697:
659:
731:
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131:
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623:
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151:
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647:
849:, meaning that they eat dead animals. Outside of the oceans, vultures are the only known obligate scavengers. They rarely attack healthy animals, but may kill the wounded or sick. When a carcass has too thick a hide for its beak to open, it waits for a larger scavenger to eat first. Vast numbers have been seen upon battlefields. They gorge themselves when prey is abundant, until their
960: kg of wild animal meat is traded" and vultures take up a large percentage of this bushmeat due to the demand in the fetish market. The substantial drop in vulture populations in the continent of Africa is also said to be the result of both intentional and unintentional poisoning, with one study finding it to be the cause of 61% of the vulture deaths recorded.
405:; Sibley and Monroe (1990) even considered them a subfamily of the storks. This was criticized, and an early DNA sequence study was based on erroneous data and subsequently retracted. There was then an attempt to raise the New World vultures to the rank of an independent order, Cathartiformes, not closely associated with either the birds of prey or the storks and herons.
1108:
888:
In various regions of Africa, the dynamic interplay of vultures and predators such as lions, cheetahs, hyenas, and jackals significantly influences the continent's food web. These avian scavengers actively engage in competition with these predatory animals for sustenance, meticulously tracking their
892:
Traditionally, vultures are known to bide their time, patiently observing from a distance or high in the sky as predators bring down their prey and commence feeding. Once these formidable predators have satiated their hunger and moved away from their kills, the vultures swoop in, making the most of
1061:
Ancient
Egyptians believed that all vultures were female and were spontaneously born from eggs without the intervention of a male, and therefore linked the birds to purity and motherhood, but also the eternal cycle of death and rebirth for their ability to transform the "death" they feed on – i.e.
929:
in livestock carcasses. The government of India has taken very late cognizance of this fact and has banned the drug for animals. It may take decades for vultures to come back to their earlier population level, if ever. Without them to pick corpses clean, rabid dogs have multiplied, feeding on the
949:
The vulture population is threatened across Africa and
Eurasia. There are many human activities that threaten vultures such as poisoning and collisions with wind turbines. In central Africa there have been efforts to conserve the remaining vultures and bring their population numbers back up. The
899:
Interaction between vultures and predators is not strictly sequential or one-sided. Vultures, being opportunistic creatures, will often engage in risky behavior if a prime opportunity arises. Sometimes, when the predator numbers are low or distracted, these large birds might move in earlier,
1828:
Oaks, J. L.; Gilbert, Martin; Virani, M. Z.; Watson, R. T.; Meteyer, C. U.; Rideout, B. A.; Shivaprasad, H. L.; Ahmed, S.; Chaudhry, M. J. I.; Arshad, M.; Mahmood, S.; Ali, A. & Khan, A. A. (2004). "Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in
Pakistan".
884:
when threatened or approached. Contrary to some accounts, they do not "projectile vomit" on their attacker in defense, but to lighten their stomach load to ease take-off. The vomited meal residue may distract a predator, allowing the bird to escape.
900:
attempting to snatch morsels from the kill before the predators have fully vacated the scene. This daring strategy, while high-risk, underscores the fierce competition and survival instincts prevalent in the harsh realities of the
African wild.
966:
The conservation status of vultures is of particular concern to humans. For example, the decline of vulture populations can lead to increased disease transmission and resource damage, through increased populations of disease
314:
Vultures have been observed to hunch their bodies and tuck in their heads in the cold, and open their wings and stretch their necks in the heat. They also urinate on themselves as a means of cooling their bodies.
610:
318:
A group of vultures in flight is called a 'kettle', while the term 'committee' refers to a group of vultures resting on the ground or in trees. A group of vultures that are feeding is termed a 'wake'.
696:
1804:
1125:
673:
853:
bulge, and sit, sleepy or half torpid, to digest their food. These birds do not carry food to their young in their talons but disgorge it from their crops. The mountain-dwelling
1259:
Ward, J.; McCafferty, D.J.; Houston, D.C. & Ruxton, G.D. (2008). "Why do vultures have bald heads? The role of postural adjustment and bare skin areas in thermoregulation".
963:
A recent study in 2016, reported that "of the 22 vulture species, nine are critically endangered, three are endangered, four are near threatened, and six are least concern".
658:
903:
New World vultures also urinate straight down their legs; the uric acid kills bacteria accumulated from walking through carcasses, and also acts as evaporative cooling.
