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is that they are similar to those of highly energetic atmospheric modes. This similarity allows the formation of coupled modes between the ocean and the atmosphere. TOGA was instrumental in developing a comprehensive observing system for the equatorial
Pacific Ocean and laid important groundwork for
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The combined El Nino – Southern
Oscillation, or ENSO, turned out to be a major contributor to seasonal climate variability with both human and economic implications. Study of these linked phenomena continued through the 1970s and 1980s via a variety observational and modeling studies which included
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This in mind, the World
Climate Research Programme began to plan a decade long research initiative intended to understand ocean-atmosphere interaction in the tropical ocean basins. The goals of this program were solidified when in 1982-1983 a major El Nino event, at the time the strongest to date,
281:
Scientists in the program made use of a host of satellite derived products even though they were not specifically created for the program. Of most importance was the NOAA Advanced Very High
Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) for sea surface temperature, the Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon for
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The impacts of TOGA extended beyond purely scientific findings but changed the way work was conducted within the oceanography and meteorology fields. The TOGA program forged new cooperation between and oceanographers and meteorologists and fostered a new culture of open data access. Rather than
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struck without prior prediction or detection. This particularly strong event was punctuated by drought, flooding, extreme heat events, and severe storms. These events clearly defined a need for better predictive mechanisms for ENSO and the need for reliable real time data to support prediction.
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In order to achieve the TOGA goals, a strategy of large-scale, long-term monitoring of the upper ocean and the atmosphere, intensive and very specific process-oriented studies, and modeling were planned and enacted through a series of national, multinational and international efforts. Modeling
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Perhaps the greatest success of TOGA program was the successful prediction and monitoring of the 1997-1998 El Nino, one of the largest El Nino events in history. Only with the findings and data collection methods set forth during the TOGA program would such operational success be possible.
262:
The TOGA program established an advanced ocean observing system to support research and forecasting of ENSO warm cycles. While traditional methods such as ships of opportunity and inland tide gauges were employed, the crowning achievement was the deploying of the
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To gain a description of the tropical oceans and the global atmosphere as a time dependent system in order to determine the extent to which the system is predictable on time scales of months to years and to understand the mechanisms and processes underlying its
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The TOGA program directly resulted in improved theoretical understanding of the ENSO cycle, including interactions between trade wind variations and sea surface temperature. Further it helped explain the evolution, development, and decay of ENSO events.
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McPhaden, Michael J.; Antonio J. Busalacchi; Robert Cheney; Jean-René Donguy; Kenneth S. Gage; David
Halpern; Ming Ji; Paul Julian; Gary Meyers; Gary T. Mitchum; Pearn P. Niiler; Joel Picaut; Richard W. Reynolds; Neville Smith; Kensuke Takeuchi (1998).
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As a result of TOGA, seasonal forecasts models, both statistical and dynamical, were developed. The improvement of which resulted in the first successful ENSO prediction in 1986 and yearly forecasts being produced before the end of the program.
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From 1992 to 1993, a special field project known as the
Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Research Experiment (TOGA-COARE) was conducted. The four-month effort included 1200 people, over 16,000 ship hours, 125 aircraft flights and the release of 12,000
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on what became known as the
Southern Oscillation, an apparent linkage between atmospheric pressure anomalies throughout the Pacific Ocean that appeared to be a major driver of weather patterns. This work was furthered by
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TOGA was launched in 1985 with the intent of studying ocean and atmospheric variability in all three tropical ocean basins. The focus of the United States was in the
Pacific Basin with funding being provided by the
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To provide the scientific background for designing an observing and data transmission system for operational predication, if this capability is demonstrated, by coupled ocean-atmosphere models.
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in the 1960s when he solidified the link between the El Nino phenomena, a winter warm anomaly in the normally cool water off the coast of Peru, with the southern oscillation.
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oceans and their relationship to the global atmosphere. Underlying TOGA is the premise that the dynamic adjustment of the ocean in the tropics is far more rapid than at higher
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and westerly wind bursts. Further, the COARE program provided improvements in model parameterization for cumulus clouds, ocean mixing, and air-sea fluxes.
