42:
1055:
67:
1047:
656:
103:
396:
1063:
600:. At Taupō the rift volcanic zone is widening east–west at the rate of about 8 mm (0.31 in)/year, while at Mount Ruapehu it is only 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in)/year and this increases at the north eastern end at the Bay of Plenty coast to 10–15 mm (0.39–0.59 in)/year. The rift has had three active stages of faulting in the last 2 million years with the modern Taupō rift evolving in the last 25,000 years after the massive
110:
74:
3802:
440:
862:
311:
3933:
701:
The central part of the zone is composed of eight caldera centres the oldest of which is the
Mangakino caldera which was active more than a million years ago (1.62–0.91 Ma). This produced ignimbrite that 170 km (110 mi) away in Auckland is up to 9 m (30 ft) thick. Other than the
587:
50 kilometres (30 mi) wide and 160 kilometres (100 mi) long lies 10 kilometres under the surface. The geological record indicates that some of the volcanoes in the area erupt infrequently but have large, violent and destructive eruptions when they do. Technically the zone is
726:
might play a predominant role in producing this rhyolite, as later assimilation and fractional crystallization of primary basalt magma, is difficult to model to explain the composition and volumes erupted. This central zone has had the largest number of very large silicic caldera-forming eruptions
1025:
Map of selected surface volcanic deposits centered on the Taupō Volcanic Zone, allowing wider volcanic context. Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of volcanic deposits name/wikilink and ages before present. The key to the shading of the volcanics that are shown is
641:
resulted in the mapping of the
Edgecumbe fault for the first time) or frequency of events and their likely magnitude are not understood. It can not be assumed that just because the rate of expansion of the rift is greatest near the coast that this is where most significant tectonic earthquakes in
340:
in the zone is only available from the Ōkataina
Rotoiti eruption but including this event, the zone has been more productive than any other rhyolite predominant volcanic area over the last 50,000 odd years at 12.8 km (3.1 cu mi) per thousand years. Comparison of large events in the
1017:
Map of selected volcanic features as rectangular symbols for the Taupō Volcanic Zone. Volcanoes classified as active are shown as red, other notable volcanoes (there are many more) are shown as orange, geothermal areas as light blue and if active hydrothermal eruptions as blue. It is possible by
408:
had a major, edifice failure collapse of its volcano dated to 946 BCE ± 52 years. It has been suggested that this was the cause of the tsunami tens of metres tall that went up to 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) inland in the Bay of Plenty at about this time. Although significant tsunami's can be
380:(DRE) is believed to have been ejected, and over 30 km (7.2 cu mi) of material is estimated to have been ejected in just a few minutes. The date of this activity was previously thought to be 186 AD as the ash expulsion was thought to be sufficiently large to turn the sky red over
832:
if gas-rich of this part of the zone. Mount
Ruapehu, the tallest mountain in the North Island, is a 150 km (36 cu mi) andesite cone surrounded by a 150 km (36 cu mi) ring-plain. This ring plain is formed from numerous volcanic deposits created by slope failure,
612:
which was active between 2.95 to 1.9 million years ago, and was previously classified as part of the
Central Volcanic Region, appears now to be in a tectonic continuum with the Taupō Volcanic Zone. Recent ocean floor tephra studies off the east coast of the North Island have shown an abrupt
604:
and now being within two essentially inactive rift systems. These are the surrounding limits of the young Taupō Rift between 25,000 and 350,000 years and old Taupō Rift system whose northern boundary is now located well to the north of the other two being created before 350,000 years ago.
773:
of 232 CE ± 10 years had 120 km (29 cu mi) dense-rock equivalent. Since the
Whakamaru eruption the central part of the zone has dominated, so that when the whole zone is considered there has been about 3,000 km (720 cu mi) of rhyolite, 300 km
579:
to the intra-arc Taupō Rift. As there is presently no absolute consensus with regard to the cause of the Taupō Rift's extension or its exceptional current volcanic productivity, some of the discussion on this page has been simplified, rather than all possible models being presented.
897:. As mentioned earlier the Ōkataina caldera complex is the highest risk volcanic field risk in New Zealand to man and the recent frequency of rhyolitic events there is not reassuring, along with the timescale of likely warning of such an event. These eruptions are associated with
5302:
Leonard, Graham S.; Cole, Rosie P.; Christenson, Bruce W.; Conway, Chris E.; Cronin, Shane J.; Gamble, John A.; Hurst, Tony; Kennedy, Ben M.; Miller, Craig A.; Procter, Jonathan N.; Pure, Leo R.; Townsend, JDougal B.; White, James D. L.; Wilson, Colin J. N. (2021-05-02).
5354:
885:. The relative low grade volcanic activity of the andesite volcanoes at each end of the zone has resulted in recorded history in both direct loss of life and disrupted transport and tourism. The only high grade eruption in recorded history was atypically basaltic from
492:
Associated with the Taupō volcanic zone, intra-arc extension is expressed as normal faulting within a zone known as the Taupō Rift. Volcanic activity continues to the north-northeast, along the line of the Taupō Volcanic Zone, through several undersea volcanoes in the
41:
570:
In the North Island rifting associated with plate tectonics has defined a
Central Volcanic Region, that has been active for four million years and this extends westward from the Taupō volcanic zone through the western Bay of Plenty to the eastern side of the
336:. The Taupō Volcanic Zone has produced in the last 350,000 years over 3,900 cubic kilometres (940 cu mi) material, more than anywhere else on Earth, from over 300 silicic eruptions, with 12 of these eruptions being caldera-forming. Detailed
746:, although its current central landscape is mainly a product of later smaller events over the last 200,000 years than the Whakamaru eruption. The other volcanic plateau defining eruptions were to the west, the 150 km (36 cu mi)
2398:, have the same name too. The paired single event eruption of the Ohakuri Caldera at its north western limits with the Rotorua Caldera added later complexity after this classification was developed. Accordingly, later naming, terms this the
5716:
5123:
Santa Cruz, CRC; Zellmer, GF; Stirling, CH; Straub, SM; Brenna, M; Reid, MR; Németh, K; Barr, D (1 July 2023). "Transcrustal and source processes affecting the chemical characteristics of magmas in a hyperactive volcanic zone".
285:
volcanic zone is widening unevenly east–west, with the greatest rate of widening at the Bay of Plenty coast, the least at Mount
Ruapehu and a rate of about 8 mm (0.31 in) per year at Taupō. The zone is named after
646:
south of Lake Taupō and associated with the
Tongariro graben has a particular risk of inducing massive landslips which has caused significant loss of life and appears to be more active than many other faults in the zone.
454:
The Taupō volcanic zone is approximately 350 kilometres (217 mi) long by 50 kilometres (31 mi) wide. Mount
Ruapehu marks its southwestern end, while Whakaari / White Island is considered its northeastern limit.
4205:
Illsley-Kemp, Finnigan; Barker, Simon J.; Wilson, Colin J. N.; Chamberlain, Calum J.; Hreinsdóttir, Sigrún; Ellis, Susan; Hamling, Ian J.; Savage, Martha K.; Mestel, Eleanor R. H.; Wadsworth, Fabian B. (2021-06-01).
5233:
Volcanic Hazards Working Group of the Civil Defence Scientific Advisory Committee, which includes scientists from the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences and the Universities, Number seven "Taupo Volcanic
5072:
5108:
Subduction cycling and its controls on hyperactive volcanism in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Earth
4058:"Shallow subaqueous to emergent intra-caldera silicic volcanism of the Motuoapa Peninsula, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand – New constraints from geologic mapping, sedimentology and zircon geochronology"
5805:"Petrography and geochemistry of lithic fragments in ignimbrites from the Mangakino Volcanic Centre: implications for the composition of the subvolcanic crust in western Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand"
5838:
633:
are some of the most active in the country and some have the potential to create over magnitude 7 events. The fault structures are perhaps most well characterised related to the Ruapehu and Tongariro
4978:
Houghton, B. F.; Nairn, I. A. (1 December 1991). "The 1976–1982 Strombolian and phreatomagmatic eruptions of White Island, New Zealand: eruptive and depositional mechanisms at a 'wet' volcano".
5899:
Spinks, Karl D; Acocella, Valerio; Cole, Jim W; Bassett, Kari N (2005-06-15). "Structural control of volcanism and caldera development in the transtensional Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand".
617:
activity from that of the Taupō Volcanic Zone. Further the distinctive Waiteariki ignimbrite that erupted 2.1 million years ago in a supereruption, presumably from the gravity anomaly defined
3226:
2735:
1607:
5735:
4267:
Dunbar, Nelia W.; Iverson, Nels A.; Van Eaton, Alexa R.; Sigl, Michael; Alloway, Brent V.; Kurbatov, Andrei V.; Mastin, Larry G.; McConnell, Joseph R.; Wilson, Colin J. N. (2017-09-25).
3677:: The Mangakino Volcanic Centre is the westernmost extinct rhyolitic caldera volcano in the Taupō Volcanic Zone and activity commenced at least 1.62 million years ago. The course of the
4859:"Linking proximal ignimbrites and coeval distal tephra deposits to establish a record of voluminous Early Quaternary (2.4–1.9 Ma) volcanism of the Tauranga Volcanic Centre, New Zealand"
2235:
702:
now buried Kapenga caldera there are five caldera centres, Rotorua, Ohakuri, Reporoa, Ōkataina and Taupō. These have resulted from massive infrequent eruptions of gaseous very viscous
3591:
1338:
3316:
901:
production that results in deep ash fall over wide areas (e.g. the Whakatane eruption of ~ 5500 years ago had 5 mm (0.20 in) ashfall 900 km (560 mi) away on the
3547:
2847:
3688:
2191:
2147:
698:. The active emergent summit tops the larger, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) × 18 kilometres (11 mi), submarine volcano with a total volume of 78 km (19 cu mi).
