1042:
33:
84:
681:
1230:
61:
1193:. The treatment of the variety in FNA expands the original concept described by Michaux to include the occasional white-flowered red trillium found throughout the range of the species. Under this scheme, all non-white petal colors (including yellow) comprise the typical variety (var.
778:
The combinations of traits that are supposed to differentiate members of the complex from one another are sometimes inconsistently combined in wild populations. This has led some researchers to declare the individual species invalid, and refer to the species complex collectively as
804:
complex have flowers with the following commonalities: (1) petals that are coarse and stiff in texture (in contrast with the wavy edges of other species), (2) petals that do not change color after pollination, (3) petals with prominent, netted veins, (4) fleshy
748:). It grows to about 40 cm (16 in) in height with a spread of 30 cm (12 in). The petals are dark reddish brown, maroon, purple, pale yellow, or white. The ovary is dark purple to maroon regardless of petal color. If the flower is successfully
1276:: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia
1329:, which itself is a corruption of the word "benjoin", a plant-based organic compound used in the manufacture of perfume. Despite the origins of the common name, the chemical basis of carrion-scented flowers is not well understood.
1205:
to eastern
Tennessee and western North Carolina. Noting that its distribution is poorly understood, Flora of the Southeastern United States (FSUS) describes a white-flowered variety of
966:
of some forms of this species. In many populations, however, the pedicel leans or declines, sometimes declining beneath the leaves, making the name somewhat inappropriate.
1255:
to eastern North
America. Its range extends from northern Georgia in the southeastern United States to Quebec and New Brunswick in eastern Canada, and as far west as
763:
shares many anatomical details with other North
American Trillium species. These species hybridize in the wild, which has led some researchers to group them into a
1670:
1144:
to species rank in 1903. In his description, he added long anthers to the list of characters cited by
Michaux while expanding the range of the taxon to include
1321:. It produces fetid or putrid odors purported to attract carrion fly and beetle pollinators. The fetid odor is described as that of a wet dog. The common name
936:
917:
888:
in this group of Asian species is characterized by differences in chromosome number, with hybrids more definitively distinguishable from parent species by
897:
1179:
that occurs occasionally and spontaneously throughout the range of the species. Thus the distinct taxa recognized by Gates were fully realized by 1922.
797:
formation between some or all complex members, but maintain that the named species within the complex represent convenient groups with common features.
929:
3631:
3611:
3606:
3364:
1620:
Dickinson, T.; Metsger, D.; Bull, J.; & Dickinson, R. (2004) ROM Field Guide to
Wildflowers of Ontario. Toronto:Royal Ontario Museum, p. 79.
2467:
3439:
3616:
3491:
3312:
3646:
3377:
3325:
1537:
1127:
means "bright, dead-white", a reference to the variety's white petals, a distinctive feature noted by both
Michaux and Pursh.
3418:
3081:
3060:
3138:
3641:
3382:
41:
1760:
752:, the petals wither, leaving behind a fruit that ripens to a dark red berry-like capsule, 1 to 1.5 centimeters long.
3591:
2573:
2421:
2358:
2303:
2195:
2144:
1993:
1241:
1744:
3636:
2085:
Flora
Americae Septentrionalis; or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America, Volume 1
1790:
3601:
3444:
3119:
1421:
1197:). Thus FNA lumps the two forms recognized by Gates into a single taxon. In contrast, POWO restricts the range of
3351:
2555:
2403:
2340:
2285:
2177:
2126:
1975:
986:
68:
2956:
3019:
3509:
3176:
1634:
3304:
2677:
2629:
1645:
1581:
1041:
3161:
1860:
The
Trillium erectum species-complex (Melanthiaceae): Insights from molecular systematics and biogeography
3517:
3252:
3247:
2707:
2659:
2565:
2413:
2350:
2295:
2187:
2136:
1985:
1722:
1607:
1399:
3330:
1920:
Patrick, Thomas S. (1984). "Trillium sulcatum (Liliaceae), a new species of the southern
Appalachians".
1696:
3504:
3238:
2561:
2409:
2346:
2291:
2248:
2243:
2183:
2132:
1981:
1516:
1511:
1472:
1467:
1326:
1058:
2595:
3626:
3621:
3413:
2703:
2655:
2443:
1718:
1603:
83:
2083:
2042:
2990:
2079:
1002:
3431:
2482:
3496:
1541:
3555:
2721:
1371:
3395:
3369:
3299:
3200:
1335:
can tolerate extreme cold in winter, surviving temperatures down to −35 °C (−31 °F).
