830:
110:
626:
871:
571:
31:
556:
to voice even more strongly its discontent with the rule of the corrupt rural oligarchies". In contrast, despite a wave of general strikes in the post-war years, the labour movement remained small and weak, lacking ties to the peasantry, who constituted the overwhelming majority of the
Brazilian population. As a result, rather disparate and disjointed social reform movements cropped up in the 1920s.
818:
troops on thirteen trains, via the
Northwest Railroad, toward Mato Grosso, where they hoped to link up with sympathetic units. This withdrawal was executed so smoothly that it went unnoticed by the government forces until the morning. However, with their route to Mato Grosso blocked, the rebels retired to an area bordering
548:) had emerged. They were trained in European war standards and believed themselves superior to their senior officers who still held antiquated ideas of the past. In addition, various senior officers had become complacent or sided with the government and its political structure, which sparked criticism from the
858:
Regarding the "Long March", Prestes subsequently wrote that "the tactics of swift marches, evasion as far as possible of contact with superior enemy forces and surprise attacks aimed at demoralizing the enemy and capturing arms and ammunition, demonstrated that in
Brazilian conditions it was possible
817:
Isidoro's various attempts at securing an agreement with the government that would at least give the rebels amnesty were rebuffed. The leaders understood that they would be wiped out, along with a good part of the city, if they stayed. On the night of 27 July they staged a careful withdrawal of 3,000
850:
in
February and after some initial disagreements about strategy, the rebels adopted one that amounted less to a war of movement than a moving "armed protest demonstration" that would serve as a constant call to action against the hated president Bernardes. The idea was not to defeat the forces sent
793:
and Miguel Costa. The rebellion began well, with control of São Paulo being secured after the governor and forces loyal to him abandoned the city early on 9 July. The rebels in the city were put under siege by government forces, and prevented from linking up with other uprisings which were breaking
670:
to confront the army loyalists; the eighteen made a last stand on the beach, where sixteen were killed and two, Gomes and Campos, survived. In the aftermath, the government imposed a state of emergency, 1,000 cadets were expelled from the army school and many officers were sent to remote garrisons.
637:
but not by others; only "scattered units around Rio de
Janeiro revolted: the Escola Militar, some elements of the First Infantry Regiment and the Battalion of Engineers, and the garrisons of Forts Copacabana and Vigia. However, the remainder of the First Army Division stayed loyal and, with General
555:
Meanwhile, the divergence of interests between the coffee oligarchs and the burgeoning, dynamic urban sectors was intensifying. According to historian
Benjamin Keen, the task of transforming society "fell to the rapidly growing urban bourgeois groups, and especially to the middle class, which began
861:
However, years later he was critical of the futility of his own strategy, writing that "I also defended the column's march tactics, claiming that they presented opportunities for recruiting new fighters. This, however, was not the case. The farmers sympathised with us for the simple reason that we
705:
Raised in the capital of São Paulo on 5 July 1924 (the 2nd anniversary of the 18 Revolt of the
Copacabana Fortress, the first tenentist revolt), the revolt occupied the city for 23 days, forcing the president of the state, Carlos de Campos, to flee to the neighborhood of Penha, in the east zone of
685:
The São Paulo Revolt of 1924 was the second tenentist revolt and the largest conflict in the city of São Paulo. It began in the early hours of July 5 and ended on 28 July 1924. The revolt was motivated by the discontent of the military with the economic crisis and the concentration of power at the
898:
against the
Brazilian Government and bring down the First Brazilian Republic. The impact of the Prestes Column placed insurgents in contact with the rural peasantry of Brazil and the surrounding countryside; a contact that made the soldiers aware, for the first time, of the wretched conditions of
841:
and Miguel Costa. They became known as the
Prestes Column, and covered some 25,000 kilometres from October 1924 to February 1927 as they roamed through the interior of the country seeking unsuccessfully to promote mass rebellion or at any rate to act as a moral gadfly to the nation's conscience.
851:
against them, much less so the old objective of seizing power in Rio de
Janeiro: the objective now was to stay alive, keep the column moving and seemingly invincible. In that, they succeeded as they moved through state after state from Mato Grosso to Maranhão and back, before seeking refuge in
814:. The city was then subjected to a several-week artillery and aerial bombardment, of which civilians bore the brunt. On 26 July, army aircraft dropped leaflets over the city warning the remaining civilians to leave so that loyalist forces would have a free hand against the rebels.
