3853:. Their limb bones, for example, weigh 30 percent less per unit area of bone than expected for similarly sized dogs. They display significant individual, sexual, age and geographical variation in size. On average, adults measure 35–50 cm (14–20 in) high at the shoulder and 45–90 cm (18–35 in) in body length with tails measuring 30–55.5 cm (11.8–21.9 in). The ears measure 7.7–12.5 cm (3.0–4.9 in) and the hind feet 12–18.5 cm (4.7–7.3 in). Weights range from 2.2–14 kg (4.9–30.9 lb), with vixens typically weighing 15–20% less than males. Adult red foxes have skulls measuring 129–167 mm (5.1–6.6 in), while those of vixens measure 128–159 mm (5.0–6.3 in). The forefoot print measures 60 mm (2.4 in) in length and 45 mm (1.8 in) in width, while the hind foot print measures 55 mm (2.2 in) long and 38 mm (1.5 in) wide. They trot at a speed of 6–13 km/h (3.7–8.1 mph), and have a maximum running speed of 50 km/h (31 mph). They have a stride of 25–35 cm (9.8–13.8 in) when walking at a normal pace. North American red foxes are generally lightly built, with comparatively long bodies for their mass and have a high degree of sexual dimorphism. British red foxes are heavily built, but short, while continental European red foxes are closer to the general average among red fox populations. The largest red fox on record in Great Britain was a 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in) long male, that weighed 17.2 kg (38 lb), killed in
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their ears whilst sniffing. Playful individuals will perk their ears and rise on their hind legs. Male foxes courting females, or after successfully evicting intruders, will turn their ears outwardly, and raise their tails in a horizontal position, with the tips raised upward. When afraid, red foxes grin in submission, arching their backs, curving their bodies, crouching their legs and lashing their tails back and forth with their ears pointing backwards and pressed against their skulls. When merely expressing submission to a dominant animal, the posture is similar, but without arching the back or curving the body. Submissive foxes will approach dominant animals in a low posture, so that their muzzles reach up in greeting. When two evenly matched foxes confront each other over food, they approach each other sideways and push against each other's flanks, betraying a mixture of fear and aggression through lashing tails and arched backs without crouching and pulling their ears back without flattening them against their skulls. When launching an assertive attack, red foxes approach directly rather than sideways, with their tails aloft and their ears rotated sideways. During such fights, red foxes will stand on each other's upper bodies with their forelegs, using open mouthed threats. Such fights typically only occur among juveniles or adults of the same sex.
3896:). In the typical red morph, their coats are generally bright reddish-rusty with yellowish tints. A stripe of weak, diffuse patterns of many brown-reddish-chestnut hairs occurs along the spine. Two additional stripes pass down the shoulder blades, which, together with the spinal stripe, form a cross. The lower back is often a mottled silvery colour. The flanks are lighter coloured than the back, while the chin, lower lips, throat and front of the chest are white. The remaining lower surface of the body is dark, brown or reddish. During lactation, the belly fur of vixens may turn brick red. The upper parts of the limbs are rusty reddish, while the paws are black. The frontal part of the face and upper neck is bright brownish-rusty red, while the upper lips are white. The backs of the ears are black or brownish-reddish, while the inner surface is whitish. The top of the tail is brownish-reddish, but lighter in colour than the back and flanks. The underside of the tail is pale grey with a straw-coloured tint. A black spot, the location of the
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5911:, while cross foxes are mostly used for scarves and rarely for trimming. The number of sold fox scarves exceeds the total number of scarves made from other fur-bearers. However, this amount is overshadowed by the total number of red fox pelts used for trimming purposes. The silver colour morphs are the most valued by furriers, followed by the cross colour morphs and the red colour morphs, respectively. In the early 1900s, over 1,000 American red fox skins were imported to Great Britain annually, while 500,000 were exported annually from Germany and Russia. The total worldwide trade of wild red foxes in 1985–86 was 1,543,995 pelts. Red foxes amounted to 45% of U.S. wild-caught pelts worth $ 50 million. Pelt prices are increasing, with 2012 North American wholesale auction prices averaging $ 39 and 2013 prices averaging $ 65.78.
3371:
4533:. During this period, the fathers or barren vixens feed the mothers. Vixens are very protective of their kits, and have been known to even fight off terriers in their defence. If the mother dies before the kits are independent, the father takes over as their provider. The kits' eyes open after 13–15 days, during which time their ear canals open and their upper teeth erupt, with the lower teeth emerging 3–4 days later. Their eyes are initially blue, but change to amber at 4–5 weeks. Coat colour begins to change at three weeks of age, when the black eye streak appears. By one month, red and white patches are apparent on their faces. During this time, their ears erect and their muzzles elongate. Kits begin to leave their dens and experiment with solid food brought by their parents at the age of 3–4 weeks. The
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that simply strayed from their den sites. Kits require almost constant supervision; when still suckling, they require milk at four-hour intervals day and night. Once weaned, they may become destructive to leather objects, furniture and electric cables. Though generally friendly toward people when young, captive red foxes become fearful of humans, save for their handlers, once they reach 10 weeks of age. They maintain their wild counterparts' strong instinct of concealment and may pose a threat to domestic birds, even when well-fed. Although suspicious of strangers, they can form bonds with cats and dogs, even ones bred for fox hunting. Tame red foxes were once used to draw ducks close to hunting blinds.
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4578:. The main passage can reach 17 m (56 ft) in length, standing an average of 5–7 m (16–23 ft). In spring, red foxes clear their dens of excess soil through rapid movements, first with the forepaws then with kicking motions with their hind legs, throwing the discarded soil over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) from the burrow. When kits are born, the discarded debris is trampled, thus forming a spot where the kits can play and receive food. They may share their dens with woodchucks or badgers. Unlike badgers, which fastidiously clean their earths and defecate in
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4574:, porcupines and other large mammals, as well as those dug by gerbil colonies. Compared to burrows constructed by Arctic foxes, badgers, marmots and corsac foxes, red fox dens are not overly complex. Red fox burrows are divided into a den and temporary burrows, which consist only of a small passage or cave for concealment. The main entrance of the burrow leads downwards (40–45°) and broadens into a den, from which numerous side tunnels branch. Burrow depth ranges from 0.5–2.5 m (1 ft 8 in – 8 ft 2 in), rarely extending to
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4566:, most red foxes favour living in the open, in densely vegetated areas, though they may enter burrows to escape bad weather. Their burrows are often dug on hill or mountain slopes, ravines, bluffs, steep banks of water bodies, ditches, depressions, gutters, in rock clefts and neglected human environments. Red foxes prefer to dig their burrows on well drained soils. Dens built among tree roots can last for decades, while those dug on the steppes last only several years. They may permanently abandon their dens during
4271:. Most of those species are now limited to areas (such as islands) where red foxes are absent or rare. Local fox eradication programs exist, although elimination has proven difficult due to the fox's denning behaviour and nocturnal hunting, so the focus is on management, including the introduction of state bounties. According to the Tasmanian government, red foxes were accidentally introduced to the previously fox-free island of Tasmania in 1999 or 2000, posing a significant threat to native wildlife, including the
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5951:. Twins may be more vulnerable to red foxes than singlets, as ewes cannot effectively defend both simultaneously. Crossbreeding small, upland ewes with larger, lowland rams can cause difficult and prolonged labour for ewes due to the heaviness of the resulting offspring, thus making the lambs more at risk to red fox predation. Lambs born from gimmers (ewes breeding for the first time) are more often killed by red foxes than those of experienced mothers, who stick closer to their young.
5007:, as they hunt the same prey all year. The red species is also stronger, is better adapted to hunting in snow deeper than 10 cm (3.9 in) and is more effective in hunting and catching medium-sized to large rodents. Corsac foxes seem to only outcompete red foxes in semi-desert and steppe areas. In Israel, Blanford's foxes escape competition with red foxes by restricting themselves to rocky cliffs and actively avoiding the open plains inhabited by red foxes. Red foxes dominate
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area; those that are killed are very soon replaced, either by new kits during the breeding season or by other red foxes moving into the territory of those that were killed. A more effective method of urban red fox control is to deter them from the specific areas they inhabit. Deterrents such as creosote, diesel oil, or ammonia can be used. Cleaning up and blocking access to den locations can also discourage an urban red fox's return.
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4712:" sound. As it is commonly heard during the breeding season, it is thought to be emitted by vixens summoning males. When danger is detected, foxes emit a monosyllabic bark. At close quarters, it is a muffled cough, while at long distances it is sharper. Kits make warbling whimpers when nursing, these calls being especially loud when they are dissatisfied.
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as they have extremely coarse pelts that rarely exceed one-third of the price of their northern
Alaskan cousins. Most European peltries have coarse-textured fur compared to North American varieties. The only exceptions are the Nordic and Far Eastern Russian peltries, but they are still inferior to North American peltries in terms of silkiness.
5047:. Where their ranges meet, the two canids compete due to near-identical diets. Red foxes ignore golden jackal scents or tracks in their territories and avoid close physical proximity with golden jackals themselves. In areas where golden jackals become very abundant, the population of red foxes decreases significantly, apparently because of
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precisely control the position of the scent mark. Red foxes live in family groups sharing a joint territory. In favourable habitats and/or areas with low hunting pressure, subordinate foxes may be present in a range. Subordinate foxes may number one or two, sometimes up to eight in one territory. These subordinates could be formerly
1235:, dating from 3.4 to 1.8 million years ago. The ancestral red fox was likely more diminutive compared to today's extant foxes, as the earliest red fox fossils have shown a smaller build than living specimens. The earliest fossil remains of the modern species date back to the mid-Pleistocene, found in association with
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steering in mid-air with their tails, before landing on target up to 5 m (16 ft) away. They typically only feed on carrion in the late evening hours and at night. They are extremely possessive of their food and will defend their catches from even dominant animals. Red foxes may occasionally commit acts of
4652:
4676:, which grade into each other. Recent analyses identify 12 different sounds produced by adults and 8 by kits. The majority of sounds can be divided into "contact" and "interaction" calls. The former vary according to the distance between individuals, while the latter vary according to the level of aggression.
5015:. Kit foxes usually avoid competition with their larger cousins by living in more arid environments, though red foxes have been increasing in ranges formerly occupied by kit foxes due to human-induced environmental changes. Red foxes will kill both species and compete with them for food and den sites.
5914:
North
American red foxes, particularly those of northern Alaska, are the most valued for their fur, as they have guard hairs of a silky texture which, after dressing, allow the wearer unrestricted mobility. Red foxes living in southern Alaska's coastal areas and the Aleutian Islands are an exception,
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The grays furnished more fun, the reds more excitement. The grays did not run so far, but usually kept near home, going in a circuit of six or eight miles. 'An old red, generally so called irrespective of age, as a tribute to his prowess, might lead the dogs all day, and end by losing them as evening
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Interaction calls: When greeting one another, red foxes emit high pitched whines, particularly submissive animals. A submissive fox approached by a dominant animal will emit a ululating siren-like shriek. During aggressive encounters with conspecifics, they emit a throaty rattling sound, similar to a
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animals, but are mostly young from the previous year, who act as helpers in rearing the breeding vixen's kits. Alternatively, their presence has been explained as being in response to temporary surpluses of food unrelated to assisting reproductive success. Non-breeding vixens will guard, play, groom,
6102:
Urban red foxes are most active at dusk and dawn, doing most of their hunting and scavenging at these times. It is uncommon to spot them during the day, but they can be caught sunbathing on roofs of houses or sheds. Urban red foxes will often make their homes in hidden and undisturbed spots in urban
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generally escape competition from red foxes by living farther north, where food is too scarce to support the larger-bodied red species. Although the red species' northern limit is linked to the availability of food, the Arctic species' southern range is limited by the presence of the former. Red and
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and adjacent cities). In spite of the red fox's adaptability to city life, they are still found in somewhat greater numbers in the northern portions of
California (north of the Bay Area) than in the south, as the wilderness is more alpine and isolated. The eastern red foxes appear to have mixed with
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In 2006, it was estimated that there were 10,000 red foxes in London. City-dwelling red foxes may have the potential to consistently grow larger than their rural counterparts as a result of abundant scraps and a relative lack of predators. In cities, red foxes may scavenge food from litter bins and
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who, over a 40-year period, bred several generations selecting only those individuals that showed the least fear of humans. Eventually, Belyayev's team selected only those that showed the most positive response to humans, thus resulting in a population of silver foxes whose behaviour and appearance
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Urban red foxes can cause problems for local residents. They have been known to steal chickens, disrupt rubbish bins and damage gardens. Most complaints about urban red foxes made to local authorities occur during the breeding season in late
January/early February or from late April to August when
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Red foxes have been exceedingly successful in colonising built-up environments, especially lower-density suburbs, although many have also been sighted in dense urban areas far from the countryside. Throughout the 20th century, they have established themselves in many
Australian, European, Japanese
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In their unmodified wild state, red foxes are generally unsuitable as pets. Many supposedly abandoned kits are adopted by well-meaning people during the spring period, though it is unlikely that vixens would abandon their young. Actual orphans are rare and the ones that are adopted are likely kits
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on large carcasses. Red foxes may give way to striped hyenas on unopened carcasses, as the latter's stronger jaws can easily tear open flesh that is too tough for red foxes. Red foxes may harass striped hyenas, using their smaller size and greater speed to avoid the hyena's attacks. Sometimes, red
4930:
Red foxes prefer to hunt in the early morning hours before sunrise and late evening. Although they typically forage alone, they may aggregate in resource-rich environments. When hunting mouse-like prey, they first pinpoint their prey's location by sound, then leap, sailing high above their quarry,
4528:
The average litter size consists of four to six kits, though litters of up to 13 kits have occurred. Large litters are typical in areas where fox mortality is high. Kits are born blind, deaf and toothless, with dark brown fluffy fur. At birth, they weigh 56–110 g (2.0–3.9 oz) and measure
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sites, used to store found food, as reminders not to waste time investigating them. Males generally have higher urine marking rates during late summer and autumn, but the rest of the year the rates between male and female are similar. The use of up to 12 different urination postures allows them to
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by its slightly smaller size, distinctly smaller teeth and widely spaced premolars. Red foxes present in Great
Britain (and therefore Australia) are usually ascribed to this subspecies, though many populations there display a great degree of tooth compaction not present in continental European red
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extensively with red foxes imported from
Germany, France, Belgium, Sardinia and possibly Siberia and Scandinavia. However, genetic studies suggest very little differences between red foxes sampled across Europe. Lack of genetic diversity is consistent with the red fox being a highly agile species,
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In the U.K., hunting red foxes in urban areas is banned and shooting them in an urban environment is not suitable. One alternative to hunting urban red foxes has been to trap them, which appears to be a more viable method. However, killing red foxes has little effect on the population in an urban
5834:
Red foxes are still widely persecuted as pests, with human-caused deaths among the highest causes of mortality in the species. Annual red fox kills are: UK 21,500–25,000 (2000); Germany 600,000 (2000–2001); Austria 58,000 (2000–2001); Sweden 58,000 (1999–2000); Finland 56,000 (2000–2001); Denmark
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majority of aggressive encounters are initiated by coyotes, and there are few reports of red foxes acting aggressively toward coyotes except when attacked or when their kits were approached. Foxes and coyotes have sometimes been seen feeding together. In Israel, red foxes share their habitat with
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at 0.25–0.5 km (0.16–0.31 mi) and the squeaking of mice at about 100 m (330 ft). They are capable of locating sounds to within one degree at 700–3,000 Hz, though less accurately at higher frequencies. Their sense of smell is good, but weaker than that of specialised dogs.
6089:
or council-rented houses predominate. In these latter areas, the distribution is of a lower average density because they rely less on human resources; the home range of these foxes average from 80–90 ha (0.80–0.90 km; 200–220 acres), whereas those in more residential areas average from
5042:
populations are sympatric, red fox ranges tend to be located outside coyote territories. The principal cause of this separation is believed to be active avoidance of coyotes by the red foxes. Interactions between the two species vary in nature, ranging from active antagonism to indifference. The
4607:
Red fox body language consists of movements of the ears, tail and postures, with their body markings emphasising certain gestures. Postures can be divided into aggressive/dominant and fearful/submissive categories. Some postures may blend the two together. Inquisitive foxes will rotate and flick
4187:
In
Australia, estimates in 2012 indicated that there were more than 7.2 million red foxes, with a range extending throughout most of the continental mainland. They became established in Australia through successive introductions in the 1830s and 1840s, by settlers in the British colonies of
5400:
in red foxes. It causes extensive hair loss, starting from the base of the tail and hindfeet, then the rump before moving on to the rest of the body. In the final stages of the condition, red foxes can lose most of their fur, 50% of their body weight and may gnaw at infected extremities. In the
1399:) were introduced to portions of the United States in the 1900s, recent genetic investigation indicates an absence of European fox mitochondrial haplotypes in any North American populations. Additionally, introduced eastern North American red foxes have colonised most of inland California, from
5019:
are exceptional, as they dominate red foxes wherever their ranges meet. Historically, interactions between the two species were rare, as grey foxes favoured heavily wooded or semiarid habitats as opposed to the open and mesic ones preferred by red foxes. However, interactions have become more
6106:
While urban red foxes will scavenge successfully in the city (and the red foxes tend to eat anything that humans eat) some urban residents will deliberately leave food out for the animals, finding them endearing. Doing this regularly can attract urban red foxes to one's home; they can become
7227:
Statham, Mark J.; Murdoch, James; Janecka, Jan; Aubry, Keith B.; Edwards, Ceiridwen J.; Soulsbury, Carl D.; Berry, Oliver; Wang, Zhenghuan; et al. (2014). "Range-wide multilocus phylogeography of the red fox reveals ancient continental divergence, minimal genomic exchange and distinct
6010:
was significantly changed. After about 10 generations of controlled breeding, these foxes no longer showed any fear of humans and often wagged their tails and licked their human caretakers to show affection. These behavioural changes were accompanied by physical alterations, which included
3984:
The fur has a darker colouration than the colour morph listed directly above. The rump and lower back are dark brown or dark grey, with varying degrees of silver on the guard hairs. The cross on the shoulders is black or brown, sometimes with light silvery fur. The head and feet are brown.
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5966:
and may feed alongside them. In physical confrontations, the cats usually have the upper hand. Authenticated cases of red foxes killing cats usually involve kittens. Although most red foxes do not prey on cats, some may do so and may treat them more as competitors rather than food.
4517:
4836:. They typically target mammals up to about 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in weight, and they require 500 g (18 oz) of food daily. Red foxes readily eat plant material and in some areas fruit can amount to 100% of their diet in autumn. Commonly consumed fruits include
4518:
5152:
in Russia, red foxes are absent or are seen only occasionally where
Eurasian lynxes establish permanent territories. Researchers consider Eurasian lynxes to represent considerably less danger to red foxes than wolves do. North American felid predators of red foxes include
4108:
lined by sebaceous glands, both of which open through a single duct. The size and volume of the anal sacs increases with age, ranging in size from 5–40mm in length, 1–3mm in diameter, and with a capacity of 1–5 mL. The anal sacs act as fermentation chambers in which
4649:
6167:
collar stopped transmitting due to suspected water damage. Along with setting a record for the longest journey undertaken by a tracked red fox in the United
Kingdom, his travels have highlighted the fluidity of movement between rural and urban red fox populations.
6034:
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4299:
following its introduction to the island by humans. It is likely then that Sardinian fox populations stem from repeated introductions of animals from different localities in the Mediterranean. This latter theory may explain the subspecies' phenotypic diversity.
6038:
6037:
6032:
5682:, the fox is considered a cowardly, weak, deceitful, and cunning animal, said to feign death by filling its abdomen with air to appear bloated, then lies on its side, awaiting the approach of unwitting prey. The animal's cunning was noted by the authors of the
3787:
The red fox has an elongated body and relatively short limbs. The tail, which is longer than half the body length (70 percent of head and body length), is fluffy and reaches the ground when in a standing position. Their pupils are oval and vertically oriented.
3873:
The winter fur is dense, soft, silky and relatively long. For the northern foxes, the fur is very long, dense and fluffy, but it is shorter, sparser and coarser in southern forms. Among northern foxes, the North American varieties generally have the silkiest
3203:
A small subspecies; it measures 76.7–105.3 cm in body length, 30.2–40.1 cm in tail length and weighs 1.8–3.8 kg. It is ruddy to grey-brown above and darker on the back of the neck. The flanks are greyer and tinged with buff. It is larger than
6039:
4537:
period lasts 6–7 weeks. Their woolly coats begin to be coated by shiny guard hairs after 8 weeks. By the age of 3–4 months, the kits are long-legged, narrow-chested and sinewy. They reach adult proportions at the age of 6–7 months. Some vixens may reach
3878:, while most Eurasian red foxes have coarser fur. The fur in "thermal windows" areas such as the head and the lower legs is kept dense and short all year round, while fur in other areas changes with the seasons. The foxes actively control the peripheral
5070:, sometimes killing their kits or biting adults to death. Cases are known of red foxes killing raccoon dogs after entering their dens. Both species compete for mouse-like prey. This competition reaches a peak during early spring when food is scarce. In
1239:
and refuse left by early human settlements. This has led to the theory that the red fox was hunted by primitive humans (as both a source of food and pelts); the possibility also exists of red foxes scavenging from middens or butchered animal carcasses.
4483:
in males begins in August–September, with the testicles attaining their greatest weight in December–February. The vixen's oestrus period lasts three weeks, during which the dog-foxes mate with the vixens for several days, often in burrows. The male's
5133:
foxes seem to deliberately torment striped hyenas even when there is no food at stake. Some red foxes may mistime their attacks and are killed. Red fox remains are often found in striped hyena dens and striped hyenas may steal red foxes from traps.
4520:
5121:; red foxes provide Eurasian badgers with food scraps, while Eurasian badgers maintain the shared burrow's cleanliness. However, cases are known of Eurasian badgers driving vixens from their dens and destroying their litters without eating them.
1778:
A small subspecies weighing 4 kg; its maximum skull length is 132–39 mm in males and 121–26 mm in females. The fur is rusty grey or rusty brown, with a brighter rusty stripe along the spine. The coat is short, coarse and sparse.
1336:. Although they ranged far south during the Wisconsinan, the onset of warm conditions shrank their range toward the north, and they have only recently reclaimed their former North American ranges because of human-induced environmental changes.
3997:
The melanistic colour morph of the Eurasian red foxes. Has blackish-brown or black skin with a light brownish tint. The skin area usually has a variable admixture of silver. Reddish hairs are either completely absent or in small quantities.
4017:
The melanistic colour morph of the North American red foxes, but introduced to the Old World by the fur trade. Characterised by pure black colour with skin that usually has a variable admixture of silver (covering 25–100% of the skin area)
8684:
1585:
A large subspecies measuring 70–90 cm in length and weighing 5–10 kg; the maximum length of the skull for males is 163.2 mm. The fur is bright red with a strongly developed whitish and yellow ripple on the lower back.
506:
and their young, or a male with several females having kinship ties. The young of the mated pair remain with their parents to assist in caring for new kits. The species primarily feeds on small rodents, though it may also target
6036:
4994:
during the 1830s–1930s by fur companies. The red foxes invariably displaced the Arctic foxes, with one male red fox having been reported to have killed off all resident Arctic foxes on a small island in 1866. Where they are
483:. Apart from its large size, the red fox is distinguished from other fox species by its ability to adapt quickly to new environments. Despite its name, the species often produces individuals with other colourings, including
4529:
14.5 cm (5.7 in) in body length and 7.5 cm (3.0 in) in tail length. At birth, they are short-legged, large-headed and have broad chests. Mothers remain with the kits for 2–3 weeks, as they are unable to
4153:. It occurs all across Europe, in Africa north of the Sahara Desert, throughout Asia apart from extreme Southeast Asia, and across North America apart from most of the southwestern United States and Mexico. It is absent in
562:
for many centuries, as well as being represented in human folklore and mythology. Because of its widespread distribution and large population, the red fox is one of the most important furbearing animals harvested for the
1527:
traits than the northern foxes and they are much smaller; the maximum sizes attained by southern grey desert foxes are invariably less than the average sizes of northern foxes. Their limbs are also longer and their ears
2345:
A large subspecies; the colour along its spine is light, dull yellowish-reddish with a strongly developed white ripple and greyish longitudinal stripes on the anterior side of the limbs. The coat is coarse but fluffy.
4404:. Red foxes may leave their families once they reach adulthood if the chances of winning a territory of their own are high. If not, they will stay with their parents, at the cost of postponing their own reproduction.
4696:" call at the age of 19 days, when craving attention. When red foxes draw close together, they emit trisyllabic greeting warbles similar to the clucking of chickens. Adults greet their kits with gruff huffing noises.
4390:. A male fox raises one hind leg and his urine is sprayed forward in front of him, whereas a female fox squats down so that the urine is sprayed in the ground between the hind legs. Urine is also used to mark empty
6951:
Basuony, Ali E; Saleh, Mostafa; Sarhan, Moustafa; Younes, Mahmoud; Abdel-Hamid, Fouad; Rodriguez Fernandes, Carlos; Vercammen, Paul; Aboshaala, Faraj; Bounaceur, Farid; Chadwick, Elizabeth A; Hailer, Frank (2023).
4926:
is very important for hunting, two studies that experimentally investigated the role of olfactory, auditory and visual cues found that visual cues are the most important ones for hunting in red foxes and coyotes.
2041:
A large subspecies; it is the most brightly coloured of the Old World red foxes, the fur being saturated bright-reddish and almost lacking the bright ripple along the back and flanks. The coat is fluffy and soft.
9207:
2214:
A medium-sized subspecies; its yellowish-fulvous or reddish-brown pelt lacks the whitish shading on the upper back. The tail is not grey, as in most other red fox subspecies. It is primarily distinguished from
832:
of mtDNA between the two species. Based on fossil record evidence, the last scenario seems most likely, which is further supported by the clear ecological and morphological differences between the two species.
4648:
5820:
in 1737). The popularity of fox hunting in Great Britain reached a peak during the 1700s. Although already native to North America, red foxes from England were imported for sporting purposes to Virginia and
5815:
caused a drop in deer populations, fox hunting grew in popularity. By the mid-1600s, Great Britain was divided into fox hunting territories, with the first fox hunting clubs being formed (the first was the
5788:
re-classed foxes as Beasts of the Chase, a lower category of quarry than Beasts of Venery. Foxes were gradually hunted less as vermin and more as Beasts of the Chase, to the point that by the late 1200s,
6085:, Switzerland, they only started appearing in the 1980s. Urban red foxes are most common in residential suburbs consisting of privately owned, low-density housing. They are rare in areas where industry,
4650:
4740:
with a highly varied diet. Research conducted in the former Soviet Union showed red foxes consuming over 300 animal species and a few dozen species of plants. They primarily feed on small rodents like
2163:
A large subspecies; its coat is variable in colour, ranging from reddish to red-grey and nearly grey. The fur is short and coarse. This subspecies could be a hybrid caused by mixing the populations of
3598:, it has smaller teeth and more widely spaced premolars. The fur is dull buff without any yellowish or reddish tints. The hindquarters are frosted with white and the tail is clear grey in colour.
8711:
5148:. The Eurasian lynxes chase red foxes into deep snow, where their long legs and larger paws give them an advantage over red foxes, especially when the depth of the snow exceeds one meter. In the
2384:
A very pale-coloured form; its light, straw-yellow fur deepens to golden yellow or buff-fulvous in some places. The tail lacks the usual black basal spot. The hind feet and claws are very large.
531:. Fruit and vegetable matter is also eaten sometimes. Although the red fox tends to kill smaller predators, including other fox species, it is vulnerable to attack from larger predators, such as
4519:
4939:
each, with peaks during dark, windy hours when flying conditions were unfavourable. Losses to poultry and penned game birds can be substantial because of this. Red foxes seem to dislike the
4133:. The presence of foot glands is equivocal. The interdigital cavities are deep, with a reddish tinge and smell strongly. Sebaceous glands are present on the angle of the jaw and mandible.
2493:
479:
at least 400,000 years ago and later colonised North America sometime prior to 130,000 years ago. Among the true foxes, the red fox represents a more progressive form in the direction of
10314:
7097:
5962:
if they are kept in open runs or are allowed to range freely in gardens. This problem is usually averted by housing them in robust hutches and runs. Urban red foxes frequently encounter
4512:
and mixed paternity litters. Subordinate vixens may become pregnant, but usually fail to whelp, or have their kits killed postpartum by either the dominant female or other subordinates.
