4250:
4552:
4570:
4606:
4588:
4660:
4624:
70:
4642:
4342:
4682:
4436:
47:
1064:– Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan; Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin; Saint Pierre and Miquelon
4052:. Ants are attracted to the elaiosome, so much so they often bore holes into the fruit instead of waiting for it to drop off on its own. The ants carry the seeds back to their nest where they eat the elaiosomes and discard the seeds. Here the seeds eventually germinate, an average of about 1 meter away from the parent plant.
1359:– Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec; Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin
4354:
Picking parts off a trillium plant can kill it even if the rhizome is left undisturbed. Some species of trillium are listed as threatened or endangered and collecting these species may be illegal. Laws in some jurisdictions may restrict the commercial exploitation of trilliums and prohibit collection
1086:– New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec; Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia
1857:– New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec; Connecticut, Georgia, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia
3996:, which determines the subgenus. (Any mature plant may be identified to this extent, even if it is not in bloom.) Identification proceeds based on flower parts, leaves, and other characteristics. A combination of characteristics is usually required to identify the plant.
4399:
population density has been shown to decrease or eliminate trillium in an area, particularly white trillium. As such height of trillium can be used as an indicator for white-tailed deer population density within forested and urban areas to help forest regeneration.
4092:
spp.) and other wasps are similarly attracted to elaiosomes. The wasps carry off the seeds and feed on the elaiosomes an average of about 1.4 meters away from the parent plant. Yellow jackets are documented seed dispersers for at least three species of
5077:
Zomlefer, Wendy B.; Williams, Norris H.; Whitten, W. Mark; Judd, Walter S. (2001). "Generic
Circumscription and Relationships in the Tribe Melanthieae (Liliales, Melanthiaceae), with Emphasis on Zigadenus: Evidence from ITS and trnL-F Sequence Data".
8260:
Meredith, Clayton; Frances, Anne; Highland, Amy; Oliver, Leah; Floden, Aaron; Gaddy, L.L.; Knapp, Wesley; Leaman, Danna; Leopold, Susan; Littlefield, Tara; Raguso, Robert; Schilling, Edward; Schotz, Alfred; Walker, Anna; Wayman, Kjirsten (2022).
510:, to the family Melanthiaceae. However, other taxonomists have since preferred to break up the heterogenous Melanthiaceae into several smaller monophyletic families, each with more coherent morphological features, returning
1097:– Ontario; Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin
1029:) and solid green leaves (not mottled). They are distributed across North America and Asia. Hybrids are common within this subgenus (the only group of pedicellate-flowered trilliums with natural hybrids).
1771:– Alabama, Arkansas, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia
1239:– Bhutan, China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tibet Autonomous Region, Yunnan, Zhejiang), NE India (Sikkim), Japan, Korea, Kuril Islands, Myanmar, Russia (Sakhalin), Taiwan
7626:
4280:
For many years, this condition was thought to originate from mutation, and so many of these forms were given taxonomic names now known to be invalid. In 1971, Hooper, Case, and Meyers used
7858:
7901:
4427:
called it "beth root", probably a corruption of "birthroot". He claimed that an astringent tonic derived from the root was useful in controlling bleeding and diarrhea.
1153:
4069:
1134:
1253:
8342:
Wayman, Kjirsten A.; Reilly, Matthew J.; Petlewski, Alaina R. (December 2023). "Taxonomic insights from floral scents of western North
American sessile-flowered
359:
that rises directly from the rhizome. There are no true aboveground leaves but sometimes there are scale-like leaves on the underground rhizome. The bracts are
7762:
5266:
Weakley, Alan S.; Sorrie, Bruce A.; LeBlond, Richard J.; Poindexter, Derick B.; Floden, Aaron J.; Schilling, Edward E.; Franck, Alan R.; Kees, John C. (2018).
4063:
1232:
678:, which was described by Rafinesque in 1830. However, that name was later found to be incorrect as well. As of July 2022, the correct name of the subgenus is
1846:– NE Afghanistan, Bhutan, China (Tibet Autonomous Region, Yunnan), N + NE India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttarakhand), Nepal, N Pakistan
1221:
1100:
4407:, whose high selling price as a folk medicine has motivated harvesters to destroy swathes of ecologically sensitive Himalayan forests, causing mudslides.
4450:
1035:
1199:
7335:
4277:), and other abnormal characteristics. Infected populations occur throughout the species range but are prevalent in Ontario, Michigan, and New York.
7623:
1370:– Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, West Virginia, Wisconsin
8816:
590:(POWO) accepts 49 species and 5 named hybrids, all of which are listed below. The geographical locations are taken from POWO and the
731:
in 1830. Presumably
Rafinesque had intended the subgeneric name to replace the earlier generic name, and so the correct name of the former is
8842:
7401:
1993:
species are found in North
America, most of which are native to eastern North America. Just six species are native to western North America:
670:
in 1820, but since he did not provide a description, the name was declared invalid in 2014. At that time, the correct name was thought to be
7467:
Arocha-Rosete, Y.; Morales-Lizcano, N.P.; Hasan, A.; Yoshioka, K.; Moeder, W.; Michelutti, R.; Satta, E.; Bertaccini, A.; Scott, J. (2016).
1488:– Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia
7440:
5149:
Enumeratio
Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum, Secundum Familias Naturales Disposita, Adjectis Characteribus, Differentiis et Synonymis
4939:
8262:
6857:
6773:
8878:
5268:"New combinations, rank changes, and nomenclatural and taxonomic comments in the vascular flora of the southeastern United States. IV"
4659:
4322:' (subgroup 16SrIII-F) with 99% sequence identity. This subgroup of phytoplasmas is associated with various other diseases, including
4269:
that alter the morphology of infected plants. Symptoms of phytoplasma infection include abnormal green markings on the petals (floral
4551:
1749:– Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin
7928:
4007:(leaf stalks) and/or distinctive leaf shapes, these features are seldom sufficient to identify the plant down to the species level.
8764:
8488:
2256:, in Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, and South Carolina. The state of Georgia is home to 21 species of trillium.
2036:, from Newfoundland to southern British Columbia. The greatest diversity of species are found in Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia.
8829:
8777:
8408:
4569:
390:
Occasionally individuals have four-fold symmetry, with four bracts (leaves), four sepals, and four petals in the blossom.. The
8276:
8188:
7999:
480:
had grown to about 280 genera and 4,000 species. As it became clearer that the very large version of
Liliaceae was
8392:
7814:
4323:
8975:
8834:
8468:
8402:
8543:
7211:
4587:
1053:– NE China (Jilin), Japan, Korea, Kuril Islands, E Russia (Primorsky Krai, Khabarovsk Krai, Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin)
8970:
6987:
6097:
5974:
5801:
5721:
5670:
5508:
5320:
4465:. The large white trillium is the official wildflower of Ohio. In light of their shared connection to the flower, the
1332:
1442:
and solid green leaves (not mottled). Distribution is restricted to the southeastern and south central United States.
4605:
20:
8312:
7090:
4641:
4021:
7594:
383:
borne on a very short style, if any. The fruit is fleshy and capsule-like or berrylike. The seeds have large, oily
8847:
7290:
4623:
3999:
Identification of a non-flowering, non-fruiting plant with bare leaves may be difficult. Although some species of
860:
Excluding the segregate taxa listed above, the remaining taxa separate into four clades with the following names:
8803:
7671:
Rooney, Thomas P.; Gross, Kevin (2003). "A Demographic Study of Deer
Browsing Impacts on Trillium grandiflorum".
6969:
5956:
5783:
5703:
5652:
5490:
5302:
4681:
4375:
583:
7227:
1825:
The following pair of taxa do not fit into any of the above groups since they are markedly different from other
853:
are both individually and collectively monophyletic, it is a matter of choice whether or not to recognize genus
7958:
7800:
4403:
Some species are harvested from the wild to an unsustainable degree. This is particularly dire in the case of
4083:
interfere with the dispersal process by eating the elaiosomes, which makes the seeds less attractive to ants.
8960:
8896:
5530:
667:
492:, for a similar purpose, but included several other genera not historically recognized as close relatives of
1331:. They are distributed across North America (but not Asia). Flowers were and still are consumed and used by
7316:
6913:
6808:
6663:
6535:
6470:
6161:
4881:
4316:
4183:
8691:
8686:
8673:
8396:
8294:
6979:
6939:
6834:
6712:
6679:
6551:
6486:
6177:
5966:
5793:
5713:
5662:
5574:
5500:
5403:
5363:
5312:
5063:
4863:
4825:
8756:
8743:
8414:
7716:"Trillium grandiflorum height is an indicator of white-tailed deer density at local and regional scales"
7091:"Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Washington - Baltimore Area, Part II: Monocotyledons"
6696:
5381:
5341:
4847:
4807:
4392:(drooping trillium) is also protected by law in Ontario, because of its decreasing Canadian population.
981:
that sharply contrasts with the traditional pedicellate vs. sessile dichotomy outlined previously.
8891:
7026:
7021:
6975:
6891:
6886:
6863:
6778:
6743:
6738:
6642:
6637:
6583:
6578:
6514:
6509:
6449:
6444:
6414:
6409:
6379:
6374:
6340:
6335:
6295:
6290:
6205:
6200:
6140:
6135:
6036:
6031:
5962:
5789:
5709:
5658:
5496:
5308:
5191:
5186:
5049:
4942:, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, May 11, 2013; Trillium erectum and Trillium grandiflorum examples are given.
4768:
4763:
4118:
3992:
requires a mature, flowering plant. The first step is to determine whether or not the flower sits on a
2253:
2221:
1868:
1530:
1423:
1304:
1010:
939:
587:
497:
8782:
8311:
Spaulding, Daniel D.; Kartesz, John T.; Horne, Howard E.; Finzel, Brian J.; England, J. Kevin (2021).
8124:
7163:
Ohara, M.; Higashi, S. (1987). "Interference by ground beetles with the dispersal by ants of seeds of
5743:
4386:(white trillium) in the province (with some exceptions), however the bill was never passed. The rare
8857:
6935:
6830:
6708:
6675:
6547:
6482:
6173:
5399:
5359:
5140:
5059:
4859:
4821:
4725:
3766:
3634:
69:
27:
8965:
7714:
Koh, Saewan; Bazely, Dawn R.; Tanentzap, Andrew J.; Voigt, Dennis R.; Da Silva, Eric (March 2010).
4877:
4249:
2229:
375:
in shades of red, purple, pink, white, yellow, or green. At the center of the flower there are six
7559:
7361:
4121:
recognizes five named hybrids, four in Asia and one in North
America. Three of the Asian hybrids,
8883:
8751:
8452:
4525:, which features poetry, fiction, photography, and other visual arts created by Ramapo students.
4315:
supported the grouping of the phytoplasmas isolated from infected plants as a related strain of '
3704:
1566:
461:, an oversight that subsequently led to much confusion regarding the type species of this genus.
8738:
8626:
7424:
4057:
3657:
across China, Korea, Japan, and eastern Russia to the Kuril
Islands. The greatest diversity of
1643:
1577:
1046:
591:
472:. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries it was sometimes placed in a smaller family,
8821:
1829:
species. There is evidence to support the segregation of these species into a separate genus (
1381:– Alberta, British Columbia; California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming
967:
means "beautiful petal", a reference to "the famously beautiful flowers" of its type species,
8377:
4595:
4462:
4445:
4346:
2241:
2233:
2106:
2097:
1931:
1876:
1687:
1665:
1352:
1341:
1299:
834:
630:
325:
8870:
8712:
8087:
7727:
7176:
6848:
5230:
4528:
In the 1990s, the activist
Michael Page established the use of the trillium as a symbol of
2497:
2164:
1808:
1786:
1676:
1124:
769:
757:
629:. At the time, the former subgenus was considered to be the more primitive group. Based on
521:
518:
8:
8493:(Liliaceae) IV. Stage Class Structures and Spatial Distribution of Four Japanese Species"
8424:
7520:
spp.: multilocus characterization based on 16S rRNA, secY, and ribosomal protein genes".
4649:
4577:
4537:
4466:
4281:
4211:
4024:
leaves but the former lacks 3-way rotational symmetry and has leaf veins unlike those of
4012:
3934:
1966:
1839:
1742:
1731:
1470:
1459:
1068:
8091:
7731:
7580:
7180:
4909:
8927:
8664:
8511:
8248:
8158:
8111:
8103:
7974:
7696:
7688:
7512:
Davis, R.E.; Zhao, Y.; Dally, E.L.; Lee, I.M.; Jomantiene, R.; Douglas, S.M. (2013). "'
7393:
7247:
7239:
7212:"Yellow Jackets (Vespula spp.) Disperse Trillium (spp.) Seeds in Eastern North America"
7192:
7047:
6795:
6764:
6259:
5245:
5095:
4980:
4689:
4673:
3526:
1850:
1775:
1720:
1709:
1621:
1610:
1599:
1538:
1448:
1439:
1418:
1328:
1026:
626:
197:
64:
8271:. Hockessin, DE and Albuquerque, NM: Mt. Cuba Center, and New Mexico BioPark Society.