706:
São Paulo, on July 9, after the Campos Elíseos Palace, seat of the São Paulo government at that time, was bombarded. Carlos de Campos was installed in an adapted train car at the Guaiaúna station in Central Brazil, where the federal troops that came from
746:
then planned an attack on that city. The defeat at Três Lagoas, however, was the greatest defeat of this revolt. A third of the revolting troops died, were seriously injured or captured. Overthrown, the rioters then marched south, where, in the city of
907:, whom he restored to the army, often with significant promotions, Vargas "forged a highly personalised dictatorship". Prestes, however, "proclaimed his opposition to the 1930 coup and formally applied for membership of the Communist Party".
717:
by Federal Government aircraft and artillery. The loyalist Army (loyal to President Artur Bernardes) used the so-called "terrifying bombardment", reaching various parts of the city, especially working-class neighborhoods such as
862:
were against the oppressors, they admired our heroism and devotion, but had no intention (with rare exceptions of some young people) of committing themselves to a struggle in whose success they could not believe".
521:, merchants, bankers, and industrialists. In parallel, growing prosperity encouraged a rapid rise of a new working class of Southern and Eastern European immigrants who contributed to the growth of
334:
781:. The date was chosen to honour the 1922 rebels; the uprising "was better prepared and was intended to bring down the Bernardes government". The formal leader was retired General
698:, with the participation of several lieutenants, the main objective of the uprising was to depose President Artur Bernardes (considered to be an enemy of the military since the
786:
959:
Ameringer, Charles D.; Political Parties of the Americas, 1980s to 1990s: Canada, Latin America, and the West Indies p. 123; Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992
393:
903:
became the most visible proponents for revolution and helped convince Vargas that the use of force would be necessary". Subsequently, with the help of the
710:
were located. Rebellions broke out in several cities in the interior of the state of São Paulo, with many prefectures being taken over by the rebels.
763:. The final balance indicates the death of 1,000 people, 4,000 injured and an estimated 300,000 temporarily driven into the outskirts of the city.
341:
378:
950:
Brazil: Poppino, Rollie E.; the Land and People: The Land and the People 2nd edition p. 253; Oxford University Press, 1973 ASIN B001P7H4M4
638:
Setembrino de Carvalho supervising the operations, easily crushed the revolt". Twenty-four hours later, just 200 rebels remained when the
388:
742:. At 10 o'clock on the morning of July 28, Carlos de Campos returned to his office in the Government Palace. Isidoro Dias Lopes and
650:
shelled the Copacabana barracks, after which two navy aircraft bombed the barracks in the first use of naval aircraft in combat in
500:
The first decades of the 20th century saw marked economic and social change in Brazil. With industrialization on the rise, the
837:
Having escaped to the interior and joined by others from Rio Grande do Sul, they began a campaign as a guerrilla force led by
702:). Among the demands was the adoption of the secret ballot, free justice and the introduction of compulsory public education.