10537:
4684:" sound, which is often made by two foxes approaching one another. This call is most frequently heard from December to February (when they can be confused with the territorial calls of
2322:
6035:
1344:
exist in North America, which have been separated since the Wisconsinan. The northern (or boreal) refugium occurs in Alaska and western Canada, and consists of the larger subspecies
5943:
Red foxes may on occasion prey on lambs. Usually, lambs targeted by red foxes tend to be physically weakened specimens, but not always. Lambs belonging to small breeds, such as the
9398:
10283:
10337:
8243:
Klir, J. J. & Heath, J. E. (1992). "An infrared thermographic study of surface temperature in relation to external thermal stress in three species of foxes: The Red Fox (
4692:" call varies according to individual; captive foxes have been recorded to answer pre-recorded calls of their pen-mates, but not those of strangers. Kits begin emitting the "
10217:
2621:
This large subspecies has an enormous tail and coarse, wolf-like fur on the tail and lower back. The hairs on the neck and shoulders are greatly elongated and form a ruff.
3965:
The rump and spine is brown or grey with light yellowish bands on the guard hairs. The cross on the shoulders is brown, rusty brown or reddish-brown. The limbs are brown.
8008:
9215:
2089:
7640:
Kutschera, Verena E.; Lecomte, Nicolas; Janke, Axel; Selva, Nuria; Sokolov, Alexander A.; Haun, Timm; Steyer, Katharina; Nowak, Carsten & Hailer, Frank (2013).
6954:"Paraphyly of the widespread generalist red fox (Vulpes vulpes): introgression rather than recent divergence of the arid-adapted Rüppell's fox (Vulpes rueppellii)?"
6107:
accustomed to human presence, warming up to their providers by allowing themselves to be approached and in some cases even played with, particularly young kits.
5678:. While some folktales speak of kitsune employing this ability to trick others, other stories portray them as faithful guardians, friends, lovers, and wives. In
9652:
Utekhina, I.; Potapov, E. & McGrady, M.J. (2000). "Diet of the Steller's Sea Eagle in the northern Sea of Okhotsk". In Ueta, M. & McGrady, M.J. (eds.).
5830:
fell, after taking them a dead stretch for thirty miles. The capture of a gray was what men boasted of; a chase after 'an old red' was what they 'yarned' about.
5003:
and flotsam rather than voles, as favoured by red foxes. Both species will kill each other's kits, given the opportunity. Red foxes are serious competitors of
3084:
by its smaller size, proportionately smaller skull and teeth and coarser fur. The hairs on the sole of the feet are copiously mixed with softer, woolly hairs.
1392:
has been separated from all other red fox populations since at least the last glacial maximum, and may possess unique ecological or physiological adaptations.
5651:. Many of Reynard's adventures may stem from actual observations on fox behaviour; he is an enemy of the wolf and has a fondness for blackberries and grapes.
8372:
6355:
Kutschera, Verena E; Lecomte, Nicolas; Janke, Axel; Selva, Nuria; Sokolov, Alexander A; Haun, Timm; Steyer, Katharina; Nowak, Carsten; Hailer, Frank (2013).
5797:
of foxhounds and a specialised fox huntsman. In this period, foxes were increasingly hunted above ground with hounds, rather than underground with terriers.
5383:
5023:
3696:
This large subspecies has yellowish-rusty or dirty-reddish fur with a well-developed cross and often a black area on the belly. The coat is long and fluffy.
1260:
demonstrates that red foxes in North America have been isolated from their Old World counterparts for over 400,000 years, thus raising the possibility that
17584:
5817:
4641:
5728:
story tells of how Fox, portrayed as a beautiful woman, tricks a hunter into marrying her, only to resume her true form and leave after he offends her. A
3823:
of the skull is more pronounced than in corsac foxes, with female red foxes tending to have smaller skulls than males, with wider nasal regions and hard
3451:
The largest North American red fox subspecies; it has very large and broad ears and a very long tail. It is a golden-yellow colour with pure black feet.
6896:
2479:
A small subspecies with an infantile-looking skull and an overall grey-coloured coat; its body length is 49–57.5 cm and it weighs 2.2–3.2 kg.
8536:
8221:
7583:) in Europe show an unusual lack of geographical and temporal structuring, and differing responses within the carnivores to historical climatic change"
5491:
2965:; its fur is pale yellow or light grey, sometimes brownish-reddish and is fluffier and denser than that of the other two Caucasian red fox subspecies.
16913:
5513:
2863:
469:
17336:
9910:
Gomes, Ana Paula N.; Amin, Omar M.; Olifiers, Natalie; Bianchi, Rita de Cassia; Souza, Joyce G. R.; Barbosa, Helene S.; Maldonado, Arnaldo (2019).
8354:
3796:. They are very agile, being capable of jumping over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high fences, and swim well. Vixens normally have four pairs of
17201:
7492:
7118:
6278:
Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
5907:. They are principally used as trimming for both cloth coats and fur garments, including evening wraps. The pelts of silver foxes are popular as
4170:
2387:
2121:
A short-tailed, small-toothed subspecies with yellow rather than fulvous fur; it is the subspecies most likely to produce "cross" colour morphs.
10646:
10052:
6761:
5074:, red fox predation accounted for 11.1% of deaths among 54 raccoon dogs and amounted to 14.3% of 186 raccoon dog deaths in northwestern Russia.
16892:
15521:
10451:
10306:
7116:
Middle Pleistocene fox from the Vallparadís Section (Vallès-Penedès Basin, NE Iberian Peninsula) and the earliest records of the extant red fox
7094:
5776:, who viewed hunting as part of a cultured man's education, advocated the killing of foxes as pests, as they distracted hounds from hares. The
1428:) only in a narrow hybrid zone. In addition, no evidence is seen of interbreeding of eastern American red foxes in California with the montane
17305:
17253:
16195:
15592:
8644:
Fawcett, John K.; Fawcett, Jeanne M. & Soulsbury, Carl D. (2012). "Seasonal and sex differences in urine marking rates of wild red foxes
7155:
4149:
The red fox is a wide-ranging species. Its range covers nearly 70,000,000 km (27,000,000 sq mi) including as far north as the
2223:
All of Europe except Scandinavia, the Iberian Peninsula and some islands of the Mediterranean Sea; introduced to Australia and North America
9875:
Tavakol, Sareh; Amin, Omar M.; Luus-Powell, Wilmien J.; Halajian, Ali (22 October 2015). "The acanthocephalan fauna of Iran, a check list".
8622:
1523:. These foxes display transitional features between the northern foxes and other, smaller fox species; their skulls possess more primitive,
17519:
9684:
5413:
2737:
2349:
10274:
16918:
9367:
5633:
symbolises trickery and deceit. He originally appeared (then under the name of "Reinardus") as a secondary character in the 1150 poem "
5315:
was noted among local red foxes, but the cause was undetermined. The possibility was considered that it was caused by an acute form of
4276:
824:. Several hypotheses have been suggested to explain this, including (1) recent divergence of Rüppell's fox from a red fox lineage, (2)
805:
traits than in other foxes, and its facial area is more developed. It is, however, not as adapted for a purely carnivorous diet as the
777:
Comparative illustration of skulls of the red fox (left) and Rüppell's fox (right): note the more developed facial area of the former.
10250:
7362:
Sacks, B. N.; Moore, M.; Statham, M. J. & Wittmer, H. U. (2011). "A restricted hybrid zone between native and introduced red fox
10376:
8394:
4231:
The red fox has been implicated in the extinction or decline of several native Australian species, particularly those of the family
17564:
17450:
17162:
10663:
7126:, Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, Vol.127, pp.179-187, DOI:10.13130/2039-4942/15229, Retrieved on 26 October 2021
5117:
may live alongside red foxes in isolated sections of large burrows. It is possible that the two species tolerate each other out of
4295:, Italy is uncertain, as it is absent from Pleistocene deposits in their current homeland. It is possible it originated during the
3370:
2416:
5674:
are fox-like spirits possessing magical abilities that increase with their age and wisdom. Foremost among these is the ability to
4471:(typically December), the reproductive organs of vixens change shape and size. By the time they enter their oestrus period, their
17463:
17227:
10632:
10208:
9324:
4582:, red foxes habitually leave pieces of prey around their dens. The average sleep time of a captive red fox is 9.8 hours per day.
567:. Too small to pose a threat to humans, it has extensively benefited from the presence of human habitation, and has successfully
10393:
9114:
9060:
Morton, F. Blake; Gartner, Marieke; Norrie, Ellie-Mae; Haddou, Yacob; Soulsbury, Carl D.; Adaway, Kristy A. (1 September 2023).
4958:
found that successful hunting in long vegetation or under snow appeared to involve an alignment of the red fox with the Earth's
3792:
are present, but move only when the eyes are closed. The forepaws have five digits, while the hind feet have only four and lack
3147:
16629:
8019:
2293:
17549:
17271:
16923:
10586:
10157:
10132:
10101:
10035:
10010:
9578:
9307:
8978:
8913:
8747:
8601:
8164:
7927:
6613:
5981:
17468:
17232:
10624:
8863:
Fawcett, J.; Fawcett, J. & Soulsbury, C. (2013). "Seasonal and sex differences in urine marking rates of wild red foxes
4570:
outbreaks, possibly as a defence mechanism against the spread of disease. In the Eurasian desert regions, foxes may use the
820:
markers, with Rüppell's fox nested inside the lineages of red foxes. Such a nesting of one species within another is called
17574:
17331:
6783:
Fedriani, J. M.; Palomares, F. & Delibes, M. (1999). "Niche relations among three sympatric Mediterranean carnivores".
5825:
in 1730 by prosperous tobacco planters. These American fox hunters considered the red fox more sporting than the grey fox.
4386:
Red foxes either establish stable home ranges within particular areas or are itinerant with no fixed abode. They use their
773:
7331:"The origin of recently established red fox populations in the United States: translocations or natural range expansions?"
5051:. However, there is one record of multiple red foxes interacting peacefully with a golden jackal in southwestern Germany.
17524:
10691:
5798:
615:, the red fox is the only fox native to Western Europe, and so is simply called "the fox" in colloquial British English.
9615:
Heptner, Vladimir G., ed. Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume 2 Part 2 Carnivora (Hyenas and Cats). Vol. 2. Brill, 1989.
8579:
8154:
1532:
Red foxes living in Middle Asia show physical traits intermediate to the northern foxes and southern grey desert foxes.
17569:
17437:
10507:
10435:
9515:
9486:
9015:"The diet of urban foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and the availability of anthropogenic food in the city of Zurich, Switzerland"
6691:
6572:
5125:
may kill red foxes, often while the latter is sleeping or near carrion. Red foxes, in turn, may kill young wolverines.
4704:, called "gekkering". Gekkering occurs mostly during the courting season from rival males or vixens rejecting advances.
2847:
17375:
9135:
Asa, C. S. & Mech, D. (1995). "A review of the sensory organs in wolves and their importance to life history," in
7419:"Genetic distinctiveness of red foxes in the Intermountain West as revealed through expanded mitochondrial sequencing"
6926:
6141:
In January 2014 it was reported that "Fleet", a relatively tame urban red fox tracked as part of a wider study by the
16943:
16188:
12061:
8137:
7836:
7809:
7313:
6737:
17131:
6595:
6014:
coats, floppy ears in kits and curled tails, similar to the traits that distinguish domestic dogs from grey wolves.
3195:
17476:
17383:
17175:
2537:, with a smaller, sharper face, a shorter tail, a lighter pelt more profusely mixed with whitish and darker limbs.
9531:
Jankowiak, L. & Tryjanowski, P. (2013). "Cooccurrence and food niche overlap of two common predators (red fox
8368:
17579:
17310:
17144:
12405:
10576:
5405:
phase of the disease, it usually takes red foxes four months to die after infection. Other endoparasites include
5048:
1770:
325:
194:
17056:
10658:
9185:
Wells, M. C. & Lehner, P. N. (1978). "Relative importance of distance senses in Coyote predatory behavior".
5606:, or Cadmean vixen, was a gigantic fox that was destined never to be caught. The fox was one of the children of
5598:
Red foxes feature prominently in the folklore and mythology of human cultures with which they are sympatric. In
1360:. The southern (or montane) refugium occurs in the subalpine parklands and alpine meadows of the west, from the
1169:
17554:
17544:
8530:
8188:
7977:
Catalogue of the Mammals of Western Europe (Europe Exclusive of Russia) in the Collection of the British Museum
7732:
7288:
6237:
4387:
4243:, and corresponds with declines in the distribution of several medium-sized ground-dwelling mammals, including
9478:
17494:
17292:
14623:
9507:
8480:
Short, J. (1998). "The extinction of rat-kangaroos (Marsupialia: Potoroidae) in New South Wales, Australia".
8213:
7452:"North American montane red foxes: Expansion, fragmentation, and the origin of the Sacramento Valley red fox"
6888:
5647:
5378:
are not uncommon in red foxes, and are typically found on nursing vixens and kits still in their earths. The
4970:
1341:
17:
8515:
6989:) confirms phylogenetic placement within the Palaearctic clade shared with its sister species, the red fox (
603:
Males are called tods or dogs, females are called vixens, and young are known as cubs or kits. Although the
17559:
17539:
16181:
9838:
7880:
The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Mammalia Volume 2, Carnivora: Aeluroidea, Arctoidea
7154:
Aubry, Keith B.; Statham, Mark J.; Sacks, Benjamin N.; Perrines, John D. & Wisely, Samantha M. (2009).
663:
7450:
Sacks, Benjamin N.; Statham, Mark J.; Perrine, John D.; Wisely, Samantha M. & Aubry, Keith B. (2010).
6318:"Unraveling the fossil record of foxes: An updated review on the Plio-Pleistocene Vulpes spp. from Europe"
4413:
3654:, with shorter, coarser fur. Specimens from the Crimean Mountains have brighter, fluffier and denser fur.
2206:
17266:
17214:
17074:
17038:
16866:
14614:
11817:
9368:"Behavioural responses of red foxes to an increase in the presence of golden jackals: A field experiment"
6006:
5531:
2231:
495:
are currently recognised, which are divided into two categories: the large northern foxes and the small,
17079:
9139:
eds. Carbyn, L. D.; Fritts, S. H. & Seip, D. R. (Edmonton: Canadian Circumpolar Institute): 287–291.
6103:
areas as well as on the edges of a city, visiting at night for sustenance. They sleep at night in dens.
5054:
3827:, as well as having larger canines. Their skulls are distinguished from those of dogs by their narrower
2774:. The back, neck and shoulders are brownish-rusty, while the flanks are bright ocherous reddish-yellow.
2525:
558:
The species has a long history of association with humans, having been extensively hunted as a pest and
16622:
16079:
15735:
9237:Červený, Jaroslav; Begall, Sabine; Koubek, Petr; Nováková, Petra & Burda, Hynek (12 January 2011).
6729:
Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation: Biology, Management and Economics
5781:
825:
17481:
17388:
14101:
9666:
Larivière, S., & Pasitschniak-Arts, M. (1996). Vulpes vulpes. Mammalian species, (537), 1-11.
9014:
8562:
7451:
7115:
1479:
studies. Castello (2018) recognized 30 subspecies of the Old World red fox and nine subspecies of the
17154:
12940:
10067:
7449:
7329:
Mark J. Statham; Benjamin N. Sacks; Keith B. Aubry; John D. Perrine & Samantha M. Wisely (2012).
6753:
5716:, Fox and Coyote are the co-creators of the world, that leave just before the arrival of humans. The
5702:
4571:
4350:
4264:
4239:. The spread of red foxes across the southern part of the continent has coincided with the spread of
3847:. However, relative to dimensions, red foxes are much lighter than similarly sized dogs of the genus
3493:
2033:
145:
10459:
9165:
Wells, M. C. (1978). "Coyote senses in predation – environmental influences on their relative use".
6805:
6280:(in Latin). Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 40.
6215:
4542:
at the age of 9–10 months, thus bearing their first litters at one year of age. In captivity, their
4035:
Distinguished from the silver colour morph by its pale, almost silvery-white fur with a bluish cast
17534:
15998:
15893:
14632:
12922:
12650:
12617:
12593:
12414:
11666:
9425:"Interspecific social interaction between golden jackal (Canis aureus) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes)"
7416:
7104:, authorized by Alan Turner, Liverpool John Moores University. Entry by H. O'Regan, 8 December 2003
5288:
5038:
may kill and eat red foxes in disputes over carcasses. In areas in North America where red fox and
4182:
1468:
listed 45 subspecies as valid. In 2010, a distinct 46th subspecies, the Sacramento Valley red fox (
209:
31:
17284:
16607:
9557:
Ziesemer, F. (1981). "Methods of assessing goshawk predation". Understanding the goshawk, 144–150.
7202:
7153:
6269:
4546:
can be as long as 15 years, though in the wild they typically do not survive past 5 years of age.
1039:
17016:
16231:
15660:
14641:
14372:
14065:
14000:
13382:
12958:
12431:
11953:
10684:
10485:
8931:"Body mass, territory size, and life-history tactics in a socially monogamous canid, the red fox
8614:
6317:
6061:
and North American cities. The species first colonised British cities during the 1930s, entering
5998:
5976:
5525:
5319:, which was first observed in captive-bred silver foxes. Individual cases of foxes infected with
4365:
2995:
2690:
1988:
1095:
945:
584:
10124:
10118:
1075:
992:
972:
889:
17362:
17206:
16978:
16933:
16723:
15884:
15636:
15449:
15325:
14937:
14919:
14747:
14441:
14432:
14074:
12812:
11604:
9966:
9676:
9148:
Osterholm, H. (1964). "The significance of distance reception in the feeding behaviour of fox (
6800:
6357:"A range-wide synthesis and timeline for phylogeographic events in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes)"
6142:
5567:
5561:
5479:
5340:
5217:
5201:
4380:
4129:
is 25 mm (0.98 in) long and 13 mm (0.51 in) wide, and reportedly smells of
3887:
1698:
1412:
909:
8903:
7953:
7826:
7755:
6562:
4334:
3978:
1133:
17357:
16615:
16510:
16286:
16173:
16061:
15316:
15298:
15289:
15280:
14765:
14756:
14128:
12898:
12889:
12880:
12829:
12767:
12749:
12740:
12677:
12626:
12464:
12455:
10892:
10000:
9568:
8570:
8348:
7328:
5352:
5334:
5292:
5149:
4991:
4228:. Consequently, the fox has become one of the continent's most destructive invasive species.
4217:
4196:
of New South Wales (as early as 1845), who wanted to foster the traditional English sport of
4193:
3455:
3137:
3072:
2391:
1895:
1746:
1429:
636:
496:
304:
17349:
14083:
13979:
10185:
9779:
Mechouk, N.; Deak, G.; Ionică, A. M.; Toma, C. G.; Bouslama, Z.; Daniel Mihalca, A. (2023).
6603:
3007:, but with a much longer tail, larger hind feet and more extensive blackening of the limbs.
1572:
17370:
17245:
17100:
17025:
16928:
16809:
16667:
15902:
15803:
15762:
15476:
14987:
14715:
14041:
13106:
12856:
12847:
12803:
12758:
12381:
11887:
11622:
11448:
10352:
9026:
8489:
7657:
7639:
7594:
7466:
7375:
7237:
7170:
7041:
6792:
6368:
6329:
6128:
5551:
5541:
5503:
5485:
5407:
5224:) have also been known to kill red foxes less frequently. Additionally, large owls such as
5192:) regularly takes young red foxes and prey on adults if needed. Other large eagles such as
4708:
Another call that does not fit into the two categories is a long, drawn-out, monosyllabic "
4701:
4489:
4396:
4240:
4189:
3789:
2757:
2261:
1964:
1678:
1369:
624:
10242:
9606:
Lewis, C. F. (1957). Wedge-tailed eagle takes a fox. Victorian Naturalist, 74, 89-90.
9236:
8763:
Henry, J. D. (1977). "The use of urine marking in the scavenging behavior of the red fox (
5923:
3720:
8:
16819:
16384:
16306:
16256:
16142:
16088:
15860:
15307:
15193:
15175:
15020:
14869:
14774:
14024:
13970:
13719:
13461:
13452:
12716:
11989:
11971:
11826:
11675:
11178:
10578:
Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs – 2004 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan
10094:
The Fox and the Jewel: Shared and Private Meanings in Contemporary Japanese Inari Worship
9208:"Foxes use the Earth's magnetic field as a targeting system - Not Exactly Rocket Science"
8423:
7549:
6591:
5994:
5790:
5761:
5607:
5275:
is common in foxes, being particularly frequent in the spine. Foxes may be infected with
5118:
4680:
Contact calls: The most commonly heard contact call is a three to five syllable barking "
4505:
4501:
4236:
4084:
4004:
3290:
3171:
3092:
1593:
1565:
1400:
716:
685:
433:
154:
13212:
10529:
10356:
9809:
9780:
9724:
Lalošević, V.; Lalošević, D.; Čapo, I.; Simin, V.; Galfi, A. & Traversa, D. (2013).
9030:
8685:"Some observations and field experiments on the urine marking behaviour of the red fox,
8493:
7661:
7598:
7470:
7379:
7241:
7174:
7156:"Phylogeography of the North American red fox: Vicariance in Pleistocene forest refugia"
7045:
6796:
6372:
6333:
5020:
frequent due to deforestation, allowing red foxes to colonise grey fox-inhabited areas.
4029:
968:
813:
16718:
16480:
15957:
15184:
14706:
14396:
14119:
14092:
13355:
13097:
12949:
12052:
11944:
11844:
11784:
11169:
11105:
10782:
10677:
10652:
10368:
9944:
9911:
9756:
9725:
9390:
9352:
9344:
9263:
9238:
8884:
8800:
8784:
8707:
8665:
8462:
8369:"Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 2003 – Schedule 2 Prohibited new organisms"
8336:
8272:
7724:
7680:
7641:
7617:
7578:
7484:
7417:
Volkmann, Logan A.; Statham, Mark J.; Mooers, Arne Ø. & Sacks, Benjamin N. (2015).
7399:
7261:
7194:
6834:
6818:
6399:
6356:
5944:
5803:
5784:
in Europe, foxes were considered secondary quarries, but gradually grew in importance.
5706:
5667:
5429:
5312:
5225:
5209:
5193:
4114:
3971:
2944:
2840:
2560:
2199:
2133:
1864:
1404:
548:
502:
Red foxes are usually found in pairs or small groups consisting of families, such as a
476:
461:
384:
204:
17030:
9102:
8501:
7283:. Columbus: State of Ohio, Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey.
6985:
Basuony, A. E.; Saleh, M.; Hailer, F. (2024). "Mitogenomic analysis of Rüppell's fox (
6192:
4947:, but will nonetheless catch them alive and present them to their kits as playthings.
4011:
17424:
17344:
17087:
17043:
16753:
16738:
16687:
16576:
16424:
16298:
16261:
16216:
15836:
15753:
15533:
15029:
14996:
13920:
13427:
13149:
12931:
12785:
12659:
12543:
11896:
11726:
11684:
11631:
11411:
11393:
11151:
10605:
10582:
10563:
10431:
10397:
10372:
10179:
10153:
10128:
10097:
10031:
10006:
9949:
9892:
9857:
9814:
9761:
9626:
9574:
9511:
9482:
9303:
9268:
9194:
9174:
9083:
9042:
9013:
Contesse, P.; Hegglin, D.; Gloor, S.; Bontadina, F.; Deplazes, P. (1 February 2004).
8974:
8909:
8888:
8845:
8792:
8743:
8597:
8526:
8454:
8410:
8184:
8160:
8133:
7975:
7947:
7923:
7902:
7832:
7805:
7685:
7622:
7391:
7387:
7309:
7284:
7253:
7186:
7182:
7059:
7010:
6826:
6733:
6687:
6619:
6609:
6568:
6404:
6386:
5896:
5812:
5519:
5419:
5392:
5316:
4936:
4935:; during one breeding season, four red foxes were recorded to have killed around 200
4915:
and hunting farms where ground-nesting birds are protected and raised, as well as in
4908:
4046:
3897:
3820:
3602:
3011:
2304:
2125:
1960:
1473:
1421:
1249:
1248:
Red foxes colonised the North American continent in two waves: before and during the
1220:
1071:
817:
9394:
8804:
8669:
8643:
8466:
8340:
8276:
7265:
7198:
6838:
6341:
5867:
5283:, though they are not overly susceptible to the latter. They may also fall ill from
3486:
A large-sized subspecies with a large, broad tail and larger teeth and rostrum than
17092:
16938:
16897:
16773:
16758:
16556:
16515:
16371:
16341:
16221:
16115:
15948:
15226:
14656:
13946:
13728:
13478:
12668:
12567:
12351:
12342:
11926:
11717:
11708:
11502:
11493:
11051:
10360:
9939:
9931:
9920:(Carnivora: Procyonidae) from Brazil, with Notes on the Genus and a Key to Species"
9884:
9847:
9804:
9796:
9751:
9741:
9436:
9382:
9336:
9258:
9250:
9190:
9170:
9073:
9034:
8946:
8876:
8835:
8776:
8703:
8657:
8497:
8446:
8328:
8268:
8264:
7716:
7675:
7665:
7612:
7602:
7488:
7474:
7430:
7403:
7383:
7342:
7245:
7178:
7049:
7030:"Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog"
7002:
6965:
6810:
6394:
6376:
6337:
6210:
6160:
5993:
White to black individual red foxes have been selected and raised on fur farms as "
5746:
5642:
5614:
5585:
5556:
5497:
5374:
5177:
5106:
4987:
4579:
4530:
4497:
4423:
4221:
4216:
is more prevalent, but it has, primarily through its burrowing behaviour, achieved
4110:
4080:
3883:
3459:
3403:
3361:
3331:
2713:
2509:
2441:
1786:
1706:
1480:
750:, which refers to the up and down "bounce" or flickering of an animal or its tail.
696:
17429:
9386:
9365:
9078:
9061:
8450:
7006:
6163:, at the eastern edge of the county. He was still continuing his journey when the
3908:
2010:
1472:), which inhabits the grasslands of the Sacramento Valley, was identified through
17529:
17415:
17318:
17180:
16850:
16743:
16657:
16351:
16241:
16133:
16124:
16052:
16007:
15669:
15619:
15610:
15485:
15431:
15375:
15244:
15217:
15110:
14928:
14887:
14852:
14597:
13660:
13373:
13340:
13331:
12838:
12576:
12025:
11475:
11402:
11360:
11096:
10901:
10835:
10812:
9800:
9597:
and small game populations in Finland in 1957-96." Ornis Fennica 76 (1999): 1-16.
8737:
7801:
7576:
7361:
7122:
7101:
6970:
6953:
6727:
5955:
5754:
5709:. Fox, however, is a deceitful companion that often steals Coyote's food. In the
5687:
5630:
5599:
5358:
5321:
5114:
5102:
4932:
4916:
4749:
4563:
4539:
4480:
4391:
4341:
4272:
4205:
3023:
3015:
2927:
2859:; its fur is short, coarse and of a light sandy-yellow or yellowish-grey colour.
2129:
2099:
1957:, but with smaller ears and less pronounced black markings on the ears and legs.
1906:
1868:
1840:
1813:
1437:
1361:
1337:
1289:
740:
652:
612:
17297:
17258:
7642:"A range-wide synthesis and timeline for phylogeographic events in the red fox (
5248:
4432:
1888:
1498:
Red fox subspecies in Eurasia and North Africa are divided into two categories:
17139:
17126:
16778:
16768:
16677:
16662:
16596:
16399:
16346:
16246:
16226:
16106:
16025:
15827:
15574:
15467:
15440:
14493:
14110:
13710:
13574:
13257:
12794:
12776:
12707:
12318:
12309:
11911:
11872:
10826:
10738:
9935:
9852:
9833:
9746:
9441:
9424:
8317:"Morphometrische Analbeutelmessungen beim Rotfuchs (Vulpes vulpes, Linné 1758)"
8290:
6002:
5785:
5769:
5675:
5603:
5546:
5473:
5368:
5346:
5169:
4959:
4951:
4817:
4493:
4485:
4252:
4130:
3748:
3627:
2641:
2457:
1228:
1216:
643:
628:
10481:
9888:
9062:"Urban foxes are bolder but not more innovative than their rural conspecifics"
8880:
8840:
8819:
8661:
7878:
7479:
6291:
4672:
Red foxes have a wide vocal range, and produce different sounds spanning five
464:, where it is considered harmful to native small and medium-sized rodents and
17513:
17240:
16948:
16887:
16840:
16783:
16733:
16713:
16561:
16535:
16434:
16379:
16326:
16266:
16251:
16236:
16070:
15966:
15939:
15565:
15263:
15208:
14730:
14674:
14415:
14056:
13511:
13073:
12238:
12205:
12007:
11998:
11935:
11835:
11793:
11645:
11238:
10609:
10600:
Spagnesi, Mario & De Marina Marinis, Maria (2002). "Mammiferi d'Italia".