904:
1221:, while other evidence suggests there is little genetic difference between the two varieties.
3104:
3093:
1395:
1385:
1359:). Root tea was used for menstrual disorders, to induce childbirth, and to aid in labor. The
1296:
1210:
884:
very closely, and itself has close relatives with similar floral features. However, trillium
187:
3470:
2831:
3273:
2886:
2801:
1394:
can be quite striking, especially since it tends to form large clumps. It has received the
666:
1152:, and Georgia. In 1917, R.R. Gates recognized the existence of two distinct forms of
1013:. Perhaps unaware of these taxonomic developments, other botanists subsequently described
32:
8:
1898:
1115:, a variety with a smaller flower and white petals. Pursh gave a similar description for
911:
50:
1306:
is globally secure. It is critically imperiled in
Delaware, Illinois, and Rhode Island.
3563:
3483:
3035:
2514:
2461:
1945:
1937:
1344:
1092:
1062:
211:
78:
1363:
peoples used a poultice of the whole plant to treat tumors, inflammation, and ulcers.
3596:
3465:
3260:
3077:
3056:
2906:
2089:
1740:
1130:
862:
841:
2689:
2641:
1949:
1704:
1589:
3568:
3265:
2898:
2506:
1929:
1381:
1325:
refers to this characteristic of the plant. "Benjamin" is a corruption of the word
963:
956:
848:
829:
806:
701:
661:
whose life-cycle is synchronized with that of the forests in which it lives. It is
643:
2770:
1213:, in North Carolina and Tennessee, but rare elsewhere. FSUS suggests that variety
970:
3522:
3452:
3405:
3120:
Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) occurrence data and maps for
3071:
2569:
2417:
2354:
2299:
2191:
2140:
1989:
1367:
1021:
means "dark-purple coloured", a reference to the petal color of certain forms of
981:
with black fruit in "the high mountains of North Carolina". The specific epithet
869:
855:
764:
745:
705:
697:
658:
639:
121:
3545:
1671:"Stinking Benjamin:A Trillium That By Any Other Name Would Still Smell as Sweet"
1454:
1287:(as described in the Flora of the Southeastern United States) occurs in western
3478:
3223:
1318:
1288:
1164:
1145:
814:
810:
741:
713:
650:
108:
3049:
2902:
2231:
1498:
3585:
3390:
2910:
2750:
1874:
952:
790:
674:
646:
203:
154:
134:
1156:
with white petals, one of which was represented by the previously mentioned
3535:
1252:
794:
662:
3457:
3108:. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden.
3097:. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden.
3426:
3338:
3232:
3131:
3127:
1229:
1045:
Composite image showing both red and white color morphs of the flower of
772:
749:
3039:
2840:
County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
680:
3317:
2810:
State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
2518:
1941:
1263:. The species is known to occur in the following provinces and states:
885:
785:
3343:
3286:
1292:
1149:
1050:
889:
768:
721:
3194:
2510:
1933:
1001:, a variety with large, dark purple petals. A decade later in 1813,
3530:
3217:
2932:
1360:
1256:
649:. The plant takes its common name "wake robin" by analogy with the
164:
144:
3356:
3291:
2539:
2391:
2324:
2269:
2165:
2114:
1963:
1260:
709:
635:
3278:
2093:
1347:
of North America as an aid in childbirth, hence the common name
1299:, primarily at elevations less than 450 m (1,480 ft).
1182:
POWO cites the Flora of North America (FNA) as an authority for
1876:
A study of the systematic relationships between members of the
737:
733:
670:
3101:
2756:
665:
to the eastern United States and eastern Canada from northern
729:
725:
717:
95:
2694:. Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
2646:. Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
1709:. Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
1594:. Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
1739:. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.
684:
Red trillium close up, showing detail of ovary and stamens
2971:
2924:
2688:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
2640:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
2007:
1703:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
1588:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
2866:
2854:
2737:
Flora of the Southeastern United States (2022 Edition)
2372:
2209:
2019:
1552:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
1808:
2934:
Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History
2600:
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History
1820:
653:, which has a red breast heralding spring. Likewise
817:, and (5) conspicuous, deeply-ridged ovaries.
3103:
3102:Weakley, Alan S.; Southeastern Flora Team (2022).
