847:
31:
298:
272:
940:'s abrupt resignation in August 1961, Prestes, like others on the left (and not just in the PCB) saw a chance for real reform for Brazil's workers and peasants, and he continually publicly pressured Goulart to accelerate reforms in Brazil. Of course, amidst the polarization of the Cold War, the middle classes, conservatives, and military saw the spectre of communism in Goulart's eventual leftward shift; determined to prevent a communist "dictatorship," the military overthrew Goulart and instead ushered in a conservative dictatorship.
608:’s recommendation the tenentes affiliate with the communists in the international political arena. Over nearly 3 years, the column marched 25,000 kilometers (16,000 miles) across thirteen Brazilian states. The column, organized in protest of the politics and policies of the oligarchical First Republic (1889–1930), lacked the power to threaten the First Republic directly, but was nonetheless strong enough to resist the government’s efforts to apprehend and eliminate the Prestes Column, which ultimately went into exile in
1020:
figurehead and leader of the
Brazilian Communist Party, the remnants of the party remained divided over what paths to pursue as Brazil returned to democratization, riven by questions over whether to support the institutional transition or to demand a more radical revolution. While many could and did acknowledge Prestes's historical importance to the left in Brazil, they felt that, at over 80 years old, he was no longer the appropriate leader, and he was removed from his position as secretary-general of the PCB.
316:
390:
967:, the closeness of the government to the historically disenfranchised working class and peasantry and even to the Communist Party under none other than Luís Carlos Prestes was equally remarkable. Goulart appeared to have been co-opting the communist movement in a manner reminiscent of Vargas' co-option of the Integralists shortly, and not coincidentally, before his ouster by reactionary forces. Once again, Prestes was imprisoned and the communist movement was persecuted.
1000:
863:. By mid-1935 Brazilian politics had become drastically destabilized. In July the government moved against the ANL, with troops raiding offices, confiscating propaganda, seizing records, and jailing leaders. The ANL resorted to its armed insurrection in November, but it was quickly defeated. The authoritarian regime, like its fascist counterparts in Europe, responded by imprisoning and torturing Prestes and violently crushing the communist movement through state terror.
910:
400:
830:, Vargas's government quickly cracked down and ended it. Miscalculating Vargas's intentions, the ANL ultimately created the pretext that allowed Vargas to further solidify his control, going after a broader range of critics and opponents of his government. Prestes avoided the initial wave of crackdowns, but by March 1936, both he and Olga had been imprisoned. Given her status as a foreigner, Vargas sent a pregnant Olga back to
1024:
341:
625:
742:, but the movement failed to gain enough adherents to be sustainable. Continuing to deploy Marxist analysis in his consideration of Brazilian politics and society, he nonetheless was excluded from the Brazilian Communist Party, which had begun replacing intellectuals with workers in the party structure. Ultimately, Prestes once again went into a self-imposed exile, this time in
543:
951:
served as the
Minister of the Air Force during the military dictatorship, former tenente Luís Carlos Prestes was constantly attempting to avoid military repression. Yet that was not the least of Prestes' problems. Long acknowledged as a leader in Brazilian communism, the heterogeneity of Marxism both
905:
Once more he plunged into the political arena. With about 6 months in which to work before the presidential election, Prestes set about reorganising the
Communist Party, which numbered only 4000 members. The communists showed unprecedented strength in the ensuing elections, polling some 700,000 or 15
1019:
Ultimately, Prestes returned to Brazil with the military's general amnesty of 1979 that pardoned political prisoners and exiles (while also pardoning any and all military members and officials tied to torture or the execution of the regime's opponents). Despite the return of the man many saw as the
1015:
for political offenders was granted ten years later. By the mid-1970s, the dictatorship, having effectively eliminated the other armed leftist movements, turned its sights on the PCB, targeting and killing some of its top leaders, but by that point, Prestes had been in exile for a number of years.
