Scarlett Thomas 2778: 2748: 2738: 2735: 2692: 2690:Gerard Cheshire 2675: 2650: 2629: 2616: 2596: 2584: 2576:A Little Herbal 2561: 2545: 2532:Hebrew language 2503:van Leeuwenhoek 2476: 2468: 2402: 2393:Yale University 2370:Yale University 2297: 2238: 2232: 2092: 2064: 2055: 2035:Vigenère cipher 1983: 1974: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1939: 1927: 1923: 1897: 1867:once played on 1860: 1827: 1795: 1779: 1715:Albertus Magnus 1654:Hans von Aachen 1643: 1637:, and Voynich. 1619: 1610: 1608: 1573: 1543:Wilfrid Voynich 1539:Vatican Library 1491:Collegio Romano 1483:Wilfrid Voynich 1386:Jan Marek Marci 1362:Collegio Romano 1304:in 1665 or 1666 1291: 1268:maidenhair fern 1233: 1097: 1049: 940: 911: 904: 901: 892: 889: 880: 877: 815: 763: 711: 649: 601: 593:Collegio Romano 566: 536: 531: 505:. Codebreakers 484:digital library 476:Yale University 468:Wilfrid Voynich 449:science fantasy 423:, or perhaps a 331: 309:Wilfrid Voynich 283:Jan Marek Marci 250:Previously kept 234:Illumination(s) 151: 124:Wilfrid Voynich 85:Place of origin 54: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9382: 9372: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9332: 9331: 9298: 9296:. 25 May 2019. 9284: 9261: 9256:The New Yorker 9247: 9229: 9194: 9191: 9190: 9189: 9177: 9164: 9152: 9143: 9130: 9117: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9101: 9087:Dunning, Brian 9083: 9075: 9052: 9039: 9030: 8999: 8985: 8978: 8966: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8949:External links 8947: 8946: 8945: 8936: 8934:(43): 415–430. 8919: 8906: 8897: 8871:(3): 345–391. 8860: 8835: 8829: 8816: 8810: 8793: 8784: 8778: 8765: 8754: 8726: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8688: 8675: 8660: 8635: 8600: 8591: 8562: 8544: 8529: 8490: 8484: 8471: 8418: 8400:(4): 275–295. 8387: 8381: 8368: 8350: 8335: 8318: 8283: 8256: 8241: 8194: 8181: 8175: 8158: 8142: 8121: 8094: 8061: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7979: 7948: 7933: 7915: 7884: 7853: 7822: 7805:Sandra and Woo 7791: 7760: 7727: 7710: 7688: 7662: 7645:rec.arts.books 7632: 7593: 7562: 7534: 7504: 7472: 7457:. NPR – WSHU. 7445: 7438: 7420: 7389: 7359: 7325: 7291: 7264: 7242: 7235: 7217: 7187: 7151: 7116: 7081: 7050: 7019: 6950: 6939:on 15 May 2019 6920: 6900: 6869: 6839: 6817: 6785: 6740: 6710: 6678: 6647: 6614: 6583: 6550: 6515: 6504: 6492: 6462: 6435: 6424: 6383: 6348: 6329:(3): 247–268. 6313: 6292: 6261: 6249: 6218: 6185: 6166:Rugg, Gordon. 6158: 6123: 6090: 6057: 6015: 5981: 5949: 5917: 5897:StephenBax.net 5880: 5850: 5817: 5795: 5779:10.2307/409788 5773:(3): 439–445. 5753: 5720: 5670: 5637: 5626: 5599: 5592: 5575: 5545: 5515: 5496: 5476: 5466: 5440: 5421:Neal, Philip. 5413: 5399: 5376: 5340: 5314: 5270: 5255:(in Spanish). 5243: 5224:Neal, Philip. 5216: 5205:on 2 June 2016 5190: 5163: 5130: 5103: 5066: 5048: 5010: 5008:, pp. 12– 4995: 4968: 4928: 4913: 4862: 4835: 4804:(1): 285–308. 4771: 4726: 4640: 4612: 4580: 4545: 4514: 4483: 4446: 4406: 4375: 4344: 4313: 4282: 4251: 4239:www.voynich.nu 4226: 4199: 4168: 4137: 4119: 4079: 4048: 4041: 4020: 3987: 3957: 3931: 3902: 3899:Brumbaugh 1978 3888: 3882:978-0752859965 3881: 3863: 3846: 3771: 3757: 3712: 3696: 3650: 3620: 3582: 3551: 3533: 3495: 3462: 3426: 3391: 3376: 3312: 3293:(4): 275–295. 3272: 3232: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3170: 3161: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3093:False document 3090: 3088:Copiale cipher 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3058:Asemic writing 3054: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3026:Craig P. Bauer 2978:Sandra and Woo 2973: 2962: 2951: 2938:Luigi Serafini 2931: 2930: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2872: 2869: 2867:Linda Sue Park 2863: 2862: 2854: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2837: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2777: 2774: 2747: 2744: 2733: 2691: 2688: 2674: 2671: 2649: 2646: 2628: 2627:Nicholas Gibbs 2625: 2615: 2612: 2595: 2592: 2583: 2580: 2572:Anthony Ascham 2560: 2557: 2544: 2541: 2535:attributed to 2475: 2472: 2467: 2464: 2401: 2398: 2296: 2293: 2262:Bishop Wilkins 2231: 2228: 2108:Khojiki script 2091: 2088: 2063: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2047:Roman numerals 1982: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1930: 1928: 1921: 1896: 1893: 1858:Andreas Müller 1826: 1825:Other theories 1823: 1794: 1791: 1778: 1775: 1724:Mathematician 1697:Merton College 1652:, portrait by 1642: 1639: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1572: 1569: 1420:Emperor Rudolf 1290: 1287: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1218: 1208: 1197: 1190: 1148: 1096: 1093: 1075:Topic modeling 1047:Luke Lindemann 976: 939: 936: 910: 907: 906: 905: 902: 895: 893: 890: 883: 881: 878: 871: 868: 867: 861: 851: 835: 829: 814: 811: 762: 759: 710: 707: 703: 702: 687: 676: 669: 648: 645: 600: 597: 565: 562: 535: 532: 530: 527: 491:cryptographers 429:reference work 349: 348: 345: 341: 340: 337: 333: 332: 330: 329: 324: 319: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 286: 280: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 256:Unknown origin 253: 251: 247: 246: 243: 239: 238: 235: 231: 230: 227:pharmaceutical 208: 204: 203: 200: 196: 195: 188: 184: 183: 175: 171: 170: 167: 163: 162: 157: 153: 152: 150: 149: 148:Anthony Ascham 146: 143: 140: 137: 132: 127: 121: 115: 112: 108: 107: 97: 93: 92: 86: 82: 81: 78: 74: 73: 68: 64: 63: 62:Beinecke MS408 60: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9381: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9341: 9339: 9328: 9323:|people= 9315: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9294: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9258: 9257: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9239: 9234: 9230: 9217: 9212: 