3092:
3048:
3028:Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society
1449:
1447:
1343:The root of the red trillium was used by various
962:means "upright, erect", a reference to the erect
3583:
2671:
2669:
2623:
2621:
2483:"A systematic study of the North American genus
2226:
2224:
2937:. Sylva, N.C.: Herald Publishing Co. p. 59
2930:
2036:
2034:
1664:
1662:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1493:
1491:
1489:
2842:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014
2812:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014
1444:
3143:species complex of the southern Appalachians"
3128:Citizen science observations for Red Trillium
3047:Case, Frederick W.; Case, Roberta B. (1997).
2776:species complex using microsatellite analysis
2666:
2618:
2587:
2532:
2384:
2317:
2262:
2221:
2158:
2107:
2074:
2072:
1956:
1873:Stoehrel, Christina Pampkin (November 2010).
1866:
1839:Patrick, Tom (2007). "Trilliums of Georgia".
1788:
1416:
1414:
1270:: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec
1005:referred to Michaux's variety more simply as
3076:(4th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2996:. Royal Horticultural Society. November 2018
2931:Hamel, Paul B.; Chiltoskey, Mary U. (1975).
2757:Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team (2022)
2691:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
2643:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
2031:
1706:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
1659:
1591:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
1564:
1486:
951:was first described by the Swedish botanist
2878:
2794:
2762:
1049:. Note that both morphs have a dark purple
2596:"Flora of Berkshire County, Massachusetts"
2474:
2466:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2435:
2069:
1862:(PhD). University of Wisconsin at Madison.
1536:
1411:
59:
31:
3177:"Flower-Visiting Insects of Red Trillium"
3105:"Flora of the southeastern United States"
3094:"Flora of the Southeastern United States"
3017:
2714:
1814:
1688:
1217:may be genetically distinct from variety
708:that persists by means of an underground
3632:Least concern flora of the United States
3069:
3046:
2977:
2872:
2782:(MS thesis). Western Carolina University
2675:
2627:
2593:
2378:
2215:
2025:
2013:
1896:
1872:
1826:
1694:
1668:
1579:
1374:, and should not be consumed by humans.
1228:
1040:
679:
3612:Flora of the Southeastern United States
3607:Flora of the Northeastern United States
3090:
2860:
2772:An examination of introgression in the
2499:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
2487:, its variability, and its relation to
2445:Flora of the southeastern United States
2040:
1919:
1838:
1729:
789:). Others acknowledge the existence of
3584:
3159:
2884:
2768:
1857:
1628:
1626:
3199:
3198:
2824:
2769:Brenek, Austin William (April 2021).
2480:
2448:(2nd ed.). New York. p. 278
2441:
2078:
1737:RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants
1550:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
1632:
3136:
3024:found in the southern Appalachians"
2959:. The Pennsylvania State University
2949:
2885:Wilson, Elizabeth K. (2003-06-30).
2574:Australian National Botanic Gardens
2422:Australian National Botanic Gardens
2359:Australian National Botanic Gardens
2304:Australian National Botanic Gardens
2196:Australian National Botanic Gardens
2145:Australian National Botanic Gardens
1994:Australian National Botanic Gardens
1903:Butler University Botanical Studies
1886:(MSc). Western Carolina University.
1623:
1242:Great Smoky Mountains National Park
13:
3617:Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
3160:Gibson, Andrew Lane (1 May 2011).
3055:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.
1432:. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia
1295:, and other areas surrounding the
989:leaves of this (and all) forms of
755:
14:
3658:
3113:
1669:Rathbone, Ellen (17 April 2010).
1355:(which is sometimes corrupted to
42:Stephen's Gulch Conservation Area
3510:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:304585-2
1099:and 3 synonyms for variety
82:
3162:"My Date with the Red Trillium"
3011:
2983:
2891:Chemical & Engineering News
2676:Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002).
2628:Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002).
2556:International Plant Names Index
2404:International Plant Names Index
2341:International Plant Names Index
2286:International Plant Names Index
2178:International Plant Names Index
2127:International Plant Names Index
1976:International Plant Names Index
1913:
1899:"The genus Trillium in Indiana"
1890:
1851:
1832:
1782:
1753:
1695:Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002).
1580:Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002).