924:
As a senator, Prestes played a part in the writing of a new constitution in 1946. Later that month, Vargas was ousted by the hard-right wing of the military partly because of his liberalizing moves; the communist movement became persecuted once again. In May 1947, the
Brazilian government outlawed
821:
were increasingly moving rightward, Prestes had soured on the Vargas government after supporting his rise in 1930. With
Prestes's affiliation with the ANL, its membership grew in the course of 1935, and, in a moment of overconfidence, the ANL issued a manifesto that called for the overthrow of the
793:
government. He endeavored to suppress his enemies on the left, led by
Prestes, through violence and state terror in order to survive with his coalition intact during the agitated years that began in 1934. Vargas had become allied with Brazil's agrarian oligarchies, having an established network of
901:
With the overthrow of the Vargas regime in
October 1945, new elections took place. Prestes gave an astute assessment of Vargas' politics, commenting, "Getúlio is very flexible. When it was fashionable to be a fascist, he was a fascist. Now that it is fashionable to be democratic, he will be a
769:
In 1935, he was made a member of the executive committee of the
Communist International and is reported to have earned the confidence of Stalin. In that same year, he became the leader of the Aliança Nacional Libertadora (National Liberation Alliance) (ANL), a left-wing
858:
branded all leftist opposition as "subversive" under a March 1935 National
Security Act. The new act allowed the President to ban the ANL. Vested with its new emergency powers, the federal government imposed a crackdown on the entire left, with arrests, torture, and
737:
revolution and believing that the
Liberal Alliance was merely going to replace one oligarchical system with another, Prestes fatefully declined. He attempted to create the League of Revolutionary Action, a "third path" that differed from the Liberal Alliance and the
585:, Prestes actually missed out on the fateful "March of the 18," as he was in bed with typhoid fever when the revolt broke out. Since Prestes was not directly involved in the revolt, he escaped the prison sentences of some of his colleagues, but he was transferred to
974:
rebellion and Vargas' suppression of the communist movement left Prestes, and some of his comrades, skeptical of armed conflict for the rest of his life. His well-cultivated skepticism later helped precipitate the permanent schism between hardline
837:
After the revolt failed, the leaders were arrested and tried for sedition in 1937. Prestes was sentenced to 16 years in prison. In 1943, while still in prison, Prestes was elected general secretary of the Communist Party of Brazil.
600:
in July 1924, Prestes rose to fame when, after a failed attempt to take over a garrison, he met the rebels from São Paulo and led the combined group of tenentes and rebels in what came to be known as the "Prestes Column."
596:, Prestes rose to a key position in the Tenentes movement, named for the role the lower-ranking officers played in the revolts of both 1922 and 1924. While not involved in the temporary takeover of
917:
In the elections of December 2, 1945, Prestes won the highest number of votes in his race for the senator of the Federal District. Prestes's election coincided, however, with the beginning of the
928:
He refused to support any of the candidates in the 1950 election, and remained an open critic of Vargas's presidency up through the latter's suicide in 1954. Prestes did support the candidacy of
983:
in the Brazilian Communist Party during the early 1960s. Prestes went on to lead the pro-Soviet faction of the party known as the Brazilian Communist Party (or PCB) while the Maoists formed the
472:, on a three-year, 14,000-mile trek through the remote Brazilian interior in a futile attempt to stir peasant opposition to the Government. Eventually, the rebels went into exile in
667:, a process further facilitated by his conversations with the Rodolfo Ghioldi, a key figure in Argentine communist politics, and August Kleine, who was a representative of the
450:
from 1946 to 1948. One of the leading communists in Brazil, Prestes has been regarded by many as one of Brazil's most charismatic yet tragic figures for his leadership of the
1508:
468:
Beginning in 1924, as a young army officer, Prestes was a leading figure in an abortive military revolt. After its failure, he led a band of rebel troops, known as the
1347:
558:
on January 3, 1898. His father had been an officer in the army. With his family enduring financial difficulties after his father left them, Prestes enrolled in the
644:, and other infrastructure projects for the British enterprise Bolivian Company Limited. In late 1927, the secretary-general of the Partido Comunista Brasileiro (
947:
regime, Prestes once again went underground, then exile, as the military targeted other veteran PCB members such as Gregório Bezerra. Even while former tentente
925:
the Communist Party, and Congress followed suit by ousting its communist members. Prestes immediately went into hiding and operated underground for 10 years.