9208: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9196: 9186: 9185:Voynich Ninja 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9165: 9158: 9153: 9149: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9118: 9114: 9109: 9108: 9098: 9097: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9073: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9038: 9035: at the 9034: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9016: 9012: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8988: 8942: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8907: 8903: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8861: 8850: 8843: 8842: 8836: 8832: 8826: 8822: 8817: 8813: 8807: 8802: 8801: 8794: 8790: 8785: 8781: 8775: 8771: 8766: 8762: 8761: 8755: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8696: 8678: 8672: 8668: 8667: 8661: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8636: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8606: 8601: 8597: 8592: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8563: 8551: 8547: 8541: 8537: 8536: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8503:(2): 95–107. 8502: 8498: 8497: 8491: 8487: 8481: 8477: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8433:(6): e66344. 8432: 8428: 8424: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8394: 8388: 8384: 8378: 8374: 8369: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8343: 8342: 8336: 8332: 8327: 8326: 8319: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8289: 8284: 8272: 8268: 8267: 8266:New Scientist 8262: 8257: 8254: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8212: 8205: 8204: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8182: 8178: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8159: 8156: 8145: 8139: 8135: 8130: 8129: 8122: 8107: 8100: 8095: 8080: 8076: 8069: 8068: 8062: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8003:(2): 95–107. 8002: 7998: 7994: 7989: 7988: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7952: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7930: 7926: 7919: 7903: 7900:(in German). 7899: 7895: 7888: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7857: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7826: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7795: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7764: 7748: 7744: 7743: 7738: 7731: 7724: 7713: 7707: 7702: 7701: 7692: 7676: 7672: 7666: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7636: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7611:La Repubblica 7604: 7597: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7566: 7551: 7550: 7545: 7538: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7508: 7492: 7488: 7487: 7482: 7476: 7460: 7456: 7449: 7441: 7435: 7431: 7424: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7393: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7298: 7296: 7279: 7275: 7268: 7253:. p. 158 7252: 7246: 7238: 7232: 7228: 7221: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7175: 7171: 7170: 7165: 7158: 7156: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7129: 7120: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7094: 7085: 7069: 7065: 7063: 7054: 7038: 7034: 7032: 7023: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6961: 6954: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6924: 6916: 6912: 6911: 6904: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6873: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6805: 6801: 6800: 6795: 6789: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6744: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6714: 6698: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6682: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6618: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6587: 6568: 6561: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6519: 6513: 6508: 6501: 6496: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6450: 6446: 6439: 6433: 6428: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6308: 6303: 6296: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6253: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6222: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6189: 6173: 6169: 6162: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6136: 6127: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6105:New Scientist 6101: 6094: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6067: 6061: 6054: 6050: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6020: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5988: 5986: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5953: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5921: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5735:Die Weltwoche 5731: 5724: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5674: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5635: 5630: 5614: 5610: 5603: 5595: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5563: 5559: 5552: 5550: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5520: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5490:. JHU Press. 5489: 5488: 5480: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5453: 5444: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5402: 5396: 5392: 5391: 5383: 5381: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5275: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5099: 5093: 5077: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5007: 5002: 5000: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4924: 4917: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4876:Manuscr. Stud 4873: 4866: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4738: 4730: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4667:(2): 95–107. 