1882:
Prakash, V.; Bishwakarma, M. C.; Chaudhary, A.; Cuthbert, R.; Dave, R.; Kulkarni, M.; Kumar, S.; Paudel, K.; Ranade, S.; Shringarpure, R. & Green, R. E. (2012).
1095:
1948:
975:
animal populations that scavenge carcasses opportunistically. Vultures control these pests and disease vectors indirectly through competition for carcasses.
2161:
O'Bryan, C. J.; Holden, M. H. & Watson, J. E. M. (2019). "The mesoscavenger release hypothesis and implications for ecosystem and human well-being".
1006:
that were poisoned by poachers, possibly to avoid detection by the birds, which help rangers to track poaching activity by circling above dead animals.
1711:
622:
2212:
896:
New research has revealed that these birds can, in addition to sight, respond to auditory cues indicative of potential foraging opportunities.
2269:
1763:
616:
Some members of both the Old and New World vultures have an unfeathered neck and head, shown as radiating heat in this thermographic image.
2244:
1762:
Prakash, V.; Pain, D.J.; Cunningham, A.A.; Donald, P.F.; Prakash, N.; Verma, A.; Gargi, R.; Sivakumar, S. & Rahmani, A.R. (2003).
761:
along with birds of prey including hawks, eagles, and Old World vultures . Several species have a good sense of smell, unusual for
2069:
Ogada, D.; Shaw, P.; Beyers, R. L.; Buij, R.; Murn, C.; Thiollay, J. M.; Beale, C. M.; Holdo, R. M. & Pomeroy, D. (2016).
1342:
857:
is the only vertebrate to specialize in eating bones; it carries bones to the nest for the young, and hunts some live prey.
708:
925:, have declined dramatically since the early 1990s. It has been found that this decline was caused by residues of the drug
880:
bacteria that would be lethal to other scavengers and remove these bacteria from the environment. New World vultures often
1547:
1200:
2385:
2366:
2432:
1779:
1218:
1956:
1175:
2524:
2312:
2122:"The avian scavenger crisis: Looming extinctions, trophic cascades, and loss of critical ecosystem functions"
796:
2393:
1107:
730:
356:. Soon anatomists split Old and New World vultures, with New World vultures being placed in a new suborder,
3040:
2514:
787:
385:
In the late 20th century, some ornithologists argued that New World vultures are more closely related to
379:
3035:
1669:
646:
264:
334:
share many resemblances, they are not very closely related. Rather, they share resemblance because of
307:. This bare skin is thought to keep the head clean when feeding, and also plays an important role in
130:
1002:, were found in northern Botswana. It is suspected that they died after eating the corpses of three
2038:"Trade of threatened vultures and other raptors for fetish and bushmeat in West and Central Africa"
1690:
1626:
942:
are coming to an end, permanently reducing the supply of corpses. The same problem is also seen in
765:, and are able to smell dead animals from great heights, up to a mile away. The seven species are:
31:
17:
1977:
Santangeli, A.; Girardello, M.; Buechley, E.; Botha, A.; Minin, E. D. & Moilanen, A. (2019).
150:
2788:
634:
489:
138:
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2818:
2273:
1335:
They Do What? A Cultural
Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from around the World
916:
507:
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2758:
2170:
2133:
2082:
1990:
1901:
1840:
1788:
1737:
1712:"Food fight: Jackal takes on vultures over a carcass | Predator vs Prey | Earth Touch News"
1589:
1505:
1268:
1043:
1039:
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983:
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570:
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525:
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335:
8:
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1994:
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2194:
2013:
1978:
1924:
1883:
1864:
1311:
1241:
552:
414:
367:
145:
1949:"Vultures and their People in India: Equity and Entanglement in a Time of Extinctions"
1800:
950:
decline is largely due to the trade in vulture meat, "it is estimated that more than 1
3020:
2768:
2683:
2674:
2660:
2599:
2590:
2481:
2198:
2186:
2018:
1929:
1888:
Vultures in India and Nepal Has Slowed since
Veterinary Use of Diclofenac was Banned"
1856:
1607:
1529:
1521:
1338:
1294:
Arad, Z. & Bernstein, M. H. (1988). "Temperature
Regulation in Turkey Vultures".