902:
democrat." Despite his own treatment at the hands of Vargas, and the fate of his wife, Prestes threw his support behind Vargas in the name of national unity.
659:
Ironically (given Prestes' future political path), the tenente turned down Pereira's recommendation, remaining in Bolivia until late 1928, when he went to
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1168:
822:
Vargas government. Vargas used the opportunity to declare the ANL an illegal organization; when Prestes and other members of the ANL launched an
1468:
1140:
874:, and may have targeted Prestes' wife to appease his new supporters. Vargas deported the pregnant, German-Jewish wife of Luís Carlos Prestes,
1503:
1488:
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and explained his idea of socialist revolution to Vargas for about two hours. Vargas was highly impressed by Prestes and even donated 800
1483:
459:
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49:
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271:
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in 1943, political prisoners were released. Prestes was released from prison in May 1945 in an amnesty for political prisoners.
1498:
495:. Imprisoned after a violent uprising in 1935 and sentenced to 30 years in prison for ordering the execution of the teenager
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823:
527:
372:
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and found work as an engineer. It was at this time that Prestes finally read Marxist works and began to identify with
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in 1927. His ability to avoid defeat at the hands of government forces made Prestes somewhat of a folk hero both in
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in 1955, and began to play a more public role even while the PCB remained illegal. With the ascendance of
846:
559:
250:
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Vargas, seeking to co-opt Brazil's fascist movement and paramilitary, known as "Integralism" and led by
762:. At the end of 1934, he left the Soviet Union to return to Brazil, accompanied by his soon-to-be wife,
30:
818:
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447:
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165:
68:
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After Vargas began abandoning fascist-style autocracy in 1945, following his rapprochement with the
785:
Getúlio Vargas, who had by this time become Brazil's legally recognized president (no longer merely
237:
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531:
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in 1928, shortly after concluding the Prestes Column's 3-year march throughout Brazil's interior.
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philosophy. He was removed from the leadership in 1980 and expelled in 1984. He campaigned for
1055:
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Given his future political trajectory, it is more than a little ironic that Prestes rejected
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also attended) at the age of 21, completing his military training in 1919. Specializing in
8:
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403:
399:
814:
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987:(or PCdoB). While the Maoists went underground and engaged in urban combat against the
883:
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803:
802:
movement with a mass popular base in urban Brazil. Vargas's political power forced the
649:
503:
and later served briefly as a senator. He was the communist opposition throughout the
16:
Brazilian revolutionary, politician, and Communist Party general-secretary (1898-1990)
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works with Prestes and recommended an alliance with the Brazilian Communist Party.
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45:
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In his final days, nearly penniless, Prestes was largely supported by architect
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When the 1924 revolt broke out in an attempt to once again bring an end to the
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Jewish Women's Archive-Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia
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Prestes (bottom right) speaking on the floor of Congress as Senator in 1946.
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at the time, or about $ 5,860,000 in 2017 USD) to the revolutionary cause.
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551:
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133:
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774:, consisting of socialists, communists, and other progressives led by the
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In the 1980s, Prestes accused the Brazilian Communist Party of abandoning
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1050:, a long-time communist sympathizer and designer of many buildings in
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1031:(center), whom Prestes supported in the 1980s after leaving the PCB.
960:
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1023:
652:, went to Bolivia to meet Prestes. During the visit, he left some
1234:
Elza, a garota: a história da jovem comunista que o Partido matou
1012:
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sympathized with him, Vargas was a far more conservative figure.
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976:
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wanted Prestes to join Vargas, Prestes decided to meet him in
1141:
Ciclo revolucionário brasileiro: do Tenentismo ao Estado Novo
542:
1348:"Luis Carlos Prestes; Brazil's Lenin and 'Knight of Hope'"
1169:"Senado devolve mandato do ex-senador Luiz Carlos Prestes"
1130:
A brief overview of the Prestes Column in Brazil 1924-1927
952:
globally and in Brazil transformed his role in the 1960s.
758:
where he worked as an engineer and continued his study of
476:. Although the effort failed, he became a romantic hero.