1074:
890:
and the beginning of social reforms. The actions and ideas that grew out of the revolts inspired other individuals, such as
931:
611:
734:
in the early hours of July 28, where Isidoro Dias Lopes heard news that the legalist army was concentrated in the city of
727:
1448:
1417:
1384:
1359:
1329:
1304:
1279:
1254:
1229:
1204:
1179:
1147:
1126:
1102:
1041:
1016:
987:
964:
730:. Without equivalent military equipment (artillery or aircraft) to confront government troops, the rebels retired to
645:
1473:
655:
437:
427:
405:
719:
125:
582:
movement came to public notice on 5 July 1922 when a group of young army officers began a rebellion against the
327:
1468:
663:
187:
895:
501:
485:
417:
253:
829:
766:
680:
517:— came under threat from the political aspirations of new urban groups: the proletariat, government and
373:
280:
926:
699:
743:
210:
777:
Two years later, on 5 July 1924, another group of army officers mounted a rebellion in São Paulo and
538:
1272:
Political culture, social movements and democratic transitions in South America in the XXth Century
921:
583:
489:
137:
114:
410:
1008:
843:
714:
383:
565:
368:
303:
Approximately 100,000 soldiers were mobilized to suppress the rebellions throughout the country
274:
144:
1171:
838:
756:
618:
demanded various forms of social modernization, calling for agrarian reform, the formation of
179:
1436:
767:
July 1924 – February 1927: the second revolt and the long march of the Prestes Column
629:
6 July 1922: The '18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt' on their way to confront army loyalists
505:
687:
659:
8:
530:
526:
518:
476:
460:
1409:
1463:
1001:
782:
739:
695:
161:
599:
422:
231:
221:
1444:
1413:
1380:
1355:
1325:
1300:
1275:
1250:
1225:
1200:
1175:
1164:
1143:
1122:
1098:
1070:
1037:
1012:
983:
960:
842:
After losing significant numbers to desertion and sickness, escaping encirclement at
778:
595:
98:
891:
752:
654:. The defenders were driven from their positions. A group known subsequently as the
442:
236:
198:
167:
748:
537:
period, Brazil saw its first wave of general strikes and the establishment of the
319:
707:
607:
587:
226:
790:
1402:
916:
772:
760:
639:
591:
432:
286:
132:
120:
735:
1457:
667:
651:
192:
1062:
975:
847:
691:
398:
634:
799:
642:
619:
534:
522:
594:. Sparked initially by the punishment and brief imprisonment of marshal
870:
846:, Rio Grande do Sul, in January 1925, making a successful stand at the
795:
759:, in what became the greatest guerrilla feat in Brazil until then: the
513:
570:
819:
625:
1377:
Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001
1352:
Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001
1297:
Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001
1140:
Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001
823:
1322:
Soldiers of the Pátria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937
1247:
Soldiers of the Pátria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937
1222:
Soldiers of the Pátria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937
1197:
Soldiers of the Pátria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937
1095:
Soldiers of the Pátria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937
1067:
A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the present,2nd Edition
980:
Soldiers of the Pátria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937
467:) was a political philosophy of junior army officers (Portuguese:
852:
807:
803:
30:
1031:
723:
291:
Unknown number of military mutineers in the rest of the country.
811:
60:
731:
633:
Their early-morning rebellion was taken up by a garrison in
1269:
874:
Plaque commemorating the '18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt'
504:— dominated by the coffee oligarchs and the old order of
1161:
1121:, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1987,
16:
Brazilian military political philosophy of the 1920s
1345:
1343:
1341:
1274:. Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli. p. 136.
1270:Devoto, Fernando J.; Di Tella, Torcuato S. (1997).
1032:Jackson Alexander, Robert; Parker, Eldon M (2003).
349:
1401:
1163:
1000:
1088:
1086:
544:A new class of junior army officers (Portuguese:
39:after leaving Fort Copacabana fort on 6 July 1922
1455:
1338:
1441:The Prestes Column – revolution in Brazil
1083:
559:
335:
674:
297:10,000 troops in the Copacabana Fort revolt
1324:. Stanford University Press. p. 275.
1249:. Stanford University Press. p. 273.
1224:. Stanford University Press. p. 271.
1199:. Stanford University Press. p. 270.
1097:. Stanford University Press. p. 263.
342:
328:
1157:
1155:
1069:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 190.
1036:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 2.
982:p. 261; Stanford University Press, 2004;
314:Large number of human and material losses
1119:Latin America: A Naval History 1810–1987
869:
828:
624:
569:
1374:
1349:
1294:
1057:
1055:
1053:
785:, with others including Eduardo Gomes,
484:) who significantly contributed to the
1456:
1319:
1244:
1219:
1194:
1170:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1162:Fausto, Boris; Brakel, Arthur (1999).
1152:
1092:
1034:A History of Organized Labor in Brazil
1061:
755:, they joined Gaucho officers led by
475:
323:
300:20,500 troops in the São Paulo revolt
1399:
1050:
998:
932:Rebellions and revolutions in Brazil
622:, and the nationalization of mines.
574:The Copacabana Fort garrison in 1922
13:
1430:
14:
1485:
859:to stage a protracted struggle".
882:revolts heralded the end of the
726:, and the middle class, such as
656:18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt
108:
29:
1393:
1368:
1313:
1288:
1263:
1238:
1213:
1188:
1007:. Houghton Mifflin Co. p.