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The TOGA-COARE experiment resulted in improved understanding of atmospheric and oceanic variability on interseasonal scales including phenomena such as the
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To study the feasibility of modeling the couple ocean-atmosphere system for the purpose of predicting its variation on time scales of months to years; and
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McPhaden, M. J.; Busalacchi, A. J.; Cheney, R.; Donguy, J. R.; Gage, K. S.; Halpern, D.; Ji, M.; Julian, P.; Meyers, G.; Mitchum, G. T. (1998).
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174:) may propagate across the basin on time scales of weeks compared to years for corresponding basin-wide propagation at higher latitudes.
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All together, the combination of both satellite and in situ data with real time access proved critical to the success of the program.
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274:(PMEL) venture consisting of 70 moored buoys stationed along the equatorial Pacific Ocean providing real-time wind,
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Walker, G. T. (1924). "Correlations in seasonal variations in weather. Part IX: A further study of world weather".
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each research collecting and using their own data, data was now freely available to all in real time.
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sea surface height and various defense passive microwave satellites for wind speed measurements.
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activities were coordinated by TOGA Numerical
Experimentation Group (TOGA NEG).
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The roots of the TOGA program can be traced back to the 1920s and the work of
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538:"The Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere observing system: A decade of progress"
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ENSO prediction, data assimilation and understanding of air-sea interaction.
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Dynamic Response of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean to Atmospheric Forcing
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McPhaden, M. J.; Busalacchi, A. J.; Anderson, D. L. T. (2010).
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McPhaden, M. J.; Busalacchi, A. J.; Anderson, D. L. T. (2010).
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Oceanic response to combined buoyancy and wind stress forcing
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10.1175/1520-0493(1969)097<0163:atftep>2.3.co;2
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Atmospheric/oceanic interactions that impact other regions
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The significance of shorter dynamic times scales near the
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639:. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
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151:(WCRP), aimed specifically at the prediction of
222:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
207:, a potential precursor to the ENSO phenomena.
166:. Thus disturbances emanating from the western
381:Memoirs of the India Meteorological Department
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230:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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147:) was a ten-year study (1985–1994) of the
76:"Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere program"
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516:Canby, T. Y. (1984). "El Niño ill wind".
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127:Learn how and when to remove this message
637:"TOGA COARE, Earth Observing Laboratory"
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215:Launch and scientific objectives of TOGA
141:Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere program
18:Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere program
921:Meteorology research and field projects
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305:Mechanisms that organize convection
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265:Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project
258:Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project
886:Multifunction Phased Array Radar
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186:Background and motivation
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548:(C7): 14, 169–14, 240.
487:(C7): 14, 169–14, 240.
276:sea surface temperature
660:"A TOGA retrospective"
602:"A TOGA retrospective"
404:Monthly Weather Review
360:Antonio Busalacchi Jr.
398:Bjerknes, J. (1969).
32:Toga (disambiguation)
158:TOGA emphasized the
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
554:1998JGR...10314169M
518:National Geographic
493:1998JGR...10314169M
439:Wyrtki, K. (1975).
416:1969MWRv...97..163B
805:WSR-1, 1A, 3 and 4
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581:. NOAA PMEL
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117:August 2024
643:9 December
585:9 December
524:: 144–183.
366:References
289:TOGA COARE
87:newspapers
876:CSU-CHILL
789:AN/FPS-41
779:AN/APS-2F
774:AN/APQ-13
713:US Clivar
698:TOGA site
170:(such as
164:latitudes
915:Category
881:OU-PRIME
784:AN/CPS-9
703:TAO site
344:See also
160:tropical
866:SMART-R
550:Bibcode
489:Bibcode
412:Bibcode
323:Results
179:equator
172:El Niño
153:climate
101:scholar
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810:WSR-57
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841:ADRAD
663:(PDF)
605:(PDF)
108:JSTOR
94:books
890:NSSL
851:CASA
825:TDWR
645:2013
587:2013
462:help
350:ENSO
145:TOGA
139:The
80:news
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856:DOW
753:US
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