9916:
Meyer, 1931 (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) in the Brown-Nosed Coati
9087:
9046:
7670:
7607:
7435:
7418:
6599:
6390:
6381:
6265:
6201:
5888:
5794:
5765:
5760:
The earliest historical records of fox hunting come from the 4th century BC;
5724:, and tied him to a hill, causing him to burn a great hole in the ground. An
5713:
5691:
5679:
5276:
5145:
5129:
5044:
5028:
4944:
4857:
4773:
4765:
4401:
4209:
4150:
3854:
3775:
3545:
2667:
2624:
2046:
1999:
1910:
1827:
1491:
1416:
1365:
1277:
1265:
1165:
829:
595:
540:
457:
453:
437:
321:
174:
169:
80:
17442:
12695:
12507:
10575:
Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Hoffman, Michael & MacDonald, David W. (2004).
10499:
9714:
Dixon, Charles C. (1970). "Red Fox Predated by Snowy Owl". Blue Jay. 33 (2).
9624:
9038:
8951:
8930:
8780:
7553:
7347:
7330:
6623:
3943:
3900:, is usually present at the base of the tail. The tip of the tail is white.
3438:
2108:
1495:
with one red fox covering 320 km (200 mi) in under a year's time.
17219:
16728:
16692:
16682:
16591:
16566:
16551:
16500:
16331:
16311:
16097:
16043:
15744:
15512:
15458:
15235:
15134:
14689:
14665:
14484:
14475:
14295:
14262:
14185:
14146:
13556:
13538:
13400:
13272:
12731:
12132:
12095:
11980:
11962:
11375:
11321:
11247:
10925:
10669:
9953:
9896:
9818:
9765:
9723:
9272:
9254:
8849:
8458:
7874:
7689:
7626:
7395:
7257:
7190:
7063:
7027:
7014:
6918:
6830:
6408:
6151:, had unexpectedly traveled 195 miles in 21 days from his neighbourhood in
5836:
5777:
5308:
5304:
5185:
5086:
5082:
5059:
4912:
4809:
4575:
4472:
4200:. A permanent red fox population did not establish itself on the island of
4126:
4088:
3879:
3816:
2567:
2466:
2376:
2250:
2026:
1924:
1592:
and the northern and middle (forest) districts of the European part of the
1408:
1285:
1257:
559:
544:
524:
449:
136:
10120:
Beasts of the Field: The Revealing Natural History of Animals in the Bible
6814:
5835:
50,000 (1976–1977); Switzerland 34,832 (2001); Norway 17,000 (2000–2001);
4595:
4375:
3916:
Atypical colouration in the red fox usually represents stages toward full
2150:
1806:
1729:
468:. Due to its impact on native species, it is included on the list of the "
17279:
17188:
17010:
17001:
16953:
16748:
16638:
16571:
16271:
15711:
14902:
14819:
14792:
14541:
14455:
14387:
14313:
14304:
14271:
14229:
14194:
13911:
13804:
13636:
13176:
13088:
12996:
12641:
12214:
12034:
11699:
11613:
11596:
11573:
11536:
11420:
11384:
11229:
11018:
10873:
10752:
9861:
8928:
8796:
7795:
7113:
David M. Alba, Saverio Bartolini Lucenti, Joan Madurell Malapeira, 2021,
6242:
6156:
6147:
6134:
5880:
5840:
5808:
5741:
5717:
5300:
5284:
5158:
5090:
5067:
4777:
4757:
4318:
4197:
4166:
4062:
3865:
3536:
3497:
3352:
2586:
2175:
1589:
1273:
1253:
1129:
806:
678:
568:
125:
55:
17066:
10364:
7054:
7029:
6022:
5338:
are probably only caught from the fox's prey species, while others like
2608:
17455:
17323:
17167:
16871:
16824:
16672:
16459:
16454:
16394:
16356:
16316:
15920:
15166:
15097:
15084:
15051:
14837:
14575:
14335:
13883:
13860:
13746:
13737:
13686:
13651:
13627:
13391:
13290:
13239:
13185:
13167:
13140:
13047:
12997:
12396:
12369:
12297:
12280:
12043:
12016:
11862:
11766:
11750:
11586:
11466:
11306:
11142:
11009:
10801:
10769:
10753:
9348:
9239:"Directional preference may enhance hunting accuracy in foraging foxes"
8901:
8788:
8332:
7728:
7366:
populations suggests reproductive barriers and competitive exclusion".
6822:
6782:
5959:
5936:
5931:
5848:
5634:
5296:
5004:
4982:
4881:
4841:
4825:
4769:
4664:
4456:
4275:, and an eradication program was initiated, conducted by the Tasmanian
4232:
3875:
3780:
3399:
3388:
3322:
3265:
2805:
1790:
1313:
1297:
1261:
1091:
941:
885:
794:
790:
786:
608:
604:
576:
503:
492:
100:
65:
10592:
9705:
Skrifter. (1963). Norway: I Kommisjon Hos Jacob Dybwad.
9366:
Scheinin, Shani; Yom-Tov, Yoram; Motro, Uzi & Geffen, Eli (2006).
7249:
4725:
3835:, more slender canine teeth, and concave rather than convex profiles.
1849:
1440:
to the east and the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains to the west).
17193:
17113:
16814:
16444:
16439:
16389:
16361:
15851:
15786:
15399:
15339:
15125:
14946:
14561:
14553:
14502:
14352:
14238:
14220:
13934:
13768:
13601:
13443:
13409:
13221:
12913:
12187:
11657:
11133:
10701:
10147:
9982:
9654:
First Symposium on Steller's and White-tailed Sea Eagles in East Asia
8316:
7028:
Lindblad-Toh, K.; Wade, C. M.; Mikkelsen, T. S.; et al. (2005).
6732:(Second ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 516–530.
6094:
bin bags, although much of their diet is similar to rural red foxes.
6078:
6066:
5884:
5872:
5844:
5729:
5656:
5618:
5536:
5424:
5402:
5280:
5272:
5233:
5122:
5071:
5012:
4923:
4896:
4892:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4789:
4781:
4761:
4685:
4616:
4543:
4534:
4325:
4296:
4225:
4154:
4122:
3869:
A red fox in its winter coat in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, U.S.
3812:
3800:, though vixens with seven, nine, or ten teats are not uncommon. The
3463:
3273:
3088:
3065:
2919:
One of the largest North American subspecies; it has softer fur than
2867:
1782:
1596:, southwards to the forest-steppe and eastwards approximately to the
1490:
mixing between different subspecies is known; British red foxes have
1487:
1476:
1321:
1292:. Fossils dating from the Wisconsinan are present in 25 sites across
821:
798:
607:
has a small native population in northern Scandinavia, and while the
564:
516:
480:
465:
429:
349:
261:
221:
105:
49:
16972:
10216:. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. p. 282 (Table 5).
9651:
9340:
7720:
7704:
6047:
5811:, fox hunting became a traditional sport of the nobility. After the
1763:
1207:
The species is Eurasian in origin, and may have evolved from either
17409:
17118:
16995:
16804:
16799:
16642:
16637:
16505:
16404:
16276:
15548:
15011:
14828:
14804:
14165:
14015:
13961:
13897:
13892:
13845:
13777:
13695:
13565:
13314:
13305:
13203:
13158:
13038:
12871:
12608:
12517:
12486:
12446:
12333:
12265:
12173:
12164:
11484:
11280:
11033:
10916:
10883:
10732:
10720:
8862:
7577:
Teacher, Amber G. F.; Thomas, Jessica A. & Barnes, Ian (2011).
6315:
6086:
5904:
5822:
5773:
5710:
5508:
5468:
5457:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5434:
5078:
5016:
4996:
4975:
4833:
4737:
4292:
4201:
4105:
3917:
3832:
3650:
This subspecies is slightly smaller and more lightly coloured than
3564:
3560:
3407:
3056:
3027:
2824:
2705:
2701:
2582:
2518:
2179:
1968:
1329:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1272:
may be valid. In the far north, red fox fossils have been found in
1035:
528:
512:
488:
425:
241:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
10307:"Why having Mr Fox to stay is not such a fantastic idea after all"
9981:.: Τευμησίας ἀλώπεκος, also known as ἀλώπηξ τῆς Τευμησσοῦ "fox of
8473:
8397:. Game Council of New South Wales. Archived from on 18 April 2012
6686:(Fourth ed.). Southampton: Mammal Society. pp. 408–422.
6608:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628.
5590:
5344:
are caught whilst traveling. Fleas that feed on red foxes include
4986:
Arctic foxes were both introduced to almost every island from the
3581:
3395:) in size, but is distinguished by its longer tail and hind feet.
1823:
17489:
16763:
16708:
16586:
16581:
16525:
16336:
16321:
15930:
15777:
15651:
15366:
14878:
14208:
13674:
13194:
13061:
13029:
13013:
12526:
12229:
11808:
11289:
11196:
11114:
11042:
10984:
10961:
10854:
9986:
9322:
8929:
Iossa, G.; Soulsbury, C.D.; Baker, P.J. & Harris, S. (2008).
6605:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
6316:
Bartolini Lucenti, Saverio; Madurell-Malapeira, Joan (May 2020).
6123:
6070:
6065:
and London during the 1940s, and later established themselves in
6062:
6051:
An urban red fox eating from a bag of biscuits in Dorset, England
6011:
5695:
5671:
5629:
from their neighbours. In later European folklore, the figure of
5463:
5240:) will prey on young foxes, and adults on exceptional occasions.
5141:
5137:
5008:
5000:
4955:
4904:
4829:
4813:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4785:
4753:
4642:
Red fox barks, recorded in Gloucestershire, England, January 1977
4476:
4468:
4441:
4256:
4162:
4158:
3793:
3744:
3703:
3699:
3658:
3047:
3039:
3035:
2782:
2353:
2050:
1914:
1702:
1524:
1333:
1236:
1232:
905:
802:
695:'fur / fluff'. The bushy tail also forms the basis for the fox's
552:
520:
484:
460:. Its range has increased alongside human expansion, having been
271:
110:
85:
9625:
Vrezec, A.; Bordjan, D.; Perušek, M. & Hudoklin, A. (2009).
9593:
Sulkava, Seppo, et al. "Changes in the diet of the Golden Eagle
8735:
7705:"Dispersal Patterns of Red Foxes Relative to Population Density"
5801:
assisted the climb of foxes as more prestigious quarries in his
5545:. A red fox from was found to be a host of intestinal parasitic
1456:
17105:
17051:
16520:
16495:
16490:
16485:
16449:
16409:
16034:
15981:
15726:
15414:
15148:
13868:
13529:
13364:
13121:
12558:
11330:
11256:
11205:
11187:
11160:
11081:
10943:
10726:
10714:
8437:
Bostanci, A. (2005). "Wildlife Biology: A Devil of a Disease".
6082:
6074:
5948:
5900:
5662:
5626:
5453:
5387:
specifically targets red foxes, but is found infrequently. The
5268:
5264:
5162:
5154:
5039:
4900:
4849:
4805:
4673:
4509:
4467:
Red foxes reproduce once a year in spring. Two months prior to
4461:
4268:
4260:
4248:
4244:
3824:
3801:
3313:
3305:
3269:
2741:
2656:
2420:
2183:
1972:
1831:
1742:
A large, long-tailed, small-eared form with golden-fulvous fur
1281:
816:, but the two species are surprisingly closely related through
580:
572:
536:
508:
441:
281:
251:
231:
16203:
10574:
9874:
9789:
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife
9460:
9423:
Böcker, F; Weber, H; Arnold, J; Collet, S; Hatlauf, J (2024).
8199:
8064:
8052:
6190:
5847:(US) 4,000–8,000 (average annual trapping harvest 2002–2009);
1448:
1436:) or other populations in the Intermountain West (between the
757:
derives from the Latin word for fox, and gives the adjectives
16464:
16419:
16016:
15875:
15818:
15691:
15494:
15351:
14978:
14960:
14583:
14253:
13502:
13487:
12148:
11439:
10934:
9012:
5892:
5859:
5725:
5683:
5622:
5397:
5379:
5257:
5110:
5098:
4940:
4885:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4861:
4745:
4730:
4567:
4504:, DNA evidence from one population indicated large levels of
4213:
4208:. On the mainland, however, the species was successful as an
4118:
3849:
3828:
3808:
3342:
3309:
3219:
3215:
3043:
2820:
2778:
2709:
1694:
1597:
1389:
1325:
1305:
671:
9530:
9297:
8619:
Department of Primary Industries and Water, Tasmania website
7757:
A biological investigation of the Athabaska-Mackenzie region
6677:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6663:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6653:
4204:, and it is widely held that foxes were out-competed by the
3737:, but unlike other Chinese red foxes, it closely approaches
1940:
797:
species, in regards to their overall size and adaptation to
428:
and one of the most widely distributed members of the order
16429:
15390:
14286:
13611:
13547:
11220:
10952:
10810:
9656:. Tokyo, Japan: Wild Bird Society of Japan. pp. 71–92.
8181:
Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife
7702:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6639:
6637:
6635:
6633:
6152:
5908:
5732:
story tells of how Fox is an untrustworthy friend to Wolf.
5705:, where it is portrayed as an almost constant companion to
5388:
5363:
5329:
5035:
4865:
4821:
4741:
4092:
3886:
in these areas to regulate heat loss. There are three main
3797:
3188:
3031:
3019:
2652:
2483:
1872:
1317:
781:
The red fox is considered to be a more specialised form of
532:
445:
10564:"The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai)"
8006:
7980:, British Museum (Natural History). Department of Zoology.
7226:
6567:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 115, 341–365, 453–502, 513–562.
6354:
4832:. On very rare occasions, foxes may attack young or small
4068:
Distinguished by its woolly pelt, which lacks guard hairs
1671:
16414:
13520:
13129:
11457:
10599:
9834:"Parasites of red foxes in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia"
9059:
8902:
Elbroch, L. M.; Kresky, M. R. & Evans, J. W. (2012).
8525:(Report). NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. 2001.
7854:
7138:
6164:
5963:
5721:
4999:, Arctic foxes may also escape competition by feeding on
4554:
4161:, the Arctic islands, the most northern parts of central
4141:
2988:
9909:
8007:
Larivière, Serge & Pasitschniak-Arts, Maria (1996).
7949:
The Contemporary Land Mammals of Egypt (including Sinai)
6950:
6725:
6630:
5997:". In the second half of the 20th century, a lineage of
4169:
and is classed as a "prohibited new organism" under the
10275:"Why we love keeping foxes at home - despite the smell"
9466:
9422:
8214:"'Largest fox killed in UK' shot on Aberdeenshire farm"
9495:
9137:
Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World
6726:
Feldhamer, G.; Thompson, B. & Chapman, J. (2003).
6043:
An urban red fox in a built-up area in London, England
5947:, are more vulnerable than larger breeds, such as the
5579:
4720:
4212:. The fox is generally less common in areas where the
10482:"Fieldsports Britain: How to call in great big bucks"
10200:
10148:
Bastian, Dawn Elaine & Mitchell, Judy K. (2004).
9778:
9325:"Observed interactions between coyotes and red foxes"
8742:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 202–203.
8594:
Australia's Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000 Year History
5168:
Red foxes compete with various birds of prey such as
3164:; it has a short tail, but cranially it is more like
2579:; it has a more extensively hoary and silvered pelt.
499:
southern grey desert foxes of Asia and North Africa.
14351:
11747:
10530:"Fleet the Sussex fox breaks British walking record"
10338:"Early canid domestication: The farm-fox experiment"
8993:
8516:
Threat Abatement Plan for Predation by the Red Fox (
7797:
Preliminary Revision of the North American Red Foxes
5328:
Red foxes are not readily prone to infestation with
4324:
Red fox pressed against the trunk of a pine tree in
2698:
A small subspecies with proportionately small ears.
1709:
and in the adjoining coastal southeast Alaska (US).
1690:, but with a lighter, longer and more slender skull
10474:
9627:"Population and ecology of the White-tailed Eagle (
8905:
Field Guide to Animal Tracks and Scat of California
8291:"Lipids of the anal sac secretions of the red fox,
7558:. London, New York, Bombay: Longmans, Green, and Co
6026:
An urban red fox crossing a city street in Portugal
4308:
4083:, but their sight reacts mainly to movement. Their
579:. Domestication of the red fox is also underway in
10570:. New Series (5). Field Museum of Natural History.
10273:
10053:"Foxes in Japanese culture: Beautiful or beastly?"
10025:
8736:Walters, M.; Bang, P. & Dahlstrøm, P. (2001).
8018:. American Society of Mammalogists. Archived from
6984:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6132:"Fleet", the urban red fox from the BBC TV series
5444:species are known to infect captive-bred foxes in
16914:British Association for Shooting and Conservation
10335:
10091:
10028:The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore
9323:Sargeant, Alan B & Allen, Stephen H. (1989).
8895:
8563:"Call for more dingoes to restore native species"
7278:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6292:"100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species"
5637:". He reappeared in 1175 in Pierre Saint Cloud's
5625:were thought to take the shape of foxes to steal
5495:; the latter two infect their lungs and trachea.
3804:of males are smaller than those of Arctic foxes.
17511:
12147:
10500:"BBC Two - Winterwatch, Urban Fox Diary: Part 2"
8682:
8152:
7021:
6889:"10 Fascinating Facts About Foxes (With Photos)"
6721:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6090:25–40 ha (0.25–0.40 km; 62–99 acres).
5027:Female red fox and kits interacting with a male
4981:Red foxes typically dominate other fox species.
1243:
729:
689:
10421:
10419:
10417:
10415:
10116:
9717:
8994:Holland, Jennifer S. (July 2011). "40 winks?".
8908:. University of California Press. p. 189.
8817:
8615:"Latest Physical Evidence of Foxes in Tasmania"
7907:. New York: American Museum of Natural History.
7825:Cook, Joseph A.; MacDonald, Stephen O. (2010).
7760:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 217.
7308:. Columbia University Press. pp. 96, 174.
6216:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T23062A193903628.en
6191:Hoffmann, M. & Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2021) .
5467:are also known to infect them. The most common
4407:
4171:Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996
4165:, and in extreme deserts. It is not present in
3843:Red foxes are the largest species of the genus
16893:Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002
10562:Osborn, Dale. J. & Helmy, Ibrahim (1980).
10019:
9998:
9573:(Second ed.). A&C Black. p. 92.
8964:
8962:
8560:
7917:
7303:
7279:Feldman, Rodney; Hackathorn, Merriane (1996).
6415:
6124:Relationship between urban and rural red foxes
6073:. In Ireland, they are now common in suburban
5918:
5686:who applied the word "fox" to false prophets (
5654:Chinese folk tales tell of fox-spirits called
16623:
16189:
13011:
10852:
10685:
10304:
10141:
9785:in Africa and Eucoleus aerophilus in Algeria"
9316:
9285:
8211:
7946:Osborn, Dale J. & Helmy, Ibrahim (1980).
7850:
7848:
7824:
7134:
7132:
6776:
6700:
6560:
5780:were hunting foxes by AD 80. During the
4891:Red foxes are implicated in the predation of
4772:. Secondary prey species include birds (with
3341:Northeastern China, Southeastern Russia, and
1372:ranges, consisting of the smaller subspecies
475:The red fox originated in Eurasia during the
10699:
10412:
9992:
9868:
9461:Sillero-Zubiri, Hoffman & MacDonald 2004
9302:. University of Chicago Press. p. 269.
9298:Mech, L. David & Boitani, Luigi (2003).
9113:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
8987:
8820:"Urinary volatile constituents of the lion,
8762:
8637:
8430:
8353:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8200:Sillero-Zubiri, Hoffman & MacDonald 2004
8065:Sillero-Zubiri, Hoffman & MacDonald 2004
8053:Sillero-Zubiri, Hoffman & MacDonald 2004
8002:
8000:
7998:
7952:. Field Museum of Natural History. pp.
7941:
7939:
7754:Preble, Edward Alexander (1908). "Mammals".
7520:. Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ.
6868:
6681:
5574:
5136:In Eurasia, red foxes may be preyed upon by
4091:changing roosts at 600 paces, the flight of
3811:are fairly narrow and elongated, with small
656:
17585:Extant Middle Pleistocene first appearances
10561:
10271:
10184:. Washington: The Carnahan Press. pp.
10050:
9903:
9560:
9300:Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation
8973:. Princeton University Press. p. 106.
8959:
8123:
8121:
8119:
8117:
8115:
8113:
8111:
8109:
8107:
8105:
8103:
8101:
8099:
8097:
8095:
8093:
7945:
7904:The mammals of China and Mongolia. Volume 1
7831:. University of Alaska Press. p. 162.
7800:. Washington Academy of Sciences. pp.
7789:
7787:
7703:Allen, S. H. & Sargeant, A. B. (1993).
7220:
6866:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6077:. In Australia, red foxes were recorded in
5970:
5772:horseman in the process of spearing a fox.
5617:, the red fox is a symbolic animal. In the
4500:lasts 49–58 days. Though foxes are largely
4400:provision and retrieve kits, an example of
4136:
2770:This subspecies is large, but smaller than
709:
701:
646:
16919:Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom
16630:
16616:
16204:Game animals and shooting in North America
16196:
16182:
10872:
10692:
10678:
9631:) and its conservation status in Slovenia"
9566:
9416:
8968:
8818:Andersen, K. F. & Vulpius, T. (1999).
8091:
8089:
8087:
8085:
8083:
8081:
8079:
8077:
8075:
8073:
7911:
7845:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7779:
7777:
7775:
7773:
7771:
7769:
7767:
7443:
7297:
7129:
6877:(Third ed.). New York: Prentice-Hall.
6590:
6230:
5720:believed that Fox, in anger, captured the
5594:Reynard the Fox in an 1869 children's book
5448:, while 20 are known in the wild. Several
4965:
4496:which may last for more than an hour. The
4277:Department of Primary Industries and Water
3719:
3580:
3544:
3437:
3369:
3289:
3187:
3146:
3064:
2987:
2943:
2839:
2804:
2756:
2607:
2559:
2517:
2465:
2198:
2149:
2107:
2025:
1939:
1887:
1848:
1805:
1762:
1728:
1670:
1571:
348:
185:
163:
135:
16964:Rarely shot because of declining numbers.
15095:
11584:
10767:
10173:
10171:
10169:
10030:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 199–200.
9943:
9851:
9808:
9755:
9745:
9440:
9291:
9262:
9077:
8950:
8839:
8242:
8127:
7995:
7936:
7869:
7867:
7865:
7863:
7679:
7669:
7616:
7606:
7478:
7434:
7346:
7053:
6969:
6958:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
6804:
6398:
6380:
6214:
5243:
4950:A 2008–2010 study of 84 red foxes in the
3490:; it is the deepest-coloured subspecies.
812:The sister lineage to the red fox is the
13441:
10484:. Fieldsports Channel. 24 October 2012.
10243:"NAFA February 2013 Fur Auction Results"
8561:Millen, Tracey (October–November 2006).
8436:
7149:
7147:
6872:
6845:
6264:
6127:
6110:
6046:
6029:
6021:
5980:
5930:
5922:
5866:
5858:
5745:
5589:
5247:
5053:
5022:
4969:
4724:
4615:
4594:
4553:
4514:
4455:
4374:
4140:
3907:
3864:
3774:
1600:and probably Central and Western Europe
1455:
1447:
1215:, both of which lived during the Middle
772:
594:
12515:
11278:
10799:
10633:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
9501:
9472:
9456:
9454:
9452:
8289:Albone, E. S. & Grönnerberg, T. O.
8179:Burnie, D. & Wilson, D. E. (eds.),
8159:. Vol. 1. JHU Press. p. 636.
8070:
8048:
8046:
8044:
8042:
8040:
7793:
7764:
7544:
7542:
7540:
7538:
7536:
7534:
7532:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7075:
7073:
5879:Red foxes are among the most important
5433:(which infects the nasal passages) and
5184:) and even steal their kills. In turn,
4414:Mating behavior of melanistic red foxes
14:
17512:
16924:Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust
15608:
13844:
10602:Quaderni di Conservazione della Natura
10540:from the original on 15 September 2019
10488:from the original on 15 December 2021.
10425:
10206:
10166:
8625:from the original on 21 September 2013
8173:
7968:
7873:
7860:
7753:
7304:Kurtén, B. & Anderson, E. (1980).
7079:
6684:Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook
6586:
6584:
6561:Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998).
6186:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6145:in partnership with the BBC TV series
5985:A young boy holding a tame red fox kit
5927:A carcass of a lamb near a red fox den
3080:This subspecies is distinguished from
16977:
16976:
16611:
16177:
15082:
14539:
13843:
12995:
12130:
11571:
10751:
10673:
10317:from the original on 8 September 2016
10177:
10150:Handbook of Native American Mythology
10110:
9831:
9687:from the original on 20 November 2015
9404:from the original on 13 November 2018
8479:
8314:
7989:
7920:A Field Guide to the Mammals of Egypt
7900:
7855:Spagnesi & De Marina Marinis 2002
7144:
7139:Spagnesi & De Marina Marinis 2002
6946:
6944:
5701:The cunning Fox is commonly found in
5507:rarely affects them. The most common
4907:and young ungulates, particularly in
4145:Multi-coloured North American red fox
3920:, and mostly occurs in cold regions.
670:'thick-haired; tail'. Compare to the
599:Juvenile red foxes are known as kits.
17495:6F952920-2A37-46C4-924D-EE18AC2AEEF9
17145:84f2e35f-eea0-4289-99c9-e6262bb0e386
10510:from the original on 9 December 2018
10286:from the original on 11 January 2022
10207:Dexter, Margaret (8 December 2009).
9985:"; Teumessos was an ancient city in
9449:
9205:
8224:from the original on 1 December 2017
8193:
8058:
8037:
7983:
7735:from the original on 18 October 2020
7548:
7523:
7498:from the original on 18 October 2020
7306:Pleistocene Mammals of North America
7070:
6899:from the original on 20 January 2022
6682:Harris, S. & Yalden, D. (2008).
5764:is known to have hunted foxes and a
5539:species infect red foxes, including
4922:While the popular consensus is that
4558:Side and above view of a red fox den
4549:
4524:Red fox kits coming out of their den
2957:A form intermediate in size between
2540:Eastern Canada and the eastern U.S.
1340:indicates that two distinct red fox
1264:has occurred, and that the previous
17520:IUCN Red List least concern species
12062:South African small-spotted genet (
10581:. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group.
10223:from the original on 25 August 2014
9100:
8146:
6581:
6202:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
6177:
6159:across rural countryside as far as
5939:garden investigating a rabbit hutch
5660:that may have up to nine tails, or
5641:, and made his debut in England in
5580:In folklore, religion and mythology
4721:Diet, hunting and feeding behaviour
4620:A pair of Wasatch Mountains foxes (
3890:; red, silver/black and cross (see
1460:Skull of a southern grey desert fox
1223:. The earliest fossil specimens of
24:
16285:
10555:
10305:Karim, Fariha (8 September 2016).
9683:. The Owl Pages. 23 October 2015.
9681:) - Information, Pictures, Sounds"
9359:
8708:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00667.x
8582:from the original on 16 April 2012
8542:from the original on 17 March 2011
7095:PaleoDatabase collection No. 35369
6941:
6017:
5471:species found in red fox guts are
5423:(which is frequently found in the
5307:. A mysterious fatal disease near
4630:
4282:
4121:into odorous compounds, including
3892:
2712:; may have been introduced to the
2533:This is a smaller subspecies than
2271:(Douma-Petridou and Ondrias, 1980)
470:world's 100 worst invasive species
432:, being present across the entire
25:
17596:
16944:Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom
12406:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (
10617:
10458:. 28 October 2010. Archived from
10396:. The fox website. Archived from
10253:from the original on 26 June 2013
10123:. London: Robson Books. pp.