1390:, the flowers of some forms of
1224:
1209:common to the foothills of the
1036:
880:, resembles the North American
712:. Like all trilliums, it has a
3647:Garden plants of North America
1614:
1530:
1103:. Michaux introduced the term
820:North American members of the
688:
1:
2481:Gates, R.R. (February 1917).
1405:
1380:is cultivated as a flowering
813:separately, without a common
3020:"The pedicellate species of
1646:United States Forest Service
7:
3642:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2708:Harvard University Herbaria
2660:Harvard University Herbaria
2566:Harvard University Herbaria
2442:Small, John Kunkel (1913).
2414:Harvard University Herbaria
2351:Harvard University Herbaria
2296:Harvard University Herbaria
2188:Harvard University Herbaria
2137:Harvard University Herbaria
1986:Harvard University Herbaria
1723:Harvard University Herbaria
1608:Harvard University Herbaria
1400:Royal Horticultural Society
1384:. Although not as showy as
1175:, a white-flowered form of
943:
10:
3663:
3592:NatureServe secure species
2562:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2410:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2347:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2292:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2249:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2244:Plants of the World Online
2184:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2133:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1982:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1517:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1512:Plants of the World Online
1473:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1468:Plants of the World Online
1309:
1059:Plants of the World Online
1025:. Indeed, in some locales
16:Species of flowering plant
3207:
3091:Weakley, Alan S. (2020).
2991:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
2903:10.1021/cen-v081n005.p027
2704:Missouri Botanical Garden
2702:– via eFloras.org,
2656:Missouri Botanical Garden
2654:– via eFloras.org,
1897:Friesner, Ray C. (1929).
1719:Missouri Botanical Garden
1717:– via eFloras.org,
1604:Missouri Botanical Garden
1602:– via eFloras.org,
1029:is commonly known as the
993:. Michaux also described
809:that are attached to the
398:Vict. & J.Rousseau
246:M.A.Curtis ex L.C.Beck
217:
210:
193:
186:
79:Scientific classification
77:
57:
48:
39:
30:
23:
3637:Plants described in 1753
3070:Gledhill, David (2008).
3018:Barksdale, Lane (1938).
2594:Hoffmann, Ralph (1922).
1769:Adirondacks Forever Wild
1053:with contrasting anthers
1003:Frederick Traugott Pursh
3602:Flora of Eastern Canada
2088:. London. p. 245.
2051:Flora Boreali-Americana
2041:Michaux, André (1803).
1338:
2978:Case & Case (1997)
2873:Case & Case (1997)
2706:, St. Louis, MO &
2658:, St. Louis, MO &
2168:Trillium atropurpureum
2120:M.A.Curtis ex L.C.Beck
2117:Trillium atropurpureum
2026:Case & Case (1997)
1827:Case & Case (1997)
1721:, St. Louis, MO &
1606:, St. Louis, MO &
1319:carrion-scented flower
1245:
1107:in 1803 by describing
1054:
1015:Trillium atropurpureum
985:refers to the broadly
977:to describe a form of
732:, two whorls of three
720:(leaves) and a single
685:
314:(Farw.) Louis-Marie
251:Trillium atropurpureum
243:Trillium atropurpureum
1396:Award of Garden Merit
1370:crystals and crystal
1297:Great Smoky Mountains
1232:
1211:Great Smoky Mountains
1044:
905:T. camschatcense
878:T. camschatcense
740:(fused into a single
683:
590:Trillium rhomboideum
531:Trillium rhomboideum
3181:Illinois Wildflowers
2272:Trillium rhomboideum
2045:Trillium rhomboideum
1430:NatureServe Explorer
1387:T. grandiflorum
1302:As of October 2019,
1109:Trillium rhomboideum
1057:As of October 2021,
995:Trillium rhomboideum
975:Trillium rhomboideum
973:introduced the name
523:Trillium rhomboideum
3073:The Names of Plants
2887:"A Fantastic Stink"
1858:Millam, KC (2006).
1675:Adirondack Almanack
1366:The leaves contain
1135:T. rhomboideum
1091:POWO lists 30
1063:infraspecific names
1061:(POWO) accepts two
937:T. tschonoskii
543:Trillium spatulatum
235:Trillium acuminatum
51:Conservation status
44:(Ontario, Canada).
1789:Gros d'Aillon, F.