3406:
3364:
4106:(2009). "Volcanism in the central Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: tempo, styles and controls". In Thordarson, T.; Larsen, G.; Self, S.; Rowland, S.; Hoskuldsson, Á. (eds.).
1034:
basalts - dark brown, undifferentiated basalts of the Tangihua Complex in Northland Allochthon - light brown, arc basalts - deep orange brown, arc ring basalts -orange brown,
3027:
2653:
2103:
1970:
750:
of about 280,000 years ago, the mainly tephra 50 km (12 cu mi) Chimp (Chimpanzee) eruption between 320 and 275 ka, the central 50 km (12 cu mi)
2609:
2015:
1925:
1881:
1196:
2328:
2059:
1476:
3498:
919:
5575:
4654:
Cole, J.W.; Darby, D.J.; Stern, T.A. (1995). "Taupo Volcanic Zone and Central Volcanic Region: Backarc Structures of North Island, New Zealand". In Taylor, Brian (ed.).
4495:
1520:
1240:
1152:
5091:
637:. The recent deposits from major eruptions and lake features mean many potentially significant faults are uncharacterised, either completely (for example the 6.5 MW
3732:
2526:
1684:
1394:
3271:
2985:
2284:
3454:
2903:
2446:
1750:
1291:
957:
550:
5154:
Gualda, Guilherme A. R.; Gravley, Darren M.; Connor, Michelle; Hollmann, Brooke; Pamukcu, Ayla S.; Bégué, Florence; Ghiorso, Mark S.; Deering, Chad D. (2018).
409:
associated with volcanic eruptions, it is unknown if the cause was a relatively small eruption of Whakaari or another cause such as a large local earthquake
3191:
2947:
2812:
1108:
5252:
Bertrand, E.A.; Kannberg, P.; Caldwell, T.G.; Heise, W.; Constable, S.; Scott, B.; Bannister, S.; Kilgour, G.; Bennie, S.L.; Hart, R.; Palmer, N. (2022).
2779:
841:, the oldest recorded volcano in the south of the plateau, with to the north the two prominent volcanic mountains in the Tongariro volcanic centre being
762:
eruptions of about 240,000 years ago that together produced more than 245 km (59 cu mi) dense-rock equivalent of material. The southern
332:
erupting most frequently. Whakaari has been in continuous activity since 1826 if you count such as steaming fumaroles, but the same applies to say the
5853:
5236:
473:
is the northern-most shield volcano adjacent to the New Zealand coast, and is believed to have been active in the last 1000 years. It is formed from
4456:
Parson, L. M.; Wright, I. C. (1996). "The Lau-Havre-Taupo back-arc basin: A southward-propagating, multi-stage evolution from rifting to spreading".
1058:
Recent major volcanic features Lake Taupō showing relationship to recent volcanic vents in red and present active geothermal systems in light blue.
4820:"A two million-year history of rifting and caldera volcanism imprinted in new gravity anomaly compilation of the Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand"
5404:
Gómez-Vasconcelos, Martha; Villamor, Pilar; Procter, Jon; Palmer, Alan; Cronin, Shane; Wallace, Clel; Townsend, Dougal; Leonard, Graham (2018).
4373:"Seafloor geology and petrology in the oceanic to continental transition zone of the Kermadec-Havre-Taupo Volcanic Zone arc system, New Zealand"
1804:
5667:
Scott, B.J. (1986). Gregory, J.G.; Watters, W.A. (eds.). "Volcanic hazards assessment in New Zealand: Monitoring at Okataina Volcanic Centre".
5574:
Pittari, Adrian; Prentice, Marlena L.; McLeod, Oliver E.; Zadeh, Elham Yousef; Kamp, Peter J. J.; Danišík, Martin; Vincent, Kirsty A. (2021).
583:
Recent scientific work indicates that the Earth's crust below the Taupō Volcanic Zone may be as little as 16 kilometres thick. A film of
889:
and although very destructive is not likely to be a perfect model for the more typical and often larger rhyolitic events associated with the
5254:"Inferring the magmatic roots of volcano-geothermal systems in the Rotorua Caldera and Okataina Volcanic Centre from magnetotelluric models"
4248:
1572:
138:
5873:
5449:
4179:
913:
sheets, earthquakes, lake tsunamis, prolonged lava dome growth and associated block and ash flows with post-eruption lahars and flooding.
1038:- red, basaltic andesite`- light red, and plutonic - gray. White shading has been used for postulated calderas (usually subsurface now).
953:
5875:
Guidebook for 'Land and Lakes' field trip, New Zealand Society of Soil Science Biennial Conference, Rotorua, held in 27–30 November 2006
4187:
Guidebook for 'Land and Lakes' field trip, New Zealand Society of Soil Science Biennial Conference, Rotorua, held in 27–30 November 2006
5754:"Understanding the evolution of a small-volume silicic fissure eruption: Puketerata Volcanic Complex, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand"
967:
4056:
Kósik, Szabolcs; Nemeth, Karoly; Danisik, Martin; Procter, Jonathan; Schmitt, Axel; Friedrichs, Bjarne; Stewart, Robert (2021-01-19).
950:
3638:
2488:
1438:
944:
943:
938:
774:(72 cu mi) of andesite, 20 km (4.8 cu mi) of dacite and 5 km (1.2 cu mi) of basalt erupted.
5576:"Inception of the modern North Island (New Zealand) volcanic setting: spatio-temporal patterns of volcanism between 3.0 and 0.9 Ma"
4015:"Hf isotope evidence for variable slab input and crustal addition in basalts and andesites of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand"
3144:
5355:"Villamor, P.; Ries, W.; Zajac, A. Rotorua District Council Hazard Studies: Active fault hazards. GNS Science Consultancy Report"
954:
66:
5629:
5470:"Distal occurrence of mid-Holocene Whakatane Tephra on the Chatham Islands, New Zealand, and potential for cryptotephra studies"
1043:
The following Volcanic Centres belong to the modern Taupō Volcanic Zone in what proved to be an evolving classification scheme:
2698:
5949:
3106:
2410:
977:
4663:
4123:
3805:
2692:
955:
353:
have had multiple eruptions in the last 25,000 years. The zone's largest eruption since the arrival of Europeans was that of
5717:"The Sedimentation and Drainage History of Haroharo Caldera and The Tarawera River System, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand"
2571:
1839:
1675:
which in turn is inside the Okataina Ring Structure, according to Newhall (1988), but this was reclassified by Cole (2009).
922:
742:, over 4,000 km (960 cu mi) total was erupted. These eruptions essentially defined the limits of the present
6041:
4372:
4141:"Probabilistic modeling of tephra dispersal: Hazard assessment of a multiphase rhyolitic eruption at Tarawera, New Zealand"
952:
951:
948:
947:
946:
945:
942:
941:
940:
939:
937:
936:
935:
934:
933:
932:
931:
930:
929:
928:
927:
926:
925:
924:
923:
921:
3812:
There is more recent, somewhat different classification, by some of the same authors, that uses the term caldera complex:
575:. The dominant rifting axis associated with the Central Volcanic Region has moved with time, from the back-arc associated
5887:
5843:
4959:
1018:
clicking on the map to get a full screen view that enables mouseover to show a label (often wiki-linked) for each symbol.
949:
102:
3071:
4585:
Holden, Lucas; Wallace, L.; Beavan, J.; Fournier, Nico; Cas, Raymond; Ailleres, Laurent; Silcock, David. (2015-07-28).
3923:
3888:
3832:; may be transitional between Coromandel Volcanic Zone (CVZ) and Taupō Volcanic Zone (TVZ) (1.62 – 0.91 mio. years old)
3178:
2399:
2374:
1726:, northern end of the Okataina Volcanic Centre with infilling of several sub-caldera's from caldera forming eruptions:
920:
5406:"Characterisation of faults as earthquake sources from geomorphic data in the Tongariro Volcanic Complex, New Zealand"
4587:"Contemporary ground deformation in the Taupo Rift and Okataina Volcanic Centre from 1998 to 2011, measured using GPS"
6046:
6021:
1658:
333:
918:
769:
about 25,600 years ago produced 530 km (130 cu mi) dense-rock equivalent of material and its recent
588:
in the continental intraarc Taupō Rift, which is a continuation of oceanic plate structures associated with oblique
489:
cone and the most recent of four Taranaki volcanoes about 140 km (87 mi) west of the Taupō Volcanic Zone.
3972:
1382:
469:. Mayor Island and Mount Taranaki are recently active back arc volcanoes on the New Zealand extension of this arc.
3852:, lies inside the northern end of the Kapenga caldera, but is now usually regarded as part of the recently active
1073:
Rotorua, Ōkataina, Maroa, Taupō, Tongariro and Mangakino. The old zone almost certainly contains volcanoes in the
345:'s 2.1 million year productivity at 3.0 km (0.72 cu mi) per thousand years favours Taupo. Both the
341:
Taupō volcanic zone over the last 1.6 million years at 3.8 km (0.91 cu mi) per thousand years with
6001:
4250:
Volcanic generation of tsunamis: Two New Zealand palaeo-events in Submarine Mass Movements and their Consequences
3966:
3961:
5991:
4703:
2386:
on the South. The Waikato River course follows roughly the northern Maroa Caldera rim on one side. The town of
1004:
797:. This later as part of the Ōkataina caldera complex is the highest risk volcanic field in New Zealand to man.