1082:
1066:
809:
742:
725:
516:
462:
420:
362:
331:
327:
300:
288:
272:
2071:"Another Continental Vulture Crisis: Africa's Vultures Collapsing toward Extinction"
1868:
2878:
2869:
2733:
2724:
2418:
2178:
2141:
2100:
2090:
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2008:
1998:
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1796:
1648:
1597:
1513:
1303:
1280:
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1233:
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where the government has taken some late steps to conserve the remaining vultures.
597:
588:
308:
2798:
2708:
2699:
2397:
2375:
2370:
2146:
2121:
1976:
1914:
1761:
1258:
1201:"Dropping dead: causes and consequences of vulture population declines worldwide"
1035:
972:
869:
854:
758:
579:
471:
2245:"More than 500 endangered vultures die after eating poisoned elephant carcasses"
1627:"Re: How come that vultures can resist dangerous toxins when feeding on carcass"
2853:
2844:
2808:
2504:
2402:
1551:
1517:
987:
850:
778:
543:
498:
393:, morphological, and behavioral data. Thus some authorities placed them in the
371:
304:
2054:
2037:
1602:
1577:
1101:
The Aztec vulture vessel at the new Pre-Columbian
Mesoamerican Pottery Gallery
860:
Vultures are of great value as scavengers, especially in hot regions. Vulture
3014:
2624:
2615:
2549:
2540:
2357:
1741:
1525:
1051:
1031:
818:
769:
762:
394:
342:
296:
292:
80:
2363:
1670:"Birds That Are Scavengers and Their Importance To The Ecosystem | STP News"
1493:
815:
in
California, formerly widespread in the mountains of western North America
2828:
2574:
2565:
2190:
2022:
1933:
1860:
1611:
1533:
1156:
995:
861:
830:
803:
534:
436:
252:
219:
2036:
Buij, R.; Nikolaus, G.; Ogada, D.; Whytock, R. & Ingram, D.J. (2015).
1074:
1027:
999:
873:
757:. Recent DNA evidence suggests that they should be included within order
754:
688:
444:
382:. The suborder was later recognised as a family, rather than a suborder.
353:
341:
Early naturalists placed all vultures under one single biological group.
237:
55:
2213:"Over 500 Rare Vultures Die After Eating Poisoned Elephants In Botswana"
1852:
2990:
2652:
2095:
2070:
2003:
1315:
1245:
935:
926:
684:
230:
225:
195:
100:
65:
2182:
2105:
1042:
art, with their blue-tipped beaks and loose skin, better resemble the
303:. A particular characteristic of many vultures is a bald, unfeathered
2495:
1117:
1070:
868:=1.0), allowing them to safely digest putrid carcasses infected with
846:
390:
256:
162:
105:
1307:
1237:
2459:
1892:
1881:
881:
750:
735:
182:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
2656:
1132:
1113:
1069:, vultures were appreciated as extraordinary beings and had high
1055:
1019:
931:
877:
448:
345:
had assigned both Old World vultures and New World vultures in a
260:
110:
85:
48:
1034:
identified the species that was used in divine iconography as a
2651:
2453:
1146:
1086:
1023:
939:
746:
432:
424:
280:
276:
268:
172:
299:
and consist of seven identified species, all belonging to the
2390:
2380:
1494:"Obligate vertebrate scavengers must be large soaring fliers"
1078:
943:
922:
825:
440:
402:
398:
386:
349:
2270:"Poachers' Poison Kills 530 Endangered Vultures in Botswana"
30:
This article is about the type of bird. For other uses, see
2749:
2465:
2410:
2222:
1377:
Notes on the
Taxonomy of Vultures The Condor Vol. 79, No. 4
452:
428:
284:
205:
455:. Old World vultures find carcasses exclusively by sight.
2248:
2035:
1691:"Vultures respond to auditory cues - AfricanBioServices"
1022:, a mythological goddess and patron of both the city of
2160:
1979:"Priority areas for conservation of Old World vultures"
1827:
865:
628:
Griffon vultures scavenging a red deer carcass in Spain
1089:, some depicting them negatively, others positively.
2479:
1337:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 289.
2261:
2119:
2068:
1575:
1492:Ruxton, Graeme D.; Houston, David C. (2004-06-07).
2120:Buechley, E. R. & Şekercioğlu, Ç. H. (2016).
1576:Buechley, E. R. & Sekercioglu, C. H. (2016).
