1608:
party must resort to avoiding the contract (e.g. unilateral pro-rated price reduction (Art. 50); suspension of performance (art. 71); the availability of cure as a matter of right of the defaulting party (subject to some reservations, Art. 48); choice between expectation and market-based damages, etc.); additionally, the CISG does not operate under a "perfect tender" rule and its criteria for conformity are functional rather than formal (art. 35). Additionally, its rules of interpretation rely heavily on custom as well as on manifest acts rather than on intent (Art. 8). The CISG does include a so-called
Nachlass rule (i.e., legacy rule), but its scope is relatively limited. On the other hand, its good faith obligation may seem relatively limited and in any case obscure (Art. 7). All communications require "reasonable time."
1157:
432:
456:
1265:
264:
348:
1721:(except Iceland) had originally opted out of the application of Part II under Article 92, but rescinded this reservation and became party to Part II, except for trade among themselves (to which the CISG is not applied as a whole due to a declaration lodged under Article 94). Likewise, China, Latvia, Lithuania and Hungary withdrew their written form declaration, and the Czech Republic withdrew its declaration preventing the application of article 1(1)(b). The Government of Ukraine declared its intention to withdraw the "Written Form" declaration.
552:
408:
516:
324:
32:
1827:"Battle of the Forms" – Under the CISG, a reply to an offer that purports to be an acceptance, but has additions, limitations, or other modifications, is generally considered a rejection and counteroffer. The UCC, on the other hand, tries to avoid the "battle of the forms" that can result from such a rule, and allows an expression of acceptance to be operative, unless the acceptance states that it is conditioned on the offeror consenting to the additional or different terms contained in the acceptance.
1025:
1337:
996:
888:
1301:
1181:
1804:
1013:
588:
528:
1109:
1049:
1361:
984:
936:
816:
468:
288:
1169:
924:
912:
900:
1411:
1205:
696:
240:
660:
1229:
1061:
972:
732:
372:
1217:
1097:
444:
396:
624:
1325:
960:
876:
756:
744:
564:
480:
384:
312:
300:
252:
1373:
1349:
1121:
864:
852:
600:
540:
276:
228:
1289:
1193:
828:
780:
720:
504:
1385:
1313:
1145:
1037:
948:
708:
684:
648:
1400:
1277:
672:
576:
420:
336:
1253:
612:
492:
1085:
1073:
840:
768:
360:
1133:
636:
792:
1241:
804:
1564:
then the contract may be avoided and the aggrieved party may claim damages. Where part performance of a contract has occurred, then the performing party may recover any payment made or good supplied; this contrasts with the common law where there is generally no right to recover a good supplied unless title has been retained or damages are inadequate, only a right to claim the value of the good.
200:) drew from the existing texts to develop the CISG in 1968. A draft document was submitted to the Conference on the International Sale of Goods held in Vienna, Austria in 1980. Following weeks of negotiation and modification, the CISG was unanimously approved and opened for ratification; it came into force on 1 January 1988 following ratification by 11 countries.
3372:, 679 F. Supp. 2d 1356 (N.D. Ga. 2009); America's Collectibles Network Inc. v. Timlly (hk), 746 F. Supp. 2d 914 (E.D. Tenn., 2010); Ulrich G. Schroeter, The Status of Hong Kong and Macao under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, 16 Pace Int'l L. Rev. 307 (2004) Available at:
1612:
convention's invitation to interpret taking regard of the convention's "international character" gives judges the opportunity to develop "diverse meaning". Put more bluntly, the CISG has been described as "a variety of vague standards and compromises that appear inconsistent with commercial interests".
1563:
Remedies of the buyer and seller depend upon the character of a breach of the contract. If the breach is fundamental, then the other party is substantially deprived of what it expected to receive under the contract. Provided that an objective test shows that the breach could not have been foreseen,
1506:
unilateral contracts but, subject to clear indication by the offeror, treats any proposal not addressed to a specific person as only an invitation to make an offer. Further, where there is no explicit price or procedure to implicitly determine price, then the parties are assumed to have agreed upon a
1674:
Other criticisms of the convention are that it is incomplete, there is no mechanism for updating the provisions, and no international panel to resolve interpretation issues. For example, the CISG does not govern the validity of the contract, nor does it consider electronic contracts. However, legal
1664:
Critics of the multiple language versions of the CISG assert it is inevitable the versions will not be totally consistent because of translation errors and the untranslatability of 'subtle nuances' of language. This argument, though with some validity, would not seem peculiar to the CISG but common
1656:
which said, in the context of the interpretation of
Articles 38 and 39, there is a tendency for courts to interpret the articles in the light of their own State's law, and some States have 'struggled to apply appropriately'. In one of a number of criticisms of Canadian court decisions to use local
1510:
Generally, an offer may be revoked provided the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer, or before the offeree has sent an acceptance. Some offers may not be revoked; for example when the offeree reasonably relied upon the offer as being irrevocable. The CISG requires
203:
The CISG is considered one of the greatest achievements of UNCITRAL and the "most successful international document" in unified international sales law, due to its parties representing "every geographical region, every stage of economic development and every major legal, social and economic system".
1607:
It has been remarked that the CISG expresses a practice-based, flexible and "relational" character. It places no or very few restrictions of form on formation or adjustment of contracts; in case of non-performance (or over-performance) it offers a wide array of interim measures before the aggrieved
1585:
Where a seller has to refund the price paid, then the seller must also pay interest to the buyer from the date of payment. It has been said the interest rate is based on rates current in the seller's State 'ince the obligation to pay interest partakes of the seller's obligation to make restitution
1456:
The CISG also applies if the parties are situated in different countries (which need not be
Contracting States) and the conflict of law rules lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State. For example, a contract between a Japanese trader and a Brazilian trader may contain a clause that
1823:
Terms of
Acceptance – Under the CISG, acceptance occurs when it is received by the offeror, a rule similar to many civil law jurisdictions which contemplate for service to be effective upon receipt. By contrast, the U.S. legal system often applies the so-called "mailbox rule" by which, acceptance,
1651:
CISG advocates are also concerned that the natural inclination of judges is to interpret the CISG using the methods familiar to them from their own State rather than attempting to apply the general principles of the convention or the rules of private international law. This is despite the comment
1615:
A contrary view is that the CISG is "written in plain business language," which allows judges the opportunity to make the
Convention workable in a range of sales situations. It has been said "the drafting style is lucid and the wording simple and uncluttered by complicated subordinating clauses",
1865:
Conversely, in "international" contracts for the sale of goods between a U.S. entity and an entity of a non-Contracting State, to be adjudicated by a U.S. court, the CISG will not apply, and the contract will be governed by the domestic law applicable according to private international law rules.
1772:
Second, businesses will increasingly pressure both lawyers and governments to make international commercial disputes over the sale of goods less expensive, and reduce the risk of being forced to use a legal system that may be completely alien to their own. Both of these objectives can be achieved
1724:
Some countries have expanded rather than restricted CISG application by removing one of the cumulative conditions for application within the CISG. For example, Israeli law stipulates that the CISG will apply equally to a party whose place of business is in a State that is not a
Contracting State.