6075:
5398:. Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
5358:. Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
5058:. Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
4820:. Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
1898:
is an accepted name by some authorities while others regard this name as a synonym of
963:
was described by Jayne A. Lampley and Edward E. Schilling in 2022. The word
8955:
8865:
8699:
8363:
8323:
8272:
8252:
8184:
7995:
7743:
7537:
7499:
7478:
7474:
7468:
7425:"Mycoplasma-like bodies associated with a flower greening disorder of a wild flower,
7231:
5601:
5555:
5103:
4972:
4667:
4518:
4454:
4396:
4388:
4330:
4075:
3989:
2245:
1753:
1632:
1588:
1481:
1385:
1210:
1090:
8115:
7700:
7251:
6921:
6816:
5745:
Medical Flora; or Manual of the Medical Botany of the United States of North America
5393:
5353:
5053:
4815:
4711:
4265:
species are susceptible to a greening disorder caused by bacterial organisms called
1595:– Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee
8932:
8704:
8507:
8355:
8238:
8153:
8148:
8140:
8095:
8056:
7735:
7680:
7529:
7494:
7385:
7223:
7184:
6251:
6070:
5454:
5267:
5087:
4613:
4559:
4496:
4474:
4368:
4364:
4004:
3993:
3762:
3062:
2459:
2054:
1899:
1764:
1654:
1555:
1525:
1492:
1431:
1312:
1177:
1079:
1057:
1018:
1005:
761:
622:
344:
183:
55:
8678:
8221:
Lampley, Jayne A.; Gereau, Roy; Floden, Aaron; Schilling, Edward E. (2022-07-05).
5878:
5876:
4532:, and in 2001, Francisco Javier Lagunes Gaitán and Miguel Angel Corona designed a
723:) into the new genus. Reversing himself a decade later, Rafinesque instead placed
8415:
Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) occurrence data and maps for
8199:
8178:
8010:
7739:
7630:
6983:
5970:
5797:
5717:
5666:
5504:
5316:
4631:
4502:
4484:
4424:
3930:
2237:
1926:
1797:
1698:
1374:
1363:
1320:
1243:
1188:
1022:
341:
302:
107:
8919:
8558:
7646:
6726:
6058:
5231:"Phylogenetic Analyses of Trilliaceae based on Morphological and Molecular Data"
1217:– Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia
8243:
8222:
8061:
8036:
7715:
7008:
6789:
6597:
5873:
4522:
4293:
4196:
4045:
3926:
3282:
3091:
1961:
451:
360:
356:
94:
8526:
7988:
7684:
6877:
6628:
6565:
6500:
6435:
6400:
6361:
6319:
6277:
6227:
6191:
6126:
6022:
5993:
5991:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5459:
5442:
488:
and related genera into that separate family. Others defined a larger family,
8949:
8649:
8327:
7747:
7516:
Phytoplasma pruni', a novel taxon associated with X-disease of stone fruits,
7235:
5605:
5559:
5174:
4976:
4751:
4312:
4179:
3866:
3547:
3014:
2845:
2080:
1319:
on the west coast of California, which occasionally has mottled leaves). The
749:. Historically, the subgenus has been known as the Catesbaei group. The word
506:
489:
431:
364:
329:
317:
309:
189:
167:
140:
120:
8578:
7070:
4382:
legislature that would have made it illegal to in any way injure the common
4284:
to detect the presence of mycoplasma-like organisms (i.e., phytoplasmas) in
8909:
8597:
8367:
7541:
7533:
6609:
5988:
5612:
5107:
4478:
4341:
4037:
3343:
3265:
3232:
3148:
2198:
935:
693:
175:
8381:. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden.
7876:
1392:– Alberta, British Columbia; Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Washington, Wyoming
8790:
8658:
7822:
7601:. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Archived from
7466:
4918:
County-level distribution maps from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
4529:
4288:
with virescent petals. The means of transmission was not established but
4266:
3774:
3666:
2924:
2417:
2112:
559:
species) and molecular evidence. Still others support the segregation of
473:
391:
8299:(mimeographed handout), Knoxville: University of Tennessee, pp. 1–7
7978:
7692:
7602:
7056:
State-level distribution maps from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
4423:, the inspiration for the common name birthwort. In a 1918 publication,
8769:
8359:
8162:
8107:
7397:
7243:
7196:
6263:
5249:
5099:
4984:
4470:
4420:
4289:
4270:
3056:
3035:
2379:
2236:, species are found from Washington to central California, east to the
4953:
8795:
8725:
4416:
4360:
4049:
3654:
3588:
3360:
2903:
2762:
1324:
974:
Historically, the subgenus has been known as the Grandiflorum group.
653:
642:
481:
477:
469:
384:
380:
8620:
8144:
8099:
7389:
7188:
6255:
5940:
5767:
5636:
5474:
5091:
1705:– District of Columbia, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee
8904:
8643:
7843:
7581:
2005 Minnesota Code – 18H.18 — Conservation of Certain Wildflowers.
6956:
5297:
4720:
4435:
4356:
4274:
4048:. Each seed of a ripe fruit has a white fleshy appendage called an
3918:
3901:
3800:
3748:
3489:
3194:
2999:
2953:
2866:
2808:
2713:
2605:
2438:
2404:
2350:
2071:
602:
150:
130:
8730:
4233:
produced solid, seemingly viable seed. Seeds of the cross between
1537:
of twenty-six (26) species in 2022. Species in this subgenus have
46:
8808:
7210:
Zettler, Jennifer A.; Spira, Timothy P.; Allen, Craig R. (2001).
6003:
5849:
5691:
4458:
4379:
4088:
3883:
3744:
3740:
3613:
3468:
2986:
2642:
2476:
2344:
2261:
2139:
2133:
2041:
348:
305:
5591:(Schult. & Schult.f) J.D. Freeman (Melanthiaceae: Parideae)"
4221:
with several North American species. Of those, the crosses with
1017:
of fourteen (14) species in 2022. Species in this subgenus have
953:
Historically, the subgenus has been known as the Erectum group.
4533:
4151:, are well studied, but little is known about the Asian hybrid
4080:
3968:
3910:
3770:
3728:
3716:
3708:
3675:
3211:
3008:
2700:
2582:
2338:
2177:
2033:
1549:
and occasionally in plants of other sessile-flowered species).
376:
324:, with the greatest diversity of species found in the southern
8717:
5265:
8259:
7096:. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
3892:
3853:
3784:
3754:
3736:
3732:
3724:
3696:
3688:
3437:
2787:
2588:
2207:
1534:
1455:– Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee
1427:
1416:, is a group of pedicellate-flowered trilliums that includes
1308:
1297:, is a group of pedicellate-flowered trilliums that includes
1250:– Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee
1184:– Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee
1014:
1003:, is a group of pedicellate-flowered trilliums that includes
943:
372:
368:
352:
298:
81:
8220:
7120:
6926:. Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
6821:. Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
6615:
6603:
5997:
5908:
5906:
5882:
5623:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5010:
4257:
with virescent petals, extra petals, and other abnormalities
2244:, species range from Maine to northern Florida, west to the
1430:
of seven (7) species in 2022. Species in this subgenus have
8310:
7228:
10.1674/0003-0031(2001)146[0444:YJVSDT]2.0.CO;2
7076:
5076:
3462:
3157:
2675:
1311:
of three (3) species in 2022. Species in the subgenus have
321:
8435:. Butler University Botanical Studies: Vol. 1, Article 4.
7270:
7455:
7108:
6226:
Fukuda, Ichiro; Freeman, John D.; Itou, Masakazu (1996).
5903:
5217:
5119:
5117:
4041:
8313:"Flora of Northern Alabama, part 5: Liliaceous Families"
7569:. Lansing, MI, USA: Michigan Natural Features Inventory.
5893:
5891:
5861:
5839:
5837:
5835:
4355:
without the landowner's permission. In the US states of
7929:"Queer Objects: William Keble Martin Lily Illustration"
7713:
6920:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
6815:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
5566:
5522:
5443:"Phylogenetic Analyses and Biogeography of Trilliaceae"
5392:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
5352:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
5229:
Farmer, Susan B.; Schilling, Edward E. (October 2002).
5205:
5052:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
4814:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
4217:
In 1982, Haga and Channell crossed the Asiatic species
3661:
species is found on the islands of Japan and Sakhalin.
1129:(T.M.C.Taylor & Szczaw.) D.O'Neill & S.B.Farmer
7258:
7156:
7144:
7132:
5923:
5921:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5447:
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany
5422:
5261:
5259:
5114:
4540:, which is emblazoned with an emblem of a trillium.
1883:
is considered by some authorities to be a synonym for
1683:– Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee
845:
together in a clade with high support. However, since
8341:
7082:
5888:
5832:
4998:
4439:
Ontario trillium emblem on an Ottawa courthouse sign.
1969:, and therefore its taxonomic placement is uncertain.
819:, first described in 1801, was segregated into genus
799:, first described in 1839, was segregated into genus
779:, first described in 1885, was segregated into genus
5573:
Reveal, James L.; Gandhi, Kanchi N. (16 June 2014).
5529:
Reveal, James L.; Gandhi, Kanchi N. (2 April 2014).
5410:
5272:
Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas
4971:(1). Southern Appalachian Botanical Society: 33–38.
1315:
flowers (on a stalk) and solid green leaves (except
394:
condition has been described for several species of
7557:
7422:
7203:
5918:
5815:
5256:
1541:flowers (no flower stalk), erect petals (except in
496:. This latter approach was followed in 1998 by the
8403:Utah Agricultural Experiment Station — Fact Sheets
8376:
7987:
7763:"Nag Chhatri trade strips forests, upsets ecology"
7423:Hooper, G. R.; Case Jr., F. W.; Myers, R. (1971).
7416:
5070:
4194:, but the latter species is now a member of genus
1951:was originally described as a hybrid with parents
705:In 1819, Rafinesque described and named the genus
582:All names used in this section are taken from the
7967:Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society
7511:
7505:
7209:
6951:
6949:
6236:Ker Gawler, Correct Name for the Asiatic diploid
6225:
645:group, but its segregation renders the remaining
8947:
8527:"Trillium and the Trillium Family (Trilliaceae)"
7362:"A systematic study of the North American genus
7089:Shetler, Stanwyn G.; Orli, Sylvia Stone (2002).
6314:
6312:
4292:were suspected. As of November 2021, the insect
1959:, but since the latter is now a member of genus
19:"Toadshade" redirects here. For other uses, see
8037:"Typification of the North American species of
7790:Hammond, IN: Indiana Herb Gardens, 1918, p. 50.
6719:
5933:
5760:
5735:
5629:
5467:
5228:
1915:The following taxa are of historical interest:
555:based on morphological differences (with other
367:is a single flower with three green or reddish
7634:Bill 184, Ontario Trillium Protection Act 2009
7058:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014
7001:
6946:
6794:Note that this website has been superseded by
4920:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014
4904:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4378:, a Private Members Bill, was proposed in the
4020:. Both species are about the same height with
4010:In eastern North America, jack-in-the-pulpit (
1981:species are native to North America and Asia.
946:of fourteen (14) species. Its type species is
601:genus has traditionally been divided into two
7986:Case, Frederick W.; Case, Roberta B. (1997).
7282:
6905:
6870:
6800:
6691:
6689:
6656:
6621:
6558:
6528:
6493:
6463:
6428:
6393:
6354:
6309:
6270:
6184:
6154:
6119:
6015:
5375:
5373:
5134:
5132:
5029:Patrick, Tom (2007). "Trilliums of Georgia".
1815:– Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas
1150:× unknown) – Japan, E Russia (Primorsky Krai)
8183:(4th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
7328:Bulletin of the American Rock Garden Society
7162:
6923:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
6818:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
5684:
5572:
5528:
5395:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
5355:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
5167:
5055:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
5022:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4817:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
4801:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4507:(in that order) are the most often observed
753:means "with a small but conspicuous style".
8486:
8034:
7670:
7088:
7040:
5434:
4895:
4739:
4303:Phytoplasmas were positively identified in
4186:. As originally described, its parents are
1716:– Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina
1323:are fused together at their bases (basally
1042:– Japan, Kuril Islands, E Russia (Sakhalin)
830:is controversial and not widely recognized.
316:species are native to temperate regions of
8035:Floden, Aaron; Knapp, Wesley (June 2023).