494:
466:
5858:
4857:
Prentice, Marlena; Pittari, Adrian; Lowe, David J.; Kilgour, Geoff; Kamp, Peter J.J.; Namaliu, Miriam (2022).
540:, at the south-western corner of the South Island, although here the subduction is in the opposite direction.
6011:
6006:
3977:
2279:
999:
743:
719:
299:
4139:
Bonadonna, C.; Connor, C. B.; Houghton, B. F.; Connor, L.; Byrne, M.; Laing, A.; Hincks, T.K. (2005-03-15).
5866:
5560:
5232:
544:
is an extinct volcano associated with this subduction zone, and the only one that protrudes above the sea.
5889:
High-Alumina Basalts of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: Influence of the Crust and Crustal Structure
4961:
High-Alumina Basalts of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: Influence of the Crust and Crustal Structure
5517:
Cole, J.W. (1990). "Structural control and origin of volcanism in the Taupo volcanic zone, New Zealand".
4514:
2142:
994:
368:, occurred in 232 CE. It is believed to have first emptied the lake, then followed that feat with a
46:
Volcano and historic lake/caldera locations in the Taupō Volcanic Zone. The distance between the town of
4140:
4013:
Waight, Tod E.; Troll, Valentin R.; Gamble, John A.; Price, Richard C.; Chadwick, Jane P. (2017-07-01).
613:
compositional change in these, from about 4.5 million years ago, that has been suggested to distinguish
6026:
4733:
4407:
3993:
1031:
417:
5753:
5685:
5469:
5253:
5061:
Queensland, Australia: James Cook University SEG Student Chapter, Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
4858:
416:
25,580 years ago. This was Earth's most recent eruption reaching VEI-8, the highest level on the
4819:
4500:
Volcanic Hazards at Mayor Island. : Ministry of Civil Defence. Volcanic Hazards Information Series 6.
4014:
3829:
3817:
3673:
1095:
874:
638:
597:
541:
5451:
Eruption Processes of the Okareka and Rerewhakaaitu eruption episodes; Tarawera Volcano, New Zealand
820:
The southern part of the zone contain classic volcanic cone structure formed from andesite magma in
659:
In 1886, Mount Tarawera produced New Zealand's largest historic eruption since European colonisation
5996:
4346:
1082:
1074:
695:
614:
609:
6036:
6031:
6016:
5927:
4351:
2391:
1235:
427:
has been dormant longer, with its main eruption occurring about 225,000 years ago, although
405:
399:
329:
3932:
1147:
470:
361:
would also have been affected by the much larger Kaharoa eruption from Tarawera around 1315 CE.
5955:
5937:
4738:"Rapid Evolution of Subduction-Related Continental Intraarc Rifts: The Taupo Rift, New Zealand"
3956:
3186:
3183:: Lake Taupō, Kakaramea, Pihanga, Tongariro and Ruapehu are roughly aligned on the main fault.
5373:"Ground damage and seismic response resulting from the 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake, New Zealand"
4553:
869:
The most likely risk is earthquake associated with multiple active faults, such as within the
4912:
3770:
1433:
1333:
735:
525:
377:
5074:
The petrology and petrochemistry of andesite volcanoes in Eastern Bay of Plenty, New Zealand
4736:; Schreurs, G.; Wallace, L. M.; Leonard, G. S.; Langridge, R. M.; Ries, W. F. (2017-10-04).
4554:"Petrogenesis of High-K Arc Magmas: Evidence from Egmont Volcano, North Island, New Zealand"
1103:
5908:
5526:
4987:
4924:
4749:
4704:"Imaging magmatic Processes in the Taupo Volcanic Zone (New Zealand) with Magnetotellurics"
4526:
4465:
4422:
4280:
4269:"New Zealand supereruption provides time marker for the Last Glacial Maximum in Antarctica"
4219:
4152:
4022:
2842:
1663:: The Haroharo and Tarawera complexes impounded the lakes against the outer margins of the
1054:
683:
572:
270:
4787:"Advances in New Zealand's tephrochronostratigraphy using marine drill sites: The Neogene"
1799:
8:
5022:
Magma origin and evolution of White Island (Whakaari) volcano, Bay of plenty, New Zealand
4586:
4406:
Caratori Tontini, F.; Bassett, D.; de Ronde, C. E. J.; Timm, C.; Wysoczanski, R. (2019).
3939:
2979:
342:
251:. It has been active for at least the past two million years and is still highly active.
180:
5912:
5530:
5210:"Blue-sky eruptions, do they exist? Implications for monitoring New Zealand's volcanoes"
4991:
4928:
4753:
4530:
4469:
4426:
4284:
4223:
4156:
4026:
3871:
3853:
1678:
1664:
1050:
Satellite view of the Lake Rotorua Caldera. Mount Tarawera is in the lower right corner.
989:
894:
870:
747:
350:
5800:
5781:
5598:
5542:
5425:
5336:
5281:
5182:
5156:"Climbing the crustal ladder: Magma storage-depth evolution during a volcanic flare-up"
5155:
5003:
4967:. p. 36 – via Part of a BSc Project by Hiess, J. (University of Canterbury).
4940:
4886:
4839:
4767:
4438:
4327:
The structure and eruptive history of Rotorua Caldera, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
4301:
4268:
4077:
1794:
723:
687:
521:
513:
forming an initial back-arc basin, volcanic activity has not yet begun in this region.
509:. Although the back-arc basin continues to propagate to the south-west, with the South
4477:
2378:: The Maroa Caldera formed in the north-east corner of the Whakamaru Caldera, and the
1964:
477:
magma. It has a quite complex eruptive history but only with one definite significant
412:
Taupō erupted an estimated 1,170 km (280 cu mi) of DRE material in its
5928:
Geological Society of New Zealand & New Zealand Geophysical Society - Fieldtrip 2
5920:
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2565:
2379:
2054:
1668:
1279:
821:
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691:
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1834:
5975:
The Taupō Volcanic Zone with Māori Freehold Land (1995) - showing geothermal fields
5916:
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4565:
4534:
4473:
4430:
4384:
4296:
4288:
4227:
4160:
4111:
4069:
4030:
3876:
3586:
3101:
3066:
1734:
1723:
1672:
1191:
882:
786:
782:
766:
664:
643:
601:
589:
502:
478:
443:
413:
369:
5974:
5885:
5821:
5804:
5637:
5594:
5421:
5321:
5304:
5039:
Geomorphic development of White Island Volcano based on slope stability modelling.
4835:
4636:
4619:
4494:
Houghton, B.F.; Wilson, J. N. C; Weaver, S.D.; Lanphere, M.A.; Barclay, J (1995).
4388:
3988:
3905:
2890:
2383:
1876:
1646:
890:
763:
346:
295:
5485:
5240:
4818:
Stagpoole, V; Miller, C; Caratori, Tontini F; Brakenrig, T; Macdonald, N (2021).
4325:
4034:
3983:
3900:
3860:
3843:
3835:
3310:
3265:
2520:
2405:
2323:
2098:
1729:
1388:
1046:
902:
846:
842:
770:
759:
755:
751:
630:
618:
424:
365:
325:
314:
4392:
358:
357:(within the Ōkataina Caldera) in 1886, which killed over 100 people. Early
5933:
5701:. Geological Map 25. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences. p. 156.
5209:
5055:
Magmatic-hydrothermal system at White Island volcano, North Island, New Zealand
4341:
4292:
4208:"Volcanic Unrest at Taupō Volcano in 2019: Causes, Mechanisms and Implications"
3881:
3786:
1744:
905:) ` pyroclastic flows and surges, which rarely have covered large areas of the
886:
794:
510:
482:
462:
354:
5848:
5137:
5106:
4913:"Caldera volcanism and rift structure in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand"
4570:
4434:
2186:
5985:
5777:
5731:
5503:
5277:
5059:
JCU SEG Student Chapter New Zealand, North Island Field Trip 2015 Guide Book.
4882:
4103:
4042:
3893:
3846:, it is completely buried under more recent tephra (circa 700,000 years old)
3839:
3777:
3748:
3734:
3704:
3690:
3678:
3653:
3640:
3607:
3593:
3563:
3549:
3542:
3514:
3500:
3470:
3456:
3449:
3422:
3408:
3380:
3366:
3332:
3318:
3287:
3273:
3242:
3228:
3206:
3193:
3159:
3146:
3121:
3108:
3086:
3073:
3043:
3029:
3001:
2987:
2962:
2949:
2942:
2919:
2905:
2863:
2849:
2827:
2814:
2794:
2781:
2751:
2737:
2730:
2713:
2700:
2669:
2655:
2625:
2611:
2586:
2573:
2542:
2528:
2503:
2490:
2462:
2448:
2440:
2425:
2412:
2395:
2344:
2330:
2300:
2286:
2251:
2237:
2207:
2193:
2163:
2149:
2119:
2105:
2075:
2061:
2031:
2017:
2009:
1986:
1972:
1941:
1927:
1920:
1897:
1883:
1854:
1841:
1819:
1806:
1766:
1752:
1700:
1686:
1623:
1609:
1602:
1587:
1574:
1536:
1522:
1515:
1492:
1478:
1453:
1440:
1410:
1396:
1354:
1340:
1307:
1293:
1256:
1242:
1212:
1198:
1168:
1154:
1124:
1110:
1067:
850:
798:
593:
529:
321:
273:
and has been active for four million years. The zone is contained within the
266:
254:
221:
153:
140:
5959:
5652:
5468:
Holt, Katherine A.; Lowe, David J.; Hogg, Alan G.; Wallace, R. Clel (2011).