1695:
The relatively widespread adoption of the CISG stems from its allowing
Contracting States to take exception to certain specified articles; this flexibility was instrumental in convincing states with disparate legal traditions to subscribe to an otherwise uniform code. Contracting States can lodge
1768:
Greater acceptance of the CISG will come from three directions. First, it is likely that within the global legal profession, as the number of new lawyers educated in the CISG increases, the existing
Contracting States will embrace the CISG, appropriately interpret the articles, and demonstrate a
1759:
There is significant academic disagreement as to whether Taiwan and Macau are deemed parties to the CISG due to China's status as a party. The issue has been clarified with respect to Hong Kong with the deposit of a declaration of extension of territorial application by China. The
Convention was
1598:
The Part IV Articles, along with the
Preamble, are sometime characterized as being addressed "primarily to States", not to businesspeople attempting to use the convention for international trade. They may, however, have a significant impact upon the CISG's practical applicability, thus requiring
1460:
The CISG is intended to apply to commercial goods and products only. With some limited exceptions, it does not apply to personal, family, or household goods, nor does it apply to auctions, ships, aircraft, or intangibles and services. The position of computer software is 'controversial' and will
1611:
Although the convention has been accepted by a large number of States, it has been the subject of some criticism. For example, the drafting nations have been accused of being incapable of agreement on a code that "concisely and clearly states universal principles of sales law", and through the
1755:
in international commercial contracts, has been attributed variously to: the government not viewing its ratification as a legislative priority, a lack of interest from business in supporting ratification, opposition from a number of large and influential organisations, a lack of public service
1636:
the duty of the seller to ensure that goods meet German public health regulations. This contrasted with a later decision in which an Italian cheese exporter failed to meet French packaging regulations, and the French court decided it was the duty of the seller to ensure compliance with French
1534:
The CISG defines the duty of the seller, 'stating the obvious', as the seller must deliver the goods, hand over any documents relating to them, and transfer the property in the goods, as required by the contract. Similarly, the duty of the buyer is to take all steps 'which could reasonably be
1785:
Ethiopia and Rwanda have adopted laws authorising the adoption of the CISG, which will enter into force in each country after the instrument of accession is deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations; as of May 2023, neither country is yet a member state of the convention.
1575:
The CISG excuses a party from liability to a claim of damages where a failure to perform is attributable to an impediment beyond the party's, or a third party sub-contractor's, control that could not have been reasonably expected. Such an extraneous event might elsewhere be referred to as
1644:. Another commentator, however, saw the cases as not contradictory, as the German case could be distinguished on a number of points. The French court chose not to consider the German court's decision, in its published decision. (Precedent, foreign or not, is not legally binding in
1619:
Uniform application of the CISG is problematic because of the reluctance of courts to use "solutions adopted on the same point by courts in other countries", resulting in inconsistent decisions. For example, in a case involving the export to Germany by a Swiss company of New Zealand
1794:
Depending on the country, the CISG can represent a small or significant departure from local legislation relating to the sale of goods, and in this can provide important benefits to companies from one contracting state that import goods into other states that have ratified the CISG.
1452:
The CISG applies to contracts of the sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States, when the States are Contracting States (Article 1(1)(a)). Given the significant number of Contracting States, this is the usual path to the CISG's applicability.
1594:
Articles 89–101 (final provisions) include how and when the Convention comes into force, permitted reservations and declarations, and the application of the convention to international sales where both States concerned have the same or similar law on the subject.
1547:
rights in the State where the goods are to be sold. The buyer is obliged to promptly examine the goods and, subject to some qualifications, must advise the seller of any lack of conformity within 'a reasonable time' and no later than within two years of receipt.
1686:
Despite the critics, a supporter has said 'he fact that the costly ignorance of the early days, when many lawyers ignored the CISG entirely, has been replaced by too much enthusiasm that leads to ... oversimplification, cannot be blamed on the CISG'.
2796:
Jonathan Yovel, The Buyer's Right to Avoid the Contract in International Sales, in John Felemegas, ed., AN INTERNATIONAL APPROACH TO THE INTERPRETATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE SALE OF GOODS (Cambridge University Press,
1819:("UCC"). UCC Articles 1 (General Provisions) and 2 (Sales) are generally similar to the CISG. However, the UCC differs from the CISG in some respects, such as the following areas that tend to reflect more general aspects of the U.S. legal system:
3652:
Ingeborg Schwenzer & Edgardo Muñoz (eds.), Schlechtriem & Schwenzer: Comentario sobre la convencion de las Naciones Unidas sobre los contratos de compraventa internacional de mercaderias, Cizur Menor (Navarra): Editorial Aranzadi SA 2011,
1514:
The CISG attempts to resolve the common situation where an offeree's reply to an offer accepts the original offer, but attempts to change the conditions. The CISG says that any change to the original conditions is a rejection of the offer—it is a
1703:
opting out of article 1(1)(b) CISG, which allows for the application of the CISG in cases when the rules of private international law point at the law of a contracting State as the law applicable to the contract for sale of goods (article 95
1474:
A key point of controversy is whether or not a contract requires a written memorial to be binding. The CISG allows for a sale to be oral or unsigned, but in some countries, contracts are not valid unless written. In many nations, however,
1966:
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Vienna, 11 April 1980, S.Treaty Document Number 98-9 (1984), UN Document Number A/CONF 97/19, 1489 UNTS 3. The full text of the CISG is available in pdf format at
1501:
An offer to contract must be addressed to a person, be sufficiently definite – that is, describe the goods, quantity, and price – and indicate an intention for the offeror to be bound on acceptance. The CISG does not appear to recognise
1776:
Finally, UNCITRAL will arguably need to develop a mechanism to further develop the convention and to resolve conflicting interpretation issues. This will make it more attractive to both businesspeople and potential Contracting States.
1696:
reservations, referred to therein as "declarations", which exempt them from certain provisions. Nevertheless, the vast majority of parties—69 of the current 92 Contracting States—have acceded to the Convention without any declaration.
1676:
1567:
If the breach is not fundamental, then the contract is not avoided and remedies may be sought including claiming damages, specific performance, and adjustment of price. Damages that may be awarded conform to the common law rules in
1551:
The CISG describes when the risk passes from the seller to the buyer but it has been observed that in practice most contracts define the seller's delivery obligations quite precisely by adopting an established shipment term, such as
1652:
from one highly respected academic that 'it should be a rare, or non-existent, case where there are no relevant general principles to which a court might have recourse' under the CISG. This concern was supported by research of the
2458:
2. Auflage, 2008, the parties can easily identify the gaps and how they will be filled under the assumption of Swiss or German applicable law. This toolbox also comprises a software to determine the application of the
1538:
Generally, the goods must be of the quality, quantity, and description required by the contract, be suitably packaged and fit for purpose. The seller is obliged to deliver goods that are not subject to claims from a
1479:
are accepted, and those States had no objection to signing, so States with a strict written requirement exercised their ability to exclude those articles relating to oral contracts, enabling them to sign as well.
3490:
Rasmussen, Scott (2011). "English Legal Terminology: Legal Concepts in Language, 3rd ed. By Helen Gubby. The Hague:Eleven International Publishing, 2011. Pp. 272. ISBN 978-90-8974-547-7. €35.00; US$ 52.50".
3055:
Luca G. Castellani, The Contribution of UNCITRAL to the Harmonization of International Sale of Goods Law Besides the CISG, Belgrade Law Review, Year LIX (2011) no. 3 pp. 28-38, at 28-33, available online at
1586:
and not of the buyer's right to claim damages', though this has been debated. In a mirror of the seller's obligations, where a buyer has to return goods the buyer is accountable for any benefits received.