9726:"High infection rate of zoonotic
9539:) in an agricultural landscape".
9117:from the original on 11 July 2021
8375:from the original on 16 June 2012
8315:Rinck, M., R., J. (1 June 2000).
7894:
6929:from the original on 12 June 2016
6764:from the original on 10 June 2022
5768:dated from 350 BC depicts a
5263:Red foxes are the most important
12131:
10522:
10492:
10444:
10386:
10329:
10298:
10265:
10235:
10085:
10044:
9960:
9825:
9772:
9708:
9699:
9669:
8321:Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft
7922:. American Univ in Cairo Press.
7388:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04943.x
7183:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04222.x
6296:Global Invasive Species Database
6081:as early as the 1930s, while in
4876:. Other plant material includes
4663:Problems playing this file? See
4646:
4611:
4590:
4585:
4440:
4431:
4422:
4349:
4333:
4317:
4309:Social and territorial behaviour
4061:
4045:
4028:
4010:
3977:
3942:
3903:
1505:are large and brightly coloured.
1168:
1132:
1094:
1074:
1038:
991:
971:
944:
908:
888:
543:, large predatory birds such as
208:
53:
17565:Introduced mammals of Australia
14540:
11572:
10659:Sacramento Valley red fox info1
9730:infection in foxes from Serbia"
9660:
9645:
9618:
9609:
9600:
9587:
9551:
9524:
9506:. Leiden u.a.: Brill. pp.
9477:. Leiden u.a.: Brill. pp.
9279:
9230:
9199:
9179:
9159:
9142:
9129:
9094:
9053:
9006:
8922:
8856:
8811:
8756:
8729:
8696:Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie
8676:
8607:
8554:
8508:
8387:
8361:
8308:
8283:
8236:
8205:
7818:
7747:
7696:
7633:
7570:
7510:
7410:
7355:
7322:
7272:
7107:
7088:
6978:
6911:
6881:
6746:
6342:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106296
6055:
5666:as they are known in Korea. In
5501:infects the red fox's bladder.
5396:is the most important cause of
4388:urine to mark their territories
4173:, which does not allow import.
4099:
801:; the skull displays far fewer
340:
15083:
10653:Natural History of the Red Fox
10096:. University of Hawaii Press.
10005:. Reaktion Books. p. 40.
8269:10.1086/physzool.65.5.30158555
8212:Wilkes, David (5 March 2012).
7794:Merriam, Clinton Hart (1900).
7709:Journal of Wildlife Management
6348:
6309:
6284:
6258:
6097:
4356:A pair of European red foxes (
3765:
3243:(Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833)
3236:(Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833)
662:. This, in turn, derives from
590:
551:, and medium- and large-sized
13:
1:
11818:Malabar large-spotted civet (
10152:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 99–100.
9387:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.05.022
9079:10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.07.003
8502:10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00026-3
8451:10.1126/science.307.5712.1035
8156:Walker's Mammals of the World
7974:Miller, Gerrit Smith (1912).
7579:"Modern and ancient red fox (
7082:Pleistocene Mammals of Europe
7007:10.1080/24701394.2024.2332320
6171:
6116:the new kits are developing.
4087:is acute, being able to hear
3949:The typical colouration (see
3912:Various red fox colour morphs
3838:
1511:include the Asian subspecies
1443:
1244:Colonisation of North America
17550:Carnivorans of North America
16080:Indonesian mountain weasel (
15736:North American river otter (
14624:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (
11678:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii
9839:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
9801:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.03.003
9206:Yong, Ed (11 January 2011).
9195:10.1016/0003-3472(78)90025-8
9175:10.1016/0376-6357(78)90041-4
7084:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
5839:(Canada) 2,000 (2000–2001);
4408:Reproduction and development
4303:
4176:
768:
618:
357:Distribution of the red fox
7:
17575:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
16867:League Against Cruel Sports
12941:Somalian slender mongoose (
10210:Trapping Harvest Statistics
10026:Monaghan, Patricia (2004).
9504:Mammals of the Soviet Union
9475:Mammals of the Soviet Union
6564:Mammals of the Soviet Union
5919:Livestock and pet predation
5887:. Their pelts are used for
5871:A red fox in a fur farm in
5799:Edward, Second Duke of York
5690:13:4) and the hypocrisy of
5128:Red foxes may compete with
4603:) in an inquisitive posture
4265:bridled nail-tail wallabies
4192:(as early as 1833) and the
3857:, Scotland, in early 2012.
3387:; it closely resembles the
1544:Trinomial authority (year)
1466:Mammal Species of the World
1374:V. v. cascadensis
10:
17601:
17525:NatureServe secure species
15894:Asian small-clawed otter (
14633:American hog-nosed skunk (
14615:Molina's hog-nosed skunk (
12923:Angolan slender mongoose (
12618:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (
11667:Small-toothed palm civet (
10666:, Fletcher Wildlife Garden
10452:"10,000 Foxes Roam London"
10336:Trut, Lyudmila N. (1999).
10272:Jones, Lucy (7 May 2016).
10092:Smyers, Karen Ann (1999).
9970:
9936:10.2478/s11686-019-00080-6
9853:10.7589/0090-3558-14.3.366
9541:Turkish Journal of Zoology
9442:10.1007/s13364-024-00737-2
8596:. Christopher N. Johnson.
8395:"Impacts of Feral Animals"
8371:. New Zealand Government.
6971:10.1093/biolinnean/blad001
6322:Quaternary Science Reviews
5974:
5854:
5843:(Canada) 491 (2000–2001);
5739:
5735:
5583:
4715:
4475:double in size, and their
4411:
4180:
3210:V. v. palaestina
2959:V. v. alpheryaki
2937:Transcaucasian montane fox
2855:A smaller subspecies than
1756:Eastern Transcaucasian fox
1521:V. v. flavescens
1509:Southern grey desert foxes
1346:V. v. alascensis
1202:
826:incomplete lineage sorting
707:, literally 'bushy', from
623:The word "fox" comes from
583:, and has resulted in the
29:
17570:Mammals described in 1758
17399:
16985:
16962:
16906:
16880:
16859:
16833:
16792:
16701:
16650:
16544:
16473:
16370:
16297:
16283:
16209:
15979:
15928:
15919:
15873:
15849:
15816:
15799:
15775:
15724:
15707:
15690:
15661:Saharan striped polecat (
15649:
15632:
15591:
15546:
15529:
15520:
15511:
15412:
15388:
15364:
15347:
15338:
15261:
15206:
15164:
15147:
15123:
15106:
15091:
15078:
15050:
15009:
14976:
14959:
14900:
14850:
14817:
14800:
14791:
14728:
14687:
14654:
14642:Striped hog-nosed skunk (
14595:
14574:
14552:
14548:
14535:
14471:
14454:
14413:
14385:
14373:Mediterranean monk seal (
14368:
14334:
14284:
14251:
14216:
14207:
14181:
14164:
14145:
14102:Juan Fernández fur seal (
14066:South American fur seal (
14054:
14037:
14013:
14001:South American sea lion (
13996:
13959:
13942:
13933:
13909:
13881:
13859:
13855:
13839:
13803:
13776:
13767:
13708:
13682:
13673:
13649:
13625:
13610:
13599:
13500:
13474:
13426:
13383:South American gray fox (
13353:
13327:
13303:
13286:
13271:
13256:
13119:
13086:
13069:
13060:
13027:
13007:
12991:
12959:Common slender mongoose (
12911:
12869:
12825:
12729:
12703:
12694:
12639:
12606:
12589:
12556:
12539:
12506:
12485:
12444:
12432:Narrow-striped mongoose (
12427:
12394:
12377:
12368:
12331:
12305:
12296:
12279:
12263:
12227:
12201:
12186:
12162:
12143:
12139:
12126:
12094:
12090:
11954:Crested servaline genet (
11909:
11870:
11861:
11806:
11780:
11765:
11743:
11697:
11653:
11644:
11595:
11580:
11567:
11535:
11437:
11373:
11356:
11347:
11319:
11302:
11269:
11218:
11131:
11094:
11077:
11068:
11031:
11007:
10998:
10982:
10914:
10881:
10868:
10848:
10795:
10778:
10763:
10747:
10709:
10430:. London: Whittet Books.
9889:10.11646/zootaxa.4033.2.3
9286:Heptner & Naumov 1998
8881:10.1007/s10164-012-0348-7
8683:Macdonald, D. W. (1979).
8662:10.1007/s10164-012-0348-7
8343:– via SpringerLink.
8303:Journal of Lipid Research
8153:Nowak, Ronald M. (1999).
8128:Macdonald, David (1987).
7480:10.1007/s10592-010-0053-4
7100:27 September 2013 at the
6875:Fur: A Practical Treatise
5999:domesticated silver foxes
5883:animals harvested by the
5703:Native American mythology
5575:Relationships with humans
5511:species in red foxes are
5077:Red foxes may kill small
4479:grow 1.5–2 times larger.
4104:Red foxes have a pair of
4074:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3652:V. v. crucigera
3626:The northern and central
3196:E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
2963:V. v. caucasica
2921:V. v. harrimani
2165:V. v. stepensis
1513:V. v. griffithi
1395:Although European foxes (
1358:V. v. rubricosa
1350:V. v. abietorum
1163:
1156:
1127:
1089:
1069:
1062:
1033:
986:
966:
959:
939:
932:
903:
883:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
841:
390:
383:
356:
347:
338:
333:
310:
303:
205:Scientific classification
203:
183:
161:
152:
146:Algonquin Provincial Park
143:
134:
41:
16017:Stoat/Beringian ermine (
15885:African clawless otter (
15637:African striped weasel (
15450:Yellow-throated marten (
15326:Formosan ferret-badger (
15030:Western mountain coati (
15021:Eastern mountain coati (
14938:Western lowland olingo (
14920:Eastern lowland olingo (
14748:Southern spotted skunk (
14442:Southern elephant seal (
14433:Northern elephant seal (
14223:Pagophilus groenlandicus
13000:("dog-like" carnivorans)
12813:Stripe-necked mongoose (
12434:Mungotictis decemlineata
11309:Herpailurus yagouaroundi
10756:("cat-like" carnivorans)
10426:Harris, Stephen (1986).
10117:Bright, Michael (2006).
9747:10.1051/parasite/2012003
8305:. 18.4 (1977): 474–479.
7828:Recent Mammals of Alaska
7671:10.1186/1471-2148-13-114
7650:BMC Evolutionary Biology
7608:10.1186/1471-2148-11-214
7587:BMC Evolutionary Biology
7228:demographic histories".
6995:Mitochondrial DNA Part A
6602:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
6382:10.1186/1471-2148-13-114
6361:BMC Evolutionary Biology
5971:Taming and domestication
5031:in south-western Germany
4974:A red fox confronting a
4183:Feral foxes in Australia
4137:Distribution and habitat
3950:
3770:
3594:Though equal in size to
3166:V. v. macroura
1664:British Columbia red fox
1378:V. v. macroura
1276:Stage deposits near the
491:individuals. Forty-five
424:) is the largest of the
377: presence uncertain
32:Red Fox (disambiguation)
16062:Yellow-bellied weasel (
15317:Burmese ferret-badger (
15299:Chinese ferret-badger (
15290:Bornean ferret badger (
15281:Vietnam ferret-badger (
14766:Eastern spotted skunk (
14757:Western spotted skunk (
14487:Leptonychotes weddellii
14129:Subantarctic fur seal (
14075:Australasian fur seal (
12899:Black-footed mongoose (
12881:Bushy-tailed mongoose (
12830:White-tailed mongoose (
12768:Indian brown mongoose (
12750:Short-tailed mongoose (
12741:Small Indian mongoose (
12678:Flat-headed kusimanse (
12651:Alexander's kusimanse (
12627:Common dwarf mongoose (
12594:Pousargues's mongoose (
12456:Brown-tailed mongoose (
12415:Grandidier's mongoose (
11669:Arctogalidia trivirgata
10893:Sunda clouded leopard (
10394:"Urban foxes: Overview"
9999:Wallen, Martin (2006).
9502:Heptner, V. G. (2002).
9473:Heptner, V. G. (2002).
9039:10.1078/1616-5047-00123
8971:Carnivores of the World
8952:10.1644/07-mamm-a-405.1
8841:10.1093/chemse/24.2.179
8781:10.1163/156853977X00496
8739:Animal Tracks and Signs
8482:Biological Conservation
8132:. Unwin Hyman, London.
7918:Hoath, Richard (2009).
7348:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-033.1
7121:26 October 2021 at the
6155:at the western edge of
5977:Domesticated silver fox
5648:The Nun's Priest's Tale
5526:Echinococcus granulosus
5291:, as well as acting as
5202:eastern imperial eagles
4966:Enemies and competitors
4366:British Wildlife Centre
4125:acids. The oval-shaped
3206:V. v. arabica
3003:This fox is similar to
2423:, southeastern Siberia
2169:V. v. karagan
1517:V. v. pusilla
1452:Skull of a northern fox
1434:V. v. necator
1382:V. v. necator
1354:V. v. regalis
1211:or the related Chinese
585:domesticated silver fox
462:introduced to Australia
17580:Symbols of Mississippi
16934:Driven grouse shooting
16410:Cougar (mountain lion)
16291:
15903:Congo clawless otter (
15806:Hydrictis maculicollis
15804:Spotted-necked otter (
15763:Southern river otter (
15714:Pteronura brasiliensis
15477:European pine marten (
14988:South American coati (
14716:Palawan stink badger (
14042:New Zealand sea lion (
13107:Japanese raccoon dog (
12804:Crab-eating mongoose (
12759:Indian grey mongoose (
12382:Ring-tailed vontsira (
12193:(bone-crushing hyenas)
11888:Central African oyan (
11449:Chinese mountain cat (
10181:Fox Hunting in America
9255:10.1098/rsbl.2010.1145
9154:Acta Zoologica Fennica
9101:Fox, David L. (2007).
7875:Pocock, Reginald Innes
7516:Castello, Jose, 2018.
7436:10.1093/jmammal/gyv007
7080:Kurtén, Björn (1968).
6209:: e.T23062A193903628.
6143:University of Brighton
6138:
6052:
6044:
6027:
5986:
5954:Red foxes may prey on
5940:
5928:
5876:
5864:
5832:
5757:
5595:
5568:Pachysentis ehrenbergi
5562:Pachysentis procumbens
5532:E. multilocularis
5480:Uncinaria stenocephala
5341:Archaeopsylla erinacei
5260:
5244:Diseases and parasites
5063:
5032:
4978:
4733:
4635:
4625:
4604:
4559:
4525:
4464:
4383:
4146:
3913:
3870:
3860:
3784:
3383:Slightly smaller than
3160:Externally similar to
2575:Slightly smaller than
2535:V. v. vulpes
2217:V. v. vulpes
2002:, northwestern Africa
1699:North-West Territories
1481:North American red fox
1470:V. v. patwin
1461:
1453:
1426:V. v. patwin
1413:San Francisco Bay Area
1386:V. v. patwin
1254:Wisconsinan glaciation
1213:V. chikushanensis
778:
730:
720:
710:
702:
690:
657:
647:
611:'s range extends into
600:
17555:Mammals of the Arctic
17545:Carnivorans of Europe
17358:Paleobiology Database
16645:in the United Kingdom
16289:
16143:Back-striped weasel (
16089:Black-footed ferret (
15861:Smooth-coated otter (
15639:Poecilogale albinucha
15308:Javan ferret-badger (
15194:Sumatran hog badger (
15176:Northern hog badger (
14870:Crab-eating raccoon (
14775:Pygmy spotted skunk (
14496:Lobodon carcinophagus
14232:Histriophoca fasciata
14025:Australian sea lion (
13971:California sea lion (
13720:American black bear (
13462:Black-backed jackal (
13453:Side-striped jackal (
13293:Chrysocyon brachyurus
12717:Long-nosed mongoose (
11990:Rusty-spotted genet (
11827:Large-spotted civet (
11676:Sulawesi palm civet (
11605:Owston's palm civet (
11179:Andean mountain cat (
10649:, National Geographic
10178:Potts, Allen (1912).
9832:Smith, H. J. (1978).
9677:"Eurasian Eagle Owl (
9167:Behavioural Processes
8257:Physiological Zoology
7901:Allen, G. M. (1938).
7459:Conservation Genetics
6873:Bachrach, M. (1953).
6815:10.1007/s004420050915
6131:
6111:Urban red fox control
6050:
6042:
6025:
5984:
5975:Further information:
5934:
5926:
5870:
5862:
5851:(US) 69 (1999–2000).
5827:
5749:
5740:Further information:
5593:
5584:Further information:
5353:Ctenocephalides canis
5335:Spilopsyllus cuniculi
5267:vector in Europe. In
5251:
5150:Velikoluksky District
5057:
5049:competitive exclusion
5026:
4992:Alexander Archipelago
4973:
4728:
4634:
4619:
4598:
4557:
4523:
4459:
4412:Further information:
4381:marking its territory
4378:
4245:brush-tailed bettongs
4218:niche differentiation
4194:Port Phillip District
4144:
3911:
3868:
3819:are relatively long.
3790:Nictitating membranes
3778:
3733:Slightly larger than
3138:Sierra Nevada red fox
2981:Wasatch Mountains fox
2352:, 45 km west of
1747:Andreafsky Wilderness
1686:Generally similar to
1459:
1451:
1430:Sierra Nevada red fox
776:
684:'tail; chowrie', and
627:, which derived from
598:
17140:Fauna Europaea (new)
16929:Countryside Alliance
16810:European fallow deer
16668:Red-legged partridge
16262:Snipe (common snipe)
16242:Ring-necked pheasant
15958:Long-tailed weasel (
15536:Lyncodon patagonicus
15185:Greater hog badger (
14707:Sunda stink badger (
14397:Hawaiian monk seal (
14120:Guadalupe fur seal (
14093:Antarctic fur seal (
14084:Galápagos fur seal (
13980:Galápagos sea lion (
13098:Common raccoon dog (
12950:Cape gray mongoose (
12890:Jackson's mongoose (
12850:Paracynictis selousi
12841:Cynictis penicillata
12465:Durrell's vontsira (
12053:Giant forest genet (
11845:Large Indian civet (
11785:Small Indian civet (
11394:Sunda leopard cat (
11170:Southern tiger cat (
11106:African golden cat (
10783:African palm civet (
10400:on 16 September 2013
10382:on 15 February 2010.
10249:. 22 February 2013.
10073:on 21 September 2013
10051:Goff, Janet (1997).
9629:Haliaeetus albicilla
9355:on 14 November 2007.
9329:Journal of Mammalogy
9111:Animal Diversity Web
8939:Journal of Mammalogy
8592:(Refers to the book
8130:Running with the Fox
7550:Dale, Thomas Francis
7423:Journal of Mammalogy
7335:Journal of Mammalogy
5552:Pachysentis canicola
5542:Metorchis conjunctus
5504:Trichinella spiralis
5486:Capillaria aerophila
5408:Demodex folliculorum
5254:V. v. crucigera
5222:Haliaeetus pelagicus
5218:steller's sea eagles
5214:Haliaeetus albicilla
5062:feeding on a red fox
4601:V. v. crucigera
4241:rabbits in Australia
3614:V. v. splendidissima
2968:Northeastern Turkey
1965:Strait of Belle Isle
1722:Northern Alaskan fox
1558:Scandinavian red fox
1541:Trinomial authority
1397:V. v. crucigera
1250:Illinoian glaciation
753:The scientific term
30:For other uses, see
17560:Arctic land animals
17540:Carnivorans of Asia
16257:Sharp-tailed grouse
16227:Hungarian partridge
16001:M. aistoodonnivalis
15837:Hairy-nosed otter (
15754:Neotropical otter (
15534:Patagonian weasel (
14997:White-nosed coati (
14197:Cystophora cristata
14188:Erignathus barbatus
13921:Northern fur seal (
13698:Helarctos malayanus
13334:Atelocynus microtis
13041:U. cinereoargenteus
12932:Egyptian mongoose (
12859:Rhynchogale melleri
12857:Meller's mongoose (
12848:Selous's mongoose (
12832:Ichneumia albicauda
12786:Collared mongoose (
12660:Angolan kusimanse (
12544:Liberian mongoose (
11897:West African oyan (
11796:Civettictis civetta
11727:Golden palm civet (
11685:Masked palm civet (
11660:Arctictis binturong
11634:Hemigalus derbyanus
11632:Banded palm civet (
11623:Hose's palm civet (
11412:Rusty-spotted cat (
10536:. 22 January 2014.
10506:. 23 January 2014.
10462:on 8 September 2006
10456:National Geographic
10365:10.1511/1999.20.813
10357:1999AmSci..87.....T
10066:(2). Archived from
9924:Acta Parasitologica
9728:Eucoleus aerophilus
9567:Watson, J. (2010).
9535:and common buzzard
9218:on 13 December 2018
9031:2004MamBi..69...81C
8996:National Geographic
8969:Hunter, L. (2011).
8869:Journal of Ethology
8650:Journal of Ethology
8494:1998BCons..86..365S
8183:. DK Adult (2005),
7662:2013BMCEE..13..114K
7599:2011BMCEE..11..214T
7518:Canids of the World
7471:2010ConG...11.1523S
7380:2011MolEc..20..326S
7242:2014MolEc..23.4813S
7175:2009MolEc..18.2668A
7055:10.1038/nature04338
7046:2005Natur.438..803L
6797:1999Oecol.121..138F
6754:"Red Fox Predators"
6373:2013BMCEE..13..114K
6334:2020QSRv..23606296B
5762:Alexander the Great
5384:Trichodectes vulpis
5226:Eurasian eagle-owls
5210:white-tailed eagles
5194:wedge-tailed eagles
5066:Red foxes dominate
4622:V. v. macroura
4237:desert rat-kangaroo
4085:auditory perception
3779:Red fox (left) and
3431:Northern plains fox
3093:Indian subcontinent
2906:Kenai Peninsula fox
2404:V. v. dolichocrania
2143:North Caucasian fox
2059:(J. A. Allen, 1903)
1594:former Soviet Union
1566:nominate subspecies
1464:The 3rd edition of
1401:Southern California
727:'tail', Lithuanian
664:Proto-Indo-European
549:Eurasian eagle owls
434:Northern Hemisphere
405:Linnaeus, 1758
397:Linnaeus, 1758
155:Conservation status
16481:American alligator
16292:
16116:European polecat (
15949:Colombian weasel (
15599:(African polecats)
15227:Caucasian badger (
15155:(Eurasian badgers)
14605:(hog-nosed skunks)
14342:("southern seals")
14241:Halichoerus grypus
14172:("northern seals")
14044:Phocarctos hookeri
13949:Eumetopias jubatus
13947:Steller sea lion (
13729:Asian black bear (
13479:African wild dog (
13433:(wolf-like canids)
12710:Atilax paludinosus
12669:Common kusimanse (
12596:Dologale dybowskii
12568:Gambian mongoose (
12352:Western falanouc (
12343:Eastern falanouc (
12312:Cryptoprocta ferox
12217:Parahyaena brunnea
11972:Johnston's genet (
11927:Abyssinian genet (
11879:(African linsangs)
11787:Viverricula indica
11718:Brown palm civet (
11709:Asian palm civet (
11616:Cynogale bennettii
11607:Chrotogale owstoni
11503:European wildcat (
11494:Black-footed cat (
11084:Leptailurus serval
11052:Asian golden cat (
10818:(Asiatic linsangs)
10595:on 6 October 2011.
10345:American Scientist
9975:Teumēs(s)íā alôpēx
9971:Τευμησ(σ)ία ἀλώπηξ
9912:"A New Species of
9288:, pp. 453–454
8333:10.1007/BF02241575
8055:, pp. 132–133
8025:on 31 October 2005
6139:
6053:
6045:
6028:
5987:
5945:Scottish Blackface
5941:
5929:
5877:
5865:
5818:Charlton Hunt Club
5804:The Master of Game
5758:
5668:Japanese mythology
5639:Le Roman de Renart
5596:
5571:in both in Egypt.
5520:T. pisiformis
5430:Linguatula serrata
5313:Novosibirsk Oblast
5261:
5182:Accipiter gentilis
5064:
5033:
4979:
4937:black-headed gulls
4734:
4636:
4626:
4605:
4560:
4526:
4465:
4384:
4287:The origin of the
4249:burrowing bettongs
4147:
4115:anaerobic bacteria
3914:
3871:
3785:
3716:V. v. tschiliensis
3611:Kurile Islands fox
3272:, eastern Russian
3140:or High Sierra fox
3123:(J. E. Gray, 1837)
3046:north to southern
2940:V. v. kurdistanica
2785:, eastern Siberia
2677:(R. Swinhoe, 1871)
2314:(Borkhausen, 1797)
2045:The shores of the
1705:, the interior of
1462:
1454:
1411:and north-coastal
1405:San Joaquin Valley
1227:were uncovered in
1209:Vulpes alopecoides
779:
715:'bush'. Likewise,
601:
477:Middle Pleistocene
452:. It is listed as
436:including most of
148:, Ontario, Canada
17505:
17504:
17345:Open Tree of Life
16979:Taxon identifiers
16970:
16969:
16754:Northern shoveler
16739:Pink-footed goose
16688:Eurasian woodcock
16605:
16604:
16577:Waterfowl hunting
16425:White-tailed deer
16290:Waterfowl hunters
16171:
16170:
16167:
16166:
16163:
16162:
16159:
16158:
16155:
16154:
16134:Siberian weasel (
16125:American ermine (
16053:Japanese weasel (
16008:Mountain weasel (
15992:
15915:
15914:
15701:
15686:
15685:
15682:
15681:
15670:Striped polecat (
15620:Marbled polecat (
15602:
15587:
15586:
15559:
15507:
15506:
15486:Japanese marten (
15432:American marten (
15425:
15283:M. cucphuongensis
15274:
15257:
15256:
15245:European badger (
15218:Japanese badger (
15158:
15111:American badger (
15074:
15073:
15070:
15069:
15046:
15045:
15042:
15041:
14970:
14929:Northern olingo (
14913:
14888:Cozumel raccoon (
14863:
14787:
14786:
14741:
14700:
14608:
14589:
14531:
14530:
14527:
14526:
14523:
14522:
14519:
14518:
14515:
14514:
14505:Ommatophoca rossi
14478:Hydrurga leptonyx
14465:
14462:(Antarctic seals)
14435:M. angustirostris
14426:
14409:
14408:
14375:Monachus monachus
14362:
14345:
14330:
14329:
14326:
14325:
14175:
14158:
14141:
14140:
14003:Otaria flavescens
13992:
13991:
13903:
13871:Odobenus rosmarus
13835:
13834:
13831:
13830:
13827:
13826:
13823:
13822:
13786:
13763:
13762:
13759:
13758:
13661:Spectacled bear (
13619:
13595:
13594:
13591:
13590:
13587:
13586:
13435:
13422:
13421:
13341:Crab-eating fox (
13332:Short-eared dog (
13280:
13265:
13252:
13251:
13134:
13076:Otocyon megalotis
13020:
12987:
12986:
12983:
12982:
12979:
12978:
12975:
12974:
12971:
12970:
12839:Yellow mongoose (
12690:
12689:
12577:Banded mongoose (
12546:Liberiictus kuhni
12500:
12481:
12480:
12477:
12476:
12364:
12363:
12290:
12259:
12258:
12255:
12254:
12251:
12250:
12195:
12156:
12122:
12121:
12118:
12117:
12114:
12113:
12086:
12085:
12082:
12081:
12078:
12077:
12074:
12073:
12026:Servaline genet (
11945:Bourlon's genet (
11920:
11881:
11857:
11856:
11739:
11738:
11711:P. hermaphroditus
11563:
11562:
11559:
11558:
11555:
11554:
11531:
11530:
11527:
11526:
11523:
11522:
11519:
11518:
11515:
11514:
11476:African wildcat (
11433:
11432:
11403:Flat-headed cat (
11343:
11342:
11127:
11126:
11064:
11063:
10978:
10977:
10974:
10973:
10902:Clouded leopard (
10861:
10836:Spotted linsang (
10820:
10785:Nandinia binotata
10655:, Wildlife Online
10629:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
10588:978-2-8317-0786-0
10159:978-1-85109-533-9
10134:978-1-86105-831-7
10103:978-0-8248-2102-9
10037:978-0-8160-4524-2
10012:978-1-86189-297-3
9781:"First report of
9595:Aquila chrysaetos
9580:978-1-4081-1420-9
9309:978-0-226-51696-7
9212:Discover Magazine
9019:Mammalian Biology
8980:978-0-691-15227-1
8915:978-0-520-25378-0
8749:978-0-19-850796-3
8602:978-0-521-68660-0
8295:and of the lion,
8166:978-0-8018-5789-8
7929:978-977-416-254-1
7368:Molecular Ecology
7250:10.1111/mec.12898
7236:(19): 4813–4830.