3915:
Reporoa single event caldera; Kaingaroa Ignimbrite (circa 240,000 years old)
2897:
790:
739:
734:
about 335,000 years ago of greater than 2,000 km (480 cu mi)
565:
287:
278:
208:
5191:
5172:
4785:
Pank, K; Kutterolf, S; Hopkins, JL; Wang, KL; Lee, HY; Schmitt, AK (2023).
4310:
3682:
3493:
2230:
1471:
1026:
rhyolite - violet, ignimbrite - lighter shades of violet, dacite - purple,
906:
838:
655:
576:
533:
498:
373:
337:
244:
173:
5305:"Ruapehu and Tongariro stratovolcanoes: a review of current understanding"
4515:"Evolution of a quaternary peralkaline volcano: Mayor Island, New Zealand"
320:
There are numerous volcanic vents and geothermal fields in the zone, with
4803:
4786:
4762:
4737:
4680:
4603:
4232:
4207:
4164:
4115:
2774:
1739:
389:
257:
marks its south-western end and the zone runs north-eastward through the
248:
87:
4513:
Houghton, Bruce F.; Weaver, S.D.; Wilson, J. N.; Lanphere, M.A. (1992).
517:
5538:
5331:
4999:
4552:
Price, R. C.; Stewart, R. B.; Woodhead, J. D.; Smith, I. E. M. (1999).
4180:"Polynesian settlement and impacts of volcanism on early Maori society"
3980: – Pyroclastic volcanic plateau on the North Island of New Zealand
3355:
910:
781:
magma dome building effusive eruptions have built features such as the
730:
During a period of less than 100,000 years commencing with the massive
395:
376:. A total of 120 km (29 cu mi) of material expressed as
372:
that covered about 20,000 km (7,700 sq mi) of land with
5494:
5403:
4620:"Evolution of the southern termination of the Taupo Rift, New Zealand"
1089:
Activity commenced here over two million years ago and is now extinct.
1062:
877:. Earthquakes can be associated with landslides and inland or coastal
3726:
2387:
711:
668:
537:
459:
428:
274:
269:. It is part of a larger Central Volcanic Region that extends to the
4936:
3801:
980:
881:
that can result in great loss of life and both have happened on the
865:
Southwest side of Mount Tarawera, Mount Edgecumbe on the background.
4405:
4204:
2648:
2604:
1566:
1286:
1035:
873:, but many faults will be uncharacterised as was the case with the
810:
806:
778:
703:
675:
674:
and represented by the continuously active Whakaari / White Island
486:
474:
447:
439:
189:
258:
51:
3221:
878:
861:
802:
707:
310:
291:
262:
240:
185:
47:
32:
4817:
5122:
4408:"Early evolution of a young back-arc basin in the Havre Trough"
4189:. Lincoln: New Zealand Society of Soil Science. pp. 50–55.
3790:
1027:
898:
829:
814:
715:
679:
667:– Bay of Plenty) part of the zone is predominantly formed from
634:
5080:(Thesis). Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. 362.
917:
548:
5297:
5295:
5251:
4731:
4138:
834:
671:
584:
506:
385:
5301:
4512:
4493:
5881:. Lincoln: New Zealand Society of Soil Science. p. 63.
5153:
5112:(Thesis). Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
4584:
4101:
968:
List of volcanoes in New Zealand § Taupō Volcanic Zone
825:
381:
282:
5573:
5292:
4856:
4266:
621:, is within the postulated borders of the old Taupō Rift.
5898:
4551:
4055:
1671:
and the Tarawera Volcanic Complex were placed inside the
961:
5798:
4784:
5752:
Kósik, S.; Németh, K.; Lexa, J.; Procter, J.N. (2019).
5751:
4012:
5859:
New Zealand's volcanoes: The Okataina Volcanic Centre
431:
extrusion has occurred within the last 25,000 years.
5467:
4371:Gamble, J. A.; Wright, I. C.; Baker, J. A. (1993).
4200:
4198:
4196:
4108:
Studies in volcanology: the legacy of George Walker
3969: – Overview of geothermal power in New Zealand
5960:"Historical unrest at large calderas of the world"
5854:New Zealand's volcanoes: The Taupō Volcanic Centre
5653:"Historical unrest at large calderas of the world"
5651:Newhall, Christopher G.; Dzurisin, Daniel (1988).
5371:Franks, C.A.M.; Beetham, R.D.; Salt, G.A. (1989).
5094:. New Zealand Society of Soil Science. 2006-11-28.
4701:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5370:
5020:Cole, J.W., Thordarson, T. and Burt, R.M., 2000.
4370:
805:dome and so intermediate in composition between
5983:
5950:New Zealand, Taupō and Coromandel volcanic zones
5397:
4617:
4193:
3785:Other important features of the TVZ include the
434:
5954:
5650:
5037:Moon, V., Bradshaw, J. and de Lange, W., 2009.
5031:
5014:
4957:
4702:Heise, W.; Bibby, H.M.; Caldwell, T.G. (2007).
4489:
4487:
5901:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
5758:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
5609:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5258:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
5203:
5201:
4863:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
4653:
4519:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
4102:Wilson, C.J.N.; Gravley, D.M.; Leonard, G.S.;
4062:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
738:of material, just to the north of the present
5809:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
5583:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
5410:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
5377:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
5309:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
5149:
5147:
5116:
4977:
4824:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
4811:
4624:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
4377:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
4132:
3863:; Mamaku Ignimbrite (circa 225,000 years old)
364:The last major eruption from Lake Taupō, the
5715:Hodgson, K. A.; Nairn, I. A. (August 2004).
5714:
5245:
4850:
4681:"Central North Island sitting on magma film"
4484:
4455:
4246:
4240:
4145:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
4097:
4095:
4093:
4091:
536:. A subduction zone reappears south-west of
5799:Krippner, Stephen J. P.; Briggs, Roger M.;
5567:
5436:
5347:
5198:
5105:Santa Cruz, Carlos Rodolfo Corella (2023).
5064:
5047:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4649:
4647:
109:
73:
5867:Environment Waikato, Regional Council, map
5364:
5144:
5104:
4910:
4727:
4725:
4578:
4260:
3681:crosses this area, between the artificial
727:recently on earth as mentioned earlier.
458:It forms a southern portion of the active
5820:
5745:
5710:
5708:
5493:
5388:
5330:
5320:
5181:
5171:
5092:"GUIDEBOOK FOR LAND AND LAKES FIELD TRIP"
5084:
4802:
4761:
4635:
4602:
4569:
4317:
4300:
4231:
4088:
718:and created the ignimbrite sheets of the
5932:
5461:
4897:
4778:
4644:
4049:
3800:
1061:
1053:
1045:
860:
654:
438:
394:
309:
294:of the largest volcano in the zone, the
5886:Hiess, J; Cole, JW; Spinks, KD (2007).
5699:Geology of the Okatania Volcanic Centre
5447:
5207:
4958:Hiess, J; Cole, JW; Spinks, KD (2007).
4923:(1). London: Geological Society: 9–29.
4722:
4656:Backarc Basins: Tectonics and Magmatism
4110:. IAVCEI Spec Pub 2. pp. 225–247.
497:, then shifts eastward to the parallel
5984:
5839:Further information on Taupō volcanics
5705:
5070:
4678:
4618:Villamor, P.; Berryman, K. R. (2006).
4323:
4247:de Lange, Willem; Moon, Vicki (2016).
962:Volcanoes, lakes and geothermal fields
392:), but this has since been disproven.
54:is 80 km. (White Island is not shown.)
5696:
5686:Okataina Volcanic Center, New Zealand
5666:
4177:
849:which are part of a single composite
801:adjacent to Lake Taupō is actually a
5516:
4791:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
4212:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
722:. The detailed composition suggests
4911:Cole, J. W.; Spinks, K. D. (2009).
4334:
817:which is rarely found in the zone.
554:
86:Location of Taupō Volcanic Zone in
16:Active volcanic zone in New Zealand
13:
4679:Easton, Paul (15 September 2007).
2982:rhyolite dome (contains obsidian)
122:Taupō Volcanic Zone (North Island)
14:
6058:
5939:Field Guide - Taupo Volcanic Zone
5832:
4591:Geophysical Journal International
642:terms of human risk will be. The
5921:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.11.014
5871:
5770:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.12.008
5726:. Environment Bay of Plenty: 7.
5270:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107645
5057:. in M. Calder, ed., pp. 35–46,
4875:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107595
4074:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107180
3973:List of volcanoes in New Zealand
3931:
2900:, size: roughly 35 km wide
1681:, size: roughly 27 x 20 km
754:of about 275 ka, and the paired
520:the plate boundary changes to a
108:
101:
72:
65:
40:
5792:
5690:
5679:
5644:
5553:
5510:
5226:
5208:Doherty, Angela Louise (2009).