7859:"Plants That Can Symbolize LGBTQIA+ Pride"
7353:
6858:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
6774:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
6686:
5741:
5370:
5333:
5129:
4945:
4168:The only named hybrid in North America is
1909:(V.G.Soukup) K.L.Chambers & S.C.Meyers
45:
8378:"Flora of the southeastern United States"
8242:
8152:
8060:
7956:
7498:
7469:"First report of the identification of a
7308:
7126:
6074:
5897:
5458:
5041:
5016:
4832:
4782:
1639:– Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina
1021:flowers (on a stalk) with three distinct
934:pedicellate-flowered species (which is a
8487:Ohara, Masashi; Kawano, Shoichi (1986).
8422:
8223:"A revised subgeneric classification of
8201:A systematic and biogeographic study of
8176:
7985:
7558:O'Connor, R. P.; Penskar, M. R. (2004).
7288:
7276:
7264:
7150:
7114:
6911:
6806:
6674:. Vol. 24 – via eFloras.org,
6546:. Vol. 24 – via eFloras.org,
6481:. Vol. 24 – via eFloras.org,
6232:, sp. nov. (Trilliaceae), in Japan, and
6172:. Vol. 24 – via eFloras.org,
5912:
5855:
5428:
5379:
5339:
5211:
5004:
4858:. Vol. 24 – via eFloras.org,
4805:
4434:
4340:
4248:
1278:
8541:
8374:
8292:
8197:
8122:
8069:
7801:"Adoption of the Ohio State Wildflower"
7553:
7551:
7378:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
7366:, its variability, and its relation to
7138:
6009:
5927:
5867:
5826:
5748:. Vol. 2. Philadelphia. p. 97
5416:
5123:
5028:
4845:
4704:
4419:. They have been used traditionally as
1965:, the hybrid has become an undescribed
8948:
8296:The trilliums of eastern North America
8008:
7760:
7624:An Act to amend the Floral Emblem Act.
7592:
7315:Case, Frederick W. Jr. (Winter 1994).
6056:
5843:
5583:Raf. (1830), an earlier name for
5440:
4951:
2252:species are especially diverse in the
1523:, is a group of species that includes
1397:
938:group), but in 2022, the subgenus was
8625:
8624:
8133:Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
7479:Phytoplasma pruni'-related strain in
7443:from the original on 10 November 2021
7359:
7341:from the original on 1 September 2019
5138:
5047:
2220:Except for the desert regions of the
1833:) but the proposal is controversial.
1335:in various regions of North America.
977:This leads to a four-part concept of
363:and are sometimes called leaves. The
8858:d2be9708-586f-49d7-a1af-a642a87c57fd
8544:"Georgia Trilliums: An Appreciation"
8469:"Ten Things to Know about Trilliums"
8070:Freeman, J. D. (1975). "Revision of
7926:
7548:
7404:from the original on 28 October 2021
7314:
6059:"Observations on the Flora of Japan"
4363:it is illegal to pick trilliums. In
4016:) is often mistaken for bare-leaved
1504:
1195:– Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee
984:
484:, some botanists preferred to place
8489:"Life History Studies on the Genus
8433:Butler University Botanical Studies
7963:found in the southern Appalachians"
7877:"Mexico - Sexual orientation flags"
6988:Australian National Botanic Gardens
5975:Australian National Botanic Gardens
5802:Australian National Botanic Gardens
5722:Australian National Botanic Gardens
5671:Australian National Botanic Gardens
5509:Australian National Botanic Gardens
5321:Australian National Botanic Gardens
4870:
3747:, Tibet Autonomous Region, Yunnan,
1434:flowers (except for one variety of
548:, while others recognize the taxon
457:described by Linnaeus was actually
13:
8512:10.1111/j.1442-1984.1986.tb00023.x
8293:Patrick, Thomas S. (August 1986),
8123:Gleason, Henry Allan (July 1906).
7994:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.
7881:FOTW 'Flags Of The World' Web Site
7856:
4846:Liang, Songyun; Soukup, Victor G.
4461:. It is an official symbol of the
351:. There are three large leaf-like
14:
8987:
8386:
7815:"Citizen science observations of
7583:US Codes and Statutes: Minnesota.
6076:10.15281/jplantres1887.24.282_137
4487:regularly report observations of
4410:
4165:but the other parent is unknown.
3983:
2228:species are found throughout the
1820:
1782:– Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee
1545:), and mottled leaves (except in
828:(Willd.) Floden & E.E.Schill.
621:, based on whether the flower is
21:list of plants known as toadshade
7920:
7894:
7869:
7850:
7836:
7807:
7793:
7622:Legislative Assembly of Ontario
7500:10.5197/j.2044-0588.2016.034.019
7291:"When Trillium Flowers Go Green"
4680:
4658:
4640:
4622:
4604:
4586:
4568:
4550:
4477:compete with each other for the
4241:flowered in 9 to 10 years.
2215:
1984:
1562:– California, Oregon, Washington
1120:) – Japan, E Russia (S Sakhalin)
504:, along with its close relative
68:
8897:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:24857-1
7950:
7846:. Ramapo College of New Jersey.
7780:
7761:Sharma, Suresh (Jul 24, 2014).
7754:
7707:
7664:
7639:
7616:
7586:
7573:
7321:: Doubles, Forms, and Diseases"
7289:Candeias, Matt (June 1, 2021).
7216:The American Midland Naturalist
6970:International Plant Names Index
6912:Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002).
6841:
6807:Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002).
6757:
6219:
6090:
6050:
5957:International Plant Names Index
5784:International Plant Names Index
5704:International Plant Names Index
5653:International Plant Names Index
5491:International Plant Names Index
5380:Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002).
5340:Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002).
5303:International Plant Names Index
5290:
5155:. Stutgardiae et Tubingae : 120
4806:Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002).
4491:species from around the world.
4376:Ontario Trillium Protection Act
4336:
1973:
1694:– Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas
584:International Plant Names Index
577:
468:genus was placed in the family
8409:Woodland Plants: The Trillium.
8393:Interactive Identification Key
8208:(PhD). University of Tennessee
8022:(PhD). University of Tennessee
7788:The Herbalist and Herb Doctor.
7599:New York State Conservationist
5139:Kunth, Karl Sigismund (1850).
4932:
4300:greening disorder is unknown.
1206:– Japan, E Russia (S Sakhalin)
1073:Fukuda, J.D.Freeman & Itou
514:to a resurrected Trilliaceae.
438:by recognizing three species,
335:
1:
7720:Forest Ecology and Management
7360:Gates, R.R. (February 1917).
4940:Two 4-petaled trilliums found
4698:
4067:are collected by ant species
1862:
1617:– Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee
668:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
8411:Ontario Woodlot Association.
8125:"The pedunculate species of
7959:"The pedicellate species of
7865:. Missouri Botanical Garden.
7740:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.01.021
7560:"Special plant abstract for
5048:Utech, Frederick H. (2002).
4882:United States Forest Service
4523:Ramapo College of New Jersey
4184:Del Norte County, California
1871:does not accept these taxa:
1499:– Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas
534:. Some authorities consider
355:arranged in a whorl about a
7:
8976:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
8583:Scott Ranger's Nature Notes
8264:The Conservation Status of
6980:Harvard University Herbaria
6940:Harvard University Herbaria
6835:Harvard University Herbaria
6713:Harvard University Herbaria
6680:Harvard University Herbaria
6552:Harvard University Herbaria
6487:Harvard University Herbaria
6178:Harvard University Herbaria
5967:Harvard University Herbaria
5794:Harvard University Herbaria
5714:Harvard University Herbaria
5663:Harvard University Herbaria
5501:Harvard University Herbaria
5404:Harvard University Herbaria
5364:Harvard University Herbaria
5313:Harvard University Herbaria
5064:Harvard University Herbaria
4864:Harvard University Herbaria
4826:Harvard University Herbaria
1793:– Alabama, Florida, Georgia
1738:– Idaho, Oregon, Washington
1606:– Alabama, Florida, Georgia
806:in 1850. However, the name
500:, which assigned the genus
425:
10:
8992:
8971:Flora of the United States
8348:American Journal of Botany
8244:10.11646/phytotaxa.552.5.1
8227:(Parideae, Melanthiaceae)"
8198:Lampley, Jayne A. (2021).
8062:10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
8045:(Melanthiaceae: Parideae)"
7027:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
7022:Plants of the World Online
6976:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
6892:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
6887:Plants of the World Online
6864:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
6779:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
6744:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
6739:Plants of the World Online
6643:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
6638:Plants of the World Online
6584:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
6579:Plants of the World Online
6515:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
6510:Plants of the World Online
6450:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
6445:Plants of the World Online
6415:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
6410:Plants of the World Online
6380:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
6375:Plants of the World Online
6341:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
6336:Plants of the World Online
6296:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
6291:Plants of the World Online
6206:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
6201:Plants of the World Online
6141:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
6136:Plants of the World Online
6063:Botanical Magazine (Tokyo)
6037:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
6032:Plants of the World Online
5963:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
5790:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
5742:Rafinesque, C. S. (1830).
5710:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
5659:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
5545:(Melanthiaceae: Parideae)"
5497:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
5309:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
5192:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
5187:Plants of the World Online
5080:American Journal of Botany
4769:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
4764:Plants of the World Online
4543:
4451:official flower and emblem
4430:
4367:it is illegal to pick the
4244:
4119:Plants of the World Online
4112:
4055:For example, the seeds of
4031:
2254:southeastern United States
2222:southwestern United States
1869:Plants of the World Online
1521:sessile-flowered trilliums
588:Plants of the World Online
498:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
430:In 1753, Swedish botanist
25:
18:
8633:
8423:Friesner, Ray C. (1929).
8375:Weakley, Alan S. (2020).
8009:Farmer, Susan B. (2007).
7593:Nuffer, B. (April 2009).
7522:Int J Syst Evol Microbiol
6936:Missouri Botanical Garden
6934:– via eFloras.org,
6831:Missouri Botanical Garden
6829:– via eFloras.org,
6709:Missouri Botanical Garden
6707:– via eFloras.org,
6676:Missouri Botanical Garden
6548:Missouri Botanical Garden
6483:Missouri Botanical Garden
6174:Missouri Botanical Garden
5950:Lampley & E.E.Schill.
5858:, pp. 137, 219, 364.
5460:10.5642/aliso.20062201.45
5441:Farmer, Susan B. (2006).
5400:Missouri Botanical Garden
5360:Missouri Botanical Garden
5060:Missouri Botanical Garden
4952:Shaver, Jesse M. (1959).
4860:Missouri Botanical Garden
4822:Missouri Botanical Garden
4726:Missouri Botanical Garden
4333:, and potato purple top.
3653:species extends from the
3635:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2032:species are found across
2024:
2021:is pedicellate-flowered.
1925:has been segregated to a
1881:E. E. Schill & Floden
1760:– Georgia, South Carolina
1477:– Georgia, South Carolina
887:Lampley & E.E.Schill.
813:is not widely recognized.
517:In 1850, German botanist
340:Plants of this genus are
203:
196:
181:
174:
65:Scientific classification
63:
53:
44:
37:
28:Trillium (disambiguation)
16:Genus of flowering plants
8608:. University of Michigan
8177:Gledhill, David (2008).
7957:Barksdale, Lane (1938).
6732:E.E.Schill. & Floden
6106:Keeping It Green Nursery
4415:Several species contain
4161:. One of its parents is
3628:
1650:– Louisiana, Mississippi
1626:Floden & E.E.Schill.
8473:The Native Plant Herald
8154:2027/hvd.32044106472392
7685:10.1023/A:1024486606698
7077:Spaulding et al. (2021)
5298:"Search for 'Trillium'"
4070:Aphaenogaster smythiesi
3705:Tibet Autonomous Region
3644:
1567:Trillium angustipetalum
641:has been shown to be a
586:. As of February 2022,
8012:A Systematic Study of
7935:. University of Exeter
7534:10.1099/ijs.0.041202-0
7433:Plant Disease Reporter
7277:Case & Case (1997)
7265:Case & Case (1997)
7169:The Journal of Ecology
7167:species (Liliaceae)".
7151:Case & Case (1997)
7115:Case & Case (1997)
6938:, St. Louis, MO &
6833:, St. Louis, MO &
6711:, St. Louis, MO &
6678:, St. Louis, MO &
6550:, St. Louis, MO &
6485:, St. Louis, MO &
6329:H.Nakai & Koji Ito
6176:, St. Louis, MO &
6164:Trillium camschatcense
6129:Trillium camschatcense
5913:Case & Case (1997)
5429:Case & Case (1997)
5402:, St. Louis, MO &
5362:, St. Louis, MO &
5212:Case & Case (1997)
5062:, St. Louis, MO &
5005:Case & Case (1997)
4862:, St. Louis, MO &
4824:, St. Louis, MO &
4440:
4351:
4350:(great white trillium)
4258:
4219:Trillium camschatcense
4058:Trillium camschatcense
3649:In Asia, the range of
2388:T. angustipetalum
1999:T. angustipetalum
1989:More than three dozen
1644:Trillium foetidissimum
1578:Trillium chloropetalum
1327:) but lack a definite
1271:Trillium camschatcense
1148:Trillium camschatcense
1144:H.Nakai & Koji Ito
1114:Trillium camschatcense
1047:Trillium camschatcense
823:in 2018, but the name
811:(Wall. ex D.Don) Kunth
764:, a few taxa in genus
745:. Its type species is
594:, except where noted.