1761:"Purple Trillium (
1345:indigenous peoples
1246:
1123:in 1814. The word
1055:
912:T. channellii
876:The Asian species
767:, specifically, a
724:flower with three
686:
515:Trillium purpureum
3579:
3578:
3466:Open Tree of Life
3201:Taxon identifiers
3083:978-0-521-86645-3
3062:978-0-88192-374-2
2980:, pp. 92–93.
1323:stinking benjamin
1131:John Kunkel Small
824:species complex:
632:stinking benjamin
607:
606:
598:
586:
578:Trillium erectum
574:
573:(Michx.) Small
547:
539:
527:
519:
511:
507:Trillium pendulum
503:
499:Trillium obovatum
495:
487:
483:Trillium foetidum
479:
471:
463:Trillium erectum
459:
451:Trillium erectum
447:
439:Trillium erectum
435:
427:Trillium erectum
423:
415:Trillium erectum
411:
403:Trillium erectum
399:
391:Trillium erectum
387:
379:Trillium erectum
375:
367:Trillium erectum
363:
355:Trillium erectum
351:
343:Trillium erectum
339:
331:Trillium erectum
327:
319:Trillium erectum
315:
307:Trillium erectum
303:
295:Trillium erectum
291:
287:brevipedicellatum
283:Trillium erectum
279:
271:Trillium erectum
267:
266:(Michx.) Pursh
259:Trillium erectum
255:
247:
239:
72:
3654:
3627:Flora of Ontario
3622:Ephemeral plants
3572:
3571:
3559:
3558:
3549:
3548:
3539:
3538:
3526:
3525:
3513:
3512:
3500:
3499:
3487:
3486:
3474:
3473:
3461:
3460:
3448:
3447:
3435:
3434:
3422:
3421:
3409:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3386:
3385:
3373:
3372:
3360:
3359:
3347:
3346:
3334:
3333:
3321:
3320:
3308:
3307:
3295:
3294:
3282:
3281:
3269:
3268:
3256:
3255:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3239:Trillium erectum
3228:
3227:
3226:
3209:Trillium erectum
3196:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3147:
3141:Trillium erectum
3137:Mathews, Kathy.
3122:Trillium erectum
3109:
3107:
3098:
3096:
3087:
3066:
3054:
3043:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2834:Trillium erectum
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2804:Trillium erectum
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2774:Trillium erectum
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2732:
2724:Trillium erectum
2718:
2712:
2711:
2710:, Cambridge, MA.
2701:
2699:
2680:Trillium erectum
2673:
2664:
2663:
2662:, Cambridge, MA.
2653:
2651:
2632:Trillium erectum
2625:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2550:
2542:Trillium erectum
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2398:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2335:
2327:Trillium erectum
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2280:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2238:
2234:Trillium erectum
2228:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2172:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2121:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2080:Pursh, Frederick
2076:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2038:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1970:
1966:Trillium erectum
1960:
1954:
1953:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1878:Trillium erectum
1870:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1815:Barksdale (1938)
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1793:Trillium erectum
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1763:Trillium erectum
1757:
1751:
1750:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1725:, Cambridge, MA.
1716:
1714:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1641:
1637:Trillium erectum
1633:Pistrang, Mark.
1630:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1610:, Cambridge, MA.