7230:Molecular Ecology
7169:(12): 2668–2686.
7163:Molecular Ecology
7040:(7069): 803–819.
6987:Vulpes rueppellii
6895:. 26 April 2012.
6615:978-0-8018-8221-0
6596:"Order Carnivora"
6592:Wozencraft, W. C.
6040:
6001:was developed by
5813:English Civil War
5676:assume human form
5523:. Others include
5420:Otodectes cynotis
5393:Sarcoptes scabiei
5375:I. hexagonus
5317:encephalomyelitis
5190:Aquila chrysaetos
5178:northern goshawks
4729:A red fox with a
4653:
4572:burrows of wolves
4550:Denning behaviour
4521:
4368:, Surrey, England
4190:Van Diemen's Land
4072:
4071:
3898:supracaudal gland
3821:Sexual dimorphism
3763:
3762:
3759:
3713:North Chinese fox
3677:
3669:
3657:The steppes near
3603:Iberian Peninsula
3530:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3488:V. v. fulvus
3425:
3417:
3356:
3253:V. v. ochroxantha
3244:
3237:
3229:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3012:Wasatch Mountains
2976:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2793:
2678:
2671:
2659:, southern China
2634:South Chinese fox
2596:
2548:
2504:
2497:
2431:
2364:
2326:
2315:
2308:
2297:
2286:
2285:(Bechstein, 1801)
2279:
2272:
2265:
2254:
2243:
2242:(Bechstein, 1801)
2235:
2220:fox populations.
2126:Cascade Mountains
2104:V. v. cascadensis
2093:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2060:
2014:
1928:
1717:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1422:Sacramento Valley
1415:(including urban
1252:, and during the
1221:Pleistocene Epoch
1199:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1145:
1144:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1051:
1050:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1003:
921:
920:
818:mitochondrial DNA
412:
411:
406:
398:
198:
178:
129:
27:Species of mammal
16:(Redirected from
17592:
17498:
17497:
17485:
17484:
17472:
17471:
17459:
17458:
17446:
17445:
17433:
17432:
17420:
17419:
17418:
17392:
17391:
17379:
17378:
17366:
17365:
17353:
17352:
17340:
17339:
17327:
17326:
17314:
17313:
17301:
17300:
17298:NHMSYS0000080188
17288:
17287:
17275:
17274:
17262:
17261:
17249:
17248:
17236:
17235:
17223:
17222:
17210:
17209:
17197:
17196:
17184:
17183:
17171:
17170:
17158:
17157:
17148:
17147:
17135:
17134:
17122:
17121:
17109:
17108:
17096:
17095:
17083:
17082:
17070:
17069:
17060:
17059:
17047:
17046:
17034:
17033:
17021:
17020:
17019:
17006:
17005:
17004:
16974:
16973:
16939:Glorious Twelfth
16898:Hunting Act 2004
16820:Reeves's muntjac
16774:Common goldeneye
16759:Northern pintail
16632:
16625:
16618:
16609:
16608:
16557:Big-game hunting
16342:Northern pintail
16198:
16191:
16184:
16175:
16174:
16107:Malayan weasel (
16026:Steppe polecat (
15999:Sichuan weasel (
15991:
15990:
15986:
15926:
15925:
15863:L. perspicillata
15828:Eurasian otter (
15705:
15704:
15700:
15699:
15695:
15606:
15605:
15601:
15600:
15596:
15575:Greater grison (
15558:
15557:
15553:
15527:
15526:
15518:
15517:
15468:Nilgiri marten (
15441:Pacific marten (
15424:
15423:
15419:
15345:
15344:
15328:M. subaurantiaca
15273:
15272:
15271:(ferret-badgers)
15268:
15162:
15161:
15157:
15156:
15152:
15104:
15103:
15093:
15092:
15080:
15079:
14974:
14973:
14969:
14968:
14964:
14912:
14911:
14907:
14862:
14861:
14857:
14798:
14797:
14740:
14739:
14738:(spotted skunks)
14735:
14699:
14698:
14694:
14607:
14606:
14602:
14593:
14592:
14588:
14587:
14579:
14550:
14549:
14537:
14536:
14494:Crabeater seal (
14469:
14468:
14464:
14463:
14459:
14425:
14424:
14423:(elephant seals)
14420:
14399:N. schauinslandi
14366:
14365:
14361:
14360:
14356:
14349:
14348:
14344:
14343:
14339:
14214:
14213:
14179:
14178:
14174:
14173:
14169:
14162:
14161:
14157:
14156:
14150:
14111:Brown fur seal (
14086:A. galapagoensis
13973:Z. californianus
13940:
13939:
13907:
13906:
13902:
13901:
13887:
13857:
13856:
13849:
13841:
13840:
13785:
13784:
13780:
13774:
13773:
13689:Melursus ursinus
13680:
13679:
13623:
13622:
13618:
13615:
13608:
13607:
13575:Ethiopian wolf (
13439:
13438:
13434:
13431:
13284:
13283:
13279:
13276:
13269:
13268:
13264:
13261:
13150:Blanford's fox (
13133:
13126:
13067:
13066:
13025:
13024:
13019:
13016:
13009:
13008:
13001:
12993:
12992:
12795:Ruddy mongoose (
12777:Javan mongoose (
12708:Marsh mongoose (
12701:
12700:
12680:C. platycephalus
12513:
12512:
12504:
12503:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12375:
12374:
12319:Malagasy civet (
12303:
12302:
12294:
12293:
12289:
12284:
12277:
12276:
12272:
12199:
12198:
12194:
12191:
12160:
12159:
12155:
12152:
12145:
12144:
12141:
12140:
12128:
12127:
12092:
12091:
11919:
11916:
11880:
11877:
11868:
11867:
11778:
11777:
11774:
11763:
11762:
11758:
11745:
11744:
11651:
11650:
11593:
11592:
11582:
11581:
11569:
11568:
11363:Otocolobus manul
11354:
11353:
11276:
11275:
11152:Geoffroy's cat (
11075:
11074:
11005:
11004:
10996:
10995:
10991:
10879:
10878:
10870:
10869:
10866:
10865:
10860:
10857:
10850:
10849:
10827:Banded linsang (
10819:
10816:
10808:
10807:
10797:
10796:
10776:
10775:
10765:
10764:
10757:
10749:
10748:
10694:
10687:
10680:
10671:
10670:
10643:
10641:
10639:
10613:
10596:
10591:. Archived from
10571:
10550:
10549:
10547:
10545:
10526:
10520:
10519:
10517:
10515:
10496:
10490:
10489:
10478:
10472:
10471:
10469:
10467:
10448:
10442:
10441:
10423:
10410:
10409:
10407:
10405:
10390:
10384:
10383:
10381:
10375:. Archived from
10342:
10333:
10327:
10326:
10324:
10322:
10302:
10296:
10295:
10293:
10291:
10277:
10269:
10263:
10262:
10260:
10258:
10239:
10233:
10232:
10230:
10228:
10222:
10215:
10204:
10198:
10197:
10195:
10193:
10175:
10164:
10163:
10145:
10139:
10138:
10114:
10108:
10107:
10089:
10083:
10082:
10080:
10078:
10072:
10057:
10048:
10042:
10041:
10023:
10017:
10016:
9996:
9990:
9972:
9964:
9958:
9957:
9947:
9907:
9901:
9900:
9872:
9866:
9865:
9855:
9829:
9823:
9822:
9812:
9783:Crenosoma vulpis
9776:
9770:
9769:
9759:
9749:
9721:
9715:
9712:
9706:
9703:
9697:
9696:
9694:
9692:
9673:
9667:
9664:
9658:
9657:
9649:
9643:
9642:
9622:
9616:
9613:
9607:
9604:
9598:
9591:
9585:
9584:
9570:The Golden Eagle
9564:
9558:
9555:
9549:
9548:
9528:
9522:
9521:
9499:
9493:
9492:
9470:
9464:
9458:
9447:
9446:
9444:
9420:
9414:
9413:
9411:
9409:
9403:
9375:Animal Behaviour
9372:
9363:
9357:
9356:
9351:. Archived from
9320:
9314:
9313:
9295:
9289:
9283:
9277:
9276:
9266:
9234:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9223:
9214:. Archived from
9203:
9197:
9187:Animal Behaviour
9183:
9177:
9163:
9157:
9146:
9140:
9133:
9127:
9126:
9124:
9122:
9098:
9092:
9091:
9081:
9066:Animal Behaviour
9057:
9051:
9050:
9010:
9004:
9003:
8991:
8985:
8984:
8966:
8957:
8956:
8954:
8945:(6): 1481–1490.
8926:
8920:
8919:
8899:
8893:
8892:
8860:
8854:
8853:
8843:
8815:
8809:
8808:
8760:
8754:
8753:
8733:
8727:
8726:
8724:
8722:
8716:
8710:. Archived from
8693:
8680:
8674:
8673:
8641:
8635:
8634:
8632:
8630:
8621:. 18 July 2013.
8611:
8605:
8591:
8589:
8587:
8567:
8558:
8552:
8551:
8549:
8547:
8541:
8524:
8512:
8506:
8505:
8477:
8471:
8470:
8434:
8428:
8427:
8421:
8416:
8414:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8391:
8385:
8384:
8382:
8380:
8365:
8359:
8358:
8352:
8344:
8327:(117–119): 118.
8312:
8306:
8287:
8281:
8280:
8263:(5): 1011–1021.
8251:), and Kit Fox (
8240:
8234:
8233:
8231:
8229:
8209:
8203:
8197:
8191:
8177:
8171:
8170:
8150:
8144:
8143:
8125:
8068:
8062:
8056:
8050:
8035:
8034:
8032:
8030:
8024:
8017:
8004:
7993:
7987:
7981:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7963:
7961:
7943:
7934:
7933:
7915:
7909:
7908:
7898:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7887:
7871:
7858:
7852:
7843:
7842:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7791:
7762:
7761:
7751:
7745:
7744:
7742:
7740:
7700:
7694:
7693:
7683:
7673:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7620:
7610:
7574:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7563:
7546:
7521:
7514:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7503:
7497:
7482:
7465:(4): 1523–1539.
7456:
7447:
7441:
7440:
7438:
7414:
7408:
7407:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7276:
7270:
7269:
7224:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7207:
7201:. Archived from
7160:
7151:
7142:
7136:
7127:
7111:
7105:
7092:
7086:
7085:
7077:
7068:
7067:
7057:
7025:
7019:
7018:
6982:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6948:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6915:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6904:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6870:
6843:
6842:
6808:
6780:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6769:
6750:
6744:
6743:
6723:
6698:
6697:
6679:
6628:
6627:
6588:
6579:
6578:
6558:
6413:
6412:
6402:
6384:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6313:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6262:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6251:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6218:
6188:
6041:
5956:domestic rabbits
5643:Geoffrey Chaucer
5615:Celtic mythology
5586:Foxes in culture
5557:Bushehr Province
5498:Capillaria plica
5492:Crenosoma vulpis
5252:A European fox (
5115:Eurasian badgers
5103:Siberian weasels
4988:Aleutian Islands
4784:predominating),
4750:ground squirrels
4655:
4654:
4633:
4599:A European fox (
4522:
4498:gestation period
4488:enlarges during
4444:
4435:
4426:
4361:
4353:
4337:
4321:
4235:, including the
4081:binocular vision
4065:
4049:
4032:
4014:
3981:
3946:
3923:
3922:
3884:vasoconstriction
3754:
3723:
3672:
3664:
3584:
3548:
3525:
3522:(Churcher, 1960)
3518:
3511:
3503:
3460:Sherburne County
3441:
3424:(Blanford, 1875)
3420:
3412:
3385:V. v. griffithii
3373:
3362:White-footed fox
3347:
3293:
3286:V. v. palaestina
3239:
3232:
3224:
3191:
3150:
3126:
3119:
3116:(Matschie, 1907)
3112:
3105:
3101:(Blanford, 1888)
3097:
3068:
2991:
2971:
2947:
2909:V. v. kenaiensis
2899:(Matschie, 1907)
2895:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2843:
2808:
2792:(Dybowski, 1922)
2788:
2772:V. v. beringiana
2760:
2753:V. v. jakutensis
2714:English Midlands
2673:
2662:
2611:
2591:
2563:
2543:
2521:
2510:American red fox
2499:
2488:
2469:
2462:V. v. flavescens
2426:
2388:St. George's Bay
2369:Newfoundland fox
2363:(Dybowski, 1922)
2359:
2332:Trans-Baikal fox
2317:
2310:
2299:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2256:
2245:
2238:
2226:
2202:
2153:
2111:
2084:
2081:(Dybowski, 1922)
2077:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2029:
2022:V. v. beringiana
2005:
1943:
1919:
1891:
1852:
1809:
1766:
1759:V. v. alpherakyi
1732:
1725:V. v. alascensis
1712:
1707:British Columbia
1688:V. v. alascensis
1674:
1653:
1650:(Billberg, 1827)
1646:
1639:
1636:(Billberg, 1827)
1632:
1625:
1622:(Billberg, 1827)
1618:
1611:
1607:(Linnaeus, 1758)
1603:
1575:
1569:
1535:
1534:
1172:
1159:
1158:
1136:
1098:
1078:
1065:
1064:
1042:
995:
975:
962:
961:
948:
935:
934:
912:
892:
879:
878:
872:
871:
865:
864:
858:
857:
851:
850:
844:
843:
837:
836:
733:
713:
705:
693:
660:
650:
448:, plus parts of
404:
396:
378:
376:
371:
370: introduced
369:
364:
362:
352:
316:
213:
212:
192:
189:
188:
172:
167:
166:
139:
123:
122:
52:
45:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
17600:
17599:
17595:
17594:
17593:
17591:
17590:
17589:
17535:Holarctic fauna
17510:
17509:
17506:
17501:
17493:
17488:
17480:
17475:
17467:
17462:
17454:
17449:
17441:
17436:
17428:
17423:
17414:
17413:
17408:
17395:
17387:
17382:
17374:
17369:
17361:
17356:
17348:
17343:
17335:
17330:
17322:
17319:Observation.org
17317:
17309:
17304:
17296:
17291:
17283:
17278:
17270:
17265:
17257:
17252:
17244:
17239:
17231:
17226:
17218:
17213:
17205:
17200:
17192:
17187:
17179:
17174:
17166:
17161:
17153:
17151:
17143:
17138:
17130:
17125:
17117:
17112:
17104:
17099:
17091:
17086:
17078:
17073:
17065:
17063:
17055:
17050:
17042:
17037:
17029:
17024:
17015:
17014:
17009:
17000:
16999:
16994:
16981:
16971:
16966:
16965:
16958:
16902:
16876:
16855:
16851:European rabbit
16829:
16788:
16744:Eurasian wigeon
16697:
16658:Common pheasant
16646:
16636:
16606:
16601:
16540:
16469:
16400:Bison (buffalo)
16366:
16293:
16281:
16232:Prairie chicken
16205:
16202:
16172:
16151:
16127:M. richardsonii
16071:European mink (
15988:
15987:
15985:
15975:
15967:American mink (
15940:Amazon weasel (
15911:
15869:
15845:
15812:
15795:
15771:
15720:
15697:
15696:
15694:
15678:
15645:
15628:
15598:
15597:
15595:
15583:
15566:Lesser grison (
15555:
15554:
15552:
15542:
15503:
15421:
15420:
15418:
15408:
15384:
15360:
15334:
15270:
15269:
15267:
15253:
15202:
15154:
15153:
15151:
15143:
15119:
15100:
15087:
15066:
15038:
15005:
14966:
14965:
14963:
14955:
14909:
14908:
14906:
14896:
14859:
14858:
14856:
14846:
14813:
14783:
14750:S. angustifrons
14737:
14736:
14734:
14724:
14697:(stink badgers)
14696:
14695:
14693:
14683:
14675:Striped skunk (
14650:
14644:C. semistriatus
14604:
14603:
14601:
14581:
14580:
14578:
14570:
14564:Ailurus fulgens
14544:
14511:
14461:
14460:
14458:
14450:
14422:
14421:
14419:
14405:
14381:
14358:
14357:
14355:
14341:
14340:
14338:
14322:
14280:
14247:
14203:
14171:
14170:
14168:
14154:
14152:
14151:
14149:
14137:
14050:
14033:
14009:
13988:
13955:
13929:
13896:
13891:
13889:
13888:
13886:
13882:
13877:
13851:
13847:
13819:
13799:
13782:
13781:
13755:
13704:
13669:
13645:
13616:
13614:
13604:
13583:
13512:Golden jackal (
13496:
13470:
13432:
13430:
13418:
13349:
13343:Cerdocyon thous
13323:
13299:
13277:
13275:
13262:
13260:
13248:
13213:Rüppell's fox (
13127:
13125:
13115:
13100:N. procyonoides
13082:
13074:Bat-eared fox (
13056:
13021:
13017:
13003:
12999:
12967:
12952:H. pulverulenta
12907:
12865:
12821:
12788:U. semitorquata
12743:U. auropunctata
12725:
12686:
12635:
12602:
12585:
12552:
12535:
12497:
12495:
12490:
12489:
12473:
12440:
12423:
12390:
12384:Galidia elegans
12360:
12327:
12287:
12285:
12283:
12273:
12268:
12247:
12239:Spotted hyena (
12223:
12206:Striped hyena (
12192:
12190:
12182:
12153:
12151:
12135:
12110:
12070:
12008:Aquatic genet (
11999:Pardine genet (
11936:Angolan genet (
11917:
11915:
11905:
11890:P. richardsonii
11878:
11876:
11853:
11836:Malayan civet (
11802:
11794:African civet (
11770:
11769:
11759:
11754:
11753:
11749:
11735:
11693:
11640:
11625:Diplogale hosei
11589:
11576:
11551:
11511:
11429:
11369:
11349:
11339:
11315:
11298:
11271:
11265:
11239:Eurasian lynx (
11214:
11123:
11090:
11070:
11060:
11027:
11000:
10992:
10987:
10970:
10910:
10862:
10858:
10844:
10817:
10804:
10791:
10772:
10759:
10755:
10743:
10705:
10698:
10637:
10635:
10623:
10620:
10589:
10558:
10556:Further reading
10553:
10543:
10541:
10528:
10527:
10523:
10513:
10511:
10498:
10497:
10493:
10480:
10479:
10475:
10465:
10463:
10450:
10449:
10445:
10438:
10424:
10413:
10403:
10401:
10392:
10391:
10387:
10379:
10340:
10334:
10330:
10320:
10318:
10303:
10299:
10289:
10287:
10270:
10266:
10256:
10254:
10241:
10240:
10236:
10226:
10224:
10220:
10213:
10205:
10201:
10191:
10189:
10176:
10167:
10160:
10146:
10142:
10135:
10115:
10111:
10104:
10090:
10086:
10076:
10074:
10070:
10060:Japan Quarterly
10055:
10049:
10045:
10038:
10024:
10020:
10013:
9997:
9993:
9965:
9961:
9908:
9904:
9873:
9869:
9830:
9826:
9777:
9773:
9722:
9718:
9713:
9709:
9704:
9700:
9690:
9688:
9675:
9674:
9670:
9665:
9661:
9650:
9646:
9623:
9619:
9614:
9610:
9605:
9601:
9592:
9588:
9581:
9565:
9561:
9556:
9552:
9529:
9525:
9518:
9500:
9496:
9489:
9471:
9467:
9459:
9450:
9429:Mammal Research
9421:
9417:
9407:
9405:
9401:
9370:
9364:
9360:
9341:10.2307/1381437
9321:
9317:
9310:
9296:
9292:
9284:
9280:
9243:Biology Letters
9235:
9231:
9221:
9219:
9204:
9200:
9184:
9180:
9164:
9160:
9147:
9143:
9134:
9130:
9120:
9118:
9099:
9095:
9058:
9054:
9011:
9007:
8992:
8988:
8981:
8967:
8960:
8927:
8923:
8916:
8900:
8896:
8861:
8857:
8828:Chemical Senses
8816:
8812:
8775:(1/2): 82–106.
8761:
8757:
8750:
8734:
8730:
8720:
8718:
8714:
8691:
8681:
8677:
8642:
8638:
8628:
8626:
8613:
8612:
8608:
8585:
8583:
8565:
8559:
8555:
8545:
8543:
8539:
8533:
8522:
8514:
8513:
8509:
8478:
8474:
8435:
8431:
8419:
8417:
8408:
8407:
8400:
8398:
8393:
8392:
8388:
8378:
8376:
8367:
8366:
8362:
8346:
8345:
8313:
8309:
8288:
8284:
8253:Vulpes macrotis
8247:), Arctic Fox (
8241:
8237:
8227:
8225:
8218:BBC News Online
8210:
8206:
8198:
8194:
8178:
8174:
8167:
8151:
8147:
8140:
8126:
8071:
8063:
8059:
8051:
8038:
8028:
8026:
8022:
8015:
8005:
7996:
7988:
7984:
7973:
7969:
7959:
7957:
7944:
7937:
7930:
7916:
7912:
7899:
7895:
7885:
7883:
7872:
7861:
7853:
7846:
7839:
7823:
7819:
7812:
7792:
7765:
7752:
7748:
7738:
7736:
7721:10.2307/3809277
7701:
7697:
7638:
7634:
7575:
7571:
7561:
7559:
7547:
7524:
7515:
7511:
7501:
7499:
7495:
7454:
7448:
7444:
7415:
7411:
7360:
7356:
7327:
7323:
7316:
7302:
7298:
7291:
7281:Fossils of Ohio
7277:
7273:
7225:
7221:
7211:
7209:
7208:on 16 June 2012
7205:
7158:
7152:
7145:
7137:
7130:
7123:Wayback Machine
7112:
7108:
7102:Wayback Machine
7093:
7089:
7078:
7071:
7026:
7022:
6983:
6979:
6949:
6942:
6932:
6930:
6917:
6916:
6912:
6902:
6900:
6887:
6886:
6882:
6871:
6846:
6806:10.1.1.587.7215
6781:
6777:
6767:
6765:
6758:Wildlife Online
6752:
6751:
6747:
6740:
6724:
6701:
6694:
6680:
6631:
6616:
6589:
6582:
6575:
6559:
6416:
6353:
6349:
6314:
6310:
6300:
6298:
6290:
6289:
6285:
6263:
6259:
6249:
6247:
6238:"Vulpes vulpes"
6236:
6235:
6231:
6221:
6219:
6189:
6178:
6174:
6126:
6113:
6100:
6058:
6030:
6020:
6018:Urban red foxes
6007:Dmitry Belyayev
5979:
5973:
5935:A red fox in a
5921:
5857:
5755:Bruno Liljefors
5744:
5738:
5631:Reynard the Fox
5600:Greek mythology
5588:
5582:
5577:
5547:acanthocephalan
5514:Taenia spiralis
5452:species of the
5359:Paraceras melis
5332:. Species like
5322:Yersinia pestis
5303:and tick-borne
5246:
5238:Bubo scandiacus
5170:common buzzards
5146:Eurasian lynxes
4968:
4933:surplus killing
4723:
4718:
4670:
4669:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4647:
4644:
4637:
4631:
4614:
4593:
4588:
4564:breeding season
4552:
4540:sexual maturity
4515:
4481:Sperm formation
4454:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4437:
4436:
4428:
4427:
4416:
4410:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4359:
4354:
4346:
4345:
4338:
4330:
4329:
4322:
4311:
4306:
4285:
4283:Sardinia, Italy
4273:eastern bettong
4253:rufous bettongs
4206:Tasmanian devil
4185:
4179:
4139:
4102:
4079:Red foxes have
4077:
3906:
3882:and peripheral
3863:
3841:
3831:, less crowded
3783:(right) yawning
3773:
3768:
3758:(Sowerby, 1923)
3714:
3684:
3676:(Brauner, 1914)
3670:
3668:(Brauner, 1914)
3640:V. v. stepensis
3638:
3612:
3575:
3541:V. v. schrencki
3539:
3524:
3517:
3509:
3507:(Merriam, 1900)
3476:V. v. rubricosa
3474:
3473:Nova Scotia fox
3432:
3418:
3364:
3327:V. v. peculiosa
3325:
3284:
3283:Palestinian fox
3251:
3238:
3230:
3228:(Sonnini, 1816)
3184:V. v. niloticus
3182:
3141:
3130:(Bonhote, 1906)
3125:
3118:
3111:
3103:
3059:
3024:Rocky Mountains
3022:, found in the
3016:Great Salt Lake
2982:
2938:
2930:, Alaska, U.S.
2928:Kenai Peninsula
2907:
2894:
2887:
2879:
2864:Kirghiz Steppes
2834:
2799:
2751:
2723:
2684:
2672:
2635:
2627:, Alaska, U.S.
2604:V. v. harrimani
2602:
2556:V. v. griffithi
2554:
2512:
2498:
2460:
2402:
2370:
2333:
2316:
2309:
2298:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2255:
2244:
2236:
2195:V. v. crucigera
2193:
2146:V. v. caucasica
2144:
2130:Skamania County
2102:
2100:Cascade red fox
2083:
2076:
2069:
2067:(Merriam, 1902)
2061:
2049:, northeastern
2020:
1982:
1934:
1907:Atlas Mountains
1884:V. v. atlantica
1882:
1869:Hajar Mountains
1843:
1841:Arabian red fox
1802:V. v. anatolica
1800:
1757:
1749:, Alaska, U.S.