1436:
that would be mutually intelligible among different cultural, legal, and linguistic groups. and to avoid "words associated with specific domestic legal nuances". As is customary in UN conventions, all six
204:
Of the uniform law conventions, the CISG has been described as having "the greatest influence on the law of worldwide trans-border commerce", including among nonmembers. It is also the basis of the annual
3465:
Law N°68/2013 of 30/08/2013 authorising the Accession to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods Adopted in Vienna in 1980, Official Gazette nº51 of 23 December 2013
3590:
Graffi, Leonardo, 'Case Law on the Concept of "Fundamental Breach" in the Vienna Sales Convention, Revue de droit des affaires internationales / International Business Law Journal (2003) No. 3, 338–349.
1850:
to the CISG is the provision that the CISG will apply only as to contracts with parties located in other CISG Contracting States, a reservation permitted by the CISG in Article 95. Therefore, in
1487:
law under due consideration of the conflict of law rules applicable at the place of jurisdiction. Gaps referring to matters that are governed by the CISG but not expressly settled therein (a gap
1680:
1713:
not applying the CISG to contracts concluded between parties with place of business in "which have the same or closely related legal rules on matters governed" by the CISG (article 94 CISG).
3553:
CISG-AC Opinion No 2, Examination of the Goods and Notice of Non-Conformity – Articles 38 and 39, 7 June 2004. Rapporteur: Professor Eric Bergsten, Emeritus, Pace University New York 6, 7.
2991:
CISG-AC Opinion No 2, Examination of the Goods and Notice of Non-Conformity – Articles 38 and 39, 7 June 2004. Rapporteur: Professor Eric Bergsten, Emeritus, Pace University New York 6, 7.
3742:
1756:
resources, and a danger that London would lose its edge in international arbitration and litigation. In 2020, the British Government informed that it had no plan to join the CISG.
1483:
The CISG, by its own definition, does not govern all aspects of sales contracts subject to its application. The matters listed in its Article 4 must be filled in by the applicable
3730:
1675:
matters relating to the use of electronic communications in relation to contracts for international sale of goods have been eventually dealt with in a comprehensive manner in the
3916:
3614:
Martinussen, Roald, "Overview of International CISG Sales Law. Basic Contract Law according to the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(CISG)." 120.
1457:
arbitration will be in Sydney under Australian law with the consequence that the CISG would apply. A number of States have declared they will not be bound by this condition.
4311:
1430:
that refers to things and events for which there are words of common content". This was intended to allow national legal systems to be transcended through the use of a
189:
2558:
Jacob Ziegel and Claude Samson 'Report to the Uniform Law Conference of Canada on Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods' (1981) Toronto 168–305.
2871:
Michael Joachim Bonell and Fabio Liguori, 'The U.N. Convention on the International Sale of Goods: A Critical Analysis of Current International Case Law' (1997) 2
4081:
1653:
1519:—unless the modified terms do not materially alter the terms of the offer. Changes to price, payment, quality, quantity, delivery, liability of the parties, and
1493:), however, are to be preferably filled in accordance with "the principles on which is based," and only in the absence of those should national law be applied.
3961:
1830:
Writing Requirement – Unless otherwise specified by a ratifying State, the CISG does not require that a sales contract be reduced to a writing. Under the UCC's
3831:
3818:
3815:
The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), Lecture I: Purposes, Background, History, Nature, Scope and Application
4231:
3546:
Bonell, Michael and Liguori, Fabio, 'The U.N. Convention on the International Sale of Goods: A Critical Analysis of Current International Case Law' (1997) 2
197:
193:
3387:"China deposits declaration of territorial application of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods to Hong Kong SAR"
3016:
Peter Mazzacano, 'Canadian Jurisprudence and the Uniform Application of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods' (2006) 18 (1)
3345:"UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Question for Department for International Trade. UIN 114241, tabled on 11 November 2020"
3434:
3106:"Norway Becomes a Party to Part II (Formation of the Contract) of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)"
150:
that establishes a uniform framework for international commerce. As of December 2023, it has been ratified by 97 countries, representing two-thirds of
2036:
1671:
would seem to be that all international treaties should exist in only a single language, something which is clearly neither practical nor desirable.
3419:
See John Felemegas, 'The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: Article 7 and Uniform Interpretation (2000)'
2427:
Specifically, Argentina, Belarus, Chile, China, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Paraguay, Russian Federation, and Ukraine are not bound by Article 11.
1531:
Articles 25–88; sale of goods, obligations of the seller, obligations of the buyer, passing of risk, obligations common to both buyer and seller.
4356:
3828:
The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), Lecture II: Issues Covered and Key Substantive Provisions
3971:
3576:
Felemegas, John, 'The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: Article 7 and Uniform Interpretation (2000)'
2969:
John Felemegas, 'The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: Article 7 and Uniform Interpretation (2000)'
2387:
Frank Diedrich, 'Maintaining Uniformity in International Uniform Law Via Autonomous Interpretation: Software Contracts and the CISG' (1996) 8
2183:
John Felemegas, 'The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: Article 7 and Uniform Interpretation (2000)'
3541:
Sharing International Commercial Law across National Boundaries: Festschrift for Albert H. Kritzer on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday,
3274:
2784:
Sharing International Commercial Law across National Boundaries: Festschrift for Albert H. Kritzer on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday,
2734:
Commentary on the Draft Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Prepared by the Secretariat, UN Doc. A/CONF.97/5 (1979).
1968:
1467:
Interpretation of the CISG must consider the "international character" of the convention, the need for uniform application, and the need for
3178:"Lithuania Withdraws "Written Form" Declaration Under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)"
1507:
price based upon that 'generally charged at the time of the conclusion of the contract for such goods sold under comparable circumstances'.
3866:
2782:
Ulrich G. Schroeter, 'Backbone or Backyard of the Convention? The CISG's Final Provisions', in: C.B. Andersen & U.G. Schroeter (eds.),
2219:
1984:
3202:"Hungary Withdraws "Written Form" Declaration Under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)"
4006:
3931:
3739:
3154:"Latvia Withdraws "Written Form" Declaration Under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)"
3727:
3583:
Ferrari, Franco, 'What Sources of Law for Contracts for the International Sale of Goods? Why One Has to Look Beyond the CISG' (2005) 25
3130:"China Withdraws "Written Form" Declaration Under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)"
3075:
Franco Ferrari, 'What Sources of Law for Contracts for the International Sale of Goods? Why One Has to Look Beyond the CISG' (2005) 25
2304:
Specifically, China, Germany, Czech Republic, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Singapore, Slovakia, and the United States of America.
4241:
3060:
1834:(inherited from the common law), contracts selling goods for a price of $ 500 or more are generally not enforceable unless in writing.
4366:
2189:
1760:
incorporated into Hong Kong law through the Sale of Goods (United Nations Convention) Ordinance, which commenced on 1 December 2022.
3671:
Sharma, Rajeev, 'The United Nations Convention On Contracts For The International Sale of Goods: The Canadian Experience' (2005) 36
3631:
Rossett, Arthur, 'Critical Reflections on the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods' (1984) 45
1699:
Of the approximate quarter of parties that have taken reservations, most have done so with respect to one or some of the following:
3029:
Arthur Rossett, 'Critical Reflections on the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods' (1984) 45
2358:, transport, erection, supervision, training) up to 50% of the agreed contract price at the date of the signature of the contract (
1438:
532:
2451:
2074:
2045:
1572:
but it has been argued the test of foreseeability is substantially broader and consequently more generous to the aggrieved party.
4361:
4351:
3996:
3304:
2904:
2154:
Joseph Lookofsky, 'Loose Ends and Contorts in International Sales: Problems in the Harmonization of Private Law Rules' (1991) 39
118:
4091:
4316:
4046:
3249:
220:
As of 20 December 2023, the following 97 states have ratified, acceded to, approved, accepted, or succeeded to the convention:
2931:
4226:
3658:
2121:
4186:
4171:
2960:
Nicholas Whittington, 'Comment on Professor Schwenzer's Paper' (2005) 36 Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 809.