5126:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
5098:
4971:
4951:
4732:Villimor, P.; Berryman, K. R.;
4695:
4672:
4658:. New York: Plenum. p. 3.
4611:
4545:
4506:
4449:
4399:
4364:
3967:Geothermal power in New Zealand
3962:Geothermal areas in New Zealand
3268:and Tongariro volcanic complex
5724:Operations Publication 2004/03
5448:Darragh, Miles Benson (2004).
5390:10.1080/00288306.1989.10421397
4711:Geophysical Research Abstracts
4171:
4006:
1747:and Tarawera volcanic complex
758:to the north and east central
495:South Kermadec Ridge Seamounts
467:Kermadec-Tonga Subduction Zone
1:
5822:10.1080/00288306.1998.9514803
5595:10.1080/00288306.2021.1915343
5422:10.1080/00288306.2018.1548495
5322:10.1080/00288306.2021.1909080
4836:10.1080/00288306.2020.1848882
4637:10.1080/00288306.2006.9515145
4478:10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00029-7
4389:10.1080/00288306.1993.9514588
4000:
3978:North Island Volcanic Plateau
3912:East of the main fault zone:
3826:West of the main fault zone:
2280:Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley
1066:Composite satellite image of
720:North Island Volcanic Plateau
435:Extent and geological context
298:and contains a large central
5486:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.06.026
4539:10.1016/0377-0273(92)90124-V
4035:10.1016/j.lithos.2017.04.009
3901:Ohakuri single event caldera
3861:Rotorua single event caldera
2485:Puketarata volcanic complex
2382:partially overlaps with the
824:that cool to form dark grey
813:but still more viscous than
650:
559:
302:as well as other landforms.
265:areas and offshore into the
218:2,797 m (9,177 ft)
7:
6042:Lists of volcanic eruptions
5958:; Dzurisin, Daniel (1988).
5669:New Zealand Geol. Surv. Rec
3949:
1005:GPX (secondary coordinates)
305:
10:
6063:
5844:Tectonic plate information
5630:"Large Holocene Eruptions"
5215:. University of Canterbury
4293:10.1038/s41598-017-11758-0
3994:Volcanology of New Zealand
3943:Panorama across Lake Taupō
965:
837:. Northwest of Ruapehu is
686:activity has occurred the
563:
418:Volcanic Explosivity Index
5803:; Cole, James W. (1998).
5138:10.1016/j.gca.2023.05.003
4435:10.1038/s41561-019-0439-y
3924:Tongariro Volcanic Centre
3889:Whakamaru caldera complex
3882:Tarawera volcanic complex
3830:Mangakino caldera complex
3674:Mangakino Volcanic Centre
3180:Tongariro Volcanic Centre
2400:Whakamaru caldera complex
1724:Haroharo volcanic complex
1000:GPX (primary coordinates)
975:Map all coordinates using
875:1987 Edgecumbe earthquake
639:1987 Edgecumbe earthquake
624:
598:Hikurangi subduction zone
542:Solander Island / Hautere
214:
203:
195:
179:
169:
134:
59:
39:
30:
23:
6047:Volcanoes of New Zealand
6022:Volcanism of New Zealand
5634:Global Volcanism Program
5474:Quaternary International
4347:Global Volcanism Program
4324:Milner, David M (2001).
3877:Haroharo caldera complex
3872:Ōkataina caldera complex
3854:Okataina caldera complex
3654:39.107477°S 175.647665°E
3333:39.156833°S 175.632167°E
3313:, a main Tongariro vent
3243:39.0413194°S 175.76861°E
3160:38.967863°S 175.763380°E
2828:38.627975°S 176.192191°E
2670:38.626686°S 176.103491°E
2568:, size: 30 x 40 km
2523:, size: 10 x 15 km
2504:38.550573°S 176.054519°E
2443:, size: 16 x 25 km
2345:38.283586°S 176.394866°E
1660:Ōkataina Volcanic Centre
1454:38.118973°S 176.198095°E
1391:, size: 22 km wide
1083:Tauranga Volcanic Centre
1075:Tauranga Volcanic Centre
983:Download coordinates as:
856:
744:central volcanic plateau
682:stratovolcano. Although
629:The multiple intra-rift
615:Coromandel Volcanic Zone
610:Tauranga Volcanic Centre
465:, which lies behind the
334:Okataina volcanic centre
125:Show map of North Island
5956:Newhall, Christopher G.
5519:Bulletin of Volcanology
4980:Bulletin of Volcanology
4571:10.1093/petroj/40.1.167
4352:Smithsonian Institution
4185:. In Lowe, D.J. (ed.).
3796:
3705:38.42273°S 176.125474°E
3358:, main Tongariro vents
1820:38.20215°S 176.348291°E
1383:Rotorua Volcanic Centre
1236:Whakaari / White Island
706:magma which is rich in
406:Whakaari / White Island
400:Whakaari / White Island
330:Whakaari / White Island
92:Show map of New Zealand
6002:Geysers of New Zealand
5173:10.1126/sciadv.aap7567
4496:"Mayor Island Geology"
3957:Geology of New Zealand
3809:
3659:-39.107477; 175.647665
3338:-39.156833; 175.632167
3248:-39.0413194; 175.76861
3207:38.98889°S 175.70833°E
3187:Kakaramea-Tihia Massif
3165:-38.967863; 175.763380
2963:38.69444°S 176.16278°E
2833:-38.627975; 176.192191
2795:38.54722°S 176.19583°E
2752:38.47333°S 176.14833°E
2675:-38.626686; 176.103491
2626:38.35944°S 176.36972°E
2509:-38.550573; 176.054519
2350:-38.283586; 176.394866
2301:38.28250°S 176.39889°E
1624:38.16222°S 176.25639°E
1459:-38.118973; 176.198095
1213:37.85639°S 176.97333°E
1070:
1059:
1051:
866:
660:
451:
402:
317:
277:intra-arc continental
215:Highest elevation
154:38.66667°S 176.01667°E
5071:Duncan, A.R. (1970).
5044:, 104(1–2), pp.16–30.
3906:Taupō caldera complex
3804:
3710:-38.42273; 176.125474
2892:Taupō Volcanic Center
2375:Maroa Volcanic Centre
1825:-38.20215; 176.348291
1366:Kawerau Power Station
1334:Kawerau Power Station
1065:
1057:
1049:
995:GPX (all coordinates)
864:
736:dense-rock equivalent
658:
526:continental collision
442:
398:
378:dense-rock equivalent
313:
6012:Subduction volcanoes
6007:Landforms of Waikato
5697:Nairn, I.A. (2002).
5028:, 41(6), pp.867–895.
5026:Journal of Petrology
4917:Special Publications
4804:10.1029/2023GC010866
4797:(8). e2023GC010866.
4763:10.1002/2017TC004715
4558:Journal of Petrology
4233:10.1029/2021GC009803
4178:David, Lowe (2006).
4165:10.1029/2003JB002896
4116:10.1144/IAVCEl002.12
4021:. 284–285: 222–236.
3608:39.0267°S 175.7382°E
3564:39.0545°S 175.7143°E
3423:39.2025°S 175.6068°E
3381:39.1854°S 175.6223°E
3212:-38.98889; 175.70833
3002:38.5950°S 175.9533°E
2968:-38.69444; 176.16278
2875:Ohaaki Power Station
2843:Ohaaki Power Station
2800:-38.54722; 176.19583
2757:-38.47333; 176.14833
2714:38.6467°S 176.0683°E
2631:-38.35944; 176.36972
2306:-38.28250; 176.39889
2208:38.0476°S 176.5878°E
2164:38.0390°S 176.4277°E
1629:-38.16222; 176.25639
1355:38.0631°S 176.7271°E
1218:-37.85639; 176.97333
1148:Mayor Island / Tūhua
793:or the lava dome of
573:Coromandel Peninsula
471:Mayor Island / Tūhua
271:Coromandel Peninsula
159:-38.66667; 176.01667
5992:Taupō Volcanic Zone
5913:2005JVGR..144....7S
5897:Map modified from:
5801:Wilson, Colin J. N.
5531:1990BVol...52..445C
5053:Jimenez, C., 2015.
5042:Engineering Geology
4992:1991BVol...54...25H
4929:2009GSLSP.327....9C
4754:2017Tecto..36.2250V
4683:. The Dominion Post
4531:1992JVGR...51..217H
4470:1996Tectp.263....1P
4427:2019NatGe..12..856C
4285:2017NatSR...712238D
4224:2021GGG....2209803I
4157:2005JGRB..110.3203B
4027:2017Litho.284..222W
3838:; lies between the
3806:Craters of the Moon
3744: /
3700: /
3650: /
3603: /
3559: /
3510: /
3466: /
3418: /
3376: /
3328: /
3283: /
3238: /
3203: /
3156: /
3118: /
3083: /
3039: /
2997: /
2959: /
2915: /
2859: /
2824: /
2791: /
2747: /
2710: /
2693:Craters of the Moon
2665: /
2621: /
2583: /
2538: /
2500: /
2458: /
2422: /
2390:and the artificial
2340: /
2296: /
2247: /
2203: /
2159: /
2115: /
2071: /
2027: /
1982: /
1937: /
1893: /
1851: /
1816: /
1762: /
1696: /
1619: /
1584: /
1532: /
1488: /
1450: /
1406: /
1350: /
1303: /
1252: /
1208: /
1164: /
1120: /
688:explosive eruptions
596:convergence in the
343:Yellowstone Caldera
233:Taupō Volcanic Zone
150: /
116:Taupō Volcanic Zone
80:Taupō Volcanic Zone
25:Taupō Volcanic Zone
5934:Houghton, Bruce F.