592:Flora of North America
553:(Wall. ex D.Don) Kunth
434:established the genus
8606:Michigan Flora Online
8542:Patrick, Tom (2010).
8500:Plant Species Biology
8455:. U.S. Forest Service
7651:Government of Ontario
7427:Trillium grandiflorum
7319:Trillium grandiflorum
6729:Trillium tennesseense
6616:Lampley et al. (2022)
6604:Lampley et al. (2022)
5998:Lampley et al. (2022)
5883:Lampley et al. (2022)
5624:Lampley et al. (2022)
4596:Trillium grandiflorum
4463:Government of Ontario
4446:Trillium grandiflorum
4438:
4384:Trillium grandiflorum
4347:Trillium grandiflorum
4344:
4313:Phylogenetic analysis
4252:
4235:T. camschatcense
4163:T. camschatcense
4117:As of February 2022,
3923:T. camschatcense
3875:T. camschatcense
3858:T. camschatcense
3793:T. camschatcense
3693:T. camschatcense
2933:T. foetidissimum
2767:T. foetidissimum
2392:T. chloropetalum
2242:eastern United States
2234:western United States
2107:Northwest Territories
2003:T. chloropetalum
1936:(S.Watson) S.B.Farmer
1932:Pseudotrillium rivale
1877:Trillium tennesseense
1688:Trillium ludovicianum
1666:Trillium kurabayashii
1353:Trillium grandiflorum
1342:Trillium crassifolium
1300:Trillium grandiflorum
969:Trillium grandiflorum
839:Trillidium govanianum
835:Phylogenetic analysis
808:Trillidium govanianum
793:is widely recognized.
791:(S.Watson) S.B.Farmer
788:Pseudotrillium rivale
631:molecular systematics
572:Trillidium govanianum
550:Trillidium govanianum
400:T. chloropetalum
326:Appalachian Mountains
8961:Melanthiaceae genera
8563:Roads End Naturalist
7295:In Defense of Plants
6880:Trillium parviflorum
6851:Trillium parviflorum
6811:Trillium parviflorum
6767:Trillium parviflorum
6538:Trillium tschonoskii
6503:Trillium tschonoskii
5531:"On the validity of
4493:T. grandiflorum
4443:The white trillium (
4311:in Ontario in 2016.
4305:T. grandiflorum
4286:T. grandiflorum
3601:T. grandiflorum
3564:T. grandiflorum
3506:T. grandiflorum
3481:T. grandiflorum
3446:T. ludovicianum
3425:T. tennesseense
3385:T. grandiflorum
3303:T. grandiflorum
3249:T. grandiflorum
3220:T. kurabayashii
3174:T. grandiflorum
3112:T. grandiflorum
3079:T. grandiflorum
3048:T. grandiflorum
3027:T. grandiflorum
2937:T. ludovicianum
2916:T. grandiflorum
2883:T. grandiflorum
2858:T. grandiflorum
2825:T. grandiflorum
2800:T. grandiflorum
2775:T. ludovicianum
2730:T. grandiflorum
2688:T. grandiflorum
2659:T. grandiflorum
2622:T. grandiflorum
2534:T. grandiflorum
2464:T. grandiflorum
2460:District of Columbia
2455:T. grandiflorum
2430:T. grandiflorum
2396:T. kurabayashii
2286:T. grandiflorum
2190:T. grandiflorum
2165:Prince Edward Island
2156:T. grandiflorum
2125:T. grandiflorum
2007:T. kurabayashii
1893:Trillium parviflorum
1885:Trillium lancifolium
1809:Trillium viridescens
1804:– Illinois, Missouri
1787:Trillium underwoodii
1677:Trillium lancifolium
1672:– California, Oregon
1233:Trillium tschonoskii
1171:Trillium tschonoskii
1125:Trillium hibbersonii
1118:Trillium tschonoskii
1075:– Japan (E Hokkaido)
843:Trillidium undulatum
825:Trillidium undulatum
727:into a new subgenus
541:to be a synonym for
519:Carl Sigismund Kunth
408:T. grandiflorum
328:in the southeastern
26:For other uses, see
8180:The Names of Plants
8092:1975Britt..27....1F
7732:2010ForEM.259.1472K
7647:"Drooping trillium"
7564:(painted trillium)"
7487:New Disease Reports
7181:1987JEcol..75.1091O
7129:, pp. 278–279.
6666:Trillium govanianum
6631:Trillium govanianum
6606:, pp. 281–282.
6473:Trillium taiwanense
6438:Trillium taiwanense
6230:Trillium channellii
6194:Trillium channellii
6057:Makino, T. (1910).
5885:, pp. 280–281.
5019:, pp. 271–273.
4878:"Trilliums Species"
4650:Trillium recurvatum
4578:Trillium petiolatum
4538:bisexual pride flag
4467:Major League Soccer
4282:electron microscopy
4212:intergeneric hybrid
4013:Arisaema triphyllum
3977:T. tschonoskii
3963:T. tschonoskii
3935:Kamchatka Peninsula
3888:T. tschonoskii
3879:T. tschonoskii
3862:T. tschonoskii
3839:T. tschonoskii
3779:T. tschonoskii
3721:T. tschonoskii
3684:T. tschonoskii
3458:T. viridescens
3389:T. lancifolium
3307:T. lancifolium
3207:T. viridescens
2982:T. viridescens
2709:T. viridescens
2570:T. underwoodii
2538:T. lancifolium
2493:T. underwoodii
2485:T. lancifolium
2375:T. viridescens
2330:T. underwoodii
2290:T. lancifolium
2059:T. hibbersonii
1967:intergeneric hybrid
1840:Trillium govanianum
1743:Trillium recurvatum
1732:Trillium petiolatum
1571:(Torr.) J.D.Freeman
1529:. The subgenus was
1471:Trillium persistens
1460:Trillium georgianum
1422:. The subgenus was
1303:. The subgenus was
1222:Trillium taiwanense
1110:Miyabe & Tatew.
1069:Trillium channellii
1009:. The subgenus was
797:Trillium govanianum
772:into other genera:
716:(now a synonym for
525:Trillium govanianum
8360:10.1002/ajb2.16255
8322:. 2021–30: 1–262.
7927:Eyvanaki, Ashley.
7908:. Lincoln Park Zoo
7629:2017-05-25 at the
7562:Trillium undulatum
7483:species in Canada"
7279:, pp. 38, 69.
6796:World Flora Online
4956:Trillium maculatum
4690:Trillium undulatum
4687:Painted trillium (
4674:endangered species
4647:Prairie trillium (
4629:Pacific trillium (
4557:Nodding trillium (
4485:Citizen scientists
4441:
4421:uterine stimulants
4405:T. govanianum
4352:
4259:
3973:T. taiwanense
3957:(Primorsky Krai),
3906:T. govanianum
3897:T. govanianum
3797:T. channellii
3759:T. govanianum
3713:T. taiwanense
3701:T. govanianum
3680:T. govanianum
3671:T. govanianum
3609:T. recurvatum
3539:T. petiolatum
3450:T. recurvatum
3401:T. recurvatum
3319:T. persistens
3228:T. petiolatum
3182:T. recurvatum
2970:T. recurvatum
2945:T. recurvatum
2891:T. recurvatum
2779:T. recurvatum
2746:T. recurvatum
2696:T. recurvatum
2667:T. recurvatum
2630:T. recurvatum
2597:T. petiolatum
2550:T. persistens
2530:T. georgianum
2363:T. recurvatum
2306:T. recurvatum
2015:T. petiolatum
1867:As of April 2023,
1851:Trillium undulatum
1776:Trillium stamineum
1721:Trillium oostingii
1710:Trillium maculatum
1661:– Louisiana, Texas
1622:Trillium delicatum
1611:Trillium decumbens
1600:Trillium decipiens
1547:T. petiolatum
1449:Trillium catesbaei
1438:) with a definite
1419:Trillium catesbaei
1333:indigenous peoples
1295:Grandiflorum group
1263:Tatew. ex J.Samej.
1163:Tatew. ex J.Samej.
1131:– British Columbia
817:Trillium undulatum
786:in 2002. The name
762:molecular evidence
747:Trillium catesbaei
718:Trillium catesbaei
709:, and then placed
561:Trillium undulatum
459:Trillium catesbaei
8943:
8942:
8866:Open Tree of Life
8627:Taxon identifiers
8529:. Susan B. Farmer
8453:"About Trilliums"
8278:979-8-9850471-0-3
8190:978-0-521-86645-3
8001:978-0-88192-374-2
7902:"Bisexual Botany"
7857:Eidson, Jessica.
7528:(Pt 2): 766–776.
7117:, pp. 71–85.
7079:, pp. 24–59.
6705:Flora of Pakistan
6100:Trillium apetalon
6025:Trillium apetalon
5915:, pp. 67–71.
5870:, pp. 15–17.
5238:Systematic Botany
4668:Trillium reliquum
4665:Relict trillium (
4519:literary magazine
4455:Canadian province
4397:white-tailed deer
4389:Trillium flexipes
4320:Phytoplasma pruni
4273:), extra leaves (
4182:was collected in
4107:T. undulatum
4099:T. catesbaei
4076:Myrmica ruginodis
4044:act as agents of
3767:Jammu and Kashmir
3584:T. undulatum
3522:T. undulatum
3485:T. undulatum
3429:T. undulatum
3417:T. stamineum
3373:T. decumbens
3365:T. catesbaei
3335:T. undulatum
3315:T. oostingii
3311:T. maculatum
3287:T. catesbaei
3278:T. undulatum
3261:T. undulatum
3190:T. undulatum
3140:T. undulatum
3096:T. catesbaei
3087:T. undulatum
3052:T. undulatum
3031:T. undulatum
2949:T. stamineum
2899:T. undulatum
2862:T. undulatum
2841:T. undulatum
2804:T. undulatum
2758:T. undulatum
2574:T. undulatum
2546:T. maculatum
2518:T. delicatum
2514:T. decumbens
2510:T. decipiens
2502:T. catesbaei
2489:T. maculatum
2481:T. decipiens
2434:T. undulatum
2322:T. stamineum
2298:T. maculatum
2278:T. decumbens
2274:T. decipiens
2266:T. catesbaei
2246:Mississippi River
2194:T. undulatum
2173:T. undulatum
2160:T. undulatum
2129:T. undulatum
2093:T. undulatum
2017:. Of these, only
1754:Trillium reliquum
1633:Trillium discolor
1589:Trillium cuneatum
1543:T. stamineum
1482:Trillium pusillum
1386:Trillium scouleri
1267:Trillium apetalon
1211:Trillium sulcatum
1167:Trillium apetalon
1091:Trillium flexipes
1036:Trillium apetalon
725:Trillium stylosum
711:Trillium stylosum
420:T. undulatum
412:T. maculatum
262:
261:
253:
245:
237:
229:
221:
170:
8983:
8936:
8935:
8923:
8922:
8913:
8912:
8900:
8899:
8887:
8886:
8874:
8873:
8861:
8860:
8851:
8850:
8838:
8837:
8825:
8824:
8812:
8811:
8799:
8798:
8786:
8785:
8773:
8772:
8760:
8759:
8747:
8746:
8734:
8733:
8721:
8720:
8708:
8707:
8695:
8694:
8682:
8681:
8669:
8668:
8667:
8654:
8653:
8652:
8622:
8621:
8617:
8615:
8613:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8574:
8572:
8570:
8554:
8552:
8550:
8538:
8536:
8534:
8522:
8520:
8518:
8497:
8483:
8481:
8479:
8464:
8462:
8460:
8448:
8446:
8444:
8382:
8380:
8371:
8338:
8336:
8334:
8317:
8307:
8306:
8304:
8289:
8287:
8285:
8268:in North America
8256:
8246:
8217:
8215:
8213:
8194:
8173:
8171:
8169:
8156:
8119:
8066:
8064:
8031:
8029:
8027:
8005:
7993:
7982:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7940:
7924:
7918:
7917:
7915:
7913:
7906:Lincoln Park Zoo
7898:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7887:
7873:
7867:
7866:
7863:DISCOVER + SHARE
7854:
7848:
7847:
7840:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7811:
7805:
7804:
7797:
7791:
7784:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7773:
7758:
7752:
7751:
7726:(8): 1472–1479.