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1011:, and their children, and only returned to Brazil after
882:, where she later was murdered by her Nazi captors in a
1007:
In 1970, Prestes went to Moscow with his second wife,
1003:
Prestes in exile in the Soviet Union in the mid-1970s.
959:(1961–1964), a protégé of Getúlio Vargas, and another
854:
As a result of Vargas' increased political power, the
1303:
1195:"BRAZIL'S RED KNIGHT OF HOPE: UNHORSED BUT UNDAUNTED"
697:
ended Brazil's Old Republic. Joined by many moderate
581:
Although he played a key part in the planning of the
806:
to respond to the growth of the communist movement.
701:, but not Prestes, the Revolution of 1930 installed
1509:
People granted political asylum in the Soviet Union
1293:
1291:
1149:(Documentary about the life of Luís Carlos Prestes)
733:However, Prestes viewed Vargas as the leader of a
693:politics and the beginning of social reforms. The
462:. The 1924 expedition earned Prestes the nickname
426:(January 3, 1898 – March 7, 1990) was a Brazilian
1116:, that preceded and perhaps inspired the Chinese
1440:
1288:
705:as Brazil's provisional president. Although the
537:
1279:"Luis Carlos Prestes, 92, Brazilian Communist"
1262:"Luis Carlos Prestes, 92, Brazilian Communist"
1213:"Luis Carlos Prestes, 92, Brazilian Communist"
479:He went on to become general-secretary of the
809:While former tenentes and colleagues such as
1236:(in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). São Paulo:
1147:O Velho - A História de Luiz Carlos Prestes
778:in opposition to Vargas' crackdown against
62:February 1, 1946 – January 9, 1948
29:
1474:Brazilian expatriates in the Soviet Union
1228:
671:in South America from 1930 through 1934.
483:, which advocated ending payments on the
1385:
1380:The Prestes Column: Revolution in Brazil
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1022:
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908:
845:
623:
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1137:The most important dates of his career.
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749:
619:
81:August 28, 1943 – May 12, 1980
1441:
991:after 1964, Prestes' faction did not.
794:economic and political power, and the
199:
1469:Brazilian Communist Party politicians
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1297:
850:Prestes at the Security Court in 1937
1504:People convicted of murder by Brazil
1489:Brazilian people convicted of murder
1098:Brazilian communist uprising of 1935
981:orthodox Moscow-influenced militants
889:
640:, Prestes worked on road-building,
546:A young Prestes in military uniform
13:
1484:Brazilian expatriates in Argentina
1043:'s presidential campaign in 1989.
674:
578:, he finished first in his class.
14:
1525:
1494:International Lenin School alumni
1167:Bortoni, Larissa (May 22, 2013).
1123:
936:to the presidency in the wake of
458:and his subsequent work with the
1386:Congress, United States (1959).
1037:Brazil's Democratic Labour Party
683:revolt heralded the end of the "
491:of foreign-owned companies, and
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1388:Reports and Documents, Volume 1
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394:Order of the October Revolution
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1160:
566:(where future fellow-tenentes
198: 1934; died
1:
1373:
1035:He became a supporter of the
970:The experience of the failed
554:in the southernmost state of
538:Early life and Tenente revolt
1499:People convicted of sedition
1153:
789:), thus looked to a form of
460:Brazilian communist movement
35:Luis Carlos Prestes in 1959.
7:
1382:, by Neill Macaulay (1974).
1061:
1058:on March 7, 1990, aged 92.
560:Military School of Realengo
251:Military School of Realengo
10:
1530:
1107:, biography of Prestes by
943:Once again living under a
568:Antônio de Siqueira Campos
528:1989 presidential election
373:Communist uprising of 1935
1429:
1423:Brazilian Communist Party
1419:
1411:
1406:
1088:Brazilian Communist Party
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481:Brazilian Communist Party
440:Brazilian Communist Party
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67:General Secretary of the
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1459:People from Porto Alegre
1407:Party political offices
955:Under the presidency of
754:In 1931, he went to the
532:Fernando Collor de Mello
499:, he was released after
442:from 1943 to 1980 and a
1514:Brazilian anti-fascists
669:Communist International
628:Luis Carlos Prestes in
1032:
1004:
914:
906:percent of the total.