5872:Lowe, D.J. (ed.).
5539:10.1007/BF00268925
5264:(107645): 107645.
5239:2006-10-06 at the
5000:10.1007/BF00278204
4869:(107595): 107595.
4604:10.1093/gji/ggv243
4273:Scientific Reports
3810:
3749:38.383°S 175.783°E
3632:Geothermal fields
3613:-39.0267; 175.7382
3569:-39.0545; 175.7143
3428:-39.2025; 175.6068
3386:-39.1854; 175.6223
3288:39.133°S 175.650°E
3138:Geothermal fields
3122:38.854°S 175.942°E
3007:-38.5950; 175.9533
2864:38.527°S 176.292°E
2719:-38.6467; 176.0683
2601:Geothermal fields
2543:38.417°S 176.333°E
2426:38.378°S 176.019°E
2276:Geothermal fields
2252:38.017°S 176.533°E
2213:-38.0476; 176.5878
2169:-38.0390; 176.4277
2120:38.267°S 176.450°E
2076:38.167°S 176.367°E
2032:38.200°S 176.333°E
1987:38.217°S 176.333°E
1942:38.200°S 176.450°E
1898:38.117°S 176.417°E
1855:38.083°S 176.583°E
1795:Puhipuhi Embayment
1588:38.065°S 176.361°E
1563:Geothermal fields
1537:38.083°S 176.300°E
1360:-38.0631; 176.7271
1169:37.283°S 176.250°E
1104:Whakatāne Seamount
1071:
1060:
1052:
867:
822:effusive eruptions
732:Whakamaru eruption
724:subduction erosion
661:
522:transform boundary
452:
403:
388:(as documented in
318:
6027:Rifts and grabens
4748:(10): 2250–2272.
4665:978-1-4615-1843-3
4415:Nature Geoscience
4125:978-1-86239-280-9
3868:Main fault zone:
3850:Okareka Embayment
3635:Ketetahi Springs
3356:Tama crater lakes
3067:Horomatangi Reefs
2566:Whakamaru Caldera
2380:Whakamaru Caldera
1800:Ōkareka Embayment
1669:Okareka Embayment
1330:Geothermal field
1280:Te Paepae o Aotea
783:Horomatangi Reefs
748:Matahina eruption
229:
228:
6054:
5971:
5946:
5944:
5924:
5896:
5894:
5882:
5880:
5849:Earthquake risks
5827:
5826:
5824:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5734:. Archived from
5721:
5712:
5703:
5702:
5694:
5688:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5664:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5636:. Archived from
5626:
5607:
5606:
5589:(2–3): 250–272.
5580:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5497:
5480:(1–2): 344–351.
5465:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5445:
5434:
5433:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5334:
5324:
5315:(2–3): 389–420.
5299:
5290:
5289:
5249:
5243:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5214:
5205:
5196:
5195:
5185:
5175:
5166:(10): eaap7567.
5160:Science Advances
5151:
5142:
5141:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5068:
5062:
5051:
5045:
5035:
5029:
5018:
5012:
5011:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4908:
4895:
4894:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4830:(2–3): 358–371.
4815:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4765:
4729:
4720:
4718:
4708:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4651:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4597:(3): 2082–2105.
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4491:
4482:
4481:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4412:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4391:. Archived from
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4304:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4202:
4191:
4190:
4184:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4099:
4086:
4085:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4010:
3935:
3818:Whakatane Graben
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3754:-38.383; 175.783
3750:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:Lake Rotopounamu
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3587:Lake Rotopounamu
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3515:39.23°S 175.44°E
3511:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3471:39.18°S 175.35°E
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3293:-39.133; 175.650
3289:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3127:-38.854; 175.942
3123:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3102:Motutaiko Island
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3044:38.82°S 176.00°E
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2920:38.82°S 176.00°E
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:-38.527; 176.292
2865:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2587:38.42°S 175.80°E
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2548:-38.417; 176.333
2544:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2463:38.42°S 176.08°E
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2431:-38.378; 176.019
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2257:-38.017; 176.533
2253:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:-38.267; 176.450
2121:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2081:-38.167; 176.367
2077:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2037:-38.200; 176.333
2033:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1992:-38.217; 176.333
1988:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1947:-38.200; 176.450
1943:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1903:-38.117; 176.417
1899:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1860:-38.083; 176.583
1856:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1735:Matahina Caldera
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:Okataina Caldera
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1679:Ōkataina Caldera
1673:Haroharo Caldera
1665:Ōkataina Caldera
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:-38.065; 176.361
1589:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1542:-38.083; 176.300
1538:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1493:38.08°S 176.27°E
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1434:Mount Ngongotahā
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1411:38.08°S 176.27°E
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1257:37.52°S 177.18°E
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1192:Moutohora Island
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1174:-37.283; 176.250
1170:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1096:Whakatāne Graben
895:Ōkataina Caldera
883:Waihi Fault Zone
871:Taupō Fault Belt
787:Motutaiko Island
767:Oruanui eruption
665:Whakatane Graben
644:Waihi Fault Zone
602:Oruanui eruption
555:Scientific study
503:Kermadec Islands
479:Plinian eruption
444:Lady Knox Geyser
414:Oruanui eruption
370:pyroclastic flow
351:Ōkataina Caldera
300:volcanic plateau
165:
164:
162:
161:
160:
155:
151:
148:
147:
146:
143:
126:
112:
111:
105:
93:
76:
75:
69:
50:and the town of
44:
21:
20:
6062:
6061:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6051:
5997:Back-arc basins
5982:
5981:
5942:
5892:
5878:
5835:
5830:
5797:
5793:
5750:
5746:
5738:
5719:
5713:
5706:
5695:
5691:
5684:
5680:
5649:
5645:
5628:
5627:
5610:
5578:
5572:
5568:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5515:
5511:
5466:
5462:
5454:
5446:
5437:
5402:
5398:
5369:
5365:
5357:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5300:
5293:
5250:
5246:
5241:Wayback Machine
5231:
5227:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5199:
5152:
5145:
5121:
5117:
5103:
5099:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5077:
5069:
5065:
5052:
5048:
5036:
5032:
5019:
5015:
4976:
4972:
4964:
4956:
4952:
4937:10.1144/SP327.2
4909:
4898:
4855:
4851:
4816:
4812:
4783:
4779:
4730:
4723:
4706:
4700:
4696:
4686:
4684:
4677:
4673:
4666:
4652:
4645:
4616:
4612:
4583:
4579:
4550:
4546:
4511:
4507:
4492:
4485:
4454:
4450:
4421:(10): 856–862.
4410:
4404:
4400:
4369:
4365:
4356:
4354:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4322:
4318:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4241:
4203:
4194:
4182:
4176:
4172:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4100:
4089:
4054:
4050:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3984:Rotorua Caldera
3952:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3936:
3844:Rotorua caldera
3836:Kapenga caldera
3820:– Bay of Plenty
3808:geothermal area
3799:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:), the town of
3715:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3344:Mount Ngauruhoe
3343:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3311:Mount Ngauruhoe
3299:Mount Tongariro
3298:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3266:Mount Tongariro
3253:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3091:
3089:
3087:38.8°S 176.00°E
3085:
3082:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2554:Reporoa Caldera
2553:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2521:Reporoa Caldera
2508:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2406:Ohakuri Caldera
2356:Frying Pan Lake
2355:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2324:Frying Pan Lake
2311:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2131:Lake Rotomahana
2130:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2099:Lake Rotomahana
2086:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2013:
1998:Lake Rotokakahi
1997:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1965:Lake Rotokākahi
1952:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1767:38.22°S 176.5°E
1765:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1730:Rotoiti Caldera
1711:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1701:38.22°S 176.5°E
1699:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1422:Rotorua Caldera
1421:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1389:Rotorua Caldera
1365:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1319:Mount Edgecumbe
1318:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1098:– Bay of Plenty
1085:– Bay of Plenty
1041:
1040:
1039:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
970:
964:
959:
958:
956:
903:Chatham Islands
859:
828:if gas-poor or
771:Hatepe eruption
696:phreatomagmatic
653:
627:
619:Omanawa Caldera
568:
562:
557:
552:
551:
549:
460:Lau-Havre-Taupō
450:geothermal area
437:
425:Rotorua caldera
366:Hatepe eruption
326:Mount Ngauruhoe
315:Mount Ngauruhoe
308:
225:
199:Volcanic action
158:
156:
152:
149:
144:
141:
139:
137:
136:
130:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
120:
119:
118:
117:
113:
96:
95:
94:
91:
90:
84:
83:
82:
81:
77:
55:
35:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6060:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6037:Rift volcanism
6034:
6032:Rift volcanoes
6029:
6024:
6019:
6017:Volcanic belts
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5952:
5947:
5930:
5925:
5883:
5869:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5834:
5833:External links
5831:
5829:
5828:
5815:(2): 187–199.
5791:
5744:
5741:on 2010-05-22.
5704:
5689:
5678:
5643:
5640:on 2012-04-15.
5608:
5566:
5552:
5525:(6): 445–459.