1601:
1599:
1584:Trillium erectum
1577:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1544:Trillium erectum
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1501:Trillium erectum
1495:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1457:Trillium erectum
1451:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1424:Trillium erectum
1418:
1382:ornamental plant
1378:Trillium erectum
1333:Trillium erectum
1315:Trillium erectum
1304:Trillium erectum
1281:Trillium erectum
1249:Trillium erectum
1234:Trillium erectum
1199:Trillium erectum
1192:
1184:Trillium erectum
1169:Trillium erectum
1163:. This prompted
1162:
1143:
1117:Trillium erectum
1082:Trillium erectum
1078:
1070:Trillium erectum
1047:Trillium erectum
1007:Trillium erectum
957:specific epithet
949:Trillium erectum
898:T. apetalon
882:T. flexipes
863:T. sulcatum
842:T. flexipes
761:Trillium erectum
736:each, and three
694:Trillium erectum
655:Trillium erectum
618:, also known as
611:Trillium erectum
596:
593:
584:
581:
572:
545:
537:
534:
525:
517:
509:
501:
493:
485:
477:
469:
466:
457:
454:
445:
442:
433:
430:
421:
418:
409:
406:
397:
394:
385:
382:
373:
370:
361:
358:
349:
346:
337:
334:
325:
322:
313:
310:
301:
298:
289:
286:
277:
274:
265:
262:
253:
245:
237:
199:
197:Trillium erectum
87:
86:
66:
63:
62:
35:
25:Trillium erectum
21:
20:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3567:
3562:
3554:
3552:
3544:
3542:
3534:
3529:
3521:
3516:
3508:
3503:
3495:
3490:
3482:
3477:
3469:
3464:
3456:
3453:Observation.org
3451:
3443:
3438:
3430:
3425:
3417:
3412:
3404:
3403:MichiganFlora:
3402:
3394:
3389:
3381:
3376:
3368:
3363:
3355:
3350:
3342:
3337:
3329:
3324:
3316:
3311:
3303:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3277:
3272:
3264:
3259:
3251:
3246:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3203:
3185:
3183:
3175:
3166:
3164:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3116:
3084:
3063:
3014:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2730:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2697:
2695:
2674:
2667:
2649:
2647:
2626:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2548:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2511:10.2307/2990062
2479:
2475:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2449:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2379:Gledhill (2008)
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2333:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2278:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2216:Gledhill (2008)
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2077:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2014:Gledhill (2008)
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1934:10.2307/2806287
1918:
1914:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1871:
1867:
1856:
1852:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1712:
1710:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1667:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1635:"Red trillium (
1631:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1597:
1595:
1578:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1497:
1496:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1408:
1392:T. erectum
1368:calcium oxalate
1341:
1312:
1227:
1207:T. erectum
1190:
1177:T. erectum
1160:
1154:T. erectum
1141:
1076:
1039:
1031:purple trillium
1027:T. erectum
1023:T. erectum
991:T. erectum
979:T. erectum
946:
930:T. smallii
849:T. rugelii
836:T. erectum
830:T. cernuum
822:T. erectum
802:T. erectum
800:Members of the
781:T. erectum
765:species complex
758:
756:Species Complex
706:flowering plant
691:
659:ephemeral plant
640:flowering plant
624:purple trillium
603:
591:
579:
564:
563:
557:T. erectum
552:
532:
491:Trillium nutans
475:Trillium flavum
464:
452:
440:
428:
416:
404:
392:
380:
368:
356:
344:
332:
320:
308:
296:
284:
272:
260:
229:
228:
222:T. erectum
206:
201:
195:
182:
179:T. erectum
81:
73:
64:
60:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3660:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3569:wfo-0000751087
3560:
3550:
3540:
3527:
3514:
3501:
3488:
3475:
3462:
3449:
3436:
3423:
3410:
3400:
3387:
3374:
3361:
3348:
3335:
3322:
3309:
3296:
3283:
3270:
3257:
3244:
3229:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3193:
3192:
3173:
3157:
3134:
3125:
3115:
3114:External links
3112:
3111:
3110:
3099:
3088:
3082:
3067:
3061:
3044:
3034:(2): 271–296.
3013:
3010:
3008:
3007:
2982:
2970:
2957:"Red Trillium"
2948:
2923:
2877:
2865:
2863:, p. 205.
2861:Weakley (2020)
2853:
2823:
2793:
2761:
2759:, p. 215.
2749:
2731:(Michx.) Pursh
2713:
2665:
2617:
2586:
2531:
2473:
2434:
2397:(Michx.) Small
2394:Trillium album
2383:
2371:
2316:
2261:
2220:
2218:, pp. 61.
2208:
2157:
2106:
2068:
2030:
2018:
2016:, p. 156.
2006:
1955:
1912:
1889:
1865:
1850:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1781:
1752:
1746:978-1405332965
1745:
1728:
1687:
1658:
1622:
1613:
1563:
1529:
1485:
1443:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1340:
1337:
1311:
1308:
1289:North Carolina
1278:
1277:
1271:
1226:
1223:
1191:(Michx.) Pursh
1165:Ralph Hoffmann
1161:(Michx.) Small
1158:Trillium album
1146:North Carolina
1089:
1088:
1079:
1077:(Michx.) Pursh
1038:
1035:
1017:. The epithet
945:
942:
941:
940:
933:
926:
915:
908:
901:
874:
873:
870:T. vaseyi
866:
859:
856:T. simile
852:
845:
838:
833:
757:
754:
690:
687:
651:European robin
605:
604:
602:
601:
600:
599:
587:
575:
570:Trillium album
555:
554:
553:
551:
550:
549:
548:
540:
528:
520:
512:
504:
496:
488:
480:
472:
460:
448:
446:Louis-Marie
436:
424:
422:Louis-Marie
412:
410:Louis-Marie
400:
388:
386:Louis-Marie
376:
374:Louis-Marie
364:
362:Louis-Marie
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350:Louis-Marie
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290:Louis-Marie
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3327:
3323:
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3306:
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3258:
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3118:
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3016:
3015:
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2986:
2979:
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2952:
2936:
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2927:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2875:, p. 27.