694:. Commanded by retired General
1132:
1111:
1025:
992:
969:
953:
944:
92:Rebel soldiers (Army and Navy)
1:
1443:. New Viewpoints (New York)
937:
495:
486:Brazilian Revolution of 1930
7:
1375:Scheina, Robert L. (2003).
1350:Scheina, Robert L. (2003).
1295:Scheina, Robert L. (2003).
1166:A Concise History of Brazil
910:
899:their own countrymen. "The
560:July 1922: the first revolt
10:
1490:
1408:. Addison-Wesley. p.
1379:. Brassey's. p. 130.
1354:. Brassey's. p. 132.
1299:. Brassey's. p. 129.
1003:A History of Latin America
927:Military history of Brazil
770:
713:The city of São Paulo was
700:crisis of the fake letters
686:hands of politicians from
678:
664:Antônio de Siqueira Campos
614:, from taking office. The
612:1922 presidential election
563:
1320:McCann, Frank D. (2004).
1245:McCann, Frank D. (2004).
1220:McCann, Frank D. (2004).
1195:McCann, Frank D. (2004).
1093:McCann, Frank D. (2004).
865:
578:What became known as the
364:
313:
308:
265:
152:
79:
43:
28:
23:
1400:Page, Joseph A. (1995).
1142:p. 128; Brassey's, 2003
922:First Brazilian Republic
826:close to Foz do Iguaçu.
681:São Paulo Revolt of 1924
675:São Paulo Revolt of 1924
584:First Brazilian Republic
490:First Brazilian Republic
1474:20th-century rebellions
999:Keen, Benjamin (1996).
533:in Brazil. In the post-
389:São Paulo's countryside
875:
834:
794:out in places such as
630:
575:
566:Copacabana Fort revolt
545:
468:
464:
438:Rio Grande do Sul 1925
428:Rio Grande do Sul 1924
275:Copacabana Fort revolt
244:Setembrino de Carvalho
241:César do Rego Monteiro
153:Commanders and leaders
873:
832:
771:Further information:
628:
606:attempted to prevent
573:
411:Battle of Três Lagoas
356:campaigns (1922–1927)
309:Casualties and losses
101:in the Prestes Column
1469:Rebellions in Brazil
1138:Scheina, Robert L.;
1117:Scheina, Robert L.,
787:Newton Estillac Leal
519:white-collar workers
384:Bombing of São Paulo
166:Joaquim Távora
839:Luís Carlos Prestes
833:Luís Carlos Prestes
757:Luís Carlos Prestes
477:[teˈnẽtʃis]
184:Euclides da Fonseca
180:Luís Carlos Prestes
876:
835:
783:Isidoro Dias Lopes
740:Mato Grosso do Sul
696:Isidoro Dias Lopes
631:
576:
502:federal government
394:Foreign Battalions
197:Nílton Prado
162:Isidoro Dias Lopes
71:Government victory
1076:978-1-118-77248-5
779:Rio Grande do Sul
660:Avenida Atlântica
596:Hermes da Fonseca
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1063:Meade, Teresa A.
1059:
1048:
1047:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1006:
996:
990:
976:McCann, Frank D.