1723:
1667:V. v. abietorum
1665:
1652:
1645:
1641:septentrionalis
1638:
1631:
1629:(Nilsson, 1820)
1627:nigro-argenteus
1624:
1617:
1615:(Burnett, 1829)
1609:
1563:
1559:
1446:
1438:Rocky Mountains
1362:Rocky Mountains
1338:Genetic testing
1246:
1205:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1146:
1117:
1108:
1052:
1023:
1014:
1005:
922:
771:
635:. Compare with
621:
613:European Russia
593:
379:
374:
373:
372:
367:
366:
365:
360:
359:
343:
329:
318:
312:
299:
207:
199:
190:
186:
179:
168:
164:
157:
130:
121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17598:
17588:
17587:
17582:
17577:
17572:
17567:
17562:
17557:
17552:
17547:
17542:
17537:
17532:
17527:
17522:
17503:
17502:
17500:
17499:
17486:
17473:
17460:
17447:
17434:
17421:
17405:
17403:
17397:
17396:
17394:
17393:
17380:
17367:
17354:
17341:
17328:
17315:
17302:
17289:
17276:
17263:
17250:
17237:
17224:
17211:
17198:
17185:
17172:
17159:
17149:
17136:
17127:Fauna Europaea
17123:
17110:
17097:
17084:
17071:
17061:
17048:
17035:
17022:
17007:
16991:
16989:
16983:
16982:
16968:
16967:
16963:
16960:
16959:
16957:
16956:
16951:
16946:
16941:
16936:
16931:
16926:
16921:
16916:
16910:
16908:
16904:
16903:
16901:
16900:
16895:
16890:
16884:
16882:
16878:
16877:
16875:
16874:
16869:
16863:
16861:
16857:
16856:
16854:
16853:
16848:
16843:
16837:
16835:
16831:
16830:
16828:
16827:
16822:
16817:
16812:
16807:
16802:
16796:
16794:
16790:
16789:
16787:
16786:
16781:
16779:Common moorhen
16776:
16771:
16769:Common pochard
16766:
16761:
16756:
16751:
16746:
16741:
16736:
16731:
16726:
16721:
16716:
16711:
16705:
16703:
16702:Quarry species
16699:
16698:
16696:
16695:
16690:
16685:
16680:
16678:Rock ptarmigan
16675:
16670:
16665:
16663:Grey partridge
16660:
16654:
16652:
16648:
16647:
16635:
16634:
16627:
16620:
16612:
16603:
16602:
16600:
16599:
16597:Upland hunting
16594:
16589:
16584:
16579:
16574:
16569:
16564:
16559:
16554:
16548:
16546:
16542:
16541:
16539:
16538:
16533:
16528:
16523:
16518:
16513:
16508:
16503:
16498:
16493:
16488:
16483:
16477:
16475:
16471:
16470:
16468:
16467:
16462:
16457:
16452:
16447:
16442:
16437:
16432:
16427:
16422:
16417:
16412:
16407:
16402:
16397:
16392:
16387:
16382:
16376:
16374:
16368:
16367:
16365:
16364:
16359:
16354:
16349:
16344:
16339:
16334:
16329:
16324:
16319:
16314:
16309:
16303:
16301:
16295:
16294:
16284:
16282:
16280:
16279:
16274:
16269:
16264:
16259:
16254:
16249:
16244:
16239:
16234:
16229:
16224:
16219:
16217:Bobwhite quail
16213:
16211:
16207:
16206:
16201:
16200:
16193:
16186:
16178:
16169:
16168:
16165:
16164:
16161:
16160:
16157:
16156:
16153:
16152:
16150:
16149:
16145:M. strigidorsa
16140:
16131:
16122:
16113:
16104:
16098:Least weasel (
16095:
16086:
16077:
16068:
16059:
16050:
16044:Haida ermine (
16041:
16032:
16028:M. eversmannii
16023:
16014:
16005:
15995:
15993:
15977:
15976:
15974:
15973:
15964:
15955:
15946:
15936:
15934:
15923:
15917:
15916:
15913:
15912:
15910:
15909:
15900:
15891:
15881:
15879:
15871:
15870:
15868:
15867:
15857:
15855:
15847:
15846:
15844:
15843:
15834:
15824:
15822:
15814:
15813:
15811:
15810:
15800:
15797:
15796:
15794:
15793:
15783:
15781:
15773:
15772:
15770:
15769:
15760:
15756:L. longicaudis
15751:
15745:Marine otter (
15742:
15732:
15730:
15722:
15721:
15719:
15718:
15708:
15702:
15688:
15687:
15684:
15683:
15680:
15679:
15677:
15676:
15667:
15657:
15655:
15647:
15646:
15644:
15643:
15633:
15630:
15629:
15627:
15626:
15616:
15614:
15603:
15589:
15588:
15585:
15584:
15582:
15581:
15572:
15562:
15560:
15544:
15543:
15541:
15540:
15530:
15524:
15515:
15509:
15508:
15505:
15504:
15502:
15501:
15492:
15483:
15474:
15465:
15459:Beech marten (
15456:
15447:
15438:
15428:
15426:
15410:
15409:
15407:
15406:
15396:
15394:
15386:
15385:
15383:
15382:
15372:
15370:
15362:
15361:
15359:
15358:
15348:
15342:
15336:
15335:
15333:
15332:
15323:
15314:
15305:
15296:
15287:
15277:
15275:
15259:
15258:
15255:
15254:
15252:
15251:
15242:
15236:Asian badger (
15233:
15224:
15214:
15212:
15204:
15203:
15201:
15200:
15191:
15182:
15178:A. albogularis
15172:
15170:
15159:
15145:
15144:
15142:
15141:
15135:Honey badger (
15131:
15129:
15121:
15120:
15118:
15117:
15107:
15101:
15096:
15089:
15088:
15076:
15075:
15072:
15071:
15068:
15067:
15065:
15064:
15063:
15062:
15056:
15054:
15048:
15047:
15044:
15043:
15040:
15039:
15037:
15036:
15027:
15017:
15015:
15007:
15006:
15004:
15003:
14994:
14984:
14982:
14971:
14957:
14956:
14954:
14953:
14944:
14935:
14926:
14916:
14914:
14898:
14897:
14895:
14894:
14885:
14876:
14872:P. cancrivorus
14866:
14864:
14848:
14847:
14845:
14844:
14840:B. sumichrasti
14835:
14825:
14823:
14815:
14814:
14812:
14811:
14801:
14795:
14789:
14788:
14785:
14784:
14782:
14781:
14772:
14763:
14754:
14744:
14742:
14726:
14725:
14723:
14722:
14713:
14703:
14701:
14685:
14684:
14682:
14681:
14672:
14666:Hooded skunk (
14662:
14660:
14652:
14651:
14649:
14648:
14639:
14630:
14621:
14611:
14609:
14590:
14572:
14571:
14569:
14568:
14558:
14556:
14546:
14545:
14533:
14532:
14529:
14528:
14525:
14524:
14521:
14520:
14517:
14516:
14513:
14512:
14510:
14509:
14500:
14491:
14485:Weddell seal (
14482:
14476:Leopard seal (
14472:
14466:
14452:
14451:
14449:
14448:
14439:
14429:
14427:
14411:
14410:
14407:
14406:
14404:
14403:
14393:
14391:
14383:
14382:
14380:
14379:
14369:
14363:
14346:
14332:
14331:
14328:
14327:
14324:
14323:
14321:
14320:
14311:
14302:
14296:Caspian seal (
14292:
14290:
14282:
14281:
14279:
14278:
14269:
14263:Spotted seal (
14259:
14257:
14249:
14248:
14246:
14245:
14236:
14227:
14217:
14211:
14205:
14204:
14202:
14201:
14192:
14186:Bearded seal (
14182:
14176:
14159:
14155:or true seals)
14153:(earless seals
14143:
14142:
14139:
14138:
14136:
14135:
14126:
14117:
14108:
14099:
14090:
14081:
14072:
14062:
14060:
14052:
14051:
14049:
14048:
14038:
14035:
14034:
14032:
14031:
14021:
14019:
14011:
14010:
14008:
14007:
13997:
13994:
13993:
13990:
13989:
13987:
13986:
13977:
13967:
13965:
13957:
13956:
13954:
13953:
13943:
13937:
13931:
13930:
13928:
13927:
13917:
13915:
13904:
13879:
13878:
13876:
13875:
13865:
13863:
13853:
13852:
13837:
13836:
13833:
13832:
13829:
13828:
13825:
13824:
13821:
13820:
13818:
13817:
13816:
13815:
13809:
13807:
13801:
13800:
13798:
13797:
13796:
13795:
13789:
13787:
13771:
13765:
13764:
13761:
13760:
13757:
13756:
13754:
13753:
13744:
13735:
13726:
13716:
13714:
13706:
13705:
13703:
13702:
13693:
13683:
13677:
13671:
13670:
13668:
13667:
13657:
13655:
13647:
13646:
13644:
13643:
13639:A. melanoleuca
13633:
13631:
13620:
13605:
13600:
13597:
13596:
13593:
13592:
13589:
13588:
13585:
13584:
13582:
13581:
13572:
13563:
13557:Eastern wolf (
13554:
13545:
13539:African wolf (
13536:
13527:
13521:Domestic dog (
13518:
13508:
13506:
13498:
13497:
13495:
13494:
13485:
13475:
13472:
13471:
13469:
13468:
13459:
13449:
13447:
13436:
13424:
13423:
13420:
13419:
13417:
13416:
13407:
13401:Sechuran fox (
13398:
13394:L. gymnocercus
13389:
13380:
13374:Darwin's fox (
13371:
13361:
13359:
13351:
13350:
13348:
13347:
13338:
13328:
13325:
13324:
13322:
13321:
13311:
13309:
13301:
13300:
13298:
13297:
13287:
13281:
13266:
13254:
13253:
13250:
13249:
13247:
13246:
13237:
13228:
13219:
13210:
13201:
13192:
13183:
13174:
13165:
13156:
13147:
13143:V. bengalensis
13137:
13135:
13117:
13116:
13114:
13113:
13104:
13094:
13092:
13084:
13083:
13081:
13080:
13070:
13064:
13058:
13057:
13055:
13054:
13045:
13035:
13033:
13022:
13012:
13005:
13004:
12989:
12988:
12985:
12984:
12981:
12980:
12977:
12976:
12973:
12972:
12969:
12968:
12966:
12965:
12956:
12947:
12938:
12929:
12919:
12917:
12909:
12908:
12906:
12905:
12896:
12887:
12883:B. crassicauda
12877:
12875:
12867:
12866:
12864:
12863:
12854:
12845:
12836:
12826:
12823:
12822:
12820:
12819:
12810:
12801:
12792:
12783:
12774:
12765:
12756:
12747:
12737:
12735:
12727:
12726:
12724:
12723:
12714:
12704:
12698:
12692:
12691:
12688:
12687:
12685:
12684:
12675:
12666:
12657:
12647:
12645:
12637:
12636:
12634:
12633:
12624:
12614:
12612:
12604:
12603:
12601:
12600:
12590:
12587:
12586:
12584:
12583:
12574:
12564:
12562:
12554:
12553:
12551:
12550:
12540:
12537:
12536:
12534:
12533:
12523:
12521:
12510:
12501:
12483:
12482:
12479:
12478:
12475:
12474:
12472:
12471:
12462:
12452:
12450:
12442:
12441:
12439:
12438:
12428:
12425:
12424:
12422:
12421:
12417:G. grandidieri
12412:
12402:
12400:
12392:
12391:
12389:
12388:
12378:
12372:
12366:
12365:
12362:
12361:
12359:
12358:
12349:
12339:
12337:
12329:
12328:
12326:
12325:
12316:
12306:
12300:
12291:
12274:
12264:
12261:
12260:
12257:
12256:
12253:
12252:
12249:
12248:
12246:
12245:
12235:
12233:
12225:
12224:
12222:
12221:
12212:
12202:
12196:
12184:
12183:
12181:
12180:
12170:
12168:
12157:
12137:
12136:
12124:
12123:
12120:
12119:
12116:
12115:
12112:
12111:
12109:
12108:
12107:
12106:
12100:
12098:
12088:
12087:
12084:
12083:
12080:
12079:
12076:
12075:
12072:
12071:
12069:
12068:
12059:
12050:
12041:
12032:
12023:
12014:
12005:
11996:
11987:
11981:Letaba genet (
11978:
11969:
11963:Common genet (
11960:
11951:
11942:
11933:
11923:
11921:
11907:
11906:
11904:
11903:
11894:
11884:
11882:
11865:
11859:
11858:
11855:
11854:
11852:
11851:
11842:
11833:
11824:
11814:
11812:
11804:
11803:
11801:
11800:
11791:
11781:
11775:
11760:
11748:
11741:
11740:
11737:
11736:
11734:
11733:
11729:P. zeylonensis
11724:
11715:
11705:
11703:
11695:
11694:
11692:
11691:
11687:Paguma larvata
11682:
11673:
11664:
11654:
11648:
11642:
11641:
11639:
11638:
11629:
11620:
11611:
11601:
11599:
11590:
11585:
11578:
11577:
11565:
11564:
11561:
11560:
11557:
11556:
11553:
11552:
11550:
11549:
11548:
11547:
11541:
11539:
11533:
11532:
11529:
11528:
11525:
11524:
11521:
11520:
11517:
11516:
11513:
11512:
11510:
11509:
11500:
11491:
11482:
11473:
11464:
11458:Domestic cat (
11455:
11445:
11443:
11435:
11434:
11431:
11430:
11428:
11427:
11418:
11414:P. rubiginosus
11409:
11400:
11391:
11387:P. bengalensis
11381:
11379:
11371:
11370:
11368:
11367:
11361:Pallas's cat (
11357:
11351:
11345:
11344:
11341:
11340:
11338:
11337:
11327:
11325:
11317:
11316:
11314:
11313:
11303:
11300:
11299:
11297:
11296:
11286:
11284:
11273:
11267:
11266:
11264:
11263:
11254:
11248:Iberian lynx (
11245:
11236:
11226:
11224:
11216:
11215:
11213:
11212:
11203:
11194:
11185:
11176:
11167:
11158:
11149:
11139:
11137:
11129:
11128:
11125:
11124:
11122:
11121:
11112:
11102:
11100:
11092:
11091:
11089:
11088:
11078:
11072:
11066:
11065:
11062:
11061:
11059:
11058:
11049:
11039:
11037:
11029:
11028:
11026:
11025:
11015:
11013:
11002:
10993:
10983:
10980:
10979:
10976:
10975:
10972:
10971:
10969:
10968:
10959:
10950:
10941:
10932:
10926:Snow leopard (
10922:
10920:
10912:
10911:
10909:
10908:
10899:
10889:
10887:
10876:
10863:
10853:
10846:
10845:
10843:
10842:
10833:
10823:
10821:
10805:
10800:
10793:
10792:
10790:
10789:
10779:
10773:
10768:
10761:
10760:
10745:
10744:
10742:
10741:
10739:Laurasiatheria
10735:
10729:
10723:
10717:
10710:
10707:
10706:
10697:
10696:
10689:
10682:
10674:
10668:
10667:
10661:
10656:
10650:
10644:
10619:
10618:External links
10616:
10615:
10614:
10597:
10587:
10572:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10551:
10521:
10491:
10473:
10443:
10437:978-0905483474
10436:
10411:
10385:
10351:(2): 160–169.
10328:
10297:
10264:
10247:Trapping Today
10234:
10199:
10165:
10158:
10140:
10133:
10109:
10102:
10084:
10043:
10036:
10018:
10011:
9991:
9959:
9930:(3): 587–595.
9902:
9883:(2): 237–258.
9867:
9846:(3): 366–370.
9824:
9771:
9716:
9707:
9698:
9668:
9659:
9644:
9617:
9608:
9599:
9586:
9579:
9559:
9550:
9523:
9517:978-1886106819
9516:
9494:
9488:978-1886106819
9487:
9465:
9448:
9435:(2): 319–324.
9415:
9381:(3): 577–584.
9358:
9335:(3): 631–633.
9315:
9308:
9290:
9278:
9249:(3): 355–357.
9229:
9198:
9189:. 26: 251–258
9178:
9158:
9141:
9128:
9093:
9052:
9005:
8986:
8979:
8958:
8921:
8914:
8894:
8855:
8834:(2): 179–189.
8810:
8755:
8748:
8728:
8717:on 6 July 2021
8675:
8636:
8606:
8553:
8531:
8507:
8488:(3): 365–377.
8472:
8445:(5712): 1035.
8429:
8386:
8360:
8307:
8282:
8249:Alopex lagopus
8235:
8204:
8192:
8172:
8165:
8145:
8138:
8069:
8057:
8036:
7994:
7982:
7967:
7935:
7928:
7910:
7893:
7859:
7844:
7837:
7817:
7810:
7763:
7746:
7715:(3): 526–533.
7695:
7632:
7569:
7522:
7509:
7442:
7429:(2): 297–307.
7409:
7374:(2): 326–341.
7354:
7321:
7314:
7296:
7289:
7271:
7219:
7143:
7128:
7106:
7087:
7069:
7020:
6977:
6964:(4): 453–469.
6940:
6923:dictionary.com
6910:
6880:
6844:
6791:(1): 138–148.
6775:
6745:
6738:
6699:
6693:978-0906282656
6692:
6629:
6614:
6580:
6574:978-1886106819
6573:
6414:
6347:
6308:
6283:
6266:Linnaeus, Carl
6257:
6229:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6125:
6122:
6112:
6109:
6099:
6096:
6057:
6054:
6019:
6016:
5972:
5969:
5920:
5917:
5856:
5853:
5786:Cnut the Great
5751:Beagle and Fox
5737:
5734:
5604:Teumessian fox
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5474:Toxocara canis
5369:Ixodes ricinus
5347:Pulex irritans
5245:
5242:
5206:Aquila heliaca
5130:striped hyenas
5045:golden jackals
4967:
4964:
4960:magnetic field
4952:Czech Republic
4818:marine mammals
4766:pocket gophers
4736:Red foxes are
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4706:
4705:
4697:
4660:
4645:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4613:
4610:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4551:
4548:
4531:thermoregulate
4494:copulatory tie
4486:bulbus glandis
4449:
4448:
4439:
4438:
4430:
4429:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4409:
4406:
4355:
4348:
4347:
4339:
4332:
4331:
4323:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4291:subspecies in
4284:
4281:
4220:with both the
4181:Main article:
4178:
4175:
4138:
4135:
4101:
4098:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4007:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3991:Blackish-brown
3987:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3974:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3905:
3902:
3862:
3859:
3840:
3837:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3752:
3749:Hebei province
3742:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3686:V. v. tobolica
3680:
3679:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3637:Steppe red fox
3634:
3633:
3631:
3628:Kurile Islands
3624:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3599:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3533:
3532:
3501:
3491:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3428:
3427:
3410:
3396:
3393:V. bengalensis
3381:
3378:
3375:
3358:
3357:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3247:
3246:
3222:
3213:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3168:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3134:
3133:
3109:(Ogilby, 1837)
3095:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3010:Named for the
3008:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2984:V. v. macroura
2978:
2977:
2969:
2966:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2903:
2902:
2885:(Pallas, 1811)
2871:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2801:V. v. japonica
2795:
2794:
2786:
2775:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2686:V. v. ichnusae
2680:
2679:
2664:aurantioluteus
2660:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2598:
2597:
2595:(Hutton, 1845)
2589:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2553:Afghan red fox
2550:
2549:
2547:(Rhoads, 1894)
2545:pennsylvanicus
2541:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2506:
2505:
2503:(Thomas, 1902)
2486:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2458:Turkmenian fox
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2437:V. v. dorsalis
2433:
2432:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2372:V. v. deletrix
2366:
2365:
2357:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2278:(Wagner, 1841)
2224:
2221:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2172:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2096:
2095:
2072:kamtschadensis
2053:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2016:
2015:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1961:L'Anse au Loup
1958:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1930:
1929:
1917:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1661:
1660:
1601:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1503:Northern foxes
1445:
1442:
1245:
1242:
1229:Baranya County
1225:V. vulpes
1217:Villafranchian
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1072:Blanford's fox
1068:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
990:
985:
982:
981:
978:
977:
965:
960:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
938:
933:
931:
928:
927:
924:
923:
919:
918:
915:
914:
902:
899:
898:
895:
894:
882:
877:
875:
870:
868:
863:
861:
856:
854:
849:
847:
842:
840:
835:
770:
767:
629:Proto-Germanic
620:
617:
592:
589:
541:golden jackals
410:
409:
408:
407:
399:
388:
387:
381:
380:
358:
354:
353:
345:
344:
339:
336:
335:
331:
330:
319:
308:
307:
301:
300:
296:V. vulpes
293:
291:
287:
286:
279:
275:
274:
269:
265:
264:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
201:
200:
184:
181:
180:
162:
159:
158:
153:
150:
149:
141:
140:
132:
131:
116:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17597:
17586:
17583:
17581:
17578:
17576:
17573:
17571:
17568:
17566:
17563:
17561:
17558:
17556:
17553:
17551:
17548:
17546:
17543:
17541:
17538:
17536:
17533:
17531:
17528:
17526:
17523:
17521:
17518:
17517:
17515:
17508:
17496:
17491:
17487:
17483:
17478:
17474:
17470:
17465:
17461:
17457:
17452:
17448:
17444:
17439:
17435:
17431:
17426:
17422:
17417:
17411:
17407:
17406:
17404:
17402:
17398:
17390:
17385:
17381:
17377:
17372:
17368:
17364:
17359:
17355:
17351:
17346:
17342:
17338:
17333:
17329:
17325:
17320:
17316:
17312:
17307:
17303:
17299:
17294:
17290:
17286:
17281:
17277:
17273:
17268:
17264:
17260:
17255:
17251:
17247:
17242:
17238:
17234:
17229:
17225:
17221:
17216:
17212:
17208:
17203:
17199:
17195:
17190:
17186:
17182:
17177:
17173:
17169:
17164:
17160:
17156:
17150:
17146:
17141:
17137:
17133:
17128:
17124:
17120:
17115:
17111:
17107:
17102:
17098:
17094:
17089:
17085:
17081:
17076:
17072:
17068:
17062:
17058:
17057:vulpes-vulpes
17053:
17049:
17045:
17044:Vulpes_vulpes
17040:
17036:
17032:
17031:Vulpes_vulpes
17027:
17023:
17018:
17017:Vulpes vulpes
17012:
17008:
17003:
16997:
16993:
16992:
16990:
16988:
16987:Vulpes vulpes
16984:
16980:
16975:
16961:
16955:
16952:
16950:
16949:Deer stalking
16947:
16945:
16942:
16940:
16937:
16935:
16932:
16930:
16927:
16925:
16922:
16920:
16917:
16915:
16912:
16911:
16909:
16905:
16899:
16896:
16894:
16891:
16889:
16888:Game Act 1831
16886:
16885:
16883:
16879:
16873:
16870:
16868:
16865:
16864:
16862:
16858:
16852:
16849:
16847:
16844:
16842:
16841:European hare
16839:
16838:
16836:
16832:
16826:
16823:
16821:
16818:
16816:
16813:
16811:
16808:
16806:
16803:
16801:
16798:
16797:
16795:
16791:
16785:
16784:Eurasian coot
16782:
16780:
16777:
16775:
16772:
16770:
16767:
16765:
16762:
16760:
16757:
16755:
16752:
16750:
16747:
16745:
16742:
16740:
16737:
16735:
16734:Greylag goose
16732:
16730:
16727:
16725:
16724:Golden plover
16722:
16720:
16717:
16715:
16712:
16710:
16707:
16706:
16704:
16700:
16694:
16691:
16689:
16686:
16684:
16681:
16679:
16676:
16674:
16671:
16669:
16666:
16664:
16661:
16659:
16656:
16655:
16653:
16649:
16644:
16640:
16633:
16628:
16626:
16621:
16619:
16614:
16613:
16610:
16598:
16595:
16593:
16590:
16588:
16585:
16583:
16580:
16578:
16575:
16573:
16570:
16568:
16565:
16563:
16562:Bison hunting
16560:
16558:
16555:
16553:
16550:
16549:
16547:
16543:
16537:
16536:Snowshoe hare
16534:
16532:
16529:
16527:
16524:
16522:
16519:
16517:
16514:
16512:
16511:Gray squirrel
16509:
16507:
16504:
16502:
16499:
16497:
16494:
16492:
16489:
16487:
16484:
16482:
16479:
16478:
16476:
16472:
16466:
16463:
16461:
16458:
16456:
16453:
16451:
16448:
16446:
16443:
16441:
16438:
16436:
16435:Mountain goat
16433:
16431:
16428:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16416:
16413:
16411:
16408:
16406:
16403:
16401:
16398:
16396:
16393:
16391:
16388:
16386:
16383:
16381:
16380:Bighorn sheep
16378:
16377:
16375:
16373:
16369:
16363:
16360:
16358:
16355:
16353:
16350:
16348:
16345:
16343:
16340:
16338:
16335:
16333:
16330:
16328:
16327:Greater scaup
16325:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16310:
16308:
16305:
16304:
16302:
16300:
16296:
16288:
16278:
16275:
16273:
16270:
16268:
16267:Spruce grouse
16265:
16263:
16260:
16258:
16255:
16253:
16252:Ruffed grouse
16250:
16248:
16245:
16243:
16240:
16238:
16237:Mourning dove
16235:
16233:
16230:
16228:
16225:
16223:
16220:
16218:
16215:
16214:
16212:
16208:
16199:
16194:
16192:
16187:
16185:
16180:
16179:
16176:
16148:
16146:
16141:
16139:
16137:
16132:
16130:
16128:
16123:
16121:
16119:
16114:
16112:
16110:
16105:
16103:
16101:
16096:
16094:
16092:
16087:
16085:
16083:
16082:M. lutreolina
16078:
16076:
16074:
16069:
16067:
16065:
16060:
16058:
16056:
16051:
16049:
16047:
16042:
16040:
16038:
16033:
16031:
16029:
16024:
16022:
16020:
16015:
16013:
16011:
16006:
16004:
16002:
15997:
15996:
15994:
15984:
15983:
15978:
15972:
15970:
15965:
15963:
15961:
15956:
15954:
15952:
15947:
15945:
15943:
15938:
15937:
15935:
15933:
15932:
15927:
15924:
15922:
15918:
15908:
15906:
15901:
15899:
15897:
15892:
15890:
15888:
15883:
15882:
15880:
15878:
15877:
15872:
15866:
15864:
15859:
15858:
15856:
15854:
15853:
15848:
15842:
15840:
15835:
15833:
15831:
15826:
15825:
15823:
15821:
15820:
15815:
15809:
15807:
15802:
15801:
15798:
15792:
15790:
15785:
15784:
15782:
15780:
15779:
15774:
15768:
15766:
15761:
15759:
15757:
15752:
15750:
15748:
15743:
15741:
15739:
15738:L. canadensis
15734:
15733:
15731:
15729:
15728:
15723:
15717:
15715:
15712:Giant otter (
15710:
15709:
15706:
15703:
15693:
15689:
15675:
15673:
15668:
15666:
15664:
15659:
15658:
15656:
15654:
15653:
15648:
15642:
15640:
15635:
15634:
15631:
15625:
15623:
15618:
15617:
15615:
15613:
15612:
15607:
15604:
15594:
15590:
15580:
15578:
15573:
15571:
15569:
15564:
15563:
15561:
15551:
15550:
15545:
15539:
15537:
15532:
15531:
15528:
15525:
15523:
15519:
15516:
15514:
15510:
15500:
15498:
15493:
15491:
15489:
15484:
15482:
15480:
15475:
15473:
15471:
15470:M. gwatkinsii
15466:
15464:
15462:
15457:
15455:
15453:
15448:
15446:
15444:
15439:
15437:
15435:
15430:
15429:
15427:
15417:
15416:
15411:
15405:
15403:
15398:
15397:
15395:
15393:
15392:
15387:
15381:
15379:
15374:
15373:
15371:
15369:
15368:
15363:
15357:
15355:
15350:
15349:
15346:
15343:
15341:
15337:
15331:
15329:
15324:
15322:
15320:
15315:
15313:
15311:
15310:M. orientalis
15306:
15304:
15302:
15297:
15295:
15293:
15288:
15286:
15284:
15279:
15278:
15276:
15266:
15265:
15260:
15250:
15248:
15243:
15241:
15239:
15234:
15232:
15230:
15225:
15223:
15221:
15216:
15215:
15213:
15211:
15210:
15205:
15199:
15197:
15192:
15190:
15188:
15183:
15181:
15179:
15174:
15173:
15171:
15169:
15168:
15163:
15160:
15150:
15146:
15140:
15138:
15133:
15132:
15130:
15128:
15127:
15122:
15116:
15114:
15113:Taxidea taxus
15109:
15108:
15105:
15102:
15099:
15094:
15090:
15086:
15081:
15077:
15060:
15059:
15058:
15057:
15055:
15053:
15049:
15035:
15033:
15028:
15026:
15024:
15023:N. meridensis
15019:
15018:
15016:
15014:
15013:
15008:
15002:
15000:
14995:
14993:
14991:
14986:
14985:
14983:
14981:
14980:
14975:
14972:
14962:
14958:
14952:
14950:
14945:
14943:
14941:
14936:
14934:
14932:
14927:
14925:
14923:
14918:
14917:
14915:
14905:
14904:
14899:
14893:
14891:
14886:
14884:
14882:
14877:
14875:
14873:
14868:
14867:
14865:
14855:
14854:
14849:
14843:
14841:
14836:
14834:
14832:
14827:
14826:
14824:
14822:
14821:
14816:
14810:
14808:
14803:
14802:
14799:
14796:
14794:
14790:
14780:
14778:
14773:
14771:
14769:
14764:
14762:
14760:
14755:
14753:
14751:
14746:
14745:
14743:
14733:
14732:
14727:
14721:
14719:
14714:
14712:
14710:
14709:M. javanensis
14705:
14704:
14702:
14692:
14691:
14686:
14680:
14678:
14673:
14671:
14669:
14664:
14663:
14661:
14659:
14658:
14653:
14647:
14645:
14640:
14638:
14636:
14635:C. leuconotus
14631:
14629:
14627:
14626:C. humboldtii
14622:
14620:
14618:
14613:
14612:
14610:
14600:
14599:
14594:
14591:
14585:
14577:
14573:
14567:
14565:
14560:
14559:
14557:
14555:
14551:
14547:
14543:
14538:
14534:
14508:
14506:
14501:
14499:
14497:
14492:
14490:
14488:
14483:
14481:
14479:
14474:
14473:
14470:
14467:
14457:
14453:
14447:
14445:
14440:
14438:
14436:
14431:
14430:
14428:
14418:
14417:
14412:
14402:
14400:
14395:
14394:
14392:
14390:
14389:
14384:
14378:
14376:
14371:
14370:
14367:
14364:
14354:
14350:
14347:
14337:
14333:
14319:
14317:
14314:Baikal seal (
14312:
14310:
14308:
14305:Ringed seal (
14303:
14301:
14299:
14294:
14293:
14291:
14289:
14288:
14283:
14277:
14275:
14272:Harbor seal (
14270:
14268:
14266:
14261:
14260:
14258:
14256:
14255:
14250:
14244:
14242:
14237:
14235:
14233:
14230:Ribbon seal (
14228:
14226:
14224:
14219:
14218:
14215:
14212:
14210:
14206:
14200:
14198:
14195:Hooded seal (
14193:
14191:
14189:
14184:
14183:
14180:
14177:
14167:
14163:
14160:
14148:
14144:
14134:
14132:
14131:A. tropicalis
14127:
14125:
14123:
14118:
14116:
14114:
14109:
14107:
14105:
14100:
14098:
14096:
14091:
14089:
14087:
14082:
14080:
14078:
14073:
14071:
14069:
14064:
14063:
14061:
14059:
14058:
14057:Arctocephalus
14053:
14047:
14045:
14040:
14039:
14036:
14030:
14028:
14023:
14022:
14020:
14018:
14017:
14012:
14006:
14004:
13999:
13998:
13995:
13985:
13983:
13982:Z. wollebaeki
13978:
13976:
13974:
13969:
13968:
13966:
13964:
13963:
13958:
13952:
13950:
13945:
13944:
13941:
13938:
13936:
13932:
13926:
13924:
13919:
13918:
13916:
13914:
13913:
13908:
13905:
13899:
13894:
13890:(eared seals:
13885:
13880:
13874:
13872:
13867:
13866:
13864:
13862:
13858:
13854:
13850:
13842:
13838:
13813:
13812:
13811:
13810:
13808:
13806:
13802:
13793:
13792:
13791:
13790:
13788:
13779:
13775:
13772:
13770:
13766:
13752:
13750:
13745:
13743:
13741:
13736:
13734:
13732:
13731:U. thibetanus
13727:
13725:
13723:
13722:U. americanus
13718:
13717:
13715:
13713:
13712:
13707:
13701:
13699:
13694:
13692:
13690:
13685:
13684:
13681:
13678:
13676:
13672:
13666:
13664:
13659:
13658:
13656:
13654:
13653:
13648:
13642:
13640:
13637:Giant panda (
13635:
13634:
13632:
13630:
13629:
13624:
13621:
13613:
13609:
13606:
13603:
13598:
13580:
13578:
13573:
13571:
13569:
13564:
13562:
13560:
13555:
13553:
13551:
13546:
13544:
13542:
13537:
13535:
13533:
13528:
13526:
13524:
13523:C. familiaris
13519:
13517:
13515:
13510:
13509:
13507:
13505:
13504:
13499:
13493:
13491:
13486:
13484:
13482:
13481:Lycaon pictus
13477:
13476:
13473:
13467:
13465:
13460:
13458:
13456:
13451:
13450:
13448:
13446:
13445:
13440:
13437:
13429:
13425:
13415:
13413:
13408:
13406:
13404:
13399:
13397:
13395:
13390:
13388:
13386:
13381:
13379:
13377:
13372:
13370:
13368:
13363:
13362:
13360:
13358:
13357:
13352:
13346:
13344:
13339:
13337:
13335:
13330:
13329:
13326:
13320:
13318:
13313:
13312:
13310:
13308:
13307:
13302:
13296:
13294:
13289:
13288:
13285:
13282:
13274:
13270:
13267:
13259:
13255:
13245:
13243:
13238:
13236:
13234:
13229:
13227:
13225:
13220:
13218:
13216:
13211:
13209:
13207:
13202:
13200:
13198:
13193:
13191:
13189:
13184:
13182:
13180:
13177:Tibetan fox (
13175:
13173:
13171:
13166:
13164:
13162:
13157:
13155:
13153:
13148:
13146:
13144:
13139:
13138:
13136:
13131:
13124:
13123:
13118:
13112:
13110:
13109:N. viverrinus
13105:
13103:
13101:
13096:
13095:
13093:
13091:
13090:
13085:
13079:
13077:
13072:
13071:
13068:
13065:
13063:
13059:
13053:
13051:
13050:U. littoralis
13046:
13044:
13042:
13037:
13036:
13034:
13032:
13031:
13026:
13023:
13015:
13010:
13006:
13002:
12994:
12990:
12964:
12962:
12957:
12955:
12953:
12948:
12946:
12944:
12939:
12937:
12935:
12930:
12928:
12926:
12925:H. flavescens
12921:
12920:
12918:
12916:
12915:
12910:
12904:
12902:
12897:
12895:
12893:
12888:
12886:
12884:
12879:
12878:
12876:
12874:
12873:
12868:
12862:
12860:
12855:
12853:
12851:
12846:
12844:
12842:
12837:
12835:
12833:
12828:
12827:
12824:
12818:
12816:
12815:U. vitticolla
12811:
12809:
12807:
12802:
12800:
12798:
12793:
12791:
12789:
12784:
12782:
12780:
12775:
12773:
12771:
12766:
12764:
12762:
12757:
12755:
12753:
12748:
12746:
12744:
12739:
12738:
12736:
12734:
12733:
12728:
12722:
12720:
12719:Xenogale naso
12715:
12713:
12711:
12706:
12705:
12702:
12699:
12697:
12693:
12683:
12681:
12676:
12674:
12672:
12667:
12665:
12663:
12658:
12656:
12654:
12649:
12648:
12646:
12644:
12643:
12638:
12632:
12630:
12625:
12623:
12621:
12616:
12615:
12613:
12611:
12610:
12605:
12599:
12597:
12592:
12591:
12588:
12582:
12580:
12575:
12573:
12571:
12566:
12565:
12563:
12561:
12560:
12555:
12549:
12547:
12542:
12541:
12538:
12532:
12530:
12525:
12524:
12522:
12520:
12519:
12514:
12511:
12509:
12505:
12502:
12493:
12492:sensu stricto
12488:
12484:
12470:
12468:
12463:
12461:
12459:
12454:
12453:
12451:
12449:
12448:
12443:
12437:
12435:
12430:
12429:
12426:
12420:
12418:
12413:
12411:
12409:
12404:
12403:
12401:
12399:
12398:
12393:
12387:
12385:
12380:
12379:
12376:
12373:
12371:
12367:
12357:
12355:
12350:
12348:
12346:
12341:
12340:
12338:
12336:
12335:
12330:
12324:
12322:
12321:Fossa fossana
12317:
12315:
12313:
12308:
12307:
12304:
12301:
12299:
12295:
12292:
12282:
12278:
12275:
12271:
12267:
12262:
12244:
12242:
12237:
12236:
12234:
12232:
12231:
12226:
12220:
12218:
12215:Brown hyena (
12213:
12211:
12209:
12208:Hyaena hyaena
12204:
12203:
12200:
12197:
12189:
12185:
12179:
12177:
12172:
12171:
12169:
12167:
12166:
12161:
12158:
12150:
12146:
12142:
12138:
12134:
12129:
12125:
12104:
12103:
12102:
12101:
12099:
12097:
12093:
12089:
12067:
12065:
12060:
12058:
12056:
12051:
12049:
12047:
12042:
12040:
12038:
12035:Hausa genet (
12033:
12031:
12029:
12024:
12022:
12020:
12015:
12013:
12011:
12006:
12004:
12002:
11997:
11995:
11993:
11988:
11986:
11984:
11979:
11977:
11975:
11970:
11968:
11966:
11961:
11959:
11957:
11952:
11950:
11948:
11943:
11941:
11939:
11938:G. angolensis
11934:
11932:
11930:
11929:G. abyssinica
11925:
11924:
11922:
11914:
11913:
11908:
11902:
11900:
11895:
11893:
11891:
11886:
11885:
11883:
11875:
11874:
11869:
11866:
11864:
11860:
11850:
11848:
11843:
11841:
11839:
11838:V. tangalunga
11834:
11832:
11830:
11825:
11823:
11821:
11816:
11815:
11813:
11811:
11810:
11805:
11799:
11797:
11792:
11790:
11788:
11783:
11782:
11779:
11776:
11773:
11772:sensu stricto
11768:
11764:
11761:
11757:
11752:
11746:
11742:
11732:
11730:
11725:
11723:
11721:
11716:
11714:
11712:
11707:
11706:
11704:
11702:
11701:
11696:
11690:
11688:
11683:
11681:
11679:
11674:
11672:
11670:
11665:
11663:
11661:
11656:
11655:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11646:Paradoxurinae
11643:
11637:
11635:
11630:
11628:
11626:
11621:
11619:
11617:
11614:Otter civet (
11612:
11610:
11608:
11603:
11602:
11600:
11598:
11594:
11591:
11588:
11583:
11579:
11575:
11570:
11566:
11545:
11544:
11543:
11542:
11540:
11538:
11534:
11508:
11506:
11505:F. silvestris
11501:
11499:
11497:
11492:
11490:
11488:
11483:
11481:
11479:
11474:
11472:
11470:
11465:
11463:
11461:
11456:
11454:
11452:
11447:
11446:
11444:
11442:
11441:
11436:
11426:
11424:
11423:P. viverrinus
11421:Fishing cat (
11419:
11417:
11415:
11410:
11408:
11406:
11401:
11399:
11397:
11396:P. javanensis
11392:
11390:
11388:
11385:Leopard cat (
11383:
11382:
11380:
11378:
11377:
11372:
11366:
11364:
11359:
11358:
11355:
11352:
11346:
11336:
11334:
11329:
11328:
11326:
11324:
11323:
11318:
11312:
11310:
11305:
11304:
11301:
11295:
11293:
11288:
11287:
11285:
11283:
11282:
11277:
11274:
11268:
11262:
11260:
11255:
11253:
11251:
11246:
11244:
11242:
11237:
11235:
11233:
11232:L. canadensis
11230:Canada lynx (
11228:
11227:
11225:
11223:
11222:
11217:
11211:
11209:
11204:
11202:
11200:
11195:
11193:
11191:
11186:
11184:
11182:
11177:
11175:
11173:
11168:
11166:
11164:
11159:
11157:
11155:
11150:
11148:
11146:
11141:
11140:
11138:
11136:
11135:
11130:
11120:
11118:
11113:
11111:
11109:
11104:
11103:
11101:
11099:
11098:
11093:
11087:
11085:
11080:
11079:
11076:
11073:
11067:
11057:
11055:
11054:C. temminckii
11050:
11048:
11046:
11041:
11040:
11038:
11036:
11035:
11030:
11024:
11022:
11019:Marbled cat (
11017:
11016:
11014:
11012:
11011:
11006:
11003:
10997:
10994:
10990:
10989:sensu stricto
10986:
10981:
10967:
10965:
10960:
10958:
10956:
10951:
10949:
10947:
10942:
10940:
10938:
10933:
10931:
10929:
10924:
10923:
10921:
10919:
10918:
10913:
10907:
10905:
10900:
10898:
10896:
10891:
10890:
10888:
10886:
10885:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10871:
10867:
10864:
10856:
10851:
10847:
10841:
10839:
10838:P. pardicolor
10834:
10832:
10830:
10825:
10824:
10822:
10815:
10814:
10809:
10806:
10803:
10798:
10794:
10788:
10786:
10781:
10780:
10777:
10774:
10771:
10766:
10762:
10758:
10750:
10746:
10740:
10736:
10734:
10730:
10728:
10724:
10722:
10718:
10716:
10712:
10711:
10708:
10703:
10695:
10690:
10688:
10683:
10681:
10676:
10675:
10672:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10654:
10651:
10648:
10645:
10634:
10630:
10628:
10627:Vulpes vulpes
10622:
10621:
10611:
10607:
10603:
10598:
10594:
10590:
10584:
10580:
10579:
10573:
10569:
10565:
10560:
10559:
10539:
10535:
10531:
10525:
10509:
10505:
10501:
10495:
10487:
10483:
10477:
10461:
10457:
10453:
10447:
10439:
10433:
10429:
10422:
10420:
10418:
10416:
10399:
10395:
10389:
10378:
10374:
10370:
10366:
10362:
10358:
10354:
10350:
10346:
10339:
10332:
10316:
10312:
10308:
10301:
10285:
10281:
10280:The Telegraph
10276:
10268:
10252:
10248:
10244:
10238:
10219:
10212:
10211:
10203:
10187:
10183:
10182:
10174:
10172:
10170:
10161:
10155:
10151:
10144:
10136:
10130:
10126:
10122:
10121:
10113:
10105:
10099:
10095:
10088:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10054:
10047:
10039:
10033:
10029:
10022:
10014:
10008:
10004:
10003:
9995:
9988:
9984:
9980:
9976:
9968:
9967:Ancient Greek
9963:
9955:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9937:
9933:
9929:
9925:
9921:
9919:
9915:
9906:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9886:
9882:
9878:
9871:
9863:
9859:
9854:
9849:
9845:
9841:
9840:
9835:
9828:
9820:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9802:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9786:
9784:
9775:
9767:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9739:
9735:
9731:
9729:
9720:
9711:
9702:
9686:
9682:
9680:
9672:
9663:
9655:
9648:
9640:
9636:
9632:
9630:
9621:
9612:
9603:
9596:
9590:
9582:
9576:
9572:
9571:
9563:
9554:
9547:(2): 157–162.
9546:
9542:
9538:
9534:
9533:Vulpes vulpes
9527:
9519:
9513:
9509:
9505:
9498:
9490:
9484:
9480:
9476:
9469:
9463:, p. 134
9462:
9457:
9455:
9453:
9443:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9426:
9419:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9369:
9362:
9354:
9350:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9319:
9311:
9305:
9301:
9294:
9287:
9282:
9274:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9256:
9252:
9248:
9244:
9240:
9233:
9217:
9213:
9209:
9202:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9182:
9176:
9172:
9169:. 3: 149–158
9168:
9162:
9155:
9151:
9150:Vulpes vulpes
9145:
9138:
9132:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9106:
9105:Vulpes vulpes
9097:
9089:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9056:
9048:
9044:
9040:
9036:
9032:
9028:
9024:
9020:
9016:
9009:
9001:
8997:
8990:
8982:
8976:
8972:
8965:
8963:
8953:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8936:
8934:
8933:Vulpes vulpes
8925:
8917:
8911:
8907:
8906:
8898:
8890:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8865:Vulpes vulpes
8859:
8851:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8833:
8829:
8825:
8823:
8814:
8806:
8802:
8798:
8794:
8790:
8786:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8765:Vulpes vulpes
8759:
8751:
8745:
8741:
8740:
8732:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8690:
8688:
8687:Vulpes vulpes
8679:
8671:
8667:
8663:
8659:
8655:
8651:
8647:
8646:Vulpes vulpes
8640:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8610:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8581:
8577:
8573:
8572:
8564:
8557:
8538:
8534:
8528:
8521:
8519:
8518:Vulpes vulpes
8511:
8503:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8476:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8440:
8433:
8425:
8412:
8396:
8390:
8374:
8370:
8364:
8356:
8350:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8311:
8304:
8300:
8298:
8294:
8293:Vulpes vulpes
8286:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8262:
8258:
8254:
8250:
8246:
8245:Vulpes vulpes
8239:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8208:
8202:, p. 130
8201:
8196:
8190:
8186:
8182:
8176:
8168:
8162:
8158:
8157:
8149:
8141:
8139:9780044401995
8135:
8131:
8124:
8122:
8120:
8118:
8116:
8114:
8112:
8110:
8108:
8106:
8104:
8102:
8100:
8098:
8096:
8094:
8092:
8090:
8088:
8086:
8084:
8082:
8080:
8078:
8076:
8074:
8067:, p. 129
8066:
8061:
8054:
8049:
8047:
8045:
8043:
8041:
8021:
8014:
8013:
8011:Vulpes vulpes
8010:
8003:
8001:
7999:
7992:, p. 353
7991:
7986:
7979:
7978:
7971:
7955:
7951:
7950:
7942:
7940:
7931:
7925:
7921:
7914:
7906:
7905:
7897:
7882:
7881:
7876:
7870:
7868:
7866:
7864:
7857:, p. 221
7856:
7851:
7849:
7840:
7838:9781602231160
7834:
7830:
7829:
7821:
7813:
7811:9780665167928
7807:
7803:
7799:
7798:
7790:
7788:
7786:
7784:
7782:
7780:
7778:
7776:
7774:
7772:
7770:
7768:
7759:
7758:
7750:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7699:
7691:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7645:
7644:Vulpes vulpes
7636:
7628:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7584:
7582:
7581:Vulpes vulpes
7573:
7557:
7556:
7551:
7545:
7543:
7541:
7539:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7519:
7513:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7453:
7446:
7437:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7413:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7364:Vulpes vulpes
7358:
7349:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7325:
7317:
7315:9780231037334
7311:
7307:
7300:
7292:
7286:
7282:
7275:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7223:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7157:
7150:
7148:
7141:, p. 222
7140:
7135:
7133:
7125:
7124:
7120:
7117:
7110:
7103:
7099:
7096:
7091:
7083:
7076:
7074:
7065:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7024:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6991:Vulpes vulpes
6988:
6981:
6972:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6947:
6945:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6914:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6884:
6876:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6779:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6749:
6741:
6739:9780801874161
6735:
6731:
6730:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6712:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6695:
6689:
6685:
6678:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6670:
6668:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6642:
6640:
6638:
6636:
6634:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6611:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6600:Wilson, D. E.
6597:
6593:
6587:
6585:
6576:
6570:
6566:
6565:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6410:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6351:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6312:
6297:
6293:
6287:
6279:
6275:
6273:
6267:
6261:
6246:
6244:
6239:
6233:
6217:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6196:
6195:Vulpes vulpes
6187:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6176:
6169:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6137:
6136:
6130:
6121:
6117:
6108:
6104:
6095:
6091:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6049:
6024:
6015:
6013:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5991:
5983:
5978:
5968:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5938:
5933:
5925:
5916:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5874:
5869:
5863:Red fox pelts
5861:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5831:
5826:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5743:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5714:creation myth
5712:
5708:
5704:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5692:Herod Antipas
5689:
5685:
5681:
5680:Arab folklore
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5592:
5587:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5295:in spreading
5294:
5290:
5289:spirochetosis
5286:
5282:
5278:
5277:leptospirosis
5274:
5270:
5266:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5186:golden eagles
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5159:Canada lynxes
5156:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5134:
5131:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5095:martes martes
5092:
5088:
5087:stone martens
5084:
5080:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5061:
5056:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5037:
5030:
5029:golden jackal
5025:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4977:
4972:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4920:
4918:
4917:poultry farms
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4810:invertebrates
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4774:Passeriformes
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4732:
4727:
4713:
4711:
4703:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4668:
4666:
4643:
4623:
4618:
4612:Vocalisations
4609:
4602:
4597:
4591:Body language
4586:Communication
4583:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4556:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4473:uterine horns
4470:
4463:
4458:
4443:
4434:
4425:
4415:
4405:
4403:
4402:kin selection
4398:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4377:
4367:
4363:
4352:
4343:
4336:
4327:
4320:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4210:apex predator
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4151:Arctic Circle
4143:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3926:Colour morph
3924:
3921:
3919:
3910:
3904:Colour morphs
3901:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3888:colour morphs
3885:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3858:
3856:
3855:Aberdeenshire
3852:
3851:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3782:
3777:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3667:
3666:krymeamontana
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3578:
3577:V. v. silacea
3573:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:, Russia and
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3529:(Bangs, 1897)
3528:
3521:
3515:(Bangs, 1898)
3514:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3435:
3434:V. v. regalis
3430:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3416:(Blyth, 1854)
3415:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3366:V. v. pusilla
3363:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3351:(Kishida and
3350:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3250:Turkestan fox
3249:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3174:, California
3173:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3143:V. v. necator
3139:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3091:and northern
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3062:
3061:V. v. montana
3058:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2975:(Ognev, 1926)
2974:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2892:(Ognev, 1926)
2891:
2884:
2877:(Ognev, 1926)
2876:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2836:V. v. karagan
2833:Karaganka fox
2832:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:, except for
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:V. v. indutus
2721:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2683:Sardinian fox
2682:
2681:
2676:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2625:Kodiak Island
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2577:V. v. montana
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2430:(Yudin, 1986)
2429:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:V. v. daurica
2331:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2074:(Brass, 1911)
2073:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:Bering Strait
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:Barbary Coast
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:V. v. barbara
1980:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1911:Mila Province
1908:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1845:V. v. arabica
1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:Aegean Region
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1799:Anatolian fox
1798:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1716:(Brass, 1911)
1715:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1649:
1643:(Brass, 1911)
1642:
1635:
1634:nigrocaudatus
1628:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1474:mitochondrial
1471:
1467:
1458:
1450:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1417:San Francisco
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1388:. The latter
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1370:Sierra Nevada
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:binomial name
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1166:Bat-eared fox
1161:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1000:
999:
996:
994:
988:
984:
983:
980:
979:
976:
974:
970:
969:Rüppell's fox
964:
963:
957:
956:
953:
952:
949:
947:
943:
937:
936:
930:
929:
926:
925:
917:
916:
913:
911:
907:
901:
900:
897:
896:
893:
891:
887:
881:
880:
874:
873:
867:
866:
860:
859:
853:
852:
846:
845:
839:
838:
834:
831:
830:introgression
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:Rüppell's fox
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
775:
766:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
742:
738:
734:
732:
726:
722:
718:
714:
712:
706:
704:
698:
694:
692:
687:
683:
680:
676:
673:
669:
665:
661:
659:
654:
649:
645:
641:
638:
634:
630:
626:
616:
614:
610:
606:
597:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
545:golden eagles
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:invertebrates
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:IUCN Red List
455:
454:least concern
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:North America
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:
421:Vulpes vulpes
417:
403:
400:
395:
392:
391:
389:
386:
382:
355:
351:
346:
342:
341:45 subspecies
337:
332:
327:
323:
317:
315:
314:Vulpes vulpes
309:
306:
305:Binomial name
302:
298:
297:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
280:
277:
276:
273:
270:
267:
266:
263:
260:
257:
256:
253:
250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
211:
206:
202:
196:
182:
176:
171:
170:Least Concern
160:
156:
151:
147:
142:
138:
133:
127:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Vulpes vulpes
17507:
17401:Canis vulpes
17400:
16986:
16845:
16834:Other quarry
16729:Canada goose
16693:Common snipe
16683:Black grouse
16639:Game animals
16592:Wolf hunting
16567:Deer hunting
16552:Bear hunting
16530:
16501:Fox squirrel
16474:Other quarry
16352:Ross's goose
16332:Lesser scaup
16312:Canada goose
16144:
16135:
16126:
16117:
16108:
16099:
16090:
16081:
16072:
16063:
16054:
16045:
16036:
16027:
16018:
16009:
16000:
15980:
15968:
15959:
15950:
15941:
15929:
15904:
15895:
15886:
15874:
15862:
15850:
15839:L. sumatrana
15838:
15829:
15817:
15805:
15788:
15776:
15764:
15755:
15746:
15737:
15725:
15713:
15671:
15662:
15650:
15638:
15622:V. peregusna
15621:
15609:
15576:
15567:
15547:
15535:
15522:Lyncodontini
15513:Ictonychinae
15497:M. zibellina
15496:
15487:
15478:
15469:
15460:
15452:M. flavigula
15451:
15442:
15434:M. americana
15433:
15413:
15401:
15389:
15377:
15365:
15354:Eira barbara
15353:
15327:
15319:M. personata
15318:
15309:
15300:
15291:
15282:
15262:
15246:
15237:
15229:M. canescens
15228:
15219:
15207:
15195:
15186:
15177:
15165:
15136:
15124:
15112:
15031:
15022:
15010:
14998:
14989:
14977:
14948:
14939:
14930:
14921:
14901:
14889:
14880:
14871:
14851:
14839:
14838:Cacomistle (
14830:
14818:
14807:Potos flavus
14806:
14776:
14767:
14758:
14749:
14729:
14717:
14708:
14688:
14676:
14667:
14655:
14643:
14634:
14625:
14616:
14596:
14563:
14504:
14495:
14486:
14477:
14443:
14434:
14414:
14398:
14386:
14374:
14359:(monk seals)
14315:
14306:
14297:
14285:
14273:
14264:
14252:
14240:
14231:
14222:
14196:
14187:
14130:
14122:A. townsendi
14121:
14112:
14104:A. philippii
14103:
14094:
14085:
14076:
14068:A. australis
14067:
14055:
14043:
14026:
14014:
14002:
13981:
13972:
13960:
13948:
13922:
13910:
13870:
13749:U. maritimus
13748:
13747:Polar bear (
13739:
13738:Brown bear (
13730:
13721:
13709:
13697:
13688:
13687:Sloth bear (
13662:
13650:
13638:
13626:
13576:
13567:
13558:
13549:
13540:
13531:
13522:
13513:
13501:
13490:Cuon alpinus
13489:
13480:
13464:L. mesomelas
13463:
13454:
13442:
13411:
13402:
13393:
13392:Pampas fox (
13384:
13375:
13366:
13354:
13342:
13333:
13317:S. venaticus
13316:
13304:
13292:
13291:Maned wolf (
13273:Cerdocyonina
13241:
13240:Fennec fox (
13232:
13230:
13223:
13215:V. rueppelli
13214:
13205:
13196:
13187:
13186:Arctic fox (
13179:V. ferrilata
13178:
13169:
13168:Corsac fox (
13160:
13151:
13142:
13141:Bengal fox (
13120:
13108:
13099:
13087:
13075:
13049:
13048:Island fox (
13040:
13028:
12961:H. sanguinea
12960:
12951:
12942:
12934:H. ichneumon
12933:
12924:
12912:
12900:
12891:
12882:
12870:
12858:
12849:
12840:
12831:
12814:
12805:
12796:
12787:
12778:
12769:
12761:U. edwardsii
12760:
12752:U. brachyura
12751:
12742:
12730:
12718:
12709:
12679:
12670:
12661:
12653:C. alexandri
12652:
12640:
12628:
12619:
12607:
12595:
12578:
12570:M. gambianus
12569:
12557:
12545:
12529:S. suricatta
12528:
12516:
12491:
12466:
12457:
12445:
12433:
12416:
12407:
12395:
12383:
12353:
12344:
12332:
12320:
12311:
12288:carnivorans)
12269:
12240:
12228:
12216:
12207:
12175:
12163:
12133:Herpestoidea
12096:Herpestoidea
12063:
12055:G. victoriae
12054:
12045:
12044:Cape genet (
12036:
12028:G. servalina
12027:
12018:
12017:King genet (
12010:G. piscivora
12009:
12000:
11991:
11982:
11974:G. johnstoni
11973:
11964:
11955:
11946:
11937:
11928:
11910:
11899:P. leightoni
11898:
11889:
11871:
11846:
11837:
11829:V. megaspila
11828:
11820:V. civettina
11819:
11807:
11795:
11786:
11771:
11755:
11728:
11719:
11710:
11698:
11686:
11677:
11668:
11659:
11633:
11624:
11615:
11606:
11504:
11495:
11487:F. margarita
11486:
11477:
11468:
11467:Jungle cat (
11459:
11450:
11438:
11422:
11413:
11405:P. planiceps
11404:
11395:
11386:
11376:Prionailurus
11374:
11362:
11332:
11320:
11308:
11307:Jaguarundi (
11291:
11279:
11258:
11249:
11240:
11231:
11219:
11207:
11198:
11189:
11180:
11171:
11162:
11154:L. geoffroyi
11153:
11144:
11143:Pampas cat (
11132:
11116:
11107:
11095:
11083:
11053:
11044:
11032:
11021:P. marmorata
11020:
11008:
10988:
10963:
10954:
10945:
10936:
10927:
10915:
10903:
10894:
10882:
10837:
10828:
10811:
10784:
10737:Superorder:
10731:Infraclass:
10636:. Retrieved
10626:
10601:
10593:the original
10577:
10567:
10544:10 September
10542:. Retrieved
10533:
10524:
10514:10 September
10512:. Retrieved
10503:
10494:
10476:
10466:20 September
10464:. Retrieved
10460:the original
10455:
10446:
10427:
10404:20 September
10402:. Retrieved
10398:the original
10388:
10377:the original
10348:
10344:
10331:
10321:10 September
10319:. Retrieved
10310:
10300:
10290:10 September
10288:. Retrieved
10279:
10267:
10255:. Retrieved
10246:
10237:
10225:. Retrieved
10209:
10202:
10190:. Retrieved
10180:
10149:
10143:
10119:
10112:
10093:
10087:
10075:. Retrieved
10068:the original
10063:
10059:
10046:
10027:
10021:
10001:
9994:
9978:
9974:
9962:
9927:
9923:
9917:
9913:
9905:
9880:
9876:
9870:
9843:
9837:
9827:
9792:
9788:
9782:
9774:
9737:
9733:
9727:
9719:
9710:
9701:
9691:10 September
9689:. Retrieved
9678:
9671:
9662:
9653:
9647:
9638:
9634:
9628:
9620:
9611:
9602:
9594:
9589:
9569:
9562:
9553:
9544:
9540:
9536:
9532:
9526:
9503:
9497:
9474:
9468:
9432:
9428:
9418:
9406:. Retrieved
9378:
9374:
9361:
9353:the original
9332:
9328:
9318:
9299:
9293:
9281:
9246:
9242:
9232:
9220:. Retrieved
9216:the original
9211:
9201:
9186:
9181:
9166:
9161:
9153:
9149:
9144:
9136:
9131:
9119:. Retrieved
9110:
9104:
9096:
9069:
9065:
9055:
9025:(2): 81–95.