2874:
2869:
2862:
2857:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2827:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2797:
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2758:
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2705:
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2446:
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2423:
2419:
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2411:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2387:
2381:, p. 41.
2380:
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2091:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2028:, p. 94.
2027:
2022:
2015:
2010:
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1991:
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1020:
1019:atropurpureum
1016:
1012:
1011:atropurpureum
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:atropurpureum
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:André Michaux
967:
965:
961:
958:
955:in 1753. The
954:
953:Carl Linnaeus
950:
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791:introgression
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735:
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699:
695:
682:
678:
676:
675:New Brunswick
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
647:Melanthiaceae
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:
595:
588:
583:
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566:
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541:
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535:atropurpureum
529:
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508:
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443:rubrostriatum
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263:atropurpureum
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188:Binomial name
185:
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156:
155:Melanthiaceae
153:
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109:Tracheophytes
107:
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38:
34:
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3012:Bibliography
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2549:Ralph Hoffm.
2545:
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1974:
1965:
1958:
1928:(1): 26–36.
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1037:Infraspecies
1030:
1026:
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799:
795:hybrid swarm
784:
780:
777:
760:
759:
693:
692:
657:is a spring
654:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:red trillium
615:
610:
609:
608:
589:
577:
569:
560:
556:
542:
530:
522:
514:
506:
498:
490:
482:
474:
462:
450:
438:
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395:pallidandrum
390:
378:
366:
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342:
330:
318:
306:
294:
282:
270:
258:
250:
242:
234:
225:
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196:
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178:
177:
165:
128:
115:
102:
40:Blooming in
24:
18:
3427:NatureServe
3339:iNaturalist
3233:Wikispecies
3186:15 December
3132:iNaturalist
2254:17 February
1556:15 December
1522:17 February
1478:17 February
1167:to propose
983:rhomboideum
773:semispecies
744:with three
689:Description
585:R.Hoffm.
458:B.Boivin
455:sessiloides
407:parviflorum
359:horizontale
278:Jennison
122:Angiosperms
69:NatureServe
3586:Categories
3553:WisFlora:
3484:kew-290652
3479:Plant List
3167:26 October
3151:26 October
2963:22 October
2941:22 October
2916:22 October
2897:(26): 27.
2786:3 December
2726:var.
2610:1 November
2579:26 October
2546:albiflorum
2524:28 October
2452:1 November
2427:26 October
2364:22 October
2309:22 October
2201:31 October
2150:31 October
2099:31 October
2061:31 October
1999:21 October
1680:22 October
1651:22 October
1538:USDA, NRCS
1436:21 October
1406:References
1291:, eastern
1283:var.
1236:var.
1201:var.
1186:var.
1173:albiflorum
1137:var.
1119:var.
1111:var.
1084:var.
1072:var.
1009:var.
997:var.
886:speciation
786:sensu lato
750:pollinated
702:herbaceous
620:wake robin
582:albiflorum
559:var.
518:Elliott
486:Salisb.
470:Barksd.
383:nigrescens
323:declinatum
224:var.
3396:116996325
3305:242101991
3051:Trilliums
3000:17 August
2911:0009-2347
2846:3 October
2816:3 October
2570:Libraries
2462:cite book
2418:Libraries
2355:Libraries
2300:Libraries
2192:Libraries
2141:Libraries
2057:: 215–216
1990:Libraries
1922:Brittonia
1841:Tipularia
1795:Linnaeus"
1398:from the
1353:birthroot
1349:birthwort
1293:Tennessee
1150:Tennessee
1051:gynoecium
890:karyotype
769:syngameon
722:trimerous
716:of three
698:perennial
538:Michx.
526:Michx.
510:Willd.