1038:. Arielle P. Kozloff argues that the vultures in
3012:
2295:The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt
2205:
2391:Vulture Conservation in Western Coast of India
1764:"Catastrophic collapse of Indian white-backed
1328:
378:, meaning "purifier") by French ornithologist
2426:
1491:
1293:
1135:, Sanam Abu Dom, Napatan Period, 25th Dynasty
921:Vultures in south Asia, mainly in India and
2313:"The Ancient Egyptian Goddess of Pregnancy"
2236:
1571:
1569:
2433:
2419:
1946:
1738:"Why is it a bad idea to scare a vulture?"
1216:
1054:- a symbol of protection from the goddess
836:from southern Mexico to northern Argentina
784:throughout the Americas to southern Canada
129:
2292:
2145:
2104:
2094:
2053:
2012:
2002:
1923:
1913:
1601:
749:found in warm and temperate areas of the
2242:
1566:
1322:
729:
734:American black vultures congregated at
702:Flock of white-rumped vultures in India
14:
3013:
1735:
1009:
906:
2979:
2650:
2478:
2414:
2267:
1624:
998:, altogether 537 vultures, besides 2
1195:
1193:
978:On 20 June 2019, the corpses of 468
793:in South America and north to Mexico
775:in South America and north to the US
275:include 16 living species native to
1219:"Notes on the taxonomy of vultures"
24:
2980:
2342:The Vulture: The Sky and the Earth
2339:
1729:
652:Vulture preparing to land in Kenya
25:
3052:
2351:
1190:
934:, and age-old practices like the
2386:Declining Vulture Count in India
1625:Caryl, Jim (September 7, 2000).
1550:. WebVulture.com. Archived from
1124:
1106:
1094:
707:
695:
672:
657:
645:
633:
621:
609:
458:The 16 species in 9 genera are:
149:
53:
2360:on the Internet Bird Collection
2333:
2319:
2305:
2286:
2154:
2113:
2062:
2029:
1970:
1940:
1875:
1821:
1810:from the original on 2022-03-12
1755:
1704:
1683:
1662:
1641:
1618:
1540:
1485:
1472:
1459:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1131:Granite vulture from Temple of
1081:from civilizations such as the
1062:carrion and waste – into life.
1736:Conger, Cristen (2008-10-13).
1498:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1369:
1360:
1351:
1287:
1281:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2008.01.002
1252:
1210:
1168:
267:species of vulture (including
27:Common name for a type of bird
13:
1:
2525:Greater yellow-headed vulture
1801:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00164-7
1162:
797:Greater yellow-headed vulture
714:Head of a vulture chick, Iran
2515:Lesser yellow-headed vulture
2440:
2376:Vulture observatory in Spain
2147:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.04.001
1953:Australian Humanities Review
1915:10.1371/journal.pone.0049118
1073:status. They appear in many
864:is exceptionally corrosive (
788:Lesser yellow-headed vulture
719:
408:
7:
1884:"The Population Decline of
1140:
1030:was depicted as a vulture.
321:
10:
3057:
1518:10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.02.005
1261:Journal of Thermal Biology
910:
840:
723:
664:African hooded vulture in
412:
29:
2986:
2975:
2942:
2917:
2892:
2867:
2842:
2747:
2722:
2697:
2672:
2668:
2646:
2613:
2588:
2563:
2538:
2493:
2489:
2474:
2448:
2055:10.1017/S0030605315000514
1603:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.052
1379:. 1977. pp. 413–416.
806:of tropical South America
216:
211:
146:Scientific classification
144:
137:
128:
41:
2364:Ventana Wildlife Society
2293:Wilkinson, R.H. (2003).
1716:Earth Touch News Network
1651:. Turkey Vulture Society
1176:"Fossilworks:Aegypiinae"
32:Vulture (disambiguation)
2958:Trigonoceps occipitalis
2604:Gymnogyps californianus
2327:"Life Egyptian Vulture"
2243:Hurworth, Ella (2019).
2126:Biological Conservation
1947:van Dooren, T. (2011).
1780:Biological Conservation
1425:Fain & Houde (2004)
1333:. In Galván, J. (ed.).
1329:Hamilton, S.L. (2014).