9022:
9018:
9008:
8999:
8995:
8989:
8970:
8942:
8938:
8932:
8924:
8904:
8897:
8875:(1): 41–47.
8872:
8868:
8864:
8858:
8831:
8827:
8822:Panthera leo
8821:
8813:
8772:
8768:
8764:
8758:
8738:
8731:
8719:. Retrieved
8712:the original
8699:
8695:
8686:
8678:
8656:(1): 41–47.
8653:
8649:
8645:
8639:
8629:20 September
8627:. Retrieved
8618:
8609:
8593:
8584:. Retrieved
8575:
8569:
8556:
8546:25 September
8544:. Retrieved
8517:
8510:
8485:
8481:
8475:
8442:
8438:
8432:
8399:. Retrieved
8389:
8377:. Retrieved
8363:
8349:cite journal
8324:
8320:
8310:
8302:
8297:Panthera leo
8296:
8292:
8285:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8238:
8226:. Retrieved
8217:
8207:
8195:
8180:
8175:
8155:
8148:
8129:
8060:
8027:. Retrieved
8020:the original
8012:
8009:
7985:
7976:
7970:
7958:. Retrieved
7948:
7919:
7913:
7903:
7896:
7884:. Retrieved
7879:
7827:
7820:
7796:
7756:
7749:
7737:. Retrieved
7712:
7708:
7698:
7656:(114): 114.
7653:
7649:
7643:
7635:
7593:(214): 214.
7590:
7586:
7580:
7572:
7560:. Retrieved
7554:
7517:
7512:
7500:. Retrieved
7462:
7458:
7445:
7426:
7422:
7412:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7357:
7338:
7334:
7324:
7305:
7299:
7280:
7274:
7233:
7229:
7222:
7210:. Retrieved
7203:the original
7166:
7162:
7114:
7109:
7090:
7081:
7037:
7033:
7023:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6980:
6961:
6957:
6931:. Retrieved
6922:
6913:
6901:. Retrieved
6892:
6883:
6874:
6788:
6784:
6778:
6766:. Retrieved
6757:
6748:
6728:
6683:
6604:
6563:
6364:
6360:
6350:
6325:
6321:
6311:
6299:. Retrieved
6295:
6286:
6277:
6272:Canis Vulpes
6271:
6260:
6248:. Retrieved
6241:
6232:
6220:. Retrieved
6206:
6200:
6194:
6146:
6140:
6133:
6118:
6114:
6105:
6101:
6092:
6059:
6056:Distribution
5995:silver foxes
5992:
5988:
5953:
5942:
5913:
5878:
5837:Saskatchewan
5833:
5828:
5802:
5793:had a royal
5759:
5750:
5700:
5661:
5655:
5653:
5646:
5638:
5612:
5597:
5566:
5560:
5550:
5540:
5530:
5524:
5518:
5512:
5502:
5496:
5490:
5484:
5478:
5472:
5462:
5456:
5439:
5428:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5391:
5382:
5373:
5367:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5320:
5309:Lake Sartlan
5305:encephalitis
5262:
5253:
5237:
5229:
5221:
5213:
5205:
5198:Aquila audax
5197:
5189:
5181:
5173:
5167:
5135:
5127:
5094:
5091:pine martens
5076:
5068:raccoon dogs
5065:
5060:golden eagle
5034:
5005:corsac foxes
4983:Arctic foxes
4980:
4949:
4929:
4921:
4890:
4842:blackberries
4735:
4709:
4707:
4693:
4689:
4681:
4671:
4662:
4624:) squabbling
4621:
4606:
4600:
4576:ground water
4562:Outside the
4561:
4527:
4492:, forming a
4466:
4450:Red fox kits
4385:
4362:v. crucigera
4357:
4288:
4286:
4230:
4186:
4148:
4127:caudal gland
4103:
4100:Scent glands
4089:black grouse
4078:
3932:Description
3915:
3891:
3880:vasodilation
3872:
3848:
3844:
3842:
3817:canine teeth
3806:
3786:
3755:
3739:V. v. vulpes
3738:
3734:
3718:
3715:
3685:
3673:
3671:
3665:
3651:
3639:
3613:
3596:V. v. vulpes
3595:
3579:
3576:
3543:
3540:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3494:Digby County
3487:
3475:
3436:
3433:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3392:
3384:
3368:
3365:
3348:
3326:
3288:
3285:
3252:
3240:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3209:
3205:
3186:
3183:
3165:
3162:V. v. fulvus
3161:
3145:
3142:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3082:V. v. vulpes
3081:
3063:
3060:
3005:V. v. fulvus
3004:
2986:
2983:
2972:
2962:
2958:
2942:
2939:
2920:
2908:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2857:V. v. vulpes
2856:
2838:
2835:
2803:
2800:
2798:Japanese fox
2789:
2771:
2755:
2752:
2724:
2685:
2674:
2663:
2636:
2606:
2603:
2592:
2576:
2558:
2555:
2544:
2534:
2516:
2513:
2500:
2489:
2464:
2461:
2436:
2427:
2403:
2392:Newfoundland
2371:
2360:
2354:Troizkosavsk
2334:
2318:
2311:
2301:meridionalis
2300:
2290:melanogaster
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2257:
2246:
2239:
2237:
2227:
2216:
2197:
2194:
2192:European fox
2168:
2164:
2148:
2145:
2106:
2103:
2086:schantaricus
2085:
2079:kamtschatica
2078:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2024:
2021:
2006:
1983:
1954:
1938:
1936:V. v. bangsi
1935:
1933:Labrador fox
1920:
1886:
1883:
1847:
1844:
1804:
1801:
1761:
1758:
1727:
1724:
1713:
1687:
1669:
1666:
1657:(Oken, 1816)
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1604:
1570:
1561:V. v. vulpes
1560:
1547:Description
1531:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1497:
1486:Substantial
1485:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1433:
1425:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1286:Medicine Hat
1270:Vulpes fulva
1269:
1258:Gene mapping
1247:
1224:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1164:
1128:
1090:
1070:
1034:
987:
967:
940:
904:
884:
811:
782:
780:
762:
758:
754:
752:
747:
743:
739:'tail', and
736:
728:
724:
708:
700:
688:
681:
674:
667:
655:
639:
637:West Frisian
632:
622:
602:
557:
501:
474:
450:North Africa
420:
419:
415:
413:
402:Canis alopex
401:
394:Canis vulpes
393:
363: native
313:
311:
295:
294:
282:
36:
17280:NatureServe
17189:iNaturalist
17011:Wikispecies
16954:Deer forest
16749:Tufted duck
16719:Wood pigeon
16572:Fox hunting
16136:M. sibirica
16118:M. putorius
16091:M. nigripes
16073:M. lutreola
16046:M. haidarum
15942:N. africana
15905:A. congicus
15896:A. cinereus
15887:A. capensis
15787:Sea otter (
15765:L. provocax
15672:I. striatus
15593:Ictonychini
15488:M. melampus
15400:Wolverine (
15378:P. pennanti
15301:M. moschata
15292:M. everetti
15238:M. leucurus
15196:A. hoevenii
15187:A. collaris
15137:M. capensis
15032:N. olivacea
14947:Olinguito (
14903:Bassaricyon
14890:P. pygmaeus
14820:Bassariscus
14793:Procyonidae
14768:S. putorius
14759:S. gracilis
14677:M. mephitis
14668:M. macroura
14562:Red panda (
14542:Musteloidea
14503:Ross seal (
14456:Lobodontini
14388:Neomonachus
14316:P. sibirica
14274:P. vitulina
14239:Grey seal (
14221:Harp seal (
14113:A. pusillus
14077:A. forsteri
13912:Callorhinus
13846:Pinnipedia
13805:Musteloidea
13577:C. simensis
13541:C. lupaster
13410:Hoary fox (
13403:L. sechurae
13376:L. fulvipes
13367:L. culpaeus
13263:(true dogs)
13222:Swift fox (
13197:V. macrotis
13089:Nyctereutes
12998:Caniformia
12943:H. ochracea
12901:B. nigripes
12892:B. jacksoni
12779:U. javanica
12696:Herpestinae
12671:C. obscurus
12662:C. ansorgei
12642:Crossarchus
12498:(mongooses)
12487:Herpestidae
12467:S. durrelli
12458:S. concolor
12408:G. fasciata
12345:E. goudotii
12266:Herpestidae
12176:P. cristata
12037:G. thierryi
11992:G. maculata
11956:G. cristata
11947:G. bourloni
11700:Paradoxurus
11658:Binturong (
11597:Hemigalinae
11574:Viverroidea
11537:Viverroidea
11496:F. nigripes
11348:Leopard cat
11333:P. concolor
11250:L. pardinus
11199:L. tigrinus
11190:L. pardalis
11181:L. jacobita
11172:L. guttulus
11145:L. colocola
10904:N. nebulosa
10874:Pantherinae
10754:Feliformia
10428:Urban Foxes
10227:21 December
9918:Nasua nasua
9914:Pachysentis
9795:: 187–191.
9537:Buteo buteo
9156:. 106 1–31.
9072:: 101–113.
8721:21 February
8702:(1): 1–22.
7502:3 September
6243:NatureServe
6222:17 February
6157:East Sussex
6148:Winterwatch
6135:Winterwatch
6005:geneticist
5960:guinea pigs
5881:fur-bearing
5841:Nova Scotia
5809:Renaissance
5742:Fox hunting
5718:Yurok tribe
5325:are known.
5301:brucellosis
5285:listeriosis
5174:Buteo buteo
5013:swift foxes
4846:raspberries
4838:blueberries
4826:echinoderms
4778:Galliformes
4694:wow wow wow
4690:wow wow wow
4682:wow wow wow
4198:fox hunting
4167:New Zealand
3876:guard hairs
3766:Description
3735:V. v. hoole
3683:Tobolsk fox
3574:Iberian fox
3537:Ezo red fox
3498:Nova Scotia
3276:, Kirgizia
3226:aegyptiacus
3172:High Sierra
2875:ferganensis
2750:Yakutsk fox
2675:lineiventer
2637:V. v. hoole
2587:Afghanistan
2514:V. v. fulva
2490:cinerascens
2473:J. E. Gray
2419:, southern
2361:ussuriensis
2176:Vladikavkaz
2065:beringensis
2057:anadyrensis
2034:Middendorff
1981:Barbary fox
1955:V. v. fulva
1953:Similar to
1921:algeriensis
1701:, northern
1590:Scandinavia
1538:Subspecies
1274:Sangamonian
1130:Raccoon dog
807:Tibetan fox
679:Tocharian B
625:Old English
591:Terminology
577:urban areas
334:Subspecies
195:NatureServe
126:Pleistocene
17514:Categories
16872:Animal Aid
16825:Water deer
16673:Red grouse
16651:Game birds
16460:Polar bear
16455:Dall sheep
16395:Brown bear
16385:Black bear
16357:Snow goose
16317:Canvasback
16307:Black duck
16210:Game birds
16109:M. nudipes
16100:M. nivalis
16064:M. kathiah
16019:M. erminea
16010:M. altaica
15960:N. frenata
15951:N. felipei
15921:Mustelinae
15663:I. libycus
15577:G. vittata
15443:M. caurina
15220:M. anakuma
15098:Mustelidae
15085:Mustelidae
15061:see below↓
15052:Mustelidae
14949:B. neblina
14860:(raccoons)
14831:B. astutus
14829:Ringtail (
14805:Kinkajou (
14777:S. pygmaea
14718:M. marchei
14576:Mephitidae
14444:M. leonina
14336:Monachinae
14307:P. hispida
14298:P. caspica
14095:A. gazella
14027:N. cinerea
13923:C. ursinus
13861:Odobenidae
13814:see below↓
13794:see below↓
13778:Pinnipedia
13696:Sun bear (
13663:T. ornatus
13652:Tremarctos
13628:Ailuropoda
13566:Red wolf (
13532:C. latrans
13455:L. adustus
13412:L. vetulus
13385:L. griseus
13315:Bush dog (
13206:V. pallida
13204:Pale fox (
13188:V. lagopus
13159:Cape fox (
13039:Gray fox (
12797:U. smithii
12629:H. parvula
12620:H. hirtula
12508:Mungotinae
12397:Galidictis
12370:Galidiinae
12298:Euplerinae
12281:Eupleridae
12270:sensu lato
12241:C. crocuta
12174:Aardwolf (
12105:see below↓
12046:G. tigrina
12019:G. poensis
12001:G. pardina
11983:G. letabae
11965:G. genetta
11863:Genettinae
11847:V. zibetha
11767:Viverrinae
11756:sensu lato
11751:Viverrinae
11720:P. jerdoni
11587:Viverridae
11546:see below↓
11485:Sand cat (
11292:A. jubatus
11117:C. caracal
11010:Pardofelis
10829:P. linsang
10770:Feliformia
9641:: 103–114.
9121:13 October
8532:0731364244
8420:|url=
8379:26 January
8189:0789477645
7990:Allen 1938
7290:0931079055
6903:20 January
6367:(1): 114.
6328:: 106296.
6172:References
5937:Birmingham
5849:New Mexico
5753:(1885) by
5635:Ysengrimus
5297:erysipelas
5234:snowy owls
5123:Wolverines
5109:and young
5017:Grey foxes
4897:song birds
4858:mulberries
4854:persimmons
4790:porcupines
4762:woodchucks
4686:tawny owls
4665:media help
4502:monogamous
4490:copulation
4460:Red foxes
4379:A red fox
4344:each other
4340:Red foxes
4233:Potoroidae
3839:Dimensions
3813:braincases
3781:corsac fox
3661:, Ukraine
3400:Salt Range
3389:Bengal fox
3349:kiyomassai
3323:Korean fox
3270:Semirechye
3121:nepalensis
3114:ladacensis
3107:himalaicus
3034:, western
2897:tarimensis
2890:pamirensis
2722:Cyprus fox
2642:R. Swinhoe
2601:Kodiak fox
2593:flavescens
2442:J. E. Gray
2401:Ussuri fox
2356:, Siberia
2232:Borkhausen
2134:Washington
2019:Anadyr fox
1791:Kazakhstan
1714:sitkaensis
1648:variegates
1483:as valid.
1444:Subspecies
1314:New Mexico
1298:California
1280:District,
1262:speciation
1092:Fennec fox
942:Corsac fox
886:Arctic fox
795:Bengal fox
763:vulpecular
717:Portuguese
686:Lithuanian
609:corsac fox
605:Arctic fox
527:and young
517:game birds
504:mated pair
493:subspecies
489:melanistic
466:marsupials
426:true foxes
17416:Q33321243
16860:Opponents
16815:Sika deer
16445:Pronghorn
16440:Mule deer
16390:Razorback
16362:Wood duck
16299:Waterfowl
16247:Ptarmigan
16055:M. itatsi
15989:(weasels)
15852:Lutrogale
15789:E. lutris
15747:L. felina
15556:(grisons)
15479:M. martes
15422:(martens)
15340:Guloninae
15126:Mellivora
14999:N. narica
14940:B. medius
14931:B. gabbii
14922:B. alleni
14910:(olingos)
14879:Raccoon (
14731:Spilogale
14617:C. chinga
14598:Conepatus
14554:Ailuridae
14353:Monachini
14265:P. largha
13935:Otariinae
13898:sea lions
13893:fur seals
13884:Otariidae
13769:Mustelida
13740:U. arctos
13602:Arctoidea
13559:C. lycaon
13514:C. aureus
13444:Lupulella
13356:Lycalopex
13233:V. vulpes
13231:Red fox (
13195:Kit fox (
13170:V. corsac
12914:Herpestes
12527:Meerkat (
12286:(Malagasy
12188:Hyaeninae
12149:Hyaenidae
12064:G. felina
11478:F. lybica
11290:Cheetah (
11208:L. wiedii
11197:Oncilla (
11163:L. guigna
11134:Leopardus
11115:Caracal (
11108:C. aurata
11043:Bay cat (
10964:P. pardus
10962:Leopard (
10937:P. tigris
10895:N. diardi
10813:Prionodon
10713:Kingdom:
10702:Carnivora
10610:1592-2901
10568:Fieldiana
10373:120981396
10311:The Times
9983:Teumessos
9679:Bubo bubo
9408:24 August
9088:0003-3472
9047:1616-5047
8889:254144483
8769:Behaviour
7341:(1): 58.
6919:"Vulpine"
6801:CiteSeerX
6785:Oecologia
6391:1471-2148
6098:Behaviour
6079:Melbourne
6067:Cambridge
5889:trimmings
5885:fur trade
5875:, Finland
5845:Minnesota
5807:. By the
5782:Dark Ages
5730:Menominee
5657:huli jing
5619:Cotswolds
5537:trematode
5535:. Eleven
5450:coccidian
5446:fur farms
5440:Up to 60
5435:ringworms
5425:ear canal
5414:Notoderes
5403:epizootic
5281:tularemia
5273:arthritis
5230:Bubo bubo
5119:mutualism
5079:mustelids
5072:Tatarstan
4997:sympatric
4924:olfaction
4909:preserves
4899:, hares,
4834:ungulates
4782:waterfowl
4770:deer mice
4738:omnivores
4544:longevity
4535:lactation
4364:) at the
4328:, Estonia
4326:Ilmatsalu
4304:Behaviour
4297:Neolithic
4226:feral cat
4222:feral dog
4177:Australia
4155:Greenland
4123:aliphatic
4106:anal sacs
3893:Mutations
3833:premolars
3741:in size.
3727:Matschie
3706:, Russia
3674:crymensis
3630:, Russia
3500:, Canada
3464:Minnesota
3456:Elk River
3274:Turkestan
3241:vulpecula
3089:Himalayas
3014:near the
2883:melanotus
2870:, Russia
2868:Khirgizia
2790:sibiricus
2781:south of
2738:Cape Pyla
2526:Desmarest
2501:splendens
2482:Northern
2394:, Canada
2350:Kharangoi
2319:stepensis
2305:Fitzinger
2294:Bonaparte
2276:hypomelas
2269:hellenica
2258:europaeus
2207:Bechstein
1881:Atlas fox
1783:Geok Tepe
1693:Southern
1579:Linnaeus
1553:Synonyms
1525:neotenous
1492:crossbred
1488:gene pool
1477:haplotype
1424:red fox (
1322:Tennessee
1278:Fairbanks
822:paraphyly
803:neotenous
799:carnivory
785:than the
769:Evolution
619:Etymology
569:colonised
565:fur trade
560:furbearer
529:ungulates
513:squirrels
485:leucistic
481:carnivory
430:Carnivora
290:Species:
262:Carnivora
228:Kingdom:
222:Eukaryota
128:– present
48:0.7
17410:Wikidata
17285:2.105935
17272:14000892
17207:11162128
17064:BioLib:
16996:Wikidata
16907:See also
16805:Roe deer
16800:Red deer
16643:shooting
16545:See also
16506:Gray fox
16372:Big game
16277:Woodcock
16035:Ferret (
15969:N. vison
15830:L. lutra
15698:(otters)
15692:Lutrinae
15549:Galictis
15461:M. foina
15376:Fisher (
15264:Melogale
15247:M. meles
15167:Arctonyx
15012:Nasuella
14990:N. nasua
14967:(coatis)
14881:P. lotor
14657:Mephitis
14416:Mirounga
14166:Phocinae
14147:Phocidae
14016:Neophoca
13962:Zalophus
13869:Walrus (
13568:C. rufus
13550:C. lupus
13530:Coyote (
13365:Culpeo (
13306:Speothos
13242:V. zerda
13224:V. velox
13161:V. chama
12872:Bdeogale
12770:U. fusca
12609:Helogale
12579:M. mungo
12518:Suricata
12447:Salanoia
12354:E. major
12334:Eupleres
12165:Proteles
12154:(hyenas)
11918:(genets)
11469:F. chaus
11460:F. catus
11451:F. bieti
11331:Cougar (
11281:Acinonyx
11259:L. rufus
11257:Bobcat (
11206:Margay (
11188:Ocelot (
11161:Kodkod (
11082:Serval (
11045:C. badia
11034:Catopuma
10944:Jaguar (
10928:P. uncia
10917:Panthera
10884:Neofelis
10802:Feloidea
10733:Eutheria
10727:Mammalia
10721:Chordata
10719:Phylum:
10715:Animalia
10638:18 March
10538:Archived
10508:Archived
10486:Archived
10315:Archived
10284:Archived
10251:Archived
10218:Archived
9954:31286360
9897:26624401
9819:36941973
9810:10023903
9766:23340229
9740:(3): 3.
9734:Parasite
9685:Archived
9399:Archived
9395:38578736
9273:21227977
9222:8 August
9115:Archived
9107:Red fox"
8850:10321819
8805:36332457
8670:15328275
8623:Archived
8580:Archived
8537:Archived
8467:54100368
8459:15718445
8411:cite web
8373:Archived
8341:35030583
8277:87183522
8222:Archived
7877:(1941).
7733:Archived
7690:23738594
7627:21774815
7552:(1906).
7493:Archived
7396:21143330
7266:25466489
7258:25212210
7212:13 April
7199:11518843
7191:19457180
7119:Archived
7098:Archived
7064:16341006
7015:38584459
6927:Archived
6897:Archived
6839:39202154
6831:28307883
6762:Archived
6624:62265494
6594:(2005).
6409:23738594
6268:(1758).
6250:17 April
6245:Explorer
6087:commerce
5823:Maryland
5791:Edward I
5774:Xenophon
5711:Achomawi
5559:, Iran,
5509:tapeworm
5469:nematode
5458:Isospora
5442:helminth
5366:such as
5142:caracals
5138:leopards
5107:polecats
5001:lemmings
4976:grey fox
4913:reserves
4905:muskrats
4850:cherries
4808:, other
4802:reptiles
4798:opossums
4794:raccoons
4786:leporids
4754:hamsters
4688:). The "
4580:latrines
4506:polygyny
4397:dominant
4342:grooming
4293:Sardinia
4289:ichnusae
4224:and the
4202:Tasmania
4117:convert
4024:Platinum
3918:melanism
3815:. Their
3794:dewclaws
3751:, China
3644:Brauner
3618:Kishida
3567:, Japan
3565:Hokkaido
3561:Sakhalin
3552:Kishida
3520:rubricos
3513:deletrix
3445:Merriam
3422:persicus
3414:leucopus
3408:Pakistan
3181:Nile fox
3154:Merriam
3128:waddelli
3057:Hill fox
3042:through
3028:Colorado
2973:alticola
2951:Satunin
2913:Merriam
2848:Erxleben
2825:Hokkaido
2706:Sardinia
2702:Sarrabus
2668:Matschie
2615:Merriam
2583:Kandahar
2180:Caucasus
2115:Merriam
1969:Labrador
1947:Merriam
1867:and the
1736:Merriam
1655:vulgaris
1620:lineatus
1613:communis
1409:Monterey
1368:and the
1366:Cascades
1330:Virginia
1310:Missouri
1302:Colorado
1294:Arkansas
1036:Cape fox
677:'tail',
573:suburban
521:reptiles
385:Synonyms
322:Linnaeus
268:Family:
252:Mammalia
242:Chordata
238:Phylum:
232:Animalia
218:Domain:
175:IUCN 3.1
17490:ZooBank
17482:1465491
17456:8141224
17389:1457401
17337:red-fox
17259:1005977
17168:5219243
16846:Red fox
16764:Gadwall
16709:Mallard
16587:Fishing
16582:Whaling
16531:Red fox
16526:Raccoon
16516:Opossum
16405:Caribou
16347:Redhead
16337:Mallard
16322:Gadwall
16037:M. furo
15982:Mustela
15931:Neogale
15778:Enhydra
15652:Ictonyx
15611:Vormela
15568:G. cuja
15495:Sable (
15402:G. gulo
15367:Pekania
15352:Tayra (
15149:Melinae
14961:Nasuina
14853:Procyon
14209:Phocini
13848:(seals)
13783:(seals)
13675:Ursinae
13617:(bears)
13612:Ursidae
13488:Dhole (
13278:(zorro)
13152:V. cana
13062:Vulpini
13030:Urocyon
13014:Canidae
12806:U. urva
12310:Fossa (
12230:Crocuta
11912:Genetta
11809:Viverra
11350:lineage
11272:lineage
11241:L. lynx
11097:Caracal
11071:lineage
11069:Caracal
11001:lineage
10999:Bay cat
10985:Felinae
10946:P. onca
10935:Tiger (
10855:Felidae
10725:Class:
10704:species
10700:Extant
10664:Red Fox
10647:Red Fox
10353:Bibcode
10125:120–127
10077:28 July
9987:Boeotia
9945:6814649
9877:Zootaxa
9757:3718516
9635:Denisia
9349:1381437
9264:3097881
9027:Bibcode
8789:4533812
8586:9 March
8490:Bibcode
8439:Science
8422:value (
8228:20 June
7739:28 June
7729:3809277
7681:3689046
7658:Bibcode
7618:3154186
7595:Bibcode
7555:The Fox
7489:7164254
7467:Bibcode
7404:2995171
7376:Bibcode
7238:Bibcode
7171:Bibcode
7042:Bibcode
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6893:PETA UK
6823:4222449
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6301:17 June
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6063:Bristol
6012:piebald
6003:Russian
5901:jackets
5855:Fur use
5770:Persian
5736:Hunting
5696:Luke 13
5688:Ezekiel
5672:kitsune
5623:witches
5608:Echidna
5549:worms,
5464:Eimeria
5311:in the
5293:vectors
5256:) with
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5155:cougars
5083:weasels
4990:to the
4956:Germany
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4878:grasses
4830:carrion
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4806:insects
4758:gerbils
4716:Ecology
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4702:ratchet
4674:octaves
4477:ovaries
4469:oestrus
4269:quokkas
4261:numbats
4257:bilbies
4163:Siberia
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4131:violets
4111:aerobic
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3829:muzzles
3825:palates
3745:Beijing
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3700:Obdorsk
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3308:, near
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3040:Montana
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2783:Yakutsk
2729:Miller
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2323:Brauner
2307:, 1855)
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2136:, U.S.
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2051:Siberia
2013:, 1916)
2011:Cabrera
1927:, 1858)
1915:Algeria
1856:Thomas
1771:Satunin
1703:Alberta
1679:Merriam
1528:larger.
1403:to the
1364:to the
1342:refugia
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1290:Alberta
1237:middens
1233:Hungary
1219:of the
1203:Origins
989:Red fox
906:Kit fox
759:vulpine
744:waagosh
731:uodẽgis
703:llwynog
537:coyotes
509:rabbits
456:on the
416:red fox
278:Genus:
272:Canidae
258:Order:
248:Class:
193: (
191:Secure
173: (
124:Middle
117:↓
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17530:Vulpes
17469:998415
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17132:305294
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16521:Rabbit
16496:Coyote
16491:Bobcat
16486:Badger
16465:Whales
16450:Muskox
16272:Turkey
16222:Chukar
15727:Lontra
15415:Martes
14690:Mydaus
14584:skunks
13548:Wolf (
13428:Canina
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13130:foxes
11440:Felis
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