5509:
5460:
5435:
5396:
5363:
5346:
5291:
5244:
5225:
5197:
5143:
5115:
5097:
5083:
5063:
5046:
5030:
5013:
4970:
4950:
4896:
4849:
4810:
4777:
4721:
4694:
4671:
4664:
4643:
4610:
4577:
4564:(1): 167–197.
4544:
4525:(3): 217–236.
4505:
4483:
4458:Tectonophysics
4448:
4398:
4395:on 2008-11-22.
4383:(4): 417–435.
4363:
4333:
4316:
4259:
4239:
4192:
4170:
4131:
4124:
4087:
4048:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3833:
3823:Central part:
3821:
3798:
3795:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3584:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3520:-39.23; 175.44
3476:-39.18; 175.35
3447:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3401:
3353:
3263:
3219:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3141:Tauhara-Taupō
3136:
3135:
3134:
3099:
3049:-38.82; 176.00
3022:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2925:-38.82; 176.00
2888:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2840:
2807:
2772:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2646:
2599:
2592:-38.42; 175.80
2563:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2468:-38.42; 176.08
2438:
2392:Lake Whakamaru
2371:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2228:
2184:
2140:
2096:
2052:
2007:
1962:
1918:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1835:Rotomā Caldera
1832:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1778:Mount Tarawera
1745:Mount Tarawera
1742:
1737:
1732:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1600:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1498:-38.08; 176.27
1466:
1431:
1416:-38.08; 176.27
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1328:
1308:38.1°S 176.8°E
1284:
1283:
1282:
1262:-37.52; 177.18
1233:
1189:
1145:
1125:36.8°S 177.5°E
1092:
1091:
1090:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
986:
973:
972:
971:
963:
960:
916:
915:
887:Mount Tarawera
858:
855:
833:eruptions, or
795:Mount Tarawera
752:Pokai eruption
690:are typically
652:
649:
626:
623:
564:Main article:
561:
558:
556:
553:
547:
546:
528:uplifting the
511:Wanganui Basin
483:Mount Taranaki
463:back-arc basin
436:
433:
355:Mount Tarawera
307:
304:
290:, the flooded
227:
226:
219:
216:
212:
211:
205:
201:
200:
197:
193:
192:
183:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
132:
131:
121:
115:
114:
107:
106:
100:
99:
98:
97:
85:
79:
78:
71:
70:
64:
63:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
45:
37:
36:
31:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6059:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5976:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5964:USGS Bulletin
5961:
5957:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5907:(1–4): 7–22.
5906:
5902:
5895:. p. 36.
5891:
5890:
5884:
5877:
5876:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5823:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5795:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5748:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5718:
5711:
5709:
5700:
5693:
5687:
5682:
5674:
5670:
5662:
5658:
5657:USGS Bulletin
5654:
5647:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5562:
5561:"New Zealand"
5556:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5505:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5464:
5453:
5452:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5400:
5391:
5386:
5383:(1): 135–44.
5382:
5378:
5374:
5367:
5356:
5350:
5342:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5298:
5296:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5248:
5242:
5238:
5235:
5229:
5211:
5204:
5202:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5150:
5148:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5119:
5111:
5110:
5101:
5093:
5087:
5076:
5075:
5067:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5043:
5040:
5034:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4963:
4962:
4954:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4853:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4814:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4781:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4728:
4726:
4716:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4682:
4675:
4667:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4648:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4614:
4605:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4490:
4488:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4464:(1–4): 1–22.
4463:
4459:
4452:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4337:
4329:
4328:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4252:
4251:
4243:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4104:Rowland, J.V.
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4005:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3989:Taupō Volcano
3987:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3940:
3934:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3894:Maroa caldera
3892:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3840:Maroa caldera
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3807:
3803:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3779:
3778:Lake Maraetai
3775:
3774:
3772:
3766:
3728:
3722:
3684:
3680:
3679:Waikato River
3676:
3675:
3671:
3663:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3575:Lake Rotoaira
3544:
3543:Lake Rotoaira
3541:
3540:
3538:
3532:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3482:Mount Ruapehu
3451:
3450:Mount Ruapehu
3448:
3440:
3402:
3398:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3323:175°37′55.8″E
3312:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3230:39°02′28.75″S
3223:
3220:
3216:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3131:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3092:-38.8; 176.00
3068:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3023:
3019:
2981:
2978:
2972:
2944:
2943:Mount Tauhara
2941:
2940:
2937:
2931:Taupo Caldera
2899:
2898:Taupō Caldera
2896:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2881:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2808:
2804:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2763:Orakei Korako
2732:
2731:Orakei Korako
2729:
2723:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2474:Maroa Caldera
2442:
2441:Maroa Caldera
2439:
2435:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:Waikato River
2393:
2389:
2385:
2384:Taupō Caldera
2381:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2043:Lake Tikitapu
2011:
2010:Lake Tikitapu
2008:
2004:
1967:(Green Lake)
1966:
1963:
1959:
1953:Lake Tarawera
1922:
1921:Lake Tarawera
1919:
1915:
1909:Lake Okataina
1878:
1877:Lake Ōkataina
1875:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1772:-38.22; 176.5
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1706:-38.22; 176.5
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1647:Pōhutu Geyser
1645:
1644:
1641:
1635:Whakarewarewa
1604:
1603:Whakarewarewa
1601:
1597:
1569:/Hell's Gate
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1548:Mokoia Island
1517:
1516:Mokoia Island
1514:
1513:
1510:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1069:
1068:Mount Ruapehu
1064:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
985:
984:
979:
978:OpenStreetMap
976:
969:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:Taupō Volcano
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
863:
854:
852:
851:stratovolcano
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
799:Mount Tauhara
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:Less gaseous
775:
772:
768:
765:
764:Taupō Volcano
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
670:
666:
657:
648:
645:
640:
636:
632:
622:
620:
616:
611:
606:
603:
599:
595:
594:Pacific Plate
591:
586:
581:
578:
574:
567:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:Southern Alps
527:
524:with oblique
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
461:
456:
449:
445:
441:
432:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
410:
407:
401:
397:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:Taupō Volcano
344:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:Mount Ruapehu
316:
312:
303:
301:
297:
296:Taupō Volcano
293:
289:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:Bay of Plenty
264:
260:
256:
255:Mount Ruapehu
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
223:
222:Mount Ruapehu
217:
213:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
191:
187:
184:
182:
178:
175:
172:
168:
163:
135:Coordinates:
133:
104:
89:
68:
58:
53:
49:
43:
38:
34:
33:Volcanic area
29:
22:
19:
5967:
5963:
5938:
5904:
5900:
5888:
5874:
5812:
5808:
5794:
5761:
5757:
5747:
5736:the original
5723:
5698:
5692:
5681:
5672:
5668:
5660:
5656:
5646:
5638:the original
5633:
5586:
5582:
5569:
5555:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5477:
5473:
5463:
5450:
5413:
5409:
5399:
5380:
5376:
5366:
5349:
5312:
5308:
5261:
5257:
5247:
5228:
5217:. Retrieved
5163:
5159:
5129:
5125:
5118:
5107:
5100:
5086:
5073:
5066:
5058:
5054:
5049:
5041:
5038:
5033:
5025:
5021:
5016:
4986:(1): 25–49.
4983:
4979:
4973:
4960:
4953:
4920:
4916:
4866:
4862:
4852:
4827:
4823:
4813:
4794:
4790:
4780:
4745:
4741:
4734:Ellis, S. M.
4714:
4710:
4697:
4685:. Retrieved
4674:
4655:
4627:
4623:
4613:
4594:
4590:
4580:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4499:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4418:
4414:
4401:
4393:the original
4380:
4376:
4366:
4355:. Retrieved
4345:
4336:
4326:
4319:
4279:(1): 12238.
4276:
4272:
4262:
4249:
4242:
4215:
4211:
4186:
4173:
4148:
4144:
4134:
4107:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4018:
4008:
3922:South part:
3816:North part:
3811:
3789:and Ruapehu
3784:
3716:Lake Ohakuri
3683:Lake Ohakuri
3672:
3526:Hauhungatahi
3494:Hauhungatahi
3179:
2891:
2373:
2263:Lake Rotoehu
2231:Lake Rotoehu
2175:Lake Rotoiti
2143:Lake Rotoiti
2087:Lake Okareka
2055:Lake Ōkāreka
2012:(Blue Lake)
1789:Okareka vent
1659:
1504:Lake Rotorua
1472:Lake Rotorua
1381:
1313:-38.1; 176.8
1268:White Island
1224:Whale Island
1180:Mayor Island
1130:-36.8; 177.5
1094:
1081:
1072:
1042:
982:
981:
974:
907:North Island
868:
839:Hauhungatahi
819:
776:
729:
700:
662:
628:
607:
582:
577:Hauraki Rift
569:
534:South Island
515:
499:volcanic arc
491:
457:
453:
422:
411:
404:
374:volcanic ash
363:
338:stratigraphy
319:
253:
245:North Island
243:area in the
236:
232:
230:
174:North Island
18:
5416:: 131–142.
5332:10468/11258
4218:(6): 1–27.