7711:
7705:
7704:
7668:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7658:
7643:
7637:
7620:
7614:
7613:
7611:
7610:
7590:
7584:
7577:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7555:
7546:
7545:
7509:
7502:
7472:
7471:
7462:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7420:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7409:
7357:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7346:
7340:
7325:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7286:
7280:
7274:
7268:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7207:
7201:
7200:
7160:
7154:
7148:
7142:
7136:
7130:
7127:Barksdale (1938)
7124:
7118:
7112:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7095:
7086:
7080:
7074:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7044:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7005:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6953:
6944:
6943:
6942:, Cambridge, MA.
6933:
6931:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6898:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6845:
6839:
6838:
6837:, Cambridge, MA.
6828:
6826:
6804:
6798:
6793:
6787:
6785:
6761:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6750:
6733:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6715:, Cambridge, MA.
6693:
6684:
6683:
6682:, Cambridge, MA.
6660:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6625:
6619:
6613:
6607:
6601:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6554:, Cambridge, MA.
6532:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6489:, Cambridge, MA.
6467:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6432:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6403:Trillium smallii
6397:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6330:
6316:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6234:T. camschatcense
6223:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6188:
6182:
6181:
6180:, Cambridge, MA.
6158:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6078:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6001:
5995:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5951:
5937:
5931:
5925:
5916:
5910:
5901:
5898:Barksdale (1938)
5895:
5886:
5880:
5871:
5865:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5841:
5830:
5824:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5778:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5698:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5647:
5633:
5627:
5621:
5610:
5609:
5600:. 2014–62: 1–3.
5595:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5554:. 2014–40: 1–3.
5549:
5544:
5537:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5485:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5438:
5432:
5426:
5420:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5406:, Cambridge, MA.
5377:
5368:
5367:
5366:, Cambridge, MA.
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5263:
5254:
5253:
5235:
5226:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5181:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5136:
5127:
5121:
5112:
5111:
5086:(9): 1657–1669.
5074:
5068:
5067:
5066:, Cambridge, MA.
5045:
5039:
5038:
5026:
5020:
5017:Barksdale (1938)
5014:
5008:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4960:
4954:"Tetramerism in
4949:
4943:
4938:Kevin Kirkland,
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4906:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4866:, Cambridge, MA.
4843:
4830:
4829:
4828:, Cambridge, MA.
4803:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4758:
4748:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4708:
4684:
4662:
4644:
4626:
4614:Trillium erectum
4608:
4593:White trillium (
4590:
4575:Idaho trillium (
4572:
4560:Trillium cernuum
4554:
4449:) serves as the
4324:milkweed yellows
4227:T. flexipes
4209:
4177:
4160:
4150:
4140:
4130:
4103:T. cuneatum
4086:Yellow jackets (
3988:A fully general
3956:
3946:
3915:T. apetalon
3871:T. apetalon
3850:
3832:
3822:
3812:
3789:T. apetalon
3763:Himachal Pradesh
3622:T. scouleri
3597:T. flexipes
3580:T. sulcatum
3572:T. pusillum
3560:T. flexipes
3543:T. scouleri
3518:T. sulcatum
3510:T. pusillum
3502:T. flexipes
3421:T. sulcatum
3397:T. pusillum
3381:T. flexipes
3369:T. cuneatum
3352:T. flexipes
3327:T. reliquum
3323:T. pusillum
3295:T. discolor
3291:T. cuneatum
3245:T. flexipes
3199:T. pusillum
3170:T. flexipes
3136:T. sulcatum
3120:T. pusillum
3104:T. discolor
3100:T. cuneatum
3075:T. flexipes
2995:T. scouleri
2966:T. pusillum
2958:T. flexipes
2941:T. pusillum
2929:T. cuneatum
2912:T. flexipes
2879:T. flexipes
2833:T. pusillum
2821:T. flexipes
2754:T. sulcatum
2742:T. pusillum
2726:T. flexipes
2718:T. cuneatum
2684:T. flexipes
2655:T. flexipes
2618:T. flexipes
2601:T. scouleri
2566:T. sulcatum
2554:T. reliquum
2522:T. discolor
2506:T. cuneatum
2451:T. flexipes
2413:T. scouleri
2359:T. pusillum
2355:T. flexipes
2326:T. sulcatum
2310:T. reliquum
2302:T. pusillum
2282:T. flexipes
2270:T. cuneatum
2152:T. flexipes
2067:T. scouleri
2055:British Columbia
2050:T. scouleri
1950:
1937:
1924:
1910:
1897:
1889:
1882:
1856:
1845:
1814:
1803:
1792:
1781:
1770:
1765:Trillium sessile
1759:
1748:
1737:
1727:– South Carolina
1726:
1715:
1704:
1693:
1682:
1671:
1660:
1655:Trillium gracile
1649:
1638:
1627:
1616:
1605:
1594:
1583:
1572:
1561:
1556:Trillium albidum
1526:Trillium sessile
1498:
1493:Trillium texanum
1487:
1476:
1465:
1454:
1436:T. pusillum
1391:
1390:Rydb. ex Gleason
1380:
1369:
1358:
1357:(Michx.) Salisb.
1347:
1264:
1249:
1238:
1227:
1216:
1205:
1200:Trillium smallii
1194:
1183:
1178:Trillium rugelii
1164:
1145:
1130:
1111:
1096:
1085:
1080:Trillium erectum
1074:
1063:
1058:Trillium cernuum
1052:
1041:
1006:Trillium erectum
973:
972:(Michx.) Salisb.
952:
948:Trillium erectum
918:
911:
903:
896:
888:
881:
869:
829:
812:
805:
792:
785:
744:
737:
722:
715:
702:
698:Trillium sessile
691:
684:
565:
554:
547:
540:
529:
455:Trillium cernuum
448:Trillium sessile
444:Trillium erectum
440:Trillium cernuum
293:, and sometimes
251:
243:
235:
227:
219:
184:Trillium cernuum
166:
73:
72:
56:Trillium erectum
49:
35:
34:
8991:
8990:
8986:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8981:
8980:
8966:Flora of Canada
8946:
8945:
8944:
8939:
8931:
8926:
8918:
8916:
8908:
8903:
8895:
8890:
8882:
8877:
8869:
8864:
8856:
8854:
8846:
8841:
8833:
8828:
8820:
8815:
8807:
8802:
8794:
8789:
8781:
8776:
8768:
8763:
8755:
8750:
8742:
8737:
8729:
8724:
8716:
8711:
8703:
8698:
8690:
8685:
8677:
8672:
8663:
8662:
8657:
8648:
8647:
8642:
8629:
8611:
8609:
8596:
8587:
8585:
8577:
8568:
8566:
8565:. July 23, 2019
8559:"Feeling Antsy"
8557:
8548:
8546:
8532:
8530:
8525:
8516:
8514:
8495:
8477:
8475:
8467:
8458:
8456:
8451:
8442:
8440:
8389:
8332:
8330:
8315:
8302:
8300:
8283:
8281:
8279:
8211:
8209:
8205:(Melanthiaceae)
8191:
8167:
8165:
8145:10.2307/2478819
8100:10.2307/2805646
8025:
8023:
8002:
7953:
7948:
7938:
7936:
7925:
7921:
7911:
7909:
7900:
7899:
7895:
7885:
7883:
7875:
7874:
7870:
7855:
7851:
7842:
7841:
7837:
7827:
7825:
7813:
7812:
7808:
7799:
7798:
7794:
7785:
7781:
7771:
7769:
7759:
7755:
7712:
7708:
7669:
7665:
7656:
7654:
7645:
7644:
7640:
7631:Wayback Machine
7621:
7617:
7608:
7606:
7591:
7587:
7578:
7574:
7566:
7556:
7549:
7510:
7506:
7465:
7456:
7446:
7444:
7421:
7417:
7407:
7405:
7390:10.2307/2990062
7358:
7354:
7344:
7342:
7338:
7323:
7313:
7309:
7299:
7297:
7287:
7283:
7275:
7271:
7263:
7259:
7208:
7204:
7189:10.2307/2260316
7161:
7157:
7149:
7145:
7141:, pp. 4–6.
7137:
7133:
7125:
7121:
7113:
7109:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7087:
7083:
7075:
7071:
7061:
7059:
7046:
7045:
7041:
7031:
7029:
7007:
7006:
7002:
6992:
6990:
6955:
6954:
6947:
6929:
6927:
6916:Trillium rivale
6910:
6906:
6896:
6894:
6876:
6875:
6871:
6847:
6846:
6842:
6824:
6822:
6805:
6801:
6783:
6781:
6763:
6762:
6758:
6748:
6746:
6731:
6725:
6724:
6720:
6695:
6694:
6687:
6662:
6661:
6657:
6647:
6645:
6627:
6626:
6622:
6614:
6610:
6602:
6598:
6588:
6586:
6564:
6563:
6559:
6534:
6533:
6529:
6519:
6517:
6499:
6498:
6494:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6454:
6452:
6434:
6433:
6429:
6419:
6417:
6399:
6398:
6394:
6384:
6382:
6360:
6359:
6355:
6345:
6343:
6328:
6318:
6317:
6310:
6300:
6298:
6276:
6275:
6271:
6256:10.2307/3391914
6224:
6220:
6210:
6208:
6190:
6189:
6185:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6145:
6143:
6125:
6124:
6120:
6110:
6108:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6081:
6079:
6055:
6051:
6041:
6039:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6008:
6004:
5996:
5989:
5979:
5977:
5949:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5926:
5919:
5911:
5904:
5896:
5889:
5881:
5874:
5866:
5862:
5856:Gledhill (2008)
5854:
5850:
5846:, pp. 3–4.
5842:
5833:
5825:
5816:
5806:
5804:
5776:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5751:
5749:
5740:
5736:
5726:
5724:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5675:
5673:
5645:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5622:
5613:
5593:
5571:
5567:
5547:
5542:
5535:
5527:
5523:
5513:
5511:
5483:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5439:
5435:
5427:
5423:
5415:
5411:
5378:
5371:
5338:
5334:
5325:
5323:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5281:
5279:
5264:
5257:
5233:
5227:
5218:
5210:
5206:
5196:
5194:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5158:
5156:
5137:
5130:
5122:
5115:
5092:10.2307/3558411
5075:
5071:
5046:
5042:
5027:
5023:
5015:
5011:
5003:
4999:
4989:
4987:
4958:
4950:
4946:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4921:
4908:
4907:
4896:
4886:
4884:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4844:
4833:
4804:
4783:
4773:
4771:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4740:
4730:
4728:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4694:
4685:
4676:
4663:
4654:
4645:
4636:
4632:Trillium ovatum
4627:
4618:
4609:
4600:
4591:
4582:
4573:
4564:
4555:
4546:
4536:variant of the
4498:T. erectum
4433:
4425:Joseph E. Meyer
4413:
4339:
4309:T. erectum
4255:T. grandiflorum
4247:
4239:T. erectum
4223:T. erectum
4201:
4192:Trillium rivale
4188:Trillium ovatum
4169:
4152:
4142:
4132:
4122:
4115:
4034:
3990:dichotomous key
3986:
3981:
3959:T. smallii
3948:
3938:
3931:Khabarovsk Krai
3842:
3835:T. smallii
3824:
3814:
3804:
3647:
3639:T. cernuum
3631:
3626:
3593:T. cernuum
3576:T. sessile
3556:T. erectum
3552:T. cernuum
3531:T. albidum
3514:T. sessile
3498:T. erectum
3494:T. cernuum
3477:T. erectum
3473:T. cernuum
3454:T. texanum
3442:T. gracile
3409:T. sessile
3405:T. rugelii
3377:T. erectum
3348:T. cernuum
3331:T. rugelii
3299:T. erectum
3274:T. erectum
3270:T. cernuum
3257:T. sessile
3241:T. erectum
3237:T. cernuum
3216:T. albidum
3203:T. sessile
3186:T. sessile
3166:T. erectum
3162:T. cernuum
3153:T. cernuum
3128:T. sessile
3124:T. rugelii
3108:T. erectum
3083:T. sessile
3071:T. erectum
3067:T. cernuum
3044:T. erectum
3040:T. cernuum
3023:T. erectum
3019:T. cernuum
2974:T. sessile
2908:T. cernuum
2895:T. sessile
2875:T. erectum
2871:T. cernuum
2854:T. erectum
2850:T. cernuum
2837:T. sessile
2817:T. erectum
2813:T. cernuum
2796:T. erectum
2792:T. cernuum
2783:T. texanum
2771:T. gracile
2750:T. sessile
2722:T. erectum
2705:T. sessile
2680:T. cernuum
2671:T. sessile
2651:T. erectum
2647:T. cernuum
2634:T. sessile
2614:T. erectum
2610:T. cernuum
2558:T. rugelii
2526:T. erectum
2472:T. sessile
2447:T. erectum
2443:T. cernuum
2426:T. erectum
2422:T. cernuum
2384:T. albidum
2371:T. texanum
2367:T. sessile
2318:T. sessile
2314:T. rugelii
2238:Rocky Mountains
2232:states. In the
2230:contiguous U.S.