431:polymerum
347:giganteum
326:A.Gray
173:Species:
92:Kingdom:
3597:Trillium
3543:VASCAN:
3536:18400800
3531:Tropicos
3432:2.131400
3370:10589983
3357:304585-2
3224:Q3539177
3218:Wikidata
3040:24332541
3022:Trillium
2742:28 March
2698:29 March
2650:29 March
2606:(5): 244
2544:f.
2485:Trillium
2094:05024608
2082:(1814).
1950:85116255
1909:: 29–40.
1713:29 March
1699:Trillium
1598:29 March
1540:(n.d.).
1361:Cherokee
1357:bethroot
1257:Michigan
1171:f.
1093:synonyms
969:In 1803
944:Taxonomy
728:, three
628:bethroot
502:Pursh
467:sulcatum
434:Vict.
338:Torr.
302:Farw.
212:Synonyms
166:Trillium
151:Family:
145:Liliales
135:Monocots
3414:MoBotPF
3318:2742342
3279:1083267
2684:erectum
2519:2990062
2493:Medeola
1942:2806287
1880:complex
1847:: 3–22.
1461:erectum
1372:raphide
1327:benzoin
1310:Ecology
1261:Ontario
1244:(April)
1240:in the
1219:erectum
1195:erectum
1133:raised
1097:erectum
1086:erectum
987:rhombic
964:pedicel
960:erectum
807:stigmas
746:stigmas
738:carpels
734:stamens
710:rhizome
667:Georgia
642:in the
636:species
634:, is a
597:Michx.
494:Raf.
478:Raf.
275:blandum
254:Raf.
238:Raf.
226:erectum
161:Genus:
141:Order:
96:Plantae
67: (
65:Secure
3492:PLANTS
3471:535817
3458:461343
3419:281918
3331:402741
3253:121749
3080:
3059:
3038:
2909:
2568:&
2558:(IPNI)
2517:
2416:&
2406:(IPNI)
2353:&
2343:(IPNI)
2298:&
2288:(IPNI)
2279:Michx.
2190:&
2180:(IPNI)
2139:&
2129:(IPNI)
2092:
1988:&
1978:(IPNI)
1948:
1940:
1800:8 July
1774:8 July
1743:
1268:Canada
1253:native
1142:Michx.
730:petals
726:sepals
718:bracts
671:Quebec
663:native
644:family
614:, the
419:parvum
371:luteum
335:flavum
311:cahnae
299:cahnae
3523:18380
3497:TRER3
3445:50545
3383:43070
3365:IRMNG
3344:50855
3292:TLIER
3266:58TXL
3146:(PDF)
3139:"The
3036:JSTOR
2994:(PDF)
2780:(PDF)
2728:album
2682:var.
2636:album
2634:var.
2515:JSTOR
2489:Paris
2334:Pursh
2331:album
2329:var.
2276:album
2274:var.
1946:S2CID
1938:JSTOR
1884:(PDF)
1505:album
1503:var.
1459:var.
1317:is a
1285:album
1238:album
1215:album
1203:album
1188:album
1139:album
1125:album
1121:album
1113:album
1105:album
1101:album
1074:album
923:hagae
815:style
811:ovary
742:ovary
714:whorl
696:is a
630:, or
594:album
561:album
546:Raf.
129:Clade
116:Clade
103:Clade
3556:9231
3546:6656
3505:POWO
3440:NCBI
3406:2730
3391:IUCN
3378:ITIS
3352:IPNI
3326:GRIN
3313:GBIF
3287:EPPO
3248:BOLD
3188:2021
3169:2021
3153:2021
3078:ISBN
3057:ISBN
3002:2019
2965:2021
2943:2021
2918:2021
2907:ISSN
2848:2019
2818:2019
2788:2021
2744:2023
2700:2023
2652:2023
2612:2021
2581:2021
2526:2021
2491:and
2468:link
2454:2021
2429:2021
2366:2021
2311:2021
2256:2023
2203:2021
2171:Raf.
2152:2021
2101:2021
2090:LCCN
2063:2021
2001:2021
1802:2019
1776:2019
1741:ISBN
1715:2023
1682:2021
1653:2021
1600:2023
1558:2015
1524:2023
1480:2023
1438:2021
1339:Uses
793:and
673:and
592:var.
533:var.
465:var.
357:var.
345:var.
333:var.
321:var.
297:var.
273:var.
261:var.
3564:WFO
3518:RHS
3300:FNA
3274:EoL
3261:CoL
3130:at
2899:doi
2507:doi
1930:doi
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