973:
967:
957:
951:
948:
610:, winner of the
479:
474:
443:Lightning Column
359:
357:
344:
337:
330:
321:
320:
281:São Paulo revolt
258:Fernando Prestes
250:Eduardo Sócrates
237:Carlos de Campos
203:
172:
113:
112:
111:
45:
44:
33:
21:
20:
1489:
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769:
708:Mogi das Cruzes
683:
677:
608:Artur Bernardes
600:Epitácio Pessoa
588:Fort Copacabana
568:
562:
539:Communist Party
498:
488:that ended the
472:
454:
453:
452:
447:
360:
352:
350:
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261:
232:Washington Luís
227:Artur Bernardes
222:Epitácio Pessoa
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188:Siqueira Canpos
168:
109:
107:
95:Armed civilians
63:
34:
24:Tenente revolts
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5:
1487:
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1404:The Brazilians
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917:Brazilian Army
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894:, to lead the
892:Getúlio Vargas
884:café com leite
867:
864:
773:Coluna Prestes
768:
765:
761:Prestes Column
679:Main article:
676:
673:
658:were led down
592:Rio de Janeiro
564:Main article:
561:
558:
523:trade unionism
507:café com leite
497:
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445:
440:
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433:Prestes Column
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283:
279:~3,500 in the
277:
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247:Abílio Noronha
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805:
801:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
774:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:Foz do Iguaçu
745:
744:Juarez Távora
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
711:
709:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
682:
672:
669:
668:Eduardo Gomes
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:Latin America
649:
648:
644:
641:
636:
627:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
598:by president
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
572:
567:
557:
553:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:
510:
508:
503:
493:
491:
487:
483:
478:
470:
466:
462:
458:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
412:
409:
408:
407:
404:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
363:
358:
355:
345:
340:
338:
333:
331:
326:
325:
322:
312:
307:
302:
299:
296:
295:
290:
288:
285:1,500 in the
284:
282:
278:
276:
272:
271:
270:
269:
264:
257:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
217:
212:
211:Juarez Távora
209:
206:
204:
202:
196:
194:
193:Eduardo Gomes
191:
189:
186:
183:
181:
178:
175:
173:
171:
165:
163:
160:
159:
157:
156:
151:
146:
145:Public Forces
143:
139:
136:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:Army Aviation
124:
123:
122:
119:
118:
117:
116:
105:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
89:
88:
84:
83:
78:
70:
67:
66:
62:
58:
55:
54:
50:
47:
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
1440:
1403:
1395:
1376:
1370:
1351:
1321:
1315:
1296:
1290:
1271:
1265:
1246:
1240:
1221:
1215:
1196:
1190:
1165:
1139:
1134:
1118:
1113:
1094:
1066:
1033:
1027:
1002:
994:
979:
971:
955:
946:
904:
900:
887:
883:
879:
877:
857:
848:Iguazu Falls
836:
816:
791:João Cabanas
776:
712:
704:
692:Minas Gerais
684:
647:Minas Geraes
646:
632:
620:cooperatives
615:
603:
579:
577:
554:
549:
543:
512:
506:
499:
481:
456:
455:
399:Death Column
379:Urban combat
353:
351:
273:~900 in the
254:Mena Barreto
200:
176:Miguel Costa
169:
106:
86:
85:
80:Belligerents
36:
888:coronelismo
800:Mato Grosso
736:Três Lagoas
643:dreadnought
535:World War I
514:coronelismo
482:lieutenants
406:Mato Grosso
1458:Categories
938:References
855:in 1927".
796:Bela Vista
496:Background
465:tenentismo
461:Portuguese
1464:Tenentism
1439:; (1974)
1129:, p. 195.
820:Argentina
715:bombarded
688:São Paulo
635:São Paulo
580:tenentist
541:in 1922.
531:socialism
527:anarchism
457:Tenentism
374:São Paulo
354:Tenentist
99:Guerrilla
51:1922-1930
1065:(2016).
911:See also
905:tenentes
901:tenentes
844:Palmeira
824:Paraguay
728:Perdizes
616:tenentes
604:tenentes
550:tenentes
546:tenentes
509:politics
469:tenentes
266:Strength
56:Location
37:tenentes
880:tenente
853:Bolivia
808:Sergipe
804:Aracaju
418:Sergipe
201:†
170:†
1447:
1416:
1383:
1358:
1328:
1303:
1278:
1253:
1228:
1203:
1178:
1146:
1125:
1101:
1073:
1040:
1015:
986:
963:
866:Legacy
812:Manaus
753:Paraná
602:, the
529:, and
423:Paraná
115:Brazil
87:Rebels
68:Result
61:Brazil
751:, in
732:Bauru
720:Mooca
1445:ISBN
1414:ISBN
1381:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1276:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1176:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1123:ISBN
1099:ISBN
1071:ISBN
1038:ISBN
1013:ISBN
984:ISBN
961:ISBN
878:The
822:and
810:and
724:Brás
722:and
690:and
666:and
640:navy
511:and
473:IPA:
48:Date
35:The
1410:429
1172:184
1009:349
662:by
590:in
586:at
1460::
1412:.
1340:^
1174:.
1154:^
1085:^
1052:^
1011:.
978:;
806:,
802:,
798:,
789:,
738:,
552:.
525:,
492:.
480:,
471:,
463::
1422:.
1389:.
1364:.
1334:.
1309:.
1284:.
1259:.
1234:.
1209:.
1184:.
1107:.
1079:.
1046:.
1021:.
459:(
343:e
336:t
329:v
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