2218:
2213:
2203:T. cernuum
2186:T. erectum
2182:T. cernuum
2169:T. cernuum
2148:T. erectum
2144:T. cernuum
2121:T. erectum
2117:T. cernuum
2102:T. cernuum
2089:T. erectum
2085:T. cernuum
2076:T. cernuum
2027:
1995:T. albidum
1987:
1976:
1957:Trillium rivale
1953:Trillium ovatum
1948:
1935:
1922:
1920:Trillium rivale
1908:
1901:T. albidum
1895:
1887:
1880:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1843:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1801:
1798:Trillium viride
1790:
1779:
1768:
1757:
1746:
1735:
1724:
1713:
1702:
1699:Trillium luteum
1691:
1680:
1669:
1658:
1647:
1636:
1625:
1614:
1603:
1592:
1581:
1570:
1559:
1510:
1502:
1496:
1485:
1474:
1463:
1452:
1414:Catesbaei group
1403:
1395:
1389:
1378:
1375:Trillium ovatum
1367:
1364:Trillium nivale
1356:
1345:
1284:
1276:
1262:
1247:
1244:Trillium vaseyi
1236:
1225:
1214:
1203:
1192:
1189:Trillium simile
1181:
1162:
1143:
1128:
1109:
1094:
1083:
1072:
1061:
1050:
1039:
990:
971:
950:
922:Traditionally,
916:
909:
901:
894:
886:
879:
867:
827:
810:
803:
790:
783:
777:Trillium rivale
742:
735:
720:
713:
700:
689:
682:
580:
563:
552:
545:
538:
527:
428:
416:T. sessile
404:T. erectum
338:
303:flowering plant
301:of about fifty
258:
211:
210:
192:
187:
165:
67:
59:(red trillium)
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8989:
8979:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8937:
8933:wfo-4000039193
8924:
8914:
8901:
8888:
8875:
8862:
8852:
8839:
8826:
8813:
8800:
8787:
8774:
8761:
8748:
8735:
8722:
8709:
8696:
8683:
8670:
8655:
8639:
8637:
8631:
8630:
8619:
8618:
8594:
8575:
8555:
8539:
8523:
8506:(2): 147–161.
8484:
8465:
8449:
8420:
8412:
8405:
8400:
8388:
8387:External links
8385:
8384:
8383:
8372:
8339:
8308:
8290:
8277:
8257:
8237:(5): 278–286.
8218:
8195:
8189:
8174:
8139:(7): 387–396.
8120:
8078:(Liliaceae)".
8067:
8055:(3): 193–200.
8032:
8006:
8000:
7983:
7973:(2): 271–296.
7952:
7949:
7947:
7946:
7919:
7893:
7868:
7849:
7835:
7806:
7792:
7779:
7767:Times of India
7753:
7706:
7679:(2): 267–277.
7663:
7638:
7615:
7595:"Red Trillium"
7585:
7572:
7547:
7504:
7454:
7415:
7352:
7307:
7281:
7269:
7257:
7222:(2): 444–446.
7202:
7175:(4): 1091–98.
7155:
7143:
7139:Freeman (1975)
7131:
7119:
7107:
7081:
7069:
7039:
7000:
6945:
6904:
6869:
6840:
6799:
6790:The Plant List
6756:
6718:
6685:
6672:Flora of China
6655:
6620:
6618:, p. 282.
6608:
6596:
6557:
6544:Flora of China
6527:
6492:
6479:Flora of China
6462:
6427:
6392:
6353:
6308:
6269:
6250:(2): 164–171.
6218:
6183:
6170:Flora of China
6153:
6118:
6089:
6049:
6014:
6010:Lampley (2021)
6002:
6000:, p. 281.
5987:
5932:
5928:Lampley (2021)
5917:
5902:
5887:
5872:
5868:Lampley (2021)
5860:
5848:
5831:
5827:Gleason (1906)
5814:
5759:
5734:
5683:
5628:
5626:, p. 279.
5611:
5565:
5521:
5466:
5453:(1): 579–592.
5433:
5421:
5417:Freeman (1975)
5409:
5369:
5332:
5289:
5255:
5244:(4): 674–692.
5216:
5214:, p. 245.
5204:
5166:
5128:
5126:, p. 201.
5124:Weakley (2020)
5113:
5069:
5040:
5021:
5009:
4997:
4944:
4931:
4894:
4869:
4856:Flora of China
4831:
4781:
4738:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4686:
4679:
4677:
4664:
4657:
4655:
4646:
4639:
4637:
4628:
4621:
4619:
4611:Red trillium (
4610:
4603:
4601:
4592:
4585:
4583:
4574:
4567:
4565:
4556:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4504:T. ovatum
4432:
4429:
4412:
4411:Medicinal uses
4409:
4338:
4335:
4331:witches' broom
4246:
4243:
4231:T. vaseyi
4210:has become an
4197:Pseudotrillium
4114:
4111:
4064:T. tschonoskii
4046:seed dispersal
4038:myrmecochorous
4036:Trilliums are
4033:
4030:
3985:
3984:Identification
3982:
3980:
3979:
3966:
3927:Primorsky Krai
3908:
3899:
3890:
3881:
3864:
3851:
3782:
3752:
3686:
3673:
3663:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3618:T. ovatum
3611:
3605:T. nivale
3586:
3568:T. nivale
3545:
3535:T. ovatum
3524:
3487:
3466:
3460:
3435:
3433:T. vaseyi
3413:T. simile
3393:T. luteum
3358:
3356:T. nivale
3341:
3339:T. vaseyi
3283:South Carolina
3280:
3263:
3253:T. nivale
3230:
3224:T. ovatum
3209:
3192:
3178:T. nivale
3155:
3146:
3144:T. vaseyi
3132:T. simile
3116:T. luteum
3092:North Carolina
3089:
3060:
3054:
3033:
3012:
3006:
3004:T. nivale
2997:
2991:T. ovatum
2984:
2978:T. viride
2962:T. nivale
2951:
2922:
2920:T. nivale
2901:
2887:T. nivale
2864:
2843:
2829:T. nivale
2806:
2785:
2760:
2738:T. nivale
2734:T. luteum
2711:
2698:
2692:T. nivale
2673:
2663:T. nivale
2640:
2638:T. viride
2626:T. nivale
2603:
2593:T. ovatum
2586:
2580:
2578:T. vaseyi
2562:T. simile
2542:T. luteum
2495:
2474:
2468:T. luteum
2457:
2436:
2415:
2409:T. ovatum
2402:
2400:T. ovatum
2377:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2334:T. vaseyi
2294:T. luteum
2258:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2205:
2196:
2175:
2162:
2137:
2131:
2110:
2104:
2095:
2078:
2069:
2063:T. ovatum
2052:
2046:T. ovatum
2038:
2026:
2023:
2019:T. ovatum
2011:T. ovatum
1986:
1983:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1962:Pseudotrillium
1939:
1913:
1912:
1890:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1847:
1844:Wall. ex D.Don
1835:
1822:
1821:Ungrouped taxa
1819:
1817:
1816:
1805:
1794:
1783:
1772:
1761:
1750:
1739:
1728:
1717:
1706:
1695:
1684:
1673:
1662:
1651:
1640:
1629:
1618:
1607:
1596:
1585:
1582:(Torr.) Howell
1574:
1563:
1551:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1489:
1478:
1467:
1456:
1444:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1382:
1371:
1360:
1349:
1337:
1317:T. ovatum
1283:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1251:
1240:
1229:
1218:
1207:
1196:
1185:
1174:
1151:
1132:
1121:
1098:
1087:
1076:
1065:
1054:
1043:
1031:
989:
983:
920:
919:
904:
889:
874:
832:
831:
814:
794:
781:Pseudotrillium
579:
576:
528:Wall. ex D.Don
464:Initially the
427:
424:
361:photosynthetic
337:
334:
308:in the family
260:
259:
257:
256:
255:
254:
246:
238:
230:
222:
206:
205:
204:
201:
200:
194:
193:
188:
179:
178:
172:
171:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
111:
110:
105:
98:
97:
92:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
61:
60:
51:
50:
42:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8988:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8953:
8951:
8934:
8929:
8925:
8921:
8915:
8911:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8893:
8889:
8885:
8880:
8876:
8872:
8867:
8863:
8859:
8853:
8849:
8844:
8840:
8836:
8831:
8827:
8823:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8792:
8788:
8784:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8766:
8762:
8758:
8753:
8749:
8745:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8727:
8723:
8719:
8714:
8710:
8706:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8688:
8684:
8680:
8675:
8671:
8666:
8660:
8656:
8651:
8645:
8641:
8640:
8638:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8623:
8607:
8603:
8601:
8595:
8584:
8580:
8576:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8545:
8540:
8528:
8524:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8494:
8492:
8485:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8454:
8450:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8428:
8421:
8419:
8418:
8413:
8410:
8407:McKelvie, D.
8406:
8404:
8401:
8398:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8379:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8340:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8314:
8309:
8298:
8297:
8291:
8280:
8274:
8270:
8269:
8265:
8258:
8254:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8226:
8219:
8207:
8206:
8202:
8196:
8192:
8186:
8182:
8181:
8175:
8164:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8128:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8076:Phyllantherum
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8044:
8040:
8033:
8021:
8020:
8017:
8013:
8007:
8003:
7997:
7992:
7991:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7962:
7955:
7954:
7934:
7933:out and about
7930:
7923:
7907:
7903:
7897:
7882:
7878:
7872:
7864:
7860:
7853:
7845:
7839:
7824:
7820:
7818:
7810:
7802:
7796:
7789:
7786:Meyer, J. E.
7783:
7768:
7764:
7757:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7710:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7673:Plant Ecology
7667:
7652:
7648:
7642:
7635:
7632:
7628:
7625:
7619:
7605:on 2011-05-10
7604:
7600:
7596:
7589:
7582:
7576:
7565:
7563:
7554:
7552:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7508:
7501:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7482:
7477:
7476:
7473:
7470:
7461:
7460:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7428:
7419:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7356:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7322:
7320:
7311:
7296:
7292:
7285:
7278:
7273:
7267:, p. 38.
7266:
7261:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7206:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7159:
7153:, p. 26.
7152:
7147:
7140:
7135:
7128:
7123:
7116:
7111:
7092:
7085:
7078:
7073:
7057:
7053:
7051:
7043:
7028:
7024:
7023:
7018:
7016:
7012:
7004:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6971:
6966:
6964:
6960:
6952:
6950:
6941:
6937:
6925:
6924:
6919:
6917:
6908:
6893:
6889:
6888:
6883:
6881:
6873:
6865:
6861:
6859:
6854:
6852:
6844:
6836:
6832:
6820:
6819:
6814:
6812:
6803:
6797:
6791:
6780:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6768:
6760:
6745:
6741:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6722:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6700:
6692:
6690:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6667:
6659:
6644:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6632:
6624:
6617:
6612:
6605:
6600:
6585:
6581:
6580:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6561:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6539:
6531:
6516:
6512:
6511:
6506:
6504:
6496:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6474:
6466:
6451:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6439:
6431:
6416:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6404:
6396:
6381:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6357:
6342:
6338:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6323:
6315:
6313:
6297:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6273:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6222:
6207:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6195:
6187:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6165:
6157:
6142:
6138:
6137:
6132:
6130:
6122:
6107:
6103:
6101:
6093:
6077:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6053:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6026:
6018:
6012:, Ch. 1.
6011:
6006:
5999:
5994:
5992:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5945:subgen.
5944:
5936:
5929:
5924:
5922:
5914:
5909:
5907:
5899:
5894:
5892:
5884:
5879:
5877:
5869:
5864:
5857:
5852:
5845:
5844:Farmer (2007)
5840:
5838:
5836:
5828:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5772:subgen.
5771:
5763:
5747:
5746:
5738:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5687:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5641:subgen.
5640:
5632:
5625:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5592:
5590:
5589:Phyllantherum
5586:
5582:
5578:
5569:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5546:
5541:
5540:Phyllantherum
5534:
5525:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5481:Phyllantherum
5479:subgen.
5478:
5470:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5437:
5431:, p. 19.
5430:
5425:
5418:
5413:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5389:
5388:Phyllantherum
5385:
5376:
5374:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5336:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5262:
5260:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5232:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5213:
5208:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5170:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5144:
5135:
5133:
5125:
5120:
5118:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5073:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5044:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5013:
5007:, p. 16.