3776:Artificial
3752: /
3708: /
3695:176°07′32″E
3657: /
3645:175°38′52″E
3611: /
3598:175°44′18″E
3567: /
3554:175°42′51″E
3518: /
3474: /
3426: /
3413:175°36′24″E
3403:Lower Tama
3384: /
3371:175°37′20″E
3361:Upper Tama
3336: /
3320:39°9′24.6″S
3291: /
3246: /
3210: /
3198:175°42′30″E
3163: /
3151:175°45′48″E
3125: /
3113:175°56′31″E
3090: /
3047: /
3024:Lake Taupō
3005: /
2966: /
2923: /
2867: /
2854:176°17′31″E
2831: /
2819:176°11′32″E
2798: /
2786:176°11′45″E
2775:Ngatamariki
2755: /
2717: /
2695:(Karapiti)
2673: /
2660:176°06′13″E
2629: /
2616:176°22′11″E
2590: /
2546: /
2507: /
2495:176°03′16″E
2466: /
2429: /
2417:176°01′08″E
2348: /
2335:176°23′42″E
2304: /
2291:176°23′56″E
2255: /
2219:Lake Rotoma
2211: /
2198:176°35′16″E
2187:Lake Rotomā
2167: /
2154:176°25′40″E
2123: /
2079: /
2035: /
1990: /
1945: /
1901: /
1858: /
1823: /
1811:176°20′54″E
1770: /
1740:Utu Caldera
1704: /
1627: /
1614:176°15′23″E
1591: /
1579:176°21′40″E
1540: /
1496: /
1457: /
1445:176°11′53″E
1414: /
1358: /
1345:176°43′38″E
1311: /
1260: /
1216: /
1203:176°58′24″E
1172: /
1128: /
1032:monogenetic
684:Strombolian
663:The north (
390:Hou Han Shu
249:New Zealand
157: /
145:176°01′00″E
88:New Zealand
5986:Categories
5495:10289/5454
5219:2022-06-07
5132:: 86–106.
4357:2010-08-31
4068:: 107180.
4001:References
3758: (
3714: (
3692:38°25′22″S
3642:39°06′27″S
3617: (
3595:39°01′36″S
3573: (
3551:39°03′16″S
3524: (
3480: (
3434:Lower Tama
3432: (
3410:39°12′09″S
3392:Upper Tama
3390: (
3368:39°11′07″S
3342: (
3297: (
3252: (
3233:175°46′7″E
3195:38°59′20″S
3148:38°58′04″S
3110:38°51′14″S
3055:Lake Taupō
3053: (
3013:Ben Lomond
3011: (
2992:175°57.2′E
2980:Ben Lomond
2954:176°9′46″E
2951:38°41′40″S
2929: (
2873: (
2851:38°31′37″S
2816:38°37′41″S
2783:38°32′50″S
2761: (
2742:176°8′54″E
2739:38°28′24″S
2679: (
2657:38°37′36″S
2635: (
2613:38°21′34″S
2552: (
2492:38°33′02″S
2472: (
2414:38°22′41″S
2354: (
2332:38°17′01″S
2310: (
2288:38°16′57″S
2261: (
2217: (
2195:38°02′51″S
2173: (
2151:38°02′20″S
2129: (
2085: (
2041: (
1996: (
1951: (
1907: (
1808:38°12′08″S
1776: (
1710: (
1633: (
1576:38°03′54″S
1546: (
1502: (
1442:38°07′08″S
1420: (
1364: (
1342:38°03′47″S
1317: (
1266: (
1222: (
1200:37°51′23″S
1178: (
1134: (
1102:Submarine
966:See also:
911:ignimbrite
791:Lake Taupō
740:Lake Taupō
590:Australian
566:Taupō Rift
288:Lake Taupō
279:Taupō Rift
209:Taupō Rift
142:38°40′00″S
5786:134914216
5778:0377-0273
5764:: 28–46.
5732:1176-5550
5603:235736318
5547:129091056
5504:1040-6182
5457:(Thesis).
5430:134094861
5341:235502116
5286:251526385
5278:0377-0273
5008:128897275
4945:131562598
4891:249264293
4883:0377-0273
4844:230527523
4742:Tectonics
4630:: 23–37.
4443:202580942
4342:"Rotorua"
4330:(Thesis).
4082:233771486
4043:0024-4937
3760:Mangakino
3727:Mangakino
2989:38°35.7′S
2809:Rotokaua
2705:176°4.1′E
2702:38°38.8′S
2394:, on the
2388:Whakamaru
1649:(Te Puia)
1611:38°9′44″S
1136:Whakatane
1030:- brown,
847:Ngauruhoe
843:Tongariro
712:potassium
669:andesitic
651:Volcanism
560:Tectonics
538:Fiordland
516:South of
429:lava dome
281:and this
196:Formed by
5936:(2007).
5675:: 49–54.
5237:Archived
5192:30324132
4772:56356050
4687:16 March
4311:28947829
3950:See also
3842:and the
3771:Hamilton
3739:175°47′E
3505:175°26′E
3461:175°21′E
3278:175°39′E
3078:176°00′E
3034:176°00′E
2910:176°00′E
2681:Wairakei
2649:Wairakei
2637:Waiotapu
2605:Waiotapu
2578:175°48′E
2533:176°20′E
2453:176°05′E
2312:Waimangu
2242:176°32′E
2110:176°27′E
2066:176°22′E
2022:176°20′E
1977:176°20′E
1932:176°27′E
1888:176°25′E
1846:176°35′E
1757:176°30′E
1691:176°30′E
1567:Tikitere
1527:176°18′E
1483:176°16′E
1401:176°16′E
1298:176°48′E
1287:Putauaki
1247:177°11′E
1159:176°15′E
1115:177°30′E
1036:andesite
893:and the
811:rhyolite
807:andesite
779:rhyolite
704:rhyolite
692:phreatic
676:andesite
518:Kaikōura
487:andesite
475:rhyolite
448:Waiotapu
349:and the
306:Activity
275:tectonic
241:volcanic
190:Holocene
170:Location
5970:: 1108.
5909:Bibcode
5665:Citing
5663:: 1108.
5527:Bibcode
5360:. 2010.
5234:Centre"
5183:6179376
5109:Science
4988:Bibcode
4925:Bibcode
4750:Bibcode
4527:Bibcode
4502:: 1–23.
4466:Bibcode
4423:Bibcode
4302:5613013
4281:Bibcode
4220:Bibcode
4153:Bibcode
4023:Bibcode
3791:grabens
3787:Ngakuru
3736:38°23′S
3502:39°14′S
3458:39°11′S
3254:Pihanga
3222:Pihanga
3075:38°48′S
3031:38°49′S
2907:38°49′S
2575:38°25′S
2530:38°25′S
2450:38°25′S
2107:38°16′S
2063:38°10′S
2019:38°12′S
1974:38°13′S
1929:38°12′S
1885:38°07′S
1843:38°05′S
1754:38°13′S
1688:38°13′S
1524:38°05′S
1480:38°05′S
1398:38°05′S
1295:38°06′S
1244:37°31′S
1156:37°17′S
1112:36°48′S
879:tsunami
803:dacitic
760:Ohakuri
708:silicon
635:grabens
532:in the
501:of the
292:caldera
263:Rotorua
239:) is a
204:Geology
186:Miocene
48:Rotorua
5784:
5776:
5730:
5601:
5545:
5502:
5428:
5339:
5284:
5276:
5190:
5180:
5006:
4943:
4889:
4881:
4842:
4770:
4719:01311.
4662:
4441:
4309:
4299:
4151:(B3).
4122:
4080:
4041:
4019:Lithos
3769:) and
3539:Lakes
3275:39°8′S
2239:38°1′S
1873:Lakes
1667:. The
1468:Lakes
1028:basalt
899:tephra
835:lahars
830:scoria
815:basalt
756:Mamaku
716:sodium
714:, and
680:dacite
631:faults
625:Faults
485:is an
220: (
5943:(PDF)
5893:(PDF)
5879:(PDF)
5863:Maps
5782:S2CID
5739:(PDF)
5720:(PDF)
5599:S2CID
5579:(PDF)
5543:S2CID
5455:(PDF)
5426:S2CID
5358:(PDF)
5337:S2CID
5282:S2CID
5213:(PDF)
5078:(PDF)
5004:S2CID
4965:(PDF)
4941:S2CID
4887:S2CID
4840:S2CID
4768:S2CID
4707:(PDF)
4439:S2CID
4411:(PDF)
4256:. 56.
4254:(PDF)
4183:(PDF)
4078:S2CID
857:Risks
672:magma
585:magma
507:Tonga
386:China
359:Māori
259:Taupō
52:Taupō
5968:1855
5774:ISSN
5728:ISSN
5661:1855
5500:ISSN
5274:ISSN
5188:PMID
4879:ISSN
4689:2008
4660:ISBN
4307:PMID
4120:ISBN
4039:ISSN
3797:Note
845:and
826:lava
809:and
608:The
592:and
505:and
423:The
384:and
382:Rome
328:and
283:rift
261:and
231:The
207:see
5917:doi
5905:144
5817:doi
5766:doi
5762:383
5591:doi
5535:doi
5490:hdl
5482:doi
5478:246
5418:doi
5385:doi
5327:hdl
5317:doi
5266:doi
5262:431
5178:PMC
5168:doi
5134:doi
5130:352
4996:doi
4933:doi
4921:327
4871:doi
4867:429
4832:doi
4799:doi
4758:doi
4632:doi
4599:doi
4595:202
4566:doi
4535:doi
4474:doi
4462:263
4431:doi
4385:doi
4297:PMC
4289:doi
4228:doi
4161:doi
4149:110
4112:doi
4070:doi
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