165:(known as "Contracting States") and providing uniform rules that govern most aspects of a commercial transaction, such as
4346:
3991:
3861:
3780:
3679:
3344:
2009:
3003:
for example, Antonin Pribetic, 'The (CISG) Road Less Travelled: GreCon Dimter Inc. v. J.R. Normand Inc.' (2006) 44 (1)
1944:
4301:
4251:
4056:
4051:
2308:
1657:
legislation to interpret the CISG, one commentator said the CISG was designed to 'replace existing domestic laws and
4286:
4271:
4181:
4176:
4021:
3856:
3846:
3092:
2362:
Verweyen/Foerster/Toufar Handbuch des Internationalen Warenkaufs UN-Kaufrechts (CISG) 2. Auflage, 2008 2.1.1 p. 46)
1812:
1161:
1156:
4326:
4246:
4236:
4166:
4151:
4146:
4136:
4111:
3906:
3600:
Kastely, Amy, 'Unification and Community: A Rhetorical Analysis of the United Nations Sales Convention' (1988) 8
4256:
4131:
3896:
3886:
4266:
4261:
4196:
4161:
4076:
3966:
3941:
3740:
United Nations Status of Treaties: United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
3678:
United States Department of Commerce, 'The U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods'
3478:
3441:
2007:
United States Department of Commerce, 'The U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods'
3775:
3474:
4331:
4321:
4216:
4211:
4141:
4126:
4121:
4086:
4031:
4026:
4011:
4001:
3976:
3946:
3921:
3911:
3901:
3891:
3881:
3876:
2145:
Argentina, China, Egypt, France, Hungary, Italy, Lesotho, Syria, the United States, Yugoslavia, and Zambia.
1901:
Although the rights are broadly similar in business-to-consumer and business-to-business transactions, the
3593:
Hellner, Jan, 'The UN Convention on International Sales of Goods – An Outsider's View' in Erik Jayme (ed)
2270:
1969:
https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media-documents/uncitral/en/a-conf-97-19-ocred-eng.pdf
4336:
4306:
4296:
4281:
4221:
4206:
4191:
4156:
4116:
4096:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4036:
3986:
3951:
3936:
3709:
Ziegel, Jacob, 'The Future of the International Sales Convention from a Common Law Perspective' (2000) 6
2247:
Jan Hellner, 'The UN Convention on International Sales of Goods – An Outsider's View' in Erik Jayme (ed)
1557:
3571:
Celebrating Success: 25 Years United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
3042:
Jacob Ziegel, 'The Future of the International Sales Convention from a Common Law Perspective' (2000) 6
2858:
Jacob Ziegel, 'The Future of the International Sales Convention from a Common Law Perspective' (2000) 6
2220:
https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=X-10&chapter=10&clang=_en
4291:
4276:
4106:
4101:
4041:
4016:
3956:
3926:
4201:
3981:
2982:
Articles 38 and 39 discuss the notice to be given by the buyer to the seller of non-conforming goods.
3225:
3201:
3105:
2374:
Peter Schlechtriem, 'Requirements of Application and Sphere of Applicability of the CISG' (2005) 36
2269:
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish / non-official translations of the CISG See:
2205:
Peter Schlechtriem, 'Requirements of Application and Sphere of Applicability of the CISG' (2005) 36
4341:
1890:
1661:,' and attempts to resolve gaps should not be by 'reference to relevant provisions of sales law'.
1645:
1629:
1616:
and the "general sense" can be grasped on the first reading without the need to be a sales expert.
1341:
3282:
3386:
3177:
3153:
3129:
2924:
2897:
1924:
1816:
1540:
2829:
Clayton Gillette and Robert Scott, 'The Political Economy of International Sales Law' (2005) 25
2342:
1905:
differ. Broadly speaking, the rights for these transactions are also similar across EU states.
1879:
352:
347:
185:
of Contracting States and applies directly to a transaction of goods between their nationals.
188:
The CISG is rooted in two earlier international sales treaties first developed in 1930 by the
3871:
2338:
1544:
460:
455:
3057:
1677:
United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
1855:
1667:
1281:
166:
3770:
3723:
2184:
8:
3798:
Introductory note by Harry M. Flechtner, procedural history note and audiovisual material
2923:
international factor France (SA) (1995) 93/4126. English language abstract available at
158:
151:
3756:
2098:"United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods - Main Page"
3851:
3760:
3516:
3319:
1894:
1883:
1707:
mandatory written form of the contract for sale of goods (articles 11, 12 and 96 CISG);
1447:
1137:
1053:
1048:
556:
551:
205:
174:
3640:
Uniform Sales Law – The UN-Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
3573:(Collation of Papers at UNCITRAL SIAC Conference 22–23 September 2005, Singapore) 186.
2901:
2745:
Uniform Sales Law – The UN-Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
3680:
https://web.archive.org/web/20070505032243/http://www.osec.doc.gov/ogc/occic/cisg.htm
3654:
3578:
Pace Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)
3520:
3508:
3421:
Pace Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)
2971:
Pace Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)
2947:
Andrea Charters, 'Fitting the Situation: The CISG and the Regulated Market' (2005) 4
2186:
Pace Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)
1847:
1831:
1789:
1113:
664:
659:
3226:"Czech Republic Withdraws Declarations under the CISG and the Limitation Convention"
1511:
a positive act to indicate acceptance; silence or inactivity are not an acceptance.
1464:
Importantly, parties to a contract may exclude or vary the application of the CISG.
3500:
3373:
2928:
2446:
2069:
2040:
1843:
1718:
2309:
http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/sale_goods/1980CISG_status.html
3746:
3734:
3666:
UN-Kaufrecht und Europäisches Gemeinschaftsrecht: Verhältnis und Wechselwirkungen
3064:
2935:
2908:
2455:
2354:
Article 3- However, Sale of Goods contracts under the CISG may include services (
2334:
2292:
2193:
2078:
2049:
1029:
1024:
72:
3823:
3810:
3806:
Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
3805:
3626:
Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)
3093:
https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/salegoods/conventions/sale_of_goods/cisg/status
1858:
and an entity of a Contracting State, the CISG will apply unless the contract's
31:
3250:"Кабмин одобрил закон о заключении международных договоров в электронной форме"
2097:
1914:
1745:
1640:
These two cases were held by one commentator to be an example of contradictory
1553:
1427:
520:
515:
3797:
3504:
3840:
3832:
Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
3819:
Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
3512:
2064:
This statement is only applicable for the US, The Czech Republic, and China,
2013:
1859:
1824:
like service, can occur at the time the offeree transmits it to the offeror.
1752:
1641:
1578:
1516:
1489:
1476:
1432:
1336:
892:
887:
2445:
In the toolbox (CD-Rom, which is attached to the Verweyen, Foerster, Toufar
2236:
Uniform Law for International Sales under the 1980 United Nations Convention
1710:
opting out of the application of Part II or Part III CISG (article 92 CISG);
192:(UNIDROIT). When neither convention garnered widespread global support, the
2231:
1902:
1737:
1717:
Some existing declarations have been reviewed and withdrawn by States. The
1679:. Moreover, it is not to be forgotten that the CISG is complemented by the
1305:
1300:
1185:
1180:
182:
178:
170:
162:
91:
3802:
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
3695:
Whittington, Nicholas, 'Comment on Professor Schwenzer's Paper' (2005) 36
3408:
2896:
Bundesgerichtshof VIII ZR 159/94. English language abstract available at
2035:
Standard clauses in English and in German (opt-in/opt-out): See Verweyen,
1838:
Nevertheless, because the U.S. has ratified the CISG, it has the force of
1803:
136:
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
25:
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
3617:
Moss, Sally, 'Why the United Kingdom Has Not Ratified the CISG' (2005) 1
2845:
Nicholas Whittington, 'Comment on Professor Schwenzer's Paper' (2005) 36
2816:
Arthur Rosett, 'CSIG laid Bare: A Lucid Guide to a Muddy Code' (1988) 21
1839:
1520:
1269:
1264:
1108:
1017:
1012:
1000:
995:
592:
587:
527:
1769:
greater willingness to accept precedents from other Contracting States.