5006:
5001:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4948:
4941:
4935:
4919:
4915:
4913:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4851:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4811:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4692:
4691:
4683:
4678:
4675:
4671:
4669:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4553:
4548:
4547:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4437:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4408:
4406:
4401:
4398:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4374:In 2009, the
4372:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4256:
4251:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4180:type specimen
4176:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3941:
3937:, Sakhalin),
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3867:Kuril Islands
3865:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3548:West Virginia
3546:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3015:New Hampshire
3013:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2846:Massachusetts
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:United States
2209:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:New Brunswick
2079:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:North America
1982:
1980:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1703:(Muhl.) Harb.
1701:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1531:circumscribed
1528:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1515:subgen.
1514:
1508:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:circumscribed
1421:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1408:subgen.
1407:
1401:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:circumscribed
1302:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1289:subgen.
1288:
1282:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:circumscribed
1008:
1007:
1002:
1001:Erectum group
998:
995:subgen.
994:
988:
982:
980:
975:
970:
966:
962:
959:subgen.
958:
954:
949:
945:
941:
940:circumscribed
937:
933:
930:has included
929:
926:subgen.
925:
915:
912:subgen.
908:
905:
900:
897:subgen.
893:
890:
885:
882:subgen.
878:
875:
873:
870:subgen.
866:
863:
862:
861:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
826:
822:
818:
815:
809:
802:
798:
795:
789:
782:
778:
775:
774:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
741:
738:subgen.
734:
730:
726:
719:
712:
708:
703:
699:
695:
688:
685:subgen.
681:
677:
674:subgen.
673:
669:
666:was named by
665:
664:Phyllantherum
661:
657:
655:
652:
649:subgen.
648:
644:
640:
639:Phyllantherum
637:subgen.
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:Phyllantherum
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
575:
573:
569:
562:
558:
551:
544:
537:
533:
526:
523:
520:
515:
513:
509:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:Melanthiaceae
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
453:
452:type specimen
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:Carl Linnaeus
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:inflorescence
362:
358:
354:
350:
347:growing from
346:
343:
333:
331:
330:United States
327:
323:
319:
318:North America
315:
311:
310:Melanthiaceae
307:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:
250:
247:
242:
241:Phyllantherum
239:
234:
231:
226:
223:
218:
215:
214:
213:
212:
209:
202:
199:
195:
191:
186:
185:
180:
177:
173:
169:
164:
163:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:Melanthiaceae
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:Tracheophytes
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
71:
66:
62:
58:
57:
52:
48:
43:
40:
36:
33:
29:
22:
8634:
8610:. Retrieved
8605:
8599:
8586:. Retrieved
8582:
8579:"Trilliums!"
8567:. Retrieved
8562:
8547:. Retrieved
8531:. Retrieved
8515:. Retrieved
8503:
8499:
8490:
8476:. Retrieved
8472:
8457:. Retrieved
8443:28 September
8441:. Retrieved
8436:
8432:
8426:
8416:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8331:. Retrieved
8319:
8301:, retrieved
8295:
8282:. Retrieved
8267:
8263:
8234:
8230:
8224:
8210:. Retrieved
8204:
8200:
8179:
8166:. Retrieved
8136:
8132:
8126:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8052:
8048:
8042:
8038:
8024:. Retrieved
8019:
8015:
8011:
7989:
7970:
7966:
7960:
7951:Bibliography
7937:. Retrieved
7932:
7922:
7910:. Retrieved
7905:
7896:
7884:. Retrieved
7880:
7871:
7862:
7852:
7838:
7826:. Retrieved
7816:
7809:
7795:
7787:
7782:
7772:17 September
7770:. Retrieved
7766:
7756:
7723:
7719:
7709:
7676:
7672:
7666:
7655:. Retrieved
7653:. 2014-07-17
7650:
7641:
7633:
7618:
7607:. Retrieved
7603:the original
7598:
7588:
7575:
7561:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7513:
7507:
7490:
7486:
7480:
7464:
7463:
7459:
7458:
7445:. Retrieved
7436:
7432:
7426:
7418:
7406:. Retrieved
7384:(1): 43–92.
7381:
7377:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7355:
7343:. Retrieved
7334:(1): 40–49.
7331:
7327:
7318:
7310:
7298:. Retrieved
7294:
7284:
7272:
7260:
7219:
7215:
7205:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7158:
7146:
7134:
7122:
7110:
7098:. Retrieved
7084:
7072:
7060:. Retrieved
7055:
7049:
7042:
7030:. Retrieved
7020:
7015:crockerianum
7014:
7010:
7003:
6991:. Retrieved
6968:
6963:crockerianum
6962:
6958:
6928:. Retrieved
6922:
6915:
6907:
6895:. Retrieved
6885:
6879:
6872:
6856:
6850:
6843:
6823:. Retrieved
6817:
6810:
6802:
6788:– via
6782:. Retrieved
6772:
6766:
6759:
6747:. Retrieved
6737:
6728:
6721:
6704:
6698:
6671:
6665:
6658:
6646:. Retrieved
6636:
6630:
6623:
6611:
6599:
6587:. Retrieved
6577:
6571:
6567:
6560:
6543:
6537:
6530:
6518:. Retrieved
6508:
6502:
6495:
6478:
6472:
6465:
6453:. Retrieved
6443:
6437:
6430:
6418:. Retrieved
6408:
6402:
6395:
6383:. Retrieved
6373:
6367:
6363:
6356:
6344:. Retrieved
6334:
6325:
6321:
6299:. Retrieved
6289:
6283:
6279:
6272:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6221:
6209:. Retrieved
6199:
6193:
6186:
6169:
6163:
6156:
6144:. Retrieved
6134:
6128:
6121:
6109:. Retrieved
6105:
6099:
6092:
6080:. Retrieved
6069:(282): 137.
6066:
6062:
6052:
6040:. Retrieved
6030:
6024:
6017:
6005:
5978:. Retrieved
5955:
5947:Callipetalon
5946:
5942:
5935:
5863:
5851:
5805:. Retrieved
5782:
5773:
5769:
5762:
5750:. Retrieved
5744:
5737:
5725:. Retrieved
5702:
5693:
5686:
5674:. Retrieved
5651:
5642:
5638:
5631:
5597:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5568:
5551:
5539:
5532:
5524:
5512:. Retrieved
5489:
5480:
5476:
5469:
5450:
5446:
5436:
5424:
5419:, p. 2.
5412:
5394:
5387:
5383:
5354:
5347:
5343:
5335:
5324:. Retrieved
5301:
5292:
5280:. Retrieved
5278:(2): 477–478
5275:
5271:
5241:
5237:
5207:
5195:. Retrieved
5185:
5176:
5169:
5157:. Retrieved
5152:
5148:
5142:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5054:
5043:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5012:
5000:
4988:. Retrieved
4968:
4964:
4955:
4947:
4934:
4922:. Retrieved
4917:
4911:
4885:. Retrieved
4872:
4855:
4849:
4816:
4809:
4772:. Retrieved
4762:
4753:
4729:. Retrieved
4719:
4713:
4706:
4688:
4666:
4648:
4630:
4612:
4594:
4576:
4558:
4527:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4479:Trillium Cup
4444:
4442:
4414:
4404:
4402:
4394:
4387:
4383:
4373:
4369:red trillium
4353:
4345:
4337:Conservation
4327:
4317:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4297:
4285:
4279:
4267:phytoplasmas
4262:
4260:
4254:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4207:crockerianum
4206:
4202:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4175:crockerianum
4174:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4085:
4079:. Sometimes
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4035:
4025:
4017:
4011:
4009:
4000:
3998:
3987:
3976:
3972:
3962:
3961:(Sakhalin),
3958:
3953:
3949:
3947:(Sakhalin),
3943:
3939:
3922:
3914:
3905:
3896:
3887:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3805:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3758:
3720:
3712:
3700:
3692:
3683:
3679:
3670:
3658:
3650:
3648:
3638:
3621:
3617:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3344:South Dakota
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3266:Rhode Island
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3233:Pennsylvania
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3152:
3149:North Dakota
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3003:
2994:
2990:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2708:
2704:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2412:
2408:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2249:
2225:
2219:
2202:
2199:Saskatchewan
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2101:
2098:Newfoundland
2092:
2088:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2029:
2028:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1978:
1977:
1974:Distribution
1960:
1956:
1952:
1946:crockerianum
1945:
1941:
1930:
1919:
1914:
1905:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1849:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1807:
1796:
1785:
1774:
1763:
1752:
1741:
1730:
1719:
1708:
1697:
1686:
1675:
1664:
1653:
1642:
1631:
1620:
1609:
1598:
1587:
1584:– California
1576:
1573:– California
1565:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1491:
1480:
1469:
1458:
1447:
1435:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1384:
1373:
1362:
1351:
1348:– Washington
1340:
1316:
1298:
1294:
1291:Callipetalon
1290:
1286:
1285:
1281:Callipetalon
1280:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1242:
1231:
1220:
1209:
1198:
1187:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1089:
1078:
1067:
1056:
1045:
1034:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:
986:
978:
976:
968:
965:Callipetalon
964:
961:Callipetalon
960:
956:
955:
947:
936:paraphyletic
931:
927:
923:
921:
913:
906:
898:
891:
884:Callipetalon
883:
876:
871:
864:
859:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
824:
820:
816:
807:
800:
796:
787:
780:
776:
765:
755:
750:
746:
739:
732:
728:
724:
717:
710:
706:
704:
697:
694:type species
686:
679:
675:
671:
663:
659:
658:
654:paraphyletic
650:
646:
643:monophyletic
638:
634:
618:
614:
610:
606:
598:
596:
581:
578:Subdivisions
571:
567:
560:
556:
549:
542:
535:
531:
524:
516:
511:
505:
501:
493:
485:
482:polyphyletic
465:
463:
458:
454:
447:
443:
439:
435:
429:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
389:
339:
313:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
264:
263:
248:
240:
232:
224:
216:
207:
182:
176:Type species
161:
160:
114:
101:
88:
54:
38:
32:
8791:iNaturalist
8659:Wikispecies
8549:10 February
8429:in Indiana"
8425:"The genus
8320:Phytoneuron
8212:10 February
8086:(1): 1–62.
8041:subg.
7828:1 September
7823:iNaturalist
7439:: 824–828.
7300:10 November
6897:17 February
6769:V.G.Soukup"
6749:17 February
6648:17 February
6589:17 February
6520:17 February
6455:17 February
6420:17 February
6385:17 February
6346:17 February
6301:17 February
6211:17 February
6146:17 February
6042:17 February
5777:(Raf.) Raf.
5752:14 February
5598:Phytoneuron
5587:subg.
5579:subg.
5552:Phytoneuron
5538:subg.
5197:17 February
5159:30 November
5050:"Liliaceae"
4774:17 February
4530:bisexuality
4290:leafhoppers
4040:, that is,
3775:Uttarakhand
3667:Afghanistan
2925:Mississippi
2418:Connecticut
2113:Nova Scotia
1906:parviflorum
1758:J.D.Freeman
1670:J.D.Freeman
1659:J.D.Freeman
1648:J.D.Freeman
1604:J.D.Freeman
1560:J.D.Freeman
1432:pedicellate
1313:pedicellate
1215:T.S.Patrick
1019:pedicellate
902:(Raf.) Raf.
743:(Raf.) Raf.
729:Delostylium
623:pedicellate
566:into genus
530:into genus
474:Trilliaceae
392:tetramerous
336:Description
295:"wood lily"
108:Angiosperms
8950:Categories
8533:6 February
8517:1 February
8478:21 January
8459:3 November
8018:Delostylis
7939:August 14,
7912:August 14,
7886:August 14,
7844:"Trillium"
7657:2018-09-22
7609:2011-05-23
7579:Wisconsin
7514:Candidatus
7475:Candidatus
7447:7 November
7408:28 October
7345:5 November
7100:28 January
6993:2 December
6368:miyabeanum
5774:Delostylis
5694:Delostylis
5326:2019-10-08
5177:Trillidium
5143:Trillidium
4990:3 February
4699:References
4417:sapogenins
4318:Candidatus
4271:virescence
4138:miyabeanum
4022:trifoliate
3965:(Sakhalin)
3830:miyabeanum
3527:Washington
3057:New Mexico
3036:New Jersey
2380:California
1896:V.G.Soukup
1863:Other taxa
1831:Trillidium
1475:W.H.Duncan
1464:S.B.Farmer
1410:Delostylis
1400:Delostylis
1228:– E Taiwan
1159:miyabeanum
899:Delostylis
855:Trillidium
851:Trillidium
821:Trillidium
801:Trillidium
784:S.B.Farmer
770:segregated
768:have been
758:morphology
751:Delostylis
740:Delostylis
707:Delostylis
570:alongside
568:Trillidium
536:Trillidium
532:Trillidium
522:segregated
476:. By 1981
398:including
385:elaiosomes
379:and three
371:and three
283:tri flower
249:Trillidium
228:Salisb.