813:Gymnogyps californianus
640:Griffon vulture soaring
575:Trigonoceps occipitalis
2819:Slender-billed vulture
1649:"Turkey Vulture Facts"
917:African vulture crisis
738:
508:Slender-billed vulture
439:, which also includes
380:Frédéric de Lafresnaye
2996:Indian vulture crisis
2883:Neophron percnopterus
2738:Gypohierax angolensis
2529:Cathartes melambrotus
2519:Cathartes burrovianus
2340:Benson, Elizabeth P.
1152:Stele of the Vultures
992:lappet-faced vultures
984:white-headed vultures
980:white-backed vultures
913:Indian vulture crisis
800:Cathartes melambrotus
791:Cathartes burrovianus
753:belong to the family
733:
681:white-backed vultures
602:Gypohierax angolensis
593:Neophron percnopterus
435:belong to the family
368:Rules of Nomenclature
352:, even including the
2954:White-headed vulture
2929:Lappet-faced vulture
2858:Necrosyrtes monachus
2779:White-backed vulture
2759:White-rumped vulture
2403:Website for journal
2381:A Vulture Restaurant
2075:Conservation Letters
1983:Conservation Biology
1955:(50). Archived from
1772:vulture populations"
1548:"Fast Vulture Facts"
1077:myths, legends, and
1044:lappet-faced vulture
1016:Ancient Egyptian art
889:hunting activities.
666:Kruger National Park
571:White-headed vulture
562:Lappet-faced vulture
548:Necrosyrtes monachus
526:White-backed vulture
481:White-rumped vulture
395:Ciconiiformes family
336:convergent evolution
3041:Polyphyletic groups
2933:Torgos tracheliotos
2301:. pp. 213–214.
2299:Thames & Hudson
2218:Agence France-Press
2175:2019EcolL..22.1340O
2138:2016BCons.198..220B
2087:2016ConL....9...89O
1995:2019ConBi..33.1056S
1906:2012PLoSO...749118P
1853:10.1038/nature02317
1845:2004Natur.427..630O
1793:2003BCons.109..381P
1594:2016CBio...26.R560B
1510:2004JThBi.228..431R
1273:2008JTBio..33..168W
1217:Amadon, D. (1977).
1067:Pre-Columbian times
1010:In myth and culture
907:Conservation status
566:Torgos tracheliotos
2904:Red-headed vulture
2661:Old World vultures
2482:New World vultures
2396:2017-06-01 at the
2369:2016-10-19 at the
2268:Solly, M. (2019).
2096:10.1111/conl.12182
2004:10.1111/cobi.13282
743:New World vultures
739:
553:Red-headed vulture
421:Old World vultures
415:Old World vultures
332:Old World vultures
328:New World vultures
301:Cathartidae family
291:are restricted to
289:New World vultures
273:Old World vultures
3036:Bird common names
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2823:Gyps tenuirostris
2789:Rüppell's vulture
2773:Gyps himalayensis
2769:Himalayan vulture
2713:Gypaetus barbatus
2688:Aegypius monachus
2684:Cinereous vulture
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2600:California condor
2579:Sarcoramphus papa
2183:10.1111/ele.13288
1839:(6975): 630–633.
1588:(13): R560–R561.
1344:978-1-61069-342-4
1048:Great Royal Wives
834:Sarcoramphus papa
810:California condor
726:New World vulture
584:Gypaetus barbatus
521:Gyps himalayensis
517:Himalayan vulture
512:Gyps tenuirostris
490:Rüppell's vulture
467:Aegypius monachus
463:Cinereous vulture
245:
244:
139:Rüppell's vulture
123:
16:(Redirected from
3048:
2977:
2976:
2908:Sarcogyps calvus
2879:Egyptian vulture
2763:Gyps bengalensis
2734:Palm-nut vulture
2670:
2669:
2648:
2647:
2554:Coragyps atratus
2491:
2490:
2476:
2475:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2346:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2169:(9): 1340–1348.
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2098:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2016:
2006:
1989:(5): 1056–1065.