2271:
http://www.fr-lawfirm.de/links/pages/UN-Kaufrecht/Texte_Uebersetzungen/
1503:
1468:
1365:
1360:
1173:
1168:
988:
983:
940:
935:
928:
923:
916:
911:
820:
815:
472:
467:
292:
287:
209:
181:
by the contract, the convention is automatically incorporated into the
3766:
Pace Law School database on the CISG and International Commercial Law.
1681:
Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods
1496:
3607:
Kolsky Lewis, Meredith, 'Comments on Luke Nottage's Paper' (2005) 36
2634:
1748:
are the major trading countries that have not yet ratified the CISG.
1415:
1410:
1209:
1204:
904:
899:
700:
695:
268:
263:
244:
239:
3407:
Sale of Goods (United Nations Convention) Ordinance (Cap. 641)
2695:
Articles 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 61, 62, 63, 65, 74, 75, 76, 77.
1448:
Part I: Sphere of Application and General Provisions (Articles 1–13)
1919:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1101:
1096:
1065:
1060:
976:
971:
736:
731:
448:
443:
400:
395:
376:
371:
2795:
1790:
Differences with country legislation relating to the sale of goods
1751:
The absence of the United Kingdom, a leading jurisdiction for the
1683:
with respect to the limitation of actions due to passage of time.
3569:
Dholakia, Shishir, 'Ratifying the CISG – India's Options' (2005)
1741:
1658:
1625:
1377:
1372:
1353:
1348:
1329:
1324:
1125:
1120:
964:
959:
880:
875:
868:
863:
856:
851:
760:
755:
748:
743:
676:
671:
628:
623:
604:
599:
568:
563:
544:
539:
484:
479:
388:
383:
328:
323:
316:
311:
304:
299:
280:
275:
256:
251:
232:
227:
2295:
as mandated in Sale of Goods (Vienna Convention) Act 1986 (NSW).
1665:
to any and all treaties that exist in multiple languages. The
1621:
1484:
1389:
1384:
1317:
1312:
1293:
1288:
1257:
1252:
1197:
1192:
1149:
1144:
1132:
1089:
1084:
1041:
1036:
952:
947:
832:
827:
784:
779:
724:
719:
712:
707:
688:
683:
640:
635:
508:
503:
412:
407:
364:
359:
147:
3791:
2925:
http://www.uncitral.org/clout/showDocument.do?documentUid=1425
2898:
http://www.uncitral.org/clout/showDocument.do?documentUid=1326
1798:
1589:
1535:
expected' to take delivery of the goods, and to pay for them.
3785:
2330:
1733:
1404:
1399:
1276:
1245:
1240:
1004:
808:
803:
796:
791:
652:
647:
580:
575:
436:
431:
424:
419:
340:
335:
3765:
3687:
Handbuch des Internationalen Warenkaufs UN-Kaufrechts (CISG)
3539:
Andersen, Camilla Baasch & Schroeter, Ulrich G. (eds.),
1523:
conditions may all materially alter the terms of the offer.
2448:
Handbuch des Internationalen Warenkaufs UN-Kaufrecht (CISG)
2071:
Handbuch des Internationalen Warenkaufs UN-Kaufrecht (CISG)
2042:
Handbuch des Internationalen Warenkaufs UN-Kaufrecht (CISG)
1526:
1077:
1072:
844:
839:
772:
767:
616:
611:
496:
491:
190:
International Institute for the Unification of Private Law
3557:
Dodge, William (2000). "Teaching the CISG in Contracts".
3423:
Chapter 3 for a discussion on how this could be achieved.
3279:
Pace Law School Institute of International Commercial Law
3058:
http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/castellani3.html
2218:
The status of signatories to the Convention is listed at
3751:
2686:(1971) 1 NSWLR 591 for example of damages as inadequate.
2122:"Legislative History: 1980 Vienna Diplomatic Conference"
1599:
careful scrutiny when determining each particular case.
2900:
at 22 December 2007. ). Full translation available at
206:
Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot
3917:
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
3645:
Schlechtriem, Peter & Schwenzer, Ingeborg (eds.),
3602:
Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business
2786:
London: Wildy, Simmonds & Hill (2008), 425 at 426.
128:
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish
3595:
Ius Inter Nationes: Festschrift fur Stefan Riesenfeld
2249:
Ius Inter Nationes: Festschrift fur Stefan Riesenfeld
2179:
2177:
1811:
In the U.S., all 50 states have, to varying degrees,
1396:
The convention has been signed, but not ratified, by
3757:
Uniform Sales Law (CISG): Synopsis of selected texts
3440:. No. 248. The Ethiopian Herald. Archived from
2927:
at 22 December 2007. Full translation available at
2554:
2552:
2550:
2370:
2368:
194:
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
4312:
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
3704:
CISG and the Unification of International Trade Law
2902:
http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cases/950308g3.html#ta
2169:
CISG and the Unification of International Trade Law
1497:
Part II: Formation of the Contract (Articles 14–24)
1421:
169:, the means of delivery, parties' obligations, and
3370:Innotex Precision Ltd. v. Horei Image Prods., Inc.
3305:"Why the United Kingdom Has Not Ratified the CISG"
2765:Peter Winship, "Commentary on Professor Kastely's
2174:
1869:
3647:Kommentar zum Einheitlichen UN-Kaufrecht – CISG -
2883:
2881:
2841:
2839:
2547:
2365:
1780:
3838:
3788:Database of the University of Basel, Switzerland
3374:http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr/vol16/iss2/3
2929:http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cases/950913f1.html
2921:Caiato Roger v La Société française de factoring
2329:From Article 2 (d) and (f), intangibles such as
2010:"U.n. Convention on International Sale of Goods"
3689:Boorberg Publishing Munich (2nd Edition, 2008)
3668:Munich: Sellier. European Law Publishers (2005)
3475:ATTORNEY’S GUIDE: COMPARISON CHART UCC AND CISG
2949:Washington University Global Studies Law Review
1602:
1461:depend upon various conditions and situations.
56:multilateral uniform international sales treaty
3091:list of signatories and their declarations at
2878:
2836:
1874:The sale of goods in the UK is regulated by:
1842:and supersedes UCC-based state law under the
4232:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3697:Victoria University of Wellington Law Review
3673:Victoria University of Wellington Law Review
3609:Victoria University of Wellington Law Review
2847:Victoria University of Wellington Law Review
2376:Victoria University of Wellington Law Review
2207:Victoria University of Wellington Law Review
4082:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
2068:Article 1,1B/95 Verweyen, Foerster, Toufar
1799:Differences with U.S. legislation (the UCC)
1590:Part IV: Final Provisions (Articles 89–101)
3962:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
3493:International Journal of Legal Information
2771:Northwestern Journal of Law & Business
1920:International Commercial Terms (Incoterms)
1854:contracts for the sale of goods between a
3585:International Review of Law and Economics
3543:London: Wildy, Simmonds & Hill (2008)
3489:
3077:International Review of Law and Economics
2831:International Review of Law and Economics
2126:Institute of International Commercial Law
1862:clause specifically excludes CISG terms.