870:, tolerated a tide of
851:
633:
547:
1421:General-Secretary of
1415:Antônio Maciel Bonfim
1395:Amado, Jorge (1942).
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989:military dictatorship
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849:
627:
616:and internationally.
545:
328:Years of service
92:Antônio Maciel Bonfim
1238:Companhia das Letras
1068:Olga Benário Prestes
1054:. Prestes died of a
1027:Prestes (left) with
995:Later life and death
930:Juscelino Kubitschek
826:in November 1935 in
750:Alignment to Marxism
620:In exile (1927–1930)
576:military engineering
550:Prestes was born in
434:who served as the
1135:Prestes in Timeline
896:World War II Allies
828:Rio Grande do Norte
464:The Knight of Hope.
424:Luís Carlos Prestes
404:Order of Friendship
368:1924 tenente revolt
121:Luís Carlos Prestes
23:Luís Carlos Prestes
1397:The Knight of Hope
1283:The New York Times
1266:The New York Times
1217:The New York Times
1199:The New York Times
1104:The Knight of Hope
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1005:
915:
884:concentration camp
856:Brazilian Congress
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804:Brazilian Congress
695:Revolution of 1930
650:Astrojildo Pereira
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548:
526:candidate, in the
282:The Knight of Hope
1437:
1436:
1430:Succeeded by
1352:Los Angeles Times
1240:. pp. 9–10.
1230:Rodrigues, Sérgio
1073:Carlos Marighella
1039:and took part in
965:Rio Grande do Sul
587:Rio Grande do Sul
556:Rio Grande do Sul
436:general-secretary
421:
420:
409:Bertha Lutz Award
261:Military engineer
138:Rio Grande do Sul
1521:
1479:Brazilian exiles
1464:Brazilian rebels
1412:Preceded by
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1403:
1400:
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1354:. Archived from
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890:Political career
815:Juracy Magalhães
516:Marxist-Leninist
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776:Communist Party
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685:coffee and milk
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675:1930 revolution
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606:Siqueira Campos
540:
489:nationalization
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1114:Coluna Prestes
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1083:Getúlio Vargas
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1048:Oscar Niemeyer
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868:Plínio Salgado
861:summary trials
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703:Getúlio Vargas
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594:First Republic
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520:Leonel Brizola
497:Elza Fernandes
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1177:. Retrieved
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150:(1990-03-07)
134:Porto Alegre
99:Succeeded by
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1454:1990 deaths
1449:1898 births
1109:Jorge Amado
690:coronelismo
524:center-left
493:land reform
168:(1934–1984)
87:Preceded by
1443:Categories
1427:1943–1980
1374:References
1362:2020-07-17
1298:Amado 1942
1118:Long March
945:right-wing
787:ad interim
642:sanitation
505:Vargas Era
432:politician
292:Allegiance
257:Profession
246:Alma mater
127:1898-01-03
1154:Footnotes
1093:Tenentism
760:communism
735:bourgeois
728:$ 400,000
665:socialism
661:Argentina
636:While in
598:São Paulo
530:, won by
454:tenentist
331:1919–1936
267:Signature
77:In office
58:In office
1232:(2018).
1062:See also
1052:Brasília
919:Cold War
714:tenentes
707:tenentes
699:tenentes
648:; PCB),
446:for the
279:Nickname
233:Children
157:, Brazil
140:, Brazil
48:for the
1013:amnesty
977:Maoists
972:tenente
800:fascist
744:Uruguay
726:(about
681:tenente
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638:Bolivia
630:Bolivia
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474:Bolivia
444:senator
438:of the
345:Captain
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173:Spouses
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961:gaúcho
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614:Brazil
509:Brazil
456:revolt
382:Awards
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304:Brazil
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963:from
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452:1924
238:Anita
220:(
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1242:ISBN
1181:2021
979:and
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756:USSR
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570:and
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430:and
351:Unit
336:Rank
200:1942
145:Died
117:Born
562:in
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166:PCB
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