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1917:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1776:
1768:and long-billed
1766:Gyps bengalensis
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1629:. MadSci Network
1622:
1616:
1615:
1605:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1554:on July 18, 2011
1544:
1538:
1537:
1489:
1483:
1476:
1470:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1416:Griffiths (1994)
1414:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1223:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1172:
1128:
1110:
1098:
956:
955:
773:Coragyps atratus
711:
699:
676:
661:
649:
637:
625:
613:
598:Palm-nut vulture
589:Egyptian vulture
557:Sarcogyps calvus
539:Gyps coprotheres
485:Gyps bengalensis
389:on the basis of
360:, later renamed
309:thermoregulation
154:
153:
133:
122:
52:
45:Temporal range:
44:
39:
38:
21:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3000:
2982:
2963:
2938:
2913:
2888:
2863:
2838:
2833:Gyps coprothere
2799:Griffon vulture
2793:Gyps rueppellii
2743:
2718:
2709:Bearded vulture
2693:
2664:
2634:
2609:
2584:
2559:
2534:
2485:
2470:
2444:
2439:
2398:Wayback Machine
2371:Wayback Machine
2354:
2349:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2276:
2266:
2262:
2253:
2251:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2226:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2163:Ecology Letters
2159:
2155:
2118:
2114:
2067:
2063:
2034:
2030:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1960:
1945:
1941:
1880:
1876:
1826:
1822:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1774:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1734:
1730:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1623:
1619:
1582:Current Biology
1574:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1490:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:Phillips (2000)
1356:
1352:
1345:
1327:
1323:
1308:10.2307/1368848
1292:
1288:
1257:
1253:
1238:10.2307/1367720
1221:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1120:
1116:with staff and
1111:
1102:
1099:
1036:griffon vulture
1012:
988:hooded vultures
953:
951:
919:
909:
893:the leftovers.
870:botulinum toxin
855:bearded vulture
843:
759:Accipitriformes
728:
722:
715:
712:
703:
700:
691:
677:
668:
662:
653:
650:
641:
638:
629:
626:
617:
614:
582:(Lammergeier),
580:Bearded vulture
472:Griffon vulture
417:
411:
324:
263:. There are 23
148:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
47:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3054:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:Related topics
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2950:
2948:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2925:
2923:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2900:
2898:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2875:
2873:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2854:Hooded vulture
2850:
2848:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2816:
2809:Indian vulture
2806:
2796:
2786:
2783:Gyps africanus
2776:
2766:
2755:
2753:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2730:
2728:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2705:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2680:
2678:
2666:
2665:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2629:Vultur gryphus
2621:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2596:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2571:
2569:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2546:
2544:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2522:
2512:
2509:Cathartes aura
2505:Turkey vulture
2501:
2499:
2487:
2486:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2400:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2361:
2358:Vulture videos
2353:
2352:External links
2350:
2348:
2347:
2332:
2318:
2304:
2285:
2260:
2235:
2204:
2153:
2112:
2061:
2048:(4): 606–616.
2028:
1969:
1939:
1900:(11): e49118.
1874:
1820:
1787:(3): 381–390.
1754:
1728:
1703:
1682:
1661:
1640:
1617:
1565:
1539:
1504:(3): 431–436.
1484:
1471:
1458:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1389:de Boer (1975)
1382:
1368:
1366:Brookes (2006)
1359:
1350:
1343:
1321:
1302:(4): 913–919.
1286:
1267:(3): 168–173.
1251:
1232:(4): 413–416.
1209:
1189:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1093:
1052:vulture crowns
1011:
1008:
908:
905:
876:bacteria, and
842:
839:
838:
837:
828:
822:Vultur gryphus
816:
807:
794:
785:
782:Cathartes aura
779:Turkey vulture
776:
724:Main article:
721:
718:
717:
716:
713:
706:
704:
701:
694:
692:
678:
671:
669:
663:
656:
654:
651:
644:
642:
639:
632:
630:
627:
620:
618:
615:
608:
605:
604:
595:
586:
577:
568:
559:
550:
544:Hooded vulture
541:
532:
530:Gyps africanus
523:
514:
505:
499:Indian vulture
496:
494:Gyps rueppelli