3794:Application of the CISG by French courts
3432:
3275:"CISG: participating countries - Israel"
1802:
1527:Part III: Sale of Goods (Articles 25–88)
208:, one of the largest and most prominent
3435:"House approves extradition agreements"
119:Secretary-General of the United Nations
4357:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
3839:
2488:Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company
1893:(CRA: 2015) which provides solely for
1815:common legislation referred to as the
3972:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
3556:
3536:Pace CISG Database, iicl.law.pace.edu
1886:and business-to-business transactions
1807:The official 2007 edition of the UCC.
1444:The CISG is divided into four parts:
533:Democratic People's Republic of Korea
210:international moot court competitions
3781:US Department of Commerce Commentary
3624:Pace International Law Review, (ed)
3433:MOHAMMED, ABDUREZAK (26 June 2020).
3389:. UN Information Service. 6 May 2022
3302:
2092:
2090:
1979:
1977:
1846:of the Constitution. Among the U.S.
1763:
3867:Treaties entered into force in 1988
2156:American Journal of Comparative Law
1882:, (SGA) which is designed for both
1628:in excess of German standards, the
1582:, and frustration of the contract.
13:
4007:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
3932:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
3711:New Zealand Business Law Quarterly
3044:New Zealand Business Law Quarterly
2860:New Zealand Business Law Quarterly
1985:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
1728:
1543:for infringement of industrial or
14:
4378:
4242:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
3771:Online Annotated Text of the CISG
3717:
3342:
2818:Cornell International Law Journal
2087:
2081:2. Auflage, 2008 pt. 21.2 pg 248
1974:
161:by removing legal barriers among
4367:Treaties extended to West Berlin
3483:
3468:
3459:
3426:
3413:
2633:International Commercial Terms (
1422:Language, structure, and content
1409:
1398:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1162:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1155:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
994:
982:
970:
958:
946:
934:
922:
910:
898:
886:
874:
862:
850:
838:
826:
814:
802:
790:
778:
766:
754:
742:
730:
718:
706:
694:
682:
670:
658:
646:
634:
622:
610:
598:
586:
574:
562:
550:
538:
526:
514:
502:
490:
478:
466:
454:
442:
430:
418:
406:
394:
382:
370:
358:
346:
334:
322:
310:
298:
286:
274:
262:
250:
238:
226:
30:
3752:CISG Advisory Council (CISG-AC)
3401:
3379:
3362:
3336:
3296:
3267:
3242:
3218:
3194:
3170:
3146:
3122:
3098:
3082:
3069:
3049:
3036:
3023:
3010:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2963:
2954:
2941:
2914:
2890:
2865:
2852:
2823:
2810:
2801:
2789:
2776:
2759:
2750:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2698:
2689:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2538:
2529:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2480:
2471:
2462:
2439:
2430:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2381:
2348:
2323:
2314:
2298:
2285:
2276:
2263:
2254:
2241:
2225:
2212:
2199:
2161:
2148:
1945:other treaties signed in Vienna
1870:Differences with UK legislation
1690:
16:1980 international sales treaty
4362:Treaties extended to Hong Kong
4352:Treaties extended to Greenland
3997:Treaties of the Czech Republic
2139:
2114:
2058:
2029:
2001:
1960:
1937:
1781:Prospective Contracting States
46: signed, but not ratified
1:
4317:Treaties of the United States
4047:Treaties of Georgia (country)
3824:Lecture by Harry M. Flechtner
3811:Lecture by Harry M. Flechtner
3530:
3479:Pace University School of Law
3018:Pace International Law Review
3005:Canadian Business Law Journal
2389:Pace International Law Review
4227:Treaties of the Soviet Union
3281:. 2003-07-08. Archived from
2684:Doulton Potteries v Bronotte
2621:Articles 66, 67, 68, 69, 70.
1954:
1603:Commentary on the Convention
1439:official languages of the UN
7:
4187:Treaties of North Macedonia
4172:Treaties of the Netherlands
3685:Verweyen, Foerster, Toufar
3619:Journal of Law and Commerce
3312:Journal of Law and Commerce
2291:More correctly, the law of
1908:
1426:The CISG is written using "
215:
10:
4383:
4347:Treaties extended to Aruba
4092:Treaties of Ba'athist Iraq
3992:Treaties of Czechoslovakia
3862:Treaties concluded in 1980
3559:Journal of Legal Education
2345:or money, and electricity.
142:), sometimes known as the
3505:10.1017/s0731126500006314
3318:: 483–485. Archived from
3303:Moss, Sally (June 2005).
1773:through use of the CISG.
124:
113:
105:
97:
86:
78:
68:
60:
52:
29:
24:
4302:Treaties of Turkmenistan
4252:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
4057:Treaties of East Germany
4052:Treaties of West Germany
2664:Articles 74, 75, 76, 77.
2052:2. Auflage, 2008 pg. 64
1943:Not to be confused with
1930:
1891:Consumer Rights Act 2015
1471:in international trade.
1342:United States of America
1003:(European territory and
4287:Treaties of Switzerland
4272:Treaties of South Korea
4182:Treaties of North Korea
4177:Treaties of New Zealand
4022:Treaties of El Salvador
3857:International trade law
3847:United Nations treaties
3548:Revue de Droit Uniforme
2873:Revue de Droit Uniforme
2054:(in English and German)
1925:International trade law
1817:Uniform Commercial Code
1441:are equally authentic.
4327:Treaties of Uzbekistan
4247:Treaties of Yugoslavia
4237:Treaties of San Marino
4167:Treaties of Montenegro
4152:Treaties of Mauritania
4147:Treaties of Madagascar
4137:Treaties of Luxembourg
4112:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
3907:Treaties of Azerbaijan
3664:Schroeter, Ulrich G.,
3633:Ohio State Law Journal
3031:Ohio State Law Journal
2343:negotiable instruments
1880:Sale of Goods Act 1979
1836:
1808:
353:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4257:Treaties of Singapore
4132:Treaties of Lithuania
3897:Treaties of Australia
3887:Treaties of Argentina
3638:Schlechtriem, Peter,
3332:– via UNCITRAL.
3230:www.unis.unvienna.org
3206:www.unis.unvienna.org
3182:www.unis.unvienna.org
3158:www.unis.unvienna.org
3134:www.unis.unvienna.org
3110:www.unis.unvienna.org
2339:investment securities
1821:
1806:
1654:CISG Advisory Council
1545:intellectual property
157:The CISG facilitates
4267:Treaties of Slovenia
4262:Treaties of Slovakia
4197:Treaties of Paraguay
4162:Treaties of Mongolia
4077:Treaties of Honduras
3967:Treaties of Colombia
3942:Treaties of Bulgaria
3776:UCC- CISG Comparison
3761:Compilation of texts
3682:at 22 December 2007.
2938:at 22 December 2007.
2911:at 22 December 2007.
2743:Peter Schlechtriem,
2637:) in External Links.
2612:Articles 38, 39, 40.
2517:Articles 15, 16 (1).
2311:at 22 December 2007.
2026:at 22 December 2007.
1971:at 14 February 2022.