217:Delostylis
8328:2153-733X
8253:250368253
8231:Phytotaxa
8080:Brittonia
8074:subgenus
8049:Phytotaxa
8016:subgenus
7990:Trilliums
7748:0378-1127
7236:0003-0031
7062:10 August
6984:Libraries
6784:10 August
6326:komarovii
5971:Libraries
5798:Libraries
5718:Libraries
5667:Libraries
5606:2153-733X
5581:Sessilium
5560:2153-733X
5505:Libraries
5317:Libraries
5282:3 October
5031:Tipularia
4977:0008-7475
4924:10 August
4731:20 August
4511:species.
4469:teams in
4361:Minnesota
4328:Vaccinium
4253:Diseased
4200:, and so
4158:komarovii
4050:elaiosome
3954:komarovii
3820:komarovii
3655:Himalayas
3589:Wisconsin
3361:Tennessee
2904:Minnesota
2763:Louisiana
2240:. In the
1929:genus as
1927:monotypic
1628:– Georgia
1505:Subgenus
1466:– Georgia
1398:Subgenus
1279:Subgenus
1273:) – Japan
1173:) – Japan
1140:komarovii
1051:Ker Gawl.
985:Subgenus
756:Based on
676:Sessilium
662:subgenus
617:subgenus
609:subgenus
603:subgenera
478:Liliaceae
470:Liliaceae
342:perennial
291:birthwort
287:birthroot
279:toadshade
275:wakerobin
236:Garden
78:Kingdom:
8956:Trillium
8917:VASCAN:
8910:40018528
8905:Tropicos
8665:Trillium
8644:Wikidata
8635:Trillium
8600:Trillium
8491:Trillium
8427:Trillium
8417:Trillium
8368:37938811
8344:Trillium
8303:30 March
8284:19 March
8266:Trillium
8225:Trillium
8203:Trillium
8168:24 March
8127:Trillium
8116:20824379
8072:Trillium
8043:Trillium
8039:Trillium
8026:25 March
8014:Trillium
7979:24332541
7961:Trillium
7819:species"
7817:Trillium
7701:16769133
7693:20146481
7627:Archived
7542:22798643
7481:Trillium
7441:Archived
7402:Archived
7364:Trillium
7336:Archived
7252:37149406
7165:Trillium
7050:Trillium
7032:23 March
7011:Trillium
6959:Trillium
6930:July 16,
6699:Trillium
6572:yezoense
6568:Trillium
6364:Trillium
6322:Trillium
6280:Trillium
6238:Trillium
6111:3 August
6082:3 August
5980:25 March
5943:Trillium
5807:25 March
5770:Trillium
5727:25 March
5676:25 March
5643:Sessilia
5639:Trillium
5585:Trillium
5577:Trillium
5533:Trillium
5514:25 March
5477:Trillium
5384:Trillium
5348:Trillium
5344:Trillium
5108:21669700
4965:Castanea
4912:Trillium
4850:Trillium
4810:Trillium
4754:Trillium
4721:Tropicos
4714:Trillium
4515:Trillium
4509:Trillium
4489:Trillium
4475:Columbus
4365:New York
4357:Michigan
4298:Trillium
4275:phyllody
4263:Trillium
4261:Various
4148:yezoense
4095:Trillium
4026:Trillium
4018:Trillium
4005:petioles
4001:Trillium
3919:Sakhalin
3902:Pakistan
3848:yezoense
3801:Hokkaido
3781:(Sikkim)
3749:Zhejiang
3659:Trillium
3651:Trillium
3490:Virginia
3195:Oklahoma
3063:New York
3000:Nebraska
2954:Missouri
2867:Michigan
2809:Maryland
2714:Kentucky
2606:Illinois
2439:Delaware
2405:Colorado
2351:Arkansas
2250:Trillium
2248:valley.
2226:Trillium
2072:Manitoba
2030:Trillium
1991:Trillium
1979:Trillium
1942:Trillium
1923:S.Watson
1827:Trillium
1802:L.C.Beck
1747:L.C.Beck
1517:Sessilia
1513:Trillium
1507:Sessilia
1406:Trillium
1287:Trillium
1259:yezoense
1255:Trillium
1226:S.S.Ying
1155:Trillium
1136:Trillium
1102:Trillium
997:Trillium
993:Trillium
987:Trillium
979:Trillium
957:Trillium
928:Trillium
924:Trillium
914:Sessilia
907:Trillium
892:Trillium
877:Trillium
872:Trillium
865:Trillium
847:Trillium
766:Trillium
733:Trillium
687:Sessilia
680:Trillium
672:Trillium
660:Trillium
651:Trillium
647:Trillium
635:Trillium
615:Trillium
611:Trillium
607:Trillium
599:Trillium
557:Trillium
543:Trillium
512:Trillium
502:Trillium
494:Trillium
486:Trillium
466:Trillium
436:Trillium
426:Taxonomy
396:Trillium
349:rhizomes
314:Trillium
271:trillium
266:Trillium
233:Huxhamia
208:Trillium
198:Synonyms
162:Trillium
151:Parideae
137:Family:
131:Liliales
121:Monocots
39:Trillium
8822:1293167
8809:24857-1
8770:2742182
8650:Q475629
8612:7 March
8588:7 March
8333:9 March
8163:2478819
8108:2805646
8088:Bibcode
7728:Bibcode
7398:2990062
7372:Medeola
7244:3082926
7197:2260316
7177:Bibcode
6825:23 July
6264:3391914
5250:3093915
5100:3558411
5037:: 3–22.
4985:4031681
4887:25 June
4544:Gallery
4534:Mexican
4517:is the
4471:Toronto
4459:Ontario
4453:of the
4431:Culture
4380:Ontario
4245:Disease
4113:Hybrids
4089:Vespula
4081:beetles
4032:Ecology
3994:pedicel
3884:Myanmar
3745:Sichuan
3741:Shaanxi
3614:Wyoming
3469:Vermont
2987:Montana
2643:Indiana
2498:Georgia
2477:Florida
2345:Arizona
2262:Alabama
2140:Ontario
2134:Nunavut
2042:Alberta
1944:×
1904:subsp.
1539:sessile
1497:Buckley
1453:Elliott
1368:Riddell
1325:connate
1321:stigmas
1193:Gleason
1023:stigmas
837:places
721:Elliott
627:sessile
381:stigmas
377:stamens
306:species
297:) is a
244:Raf.
220:Raf.
157:Genus:
147:Tribe:
127:Order:
82:Plantae
8879:PLANTS
8855:NZOR:
8757:133668
8744:133668
8692:121174
8679:451112
8569:2 July
8366:
8354:(12).
8326:
8275:
8251:
8187:
8161:
8114:
8106:
7998:
7977:
7746:
7699:
7691:
7540:
7518:Prunus
7493:: 19.
7396:
7250:
7242:
7234:
7195:
6982:&
6972:(IPNI)
6965:Halda"
6860:(WCSP)
6262:
5969:&
5959:(IPNI)
5796:&
5786:(IPNI)
5716:&
5706:(IPNI)
5665:&
5655:(IPNI)
5604:
5558:
5503:&
5493:(IPNI)
5386:subg.
5346:subg.
5315:&
5305:(IPNI)
5248:
5106:
5098:
4983:
4975:
4501:, and
4294:vector
4229:, and
4178:whose
4141:, and
3969:Taiwan
3911:Russia
3771:Sikkim
3729:Fujian
3717:Taiwan
3709:Yunnan
3676:Bhutan
3465:: none
3212:Oregon
3059:: none
3011:: none
3009:Nevada
2701:Kansas
2585:: none
2583:Hawaii
2347:: none
2341:: none
2339:Alaska
2210:: none
2178:Quebec
2136:: none
2109:: none
2034:Canada
2025:Canada
2013:, and
1855:Willd.
1519:, the
1486:Michx.
1412:, the
1293:, the
1237:Maxim.
1204:Maxim.
1182:Rendle
1040:Makino
999:, the
564:Willd.
450:. The
446:, and
418:, and
373:petals
369:sepals
353:bracts
252:Kunth
8884:TRILL
8871:76108
8848:49674
8835:43054
8817:IRMNG
8796:49465
8783:12380
8731:1TLIG
8718:32807
8705:8W4DF
8496:(PDF)
8316:(PDF)
8249:S2CID
8159:JSTOR
8112:S2CID
8104:JSTOR
7975:JSTOR
7697:S2CID
7689:JSTOR
7567:(PDF)
7394:JSTOR
7368:Paris
7339:(PDF)
7324:(PDF)
7248:S2CID
7240:JSTOR
7193:JSTOR
7094:(PDF)
6284:hagae
6260:JSTOR
6244:Novon
5594:(PDF)
5548:(PDF)
5246:JSTOR
5234:(PDF)
5180:Kunth
5096:JSTOR
4981:JSTOR
4395:High
4128:hagae
4003:have
3944:hagae
3893:Nepal
3854:Korea
3810:hagae
3785:Japan
3755:India
3737:Hubei
3733:Gansu
3725:Anhui
3697:Jilin
3689:China
3629:Other
3438:Texas
2788:Maine
2589:Idaho
2208:Yukon
1949:Halda
1813:Nutt.
1791:Small
1780:Harb.
1736:Pursh
1725:Gaddy
1692:Harb.
1637:Hook.
1615:Harb.
1535:clade
1533:as a
1440:style
1428:clade
1426:as a
1379:Pursh
1346:Piper
1329:style
1309:clade
1307:as a
1248:Harb.
1106:hagae
1027:style
1015:clade
1013:as a
944:clade
942:as a
804:Kunth
714:Nutt.
539:Kunth
507:Paris
357:scape
345:herbs
299:genus
225:Esdra
115:Clade
102:Clade
89:Clade
8920:1785
8892:POWO
8843:NCBI
8830:ITIS
8804:IPNI
8778:GRIN
8765:GBIF
8726:EPPO
8687:BOLD
8674:APNI
8614:2023
8590:2023
8571:2022
8551:2022
8535:2022
8519:2022
8480:2022
8461:2021
8445:2021
8397:Java
8364:PMID
8335:2023
8324:ISSN
8305:2023
8286:2023
8273:ISBN
8214:2022
8185:ISBN
8170:2023
8028:2023
7996:ISBN
7941:2024
7914:2024
7888:2024
7830:2019
7774:2019
7744:ISSN
7538:PMID
7449:2021
7410:2021
7370:and
7347:2021
7302:2021
7232:ISSN
7102:2022
7064:2019
7034:2023
6995:2021
6932:2019
6899:2023
6827:2019
6786:2019
6751:2023
6650:2023
6591:2023
6522:2023
6457:2023
6422:2023
6387:2023
6348:2023
6303:2023
6213:2023
6148:2023
6113:2019
6084:2019
6044:2023
5982:2023
5809:2023
5754:2022
5729:2023
5697:Raf.
5678:2023
5646:Raf.
5602:ISSN
5556:ISSN
5543:Raf.
5516:2023
5484:Raf.
5284:2021
5199:2023
5161:2021
5104:PMID
4992:2022
4973:ISSN
4959:Raf.
4926:2019
4889:2019
4776:2023
4733:2024
4473:and
4359:and
4307:and
4296:for
4237:and
4190:and
4073:and
4061:and
4042:ants
3645:Asia
3463:Utah
3158:Ohio
2676:Iowa
1955:and
1888:Raf.
1714:Raf.
1681:Raf.
1593:Raf.
1095:Raf.
1025:(no
917:Raf.
849:and
841:and
760:and
692:Its
690:Raf.
613:and
597:The
322:Asia
320:and
8928:WFO
8752:FoC
8739:FNA
8713:EoL
8700:CoL
8508:doi
8439:(1)
8356:doi
8352:110
8346:".
8239:doi
8235:552
8149:hdl
8141:doi
8096:doi
8057:doi
8053:599
7736:doi
7724:259
7681:doi
7677:168
7530:doi
7495:doi
7386:doi
7224:doi
7220:146
7185:doi
6252:doi
6071:doi
5455:doi
5088:doi
4672:an
4521:of
4457:of
4109:).
3921:),
3803:),
3777:),
3719:),
3715:(E
3711:),
3699:),
932:all
696:is
625:or
8952::
8930::
8907::
8894::
8881::
8868::
8845::
8832::
8819::
8806::
8793::
8780::
8767::
8754::
8741::
8728::
8715::
8702::
8689::
8676::
8661::
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8604:.
8581:.
8561:.
8502:.
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8471:.
8431:.
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8350:.
8318:.
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8157:.
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8137:33
8135:.
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8110:.
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8094:.
8084:27
8082:.
8051:.
8047:.
7971:54
7969:.
7965:.
7931:.
7904:.
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7526:63
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1769:L.
1269:×
1257:×
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