487:
478:
469:
413:Main article:
410:
407:
323:
320:
243:
242:
241:
240:
235:
234:
233:
228:
214:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
142:
141:
135:
134:
126:
125:
116:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3053:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3026:Birds of prey
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2630:
2626:
2625:Andean condor
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2551:
2550:Black vulture
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2480:Cathartidae (
2477:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2322:
2314:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1959:on 2016-10-11
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1824:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1743:
1742:HowStuffWorks
1739:
1732:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1692:
1686:
1671:
1665:
1650:
1644:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1570:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1475:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1378:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:"Sky Burials"
1325:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1178:. Fossilworks
1177:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:Alan Gardiner
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:cape vultures
993:
989:
985:
981:
976:
974:
970:
964:
961:
959:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
924:
918:
914:
904:
901:
897:
894:
890:
886:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
845:Vultures are
835:
832:
829:
827:
823:
820:
819:Andean condor
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
770:Black vulture
768:
767:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
737:
732:
727:
710:
705:
698:
693:
690:
686:
682:
675:
670:
667:
660:
655:
648:
643:
636:
631:
624:
619:
612:
607:
606:
603:
599:
596:
594:
590:
587:
585:
581:
578:
576:
572:
569:
567:
563:
560:
558:
554:
551:
549:
545:
542:
540:
536:
533:
531:
527:
524:
522:
518:
515:
513:
509:
506:
504:
500:
497:
495:
491:
488:
486:
482:
479:
477:
473:
470:
468:
464:
461:
460:
459:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
416:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:
359:
355:
351:
348:
344:
343:Carl Linnaeus
339:
337:
333:
329:
319:
316:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:South America
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
239:
236:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
221:
218:
217:
215:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
152:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
127:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
50:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2957:
2943:
2932:
2918:
2907:
2893:
2882:
2868:
2857:
2843:
2832:
2829:Cape vulture
2822:
2813:Gyps indicus
2812:
2802:
2792:
2782:
2772:
2762:
2748:
2737:
2723:
2712:
2698:
2687:
2673:
2628:
2614:
2603:
2589:
2578:
2575:King vulture
2566:Sarcoramphus
2564:
2553:
2539:
2528:
2518:
2508:
2494:
2441:
2405:Vulture News
2404:
2341:
2335:
2321:
2307:
2294:
2288:
2277:. Retrieved
2263:
2252:. Retrieved
2238:
2227:. Retrieved
2225:. 2019-06-21
2216:
2207:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2081:(2): 89–97.
2078:
2074:
2064:
2045:
2041:
2031:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1961:. Retrieved
1957:the original
1952:
1942:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1877:
1836:
1830:
1823:
1812:. Retrieved
1784:
1778:
1770:Gyps indicus
1769:
1765:
1757:
1747:February 15,
1745:. Retrieved
1731:
1720:. Retrieved
1715:
1706:
1695:. Retrieved
1693:. 2020-05-20
1685:
1674:. Retrieved
1672:. 2023-06-06
1664:
1653:. Retrieved
1643:
1633:February 15,
1631:. Retrieved
1620:
1585:
1581:
1558:February 15,
1556:. Retrieved
1552:the original
1542:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1479:
1474:
1466:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1443:Brown (2009)
1439:
1434:Avise (1994)
1430:
1421:
1412:
1407:König (1982)
1403:
1398:Ligon (1967)
1394:
1385:
1376:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1334:
1324:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1229:
1225:
1212:
1180:. Retrieved
1170:
1157:Vulture fund
1075:Mesoamerican
1071:iconographic
1064:
1060:
1013:
1000:tawny eagles
977:
965:
962:
957:
948:
920:
902:
898:
895:
891:
887:
862:stomach acid
859:
844:
833:
831:King vulture
821:
812:
804:Amazon Basin
799:
790:
781:
772:
740:
601:
592:
583:
574:
565:
556:
547:
538:
535:Cape vulture
529:
520:
511:
503:Gyps indicus
502:
493:
484:
475:
466:
457:
437:Accipitridae
418:
384:
375:
361:
357:
346:
340:
325:
317:
313:
253:bird of prey
248:
246:
220:Accipitridae
189:
36:
2945:Trigonoceps
2845:Necrosyrtes
2803:Gyps fulvus
2274:Smithsonian
2132:: 220–228.