1895:business-to-consumer
1884:business-to-consumer
1668:reductio ad absurdum
1630:German Supreme Court
1282:Syrian Arab Republic
4332:Treaties of Vietnam
4322:Treaties of Uruguay
4217:Treaties of Romania
4212:Treaties of Moldova
4142:Treaties of Liberia
4127:Treaties of Lesotho
4122:Treaties of Lebanon
4087:Treaties of Iceland
4032:Treaties of Finland
4027:Treaties of Estonia
4012:Treaties of Ecuador
4002:Treaties of Denmark
3977:Treaties of Croatia
3947:Treaties of Burundi
3922:Treaties of Belgium
3912:Treaties of Bahrain
3902:Treaties of Austria
3892:Treaties of Armenia
3882:Treaties of Albania
3877:Commercial treaties
2767:Rhetorical Analysis
159:international trade
148:multilateral treaty
21:
4337:Treaties of Zambia
4307:Treaties of Uganda
4297:Treaties of Turkey
4282:Treaties of Sweden
4222:Treaties of Rwanda
4207:Treaties of Poland
4192:Treaties of Norway
4157:Treaties of Mexico
4117:Treaties of Latvia
4097:Treaties of Israel
4072:Treaties of Guyana
4067:Treaties of Guinea
4062:Treaties of Greece
4037:Treaties of France
3987:Treaties of Cyprus
3952:Treaties of Canada
3937:Treaties of Brazil
3745:2020-11-29 at the
3733:2014-10-12 at the
3063:2015-08-22 at the
2934:2008-04-21 at the
2907:2008-04-21 at the
2747:(1st ed, 1986) 99.
2707:(1854) 9 Exch 341.
2705:Hadley v Baxendale
2486:See, for example,
2454:2017-07-08 at the
2238:(3rd ed. 1999) 88.
2192:2018-09-15 at the
2171:(1st ed, 2007) 94.
2077:2017-07-08 at the
2048:2017-07-08 at the
1809:
1570:Hadley v Baxendale
1138:Russian Federation
1054:State of Palestine
557:Dominican Republic
179:expressly excluded
175:breach of contract
167:contract formation
19:
4292:Treaties of Syria
4277:Treaties of Spain
4107:Treaties of Japan
4102:Treaties of Italy
4042:Treaties of Gabon
4017:Treaties of Egypt
3957:Treaties of Chile
3927:Treaties of Benin
3659:978-84-9903-761-5
3477:Dr. Gizem Alper,
1832:statute of frauds
1764:Future directions
1114:Republic of Korea
144:Vienna Convention
132:
131:
4374:
4202:Treaties of Peru
3982:Treaties of Cuba
3724:Text of the CISG
3692:
3566:
3525:
3524:
3487:
3481:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3446:
3439:
3430:
3424:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3383:
3377:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3324:
3309:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3102:
3096:
3086:
3080:
3073:
3067:
3053:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3027:
3021:
3014:
3008:
2998:
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2989:
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2980:
2974:
2967:
2961:
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2945:
2939:
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2894:
2888:
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2856:
2850:
2843:
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2827:
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2814:
2808:
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2799:
2793:
2787:
2780:
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2748:
2741:
2735:
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2714:
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2662:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2604:
2603:Articles 41, 42.
2601:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2545:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2490:(1892) 2 QB 484.
2484:
2478:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2460:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2425:
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2416:
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2197:
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2165:
2159:
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2146:
2143:
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2118:
2112:
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2109:
2108:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2012:. Archived from
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1981:
1972:
1964:
1948:
1941:
1844:Supremacy Clause
1719:Nordic countries
1632:held that it is
1624:with a level of
1414:
1413:
1403:
1402:
1388:
1387:
1376:
1375:
1364:
1363:
1352:
1351:
1340:
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1328:
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1316:
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1303:
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1256:
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1243:
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1220:
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1208:
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1123:
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987:
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902:
891:
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866:
855:
854:
843:
842:
831:
830:
819:
818:
807:
806:
795:
794:
783:
782:
771:
770:
759:
758:
747:
746:
735:
734:
723:
722:
711:
710:
699:
698:
687:
686:
675:
674:
663:
662:
651:
650:
639:
638:
627:
626:
615:
614:
603:
602:
591:
590:
579:
578:
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566:
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543:
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483:
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471:
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411:
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399:
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387:
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375:
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363:
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351:
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339:
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327:
326:
315:
314:
303:
302:
291:
290:
279:
278:
267:
266:
255:
254:
243:
242:
231:
230:
45:
39:
34:
22:
18:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4342:1980 in Austria
3837:
3836:
3747:Wayback Machine
3735:Wayback Machine
3720:
3706:(1st ed, 2007).
3702:Zeller, Bruno,
3690:
3649:(6th ed, 2013).
3642:(1st ed, 1986).
3628:(1st ed, 1998).
3533:
3528:
3488:
3484:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3447:on 27 July 2020
3444:
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3406:
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3384:
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3353:
3351:
3343:Black, Mhairi.
3341:
3337:
3328:
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3322:
3307:
3301:
3297:
3288:
3286:
3273:
3272:
3268:
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3200:
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3176:
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3171:
3162:
3160:
3152:
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3147:
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2999:
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2909:Wayback Machine
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2824:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2781:
2777:
2764:
2760:
2756:Article 84 (2).
2755:
2751:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:Article 84 (1).
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:Article 49, 64.
2654:
2650:
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2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2593:
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2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:Article 16 (2).
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:Article 14 (2).
2498:
2494:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2456:Wayback Machine
2444:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:Articles 6, 12.
2399:
2395:
2386:
2382:
2373:
2366:
2353:
2349:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2303:
2299:
2293:New South Wales
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2246:
2242:
2230:
2226:
2217:
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2200:
2194:Wayback Machine
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2144:
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2079:Wayback Machine
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:Wayback Machine
2034:
2030:
2019:
2017:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1991:
1989:treaties.un.org
1983:
1982:
1975:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1911:
1872:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1766:
1731:
1729:Major absentees
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1605:
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1030:North Macedonia
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993:
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957:
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933:
921:
909:
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885:
873:
861:
849:
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801:
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777:
765:
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729:
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693:
681:
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381:
369:
357:
345:
333:
321:
309:
297:
285:
273:
261:
249:
237:
225:
218:
73:Vienna, Austria
48:
47:
43:
41:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4380:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
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4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
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4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
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4229:
4224:
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4214:
4209:
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4199:
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4174:
4169:
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4129:
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4004:
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3795:
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3773:
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3719:
3718:External links
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3499:(3): 394–395.
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2887:Article 7 (2).
2877:
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2807:Article 7 (1).
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2391:303, 321, 322.
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2284:
2282:Article 1 (b).
2275:
2262:
2253:
2251:(1983) 72, 76.
2240:
2224:
2211:
2198:
2173:
2167:Bruno Zeller,
2160:
2147:
2138:
2113:
2086:
2057:
2028:
2016:on May 5, 2007
2000:
1973:
1958:
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1915:Commercial law
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3728:ratifications
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3349:UK Parliament
3346:
3339:
3325:on 2012-11-19
3321:
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3299:
3285:on 2018-09-09
3284:
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2468:Article 7 (2)
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2067:
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2047:
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2015:
2011:
2004:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1970:
1963:
1959:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
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1904:
1896:
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1861:
1860:choice of law
1857:
1853:
1852:international
1849:
1845:
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1753:choice of law
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1642:jurisprudence
1638:
1637:regulations.