4666: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4635: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4605: 4601: 4599: 4591: 4584: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4562:The Telegraph 4557: 4549: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4411: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4133: 4126: 4124: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4044: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4025: 4008: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3991: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3919: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3895: 3893: 3884: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3860: 3859:Schinner 2007 3855: 3853: 3851: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3760: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3710: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3648: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3467: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3279: 3277: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3193: 3180: 3174: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3145: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3073:Book of Soyga 3071: 3069: 3068:Beale ciphers 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2971: 2968:commissioned 2967: 2964:In 2015, the 2963: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2948:false writing 2945: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2857:Time Riders: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2773: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2754:In 2004, the 2752: 2743: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2700:proto-Romance 2697: 2687: 2685: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2624: 2622: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2591: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2492:ancient Greek 2489: 2488:magnification 2485: 2481: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2457: 2456:balneological 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2414: 2406: 2397: 2394: 2389: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2344: 2342: 2341:Cardan grille 2337: 2332: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2301: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2276: 2270: 2269:substitution. 2267: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2140:Austroasiatic 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2113:The linguist 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2077:Cardan grille 2074: 2070: 2069:steganography 2062:Steganography 2059: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2007: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1972: 1969: 1961: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1931:This section 1929: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1906: 1901: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1870: 1864: 1859: 1856: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1799: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1766:Edward Kelley 1763: 1762:spirit medium 1759: 1758: 1749: 1748:Edward Kelley 1745: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1686:Karl Widemann 1683: 1679: 1675: 1672:for 600 1671: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1641:Early history 1638: 1636: 1632: 1631:Edward Kelley 1628: 1624: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1577:carbon dating 1568: 1566: 1565:Hans P. Kraus 1562: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1551:Ethel Voynich 1547: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1461:Karl Widemann 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338:Georg Baresch 1334: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1310: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1249:pharmacopoeia 1242: 1237: 1228: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1169:, a bull for 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1130: 1125: 1118: 1113: 1106: 1105:balneological 1101: 1095:Illustrations 1092: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1071:balneological 1066: 1064: 1060: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1043:Claire Bowern 1038: 1033: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1001: 998: 997: 991: 990: 985: 978: 974: 970: 968: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 931: 927: 925: 921: 917: 909:Transcription 899: 894: 887: 882: 875: 870: 869: 865: 862: 859: 855: 852: 849: 844: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 823: 820: 819: 818: 810: 808: 804: 798: 796: 792: 785:, text detail 784: 779: 772: 767: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 706: 700: 696: 692: 688: 685: 681: 677: 674: 670: 667: 663: 659: 658: 657: 655: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 629:trace amounts 626: 622: 618: 614: 613:iron gall ink 610: 606: 596: 594: 589: 587: 582: 580: 575: 571: 561: 559: 555: 554: 549: 545: 541: 526: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 371: 366: 360: 355: 346: 342: 338: 334: 328: 325: 323: 320: 317: 315: 314:Ethel Voynich 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 294: 290: 287: 284: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 270:Georg Baresch 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 255: 254: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 219:balneological 216: 212: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 161: 158: 154: 147: 144: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 125: 122: 120: 117: 116: 113: 109: 106: 102: 98: 94: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 72: 69: 65: 61: 59:Also known as 57: 50: 45: 42: 38: 33: 30: 19: 9305: 9291: 9280:the original 9275: 9270: 9254: 9243:the original 9236: 9220:. 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