1182:17 December
1040:New Kingdom
1028:Upper Egypt
936:sky burials
874:hog cholera
755:Cathartidae
689:Maasai Mara
687:carcass in
476:Gyps fulvus
366:as per the
363:Cathartidae
354:harpy eagle
238:Cathartidae
3031:Scavengers
3015:Categories
2991:Diclofenac
2725:Gypohierax
2653:Aegypiinae
2279:2019-06-28
2254:2019-06-28
2229:2019-06-28
2106:10023/8817
1963:2016-09-24
1814:2024-07-28
1722:2023-06-07
1697:2023-06-07
1676:2023-06-07
1655:2012-12-01
1578:"Vultures"
1296:The Condor
1226:The Condor
1163:References
927:diclofenac
911:See also:
847:scavengers
685:wildebeest
679:A wake of
376:carthartes
231:Aegypiinae
226:Gypaetinae
196:Ornithurae
2895:Sarcogyps
2591:Gymnogyps
2496:Cathartes
2452:Kingdom:
2199:167209009
1526:0022-5193
1452:Cracraft
1118:shen ring
1004:elephants
720:New World
683:eating a
423:found in
409:Old World
391:karyotype
358:Cathartae
326:Although
257:scavenges
212:Families
169:Kingdom:
163:Eukaryota
3021:Vultures
2870:Neophron
2700:Gypaetus
2675:Aegypius
2541:Coragyps
2460:Chordata
2458:Phylum:
2454:Animalia
2442:Vultures
2394:Archived
2367:Archived
2191:31131976
2023:30645009
1934:23145090
1893:PLOS One
1869:16146840
1861:14745453
1805:Archived
1612:27404248
1534:15135041
1478:Ericson
1141:See also
751:Americas
736:roadkill
449:buzzards
322:Taxonomy
183:Chordata
179:Phylum:
173:Animalia
159:Domain:
51:– Recent
18:Vultures
2657:Gypinae
2464:Class:
2329:. 2018.
2171:Bibcode
2134:Bibcode
2083:Bibcode
2014:6849836
1991:Bibcode
1925:3492300
1902:Bibcode
1841:Bibcode
1789:Bibcode
1590:Bibcode
1506:Bibcode
1316:1368848
1269:Bibcode
1246:1367720
1206:. 2001.
1133:Taharqa
1114:Nekhbet
1056:Nekhbet
1046:. Many
1020:Nekhbet
994:and 10
940:Parsees
938:of the
932:carrion
878:anthrax
841:Feeding
824:in the
802:in the
763:raptors
747:condors
269:condors
261:carrion
249:vulture
202:Class:
117:↓
49:Miocene
42:Vulture
2920:Torgos
2616:Vultur
2197:
2189:
2021:
2011:
1932:
1922:
1867:
1859:
1832:Nature
1718:. 2015
1610:
1532:
1524:
1482:(2006)
1480:et al.
1469:(2007)
1467:et al.
1456:(2004)
1454:et al.
1341:
1314:
1244:
1147:Jatayu
1087:Aztecs
1079:fables
1024:Nekheb
969:vector
451:, and
441:eagles
433:Europe
431:, and
425:Africa
403:herons
399:storks
387:storks
370:(from
347:Vultur
283:, and
281:Africa
277:Europe
265:extant
2195:S2CID
1865:S2CID
1808:(PDF)
1775:(PDF)
1465:Gibb
1312:JSTOR
1242:JSTOR
1222:(PDF)
1204:(PDF)
1050:wore
990:, 14
986:, 28
982:, 17
944:Nepal
923:Nepal
882:vomit
851:crops
826:Andes
453:hawks
445:kites
397:with
372:Greek
350:genus
293:North
255:that
251:is a
222:p.p.
190:Clade
2750:Gyps
2655:and
2466:Aves
2223:NDTV
2187:PMID
2042:Oryx
2019:PMID
1930:PMID
1886:Gyps
1857:PMID
1749:2013
1635:2013
1608:PMID
1560:2013
1530:PMID
1522:ISSN
1339:ISBN
1184:2021
1085:and
1083:Maya
1026:and
973:pest
971:and
915:and
745:and
741:The
429:Asia
419:The
401:and
330:and
305:head
295:and
285:Asia
206:Aves
56:PreꞒ
2249:CNN
2179:doi
2142:doi
2130:198
2101:hdl
2091:doi
2050:doi
2009:PMC
1999:doi
1920:PMC
1910:doi
1849:doi
1837:427
1797:doi
1785:109
1598:doi
1514:doi
1502:228
1304:doi
1277:doi
1234:doi
1065:In
1014:In
271:).
259:on
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1981:.
1951:.
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1228:.
1224:.
1192:^
1058:.
1018:,
954:10
872:,
866:pH
600:,
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564:,
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546:,
537:,
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465:,
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287:;
279:,
247:A
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106:Pg
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1966:.
1936:.
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958:^
952:×
111:N
101:K
96:J
91:T
86:P
81:C
76:D
71:S
66:O
61:Ꞓ
34:.
20:)
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