1635:
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1596:
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1579:force majeure
1573:
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1524:
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1517:counter-offer
1512:
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1505:
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1490:praeter legem
1486:
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1433:lingua franca
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893:Liechtenstein
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195:
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186:
184:
183:domestic laws
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:state parties
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
92:ratifications
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
64:11 April 1980
63:
59:
55:
51:
33:
28:
23:
3872:Uniform Acts
3827:
3814:
3801:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3686:
3672:
3665:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3562:
3558:
3547:
3540:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3470:
3461:
3449:. Retrieved
3442:the original
3428:
3420:
3415:
3403:
3391:. Retrieved
3381:
3369:
3364:
3352:. Retrieved
3348:
3338:
3327:. Retrieved
3320:the original
3315:
3311:
3298:
3287:. Retrieved
3283:the original
3278:
3269:
3257:. Retrieved
3253:
3244:
3233:. Retrieved
3229:
3220:
3209:. Retrieved
3205:
3196:
3185:. Retrieved
3181:
3172:
3161:. Retrieved
3157:
3148:
3137:. Retrieved
3133:
3124:
3113:. Retrieved
3109:
3100:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3051:
3043:
3038:
3030:
3025:
3017:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2987:
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2970:
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2956:
2948:
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2916:
2892:
2872:
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2817:
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2791:
2783:
2778:
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2752:
2744:
2739:
2730:
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2712:
2704:
2700:
2691:
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2669:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2630:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2495:
2487:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2447:
2441:
2436:Article 4, 5
2432:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2375:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2325:
2316:
2305:
2300:
2287:
2278:
2265:
2260:Article 101.
2256:
2248:
2243:
2235:
2232:John Honnold
2227:
2214:
2206:
2201:
2185:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2150:
2141:
2130:. Retrieved
2128:. 2015-06-18
2125:
2116:
2105:. Retrieved
2102:legal.un.org
2101:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2041:
2031:
2018:. Retrieved
2014:the original
2003:
1992:. Retrieved
1988:
1962:
1939:
1900:
1897:transactions
1873:
1864:
1851:
1848:reservations
1837:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1810:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1750:
1738:South Africa
1732:
1723:
1716:
1698:
1694:
1691:Reservations
1685:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1650:
1639:
1633:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1550:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1488:
1482:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1431:
1425:
1395:
1306:Turkmenistan
1186:Saudi Arabia
219:
202:
187:
156:
143:
139:
135:
133:
3792:CISG-France
3786:CISG online
3691:(in German)
3259:24 November
3254:РБК-Украина
2769:" (1988) 8
2716:Article 79.
2673:Article 81.
2646:Article 25.
2594:Article 35.
2585:Article 53.
2576:Article 60.
2567:Article 30.
2544:Article 19.
2535:Article 18.
2508:Article 55.
2477:Article 14.
2418:Article 11.
2083:(in German)
1856:U.S. entity
1840:federal law
1541:third party
1521:arbitration
1270:Switzerland
1018:New Zealand
1001:Netherlands
593:El Salvador
152:world trade
98:Signatories
3841:Categories
3597:(1983) 72.
3531:References
3329:2018-10-31
3289:2018-10-31
3235:2018-10-31
3211:2018-10-31
3187:2018-10-31
3163:2018-10-31
3139:2018-10-31
3115:2018-10-31
2409:Article 7.
2320:Article 2.
2132:2020-11-29
2107:2021-07-23
1994:2023-12-05
1744:, and the
1504:common law
1469:good faith
1366:Uzbekistan
1174:San Marino
989:Montenegro
941:Mauritania
929:Madagascar
917:Luxembourg
821:Kyrgyzstan
473:Costa Rica
293:Azerbaijan
114:Depositary
3852:Incoterms
3826:entitled
3813:entitled
3521:159432182
3513:0731-1265
3079:314, 341.
3046:336, 345.
3033:265, 301.
2973:115, 276.
2862:336, 338.
2773:623, 628.
2635:Incoterms
2039:, Toufar
1955:Footnotes
1646:civil law
1416:Venezuela
1210:Singapore
905:Lithuania
701:Guatemala
269:Australia
245:Argentina
177:. Unless
125:Languages
87:Condition
79:Effective
3743:Archived
3731:Archived
3565:: 72–94.
3409:§ 4
3061:Archived
3001:See also
2932:Archived
2905:Archived
2452:Archived
2190:Archived
2075:Archived
2046:Archived
2037:Foerster
2020:April 2,
1909:See also
1903:remedies
1485:national
1234:Slovenia
1222:Slovakia
1102:Portugal
1066:Paraguay
977:Mongolia
737:Honduras
449:Colombia
401:Cameroon
377:Bulgaria
216:Adoption
198:UNCITRAL
171:remedies
69:Location
3830:in the
3817:in the
3804:in the
3800:on the
3451:27 July
3354:14 July
1813:adopted
1742:Nigeria
1659:caselaw
1626:cadmium
1622:mussels
1378:Vietnam
1354:Uruguay
1330:Ukraine
1126:Romania
965:Moldova
881:Liberia
869:Lesotho
857:Lebanon
761:Iceland
749:Hungary
677:Germany
665:Georgia
629:Finland
605:Estonia
569:Ecuador
545:Denmark
485:Croatia
389:Burundi
329:Belgium
317:Belarus
305:Bahrain
281:Austria
257:Armenia
233:Albania
146:, is a
106:Parties
3657:
3519:
3511:
2951:1, 38.
2335:shares
2331:stocks
1704:CISG);
1390:Zambia
1318:Uganda
1294:Turkey
1258:Sweden
1198:Serbia
1150:Rwanda
1090:Poland
1042:Norway
953:Mexico
833:Latvia
785:Israel
725:Guyana
713:Guinea
689:Greece
641:France
509:Cyprus
413:Canada
365:Brazil
61:Signed
44:
38:
3517:S2CID
3445:(PDF)
3438:(PDF)
3393:9 May
3323:(PDF)
3308:(PDF)
2797:2007)
1931:Notes
1734:India
1405:Ghana
1246:Spain
1005:Aruba
809:Japan
797:Italy
653:Gabon
581:Egypt
461:Congo
437:China
425:Chile
341:Benin
3726:and
3713:336.
3699:809.
3675:847.
3655:ISBN
3635:265.
3621:483.
3611:859.
3604:574.
3587:314.
3550:385.
3509:ISSN
3453:2020
3395:2022
3368:See
3356:2022
3261:2019
2875:385.
2849:809.
2833:446.
2820:575.
2459:CISG
2378:781.
2356:e.g.
2209:781.
2196:115.
2158:403.
2022:2007
1889:the
1878:the
1556:and
1407:and
1078:Peru
845:Laos
773:Iraq
617:Fiji
497:Cuba
173:for
140:CISG
134:The
117:The
53:Type
20:CISG
3501:doi
3089:See
3020:46.
3007:92.
2682:Cf
2631:See
2360:See
2306:See
2066:See
1648:.)
1634:not
1558:CIF
1554:FOB
154:.
90:10
3843::
3759:/
3563:50
3561:.
3515:.
3507:.
3497:39
3495:.
3376:).
3347:.
3316:25
3314:.
3310:.
3277:.
3252:.
3228:.
3204:.
3180:.
3156:.
3132:.
3108:.
2880:^
2838:^
2549:^
2367:^
2341:,
2337:,
2333:,
2234:,
2176:^
2124:.
2100:.
2089:^
1987:.
1976:^
1740:,
1736:,
1560:.
1418:.
109:97
101:18
3661:.
3580:.
3523:.
3503::
3455:.
3397:.
3358:.
3292:.
3263:.
3238:.
3214:.
3190:.
3166:.
3142:.
3118:.
3095:.
2273:.
2222:.
2135:.
2110:.
2024:.
1997:.
1947:.
1007:)
196:(
138:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
