1092:
3111:
3761:
3780:
1504:
1495:
397:
Su–Jia–Hu (Suzhou–Jiaxing–Huzhou, 蘇嘉湖小片), also known as Su–Hu–Jia (Suzhou–Shanghai–Jiaxing, 蘇滬嘉小片) – 23 million speakers in 1987
1989:
2534:
2496:
3236:
2018:
344:
was the center of trade, flourishing and prosperous, it was considered part of
Jiangnan, which was known to be wealthy, even though Yangzhou was north of the
3043:
3033:
3038:
2797:
2345:
411:
2952:
428:
3821:
889:
359:, the dialect of Yangzhou, to Taihu Wu dialects. In Jiangnan itself, multiple subdialects of Wu competed for the position of prestige dialect.
384:. Taihu Wu varieties typically have phonemic 7-8 tones, though some can go as high as 12 or as low as 5, and they all have highly complex
3119:
2357:
380:
Taihu Wu varieties tend to preserve historical voiced initials. The number of phonemic vowels can reach numbers higher than that of some
1746:
425:
Tiaoxi (苕溪小片, now considered to be a subbranch or sister group to Suzhou–Shanghai–Jiaxing) – 3 million speakers in 1987
2321:
2309:
2333:
1825:
3417:
644:
2656:
771:
701:
586:
3845:
3467:
3814:
3309:
882:
669:
624:
320:, are the largest population among all Wu speakers. Taihu Wu dialects such as Shanghainese, Shaoxing and Ningbo are
1091:
3389:
1616:
3807:
2096:
1739:
875:
212:
3705:
3159:
39:
3764:
3675:
3199:
1674:
1621:
1277:
300:. A notable exception is the dialect of the town of Jinxiang, which is a linguistic exclave of Taihu Wu in
3680:
3552:
3477:
3134:
1667:
1322:
1244:
960:
3722:
3695:
3572:
3484:
3231:
3211:
662:
Chinese
Dialect Classification: A comparative approach to Harngjou, Old Jintarn and Common Northern Wu
3274:
1972:
1732:
1567:
1014:
935:
502:(金鄉話, appears to be an isolate, but closely related to the Taihu Wu varieties of Northern Zhejiang.)
352:'s wealth and prosperity were gone, it was then considered to be part of Jiangbei, the "backwater".
3648:
3633:
3623:
3337:
1648:
1251:
1064:
206:
3660:
1899:
1642:
1428:
1312:
3653:
3502:
3787:
3594:
3437:
2035:
1688:
1681:
1461:
1395:
898:
98:
3589:
3512:
3226:
3204:
1959:
1792:
1631:
1581:
1137:
616:
375:
321:
3357:
3325:
3154:
2279:
1774:
1443:
1289:
1235:
332:
Linguistic affinity has also been used as a tool for regional identity and politics in the
8:
3840:
3601:
3567:
3402:
3369:
3216:
3144:
3061:
2902:
2897:
2651:
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1967:
1626:
1216:
1043:
974:
3717:
3584:
3547:
3432:
3330:
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3259:
3149:
3139:
2765:
2743:
2636:
2444:
2439:
2362:
2350:
2338:
2326:
2314:
1838:
1467:
1076:
942:
381:
356:
143:
198:
3628:
3618:
3497:
3462:
3317:
3269:
3221:
2988:
2841:
2775:
2631:
2616:
2287:
2264:
2218:
2143:
2069:
1949:
1917:
1871:
1810:
1800:
1765:
1575:
1535:
1513:
1478:
1472:
1437:
1375:
1369:
1349:
1143:
1131:
1114:
1022:
968:
948:
767:
697:
665:
620:
609:
532:
447:
103:
3734:
3254:
3129:
2993:
2983:
2968:
2914:
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2787:
2748:
2697:
2611:
2563:
2547:
2427:
2387:
2382:
2269:
2223:
2169:
2164:
2154:
2148:
1977:
1922:
1907:
1783:
1755:
1596:
1556:
1526:
1500:
1450:
1408:
1317:
1294:
1187:
1167:
1124:
1049:
912:
851:
814:
786:
Rose, Phil; Toda, Takako (1994), "A Typology of Tone Sandhi Rules in
Northern Wu",
552:
542:
522:
499:
474:
458:
269:
108:
3795:
1174:
590:
444:
Piling (毗陵小片, spoken in
Jiangsu and Anhui provinces) – 8 million speakers in 1987
3685:
3665:
3562:
3522:
3507:
3246:
3096:
3086:
3066:
3023:
3018:
2884:
2848:
2831:
2821:
2760:
2578:
2514:
2456:
2404:
2399:
2301:
2197:
2192:
2101:
2048:
2043:
2023:
2008:
2003:
1944:
1939:
1929:
1912:
1884:
1856:
1833:
1588:
1542:
1401:
1283:
1222:
1056:
1003:
994:
980:
333:
90:
615:(illustrated, annotated ed.). Stanford: Stanford University Press. p.
3791:
3739:
3729:
3700:
3690:
3407:
3379:
3091:
3076:
2978:
2929:
2924:
2909:
2853:
2792:
2674:
2646:
2626:
2573:
2542:
2519:
2509:
2504:
2466:
2449:
2394:
2259:
2241:
2159:
2133:
2074:
1994:
1982:
1934:
1889:
1879:
1805:
1658:
1636:
1550:
1519:
1455:
1415:
1389:
1363:
1340:
1263:
1209:
1181:
1150:
1028:
954:
527:
517:
488:
400:
136:
3110:
856:
839:
819:
806:
611:
Teachers of the Inner
Chambers: Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century China
355:
After
Yangzhou was removed from Jiangnan, many of its residents switched from
3834:
3540:
3352:
3347:
2919:
2863:
2858:
2826:
2813:
2689:
2641:
2568:
2524:
2414:
2251:
2174:
2013:
1861:
1848:
1382:
1304:
1070:
1035:
987:
547:
1717:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
766:] (1 ed.), Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House, p. 386,
3412:
3362:
2738:
2621:
2594:
2138:
2128:
1356:
1272:
1228:
1157:
537:
512:
417:
406:
363:
345:
317:
716:
Chappell, Hilary; Lan, Li (2017), "Mandarin and other
Sinitic languages",
3557:
3531:
3427:
3397:
3374:
3342:
3081:
3071:
2875:
2770:
2755:
2718:
2666:
2487:
2478:
2374:
2213:
2088:
1815:
1702:
917:
385:
867:
2973:
2947:
2713:
2679:
2184:
2111:
301:
241:
113:
3422:
3173:
3164:
2892:
2782:
2434:
2422:
2233:
2064:
1695:
1336:
1101:
908:
265:
257:
191:
175:
156:
3712:
3298:
2939:
1724:
362:
In 1984, around 85 million speakers are mutually intelligible with
349:
341:
337:
313:
285:
281:
277:
273:
70:
62:
54:
3744:
3611:
3291:
3178:
3007:
2603:
1197:
309:
305:
297:
261:
245:
66:
50:
244:
language spoken in much of the southern part of the province of
3670:
3472:
1110:
925:
485:
Yongjiang 甬江小片 or
Mingzhou (明州小片) – 4 million speakers in 1987
293:
289:
249:
3779:
3183:
1106:
921:
837:
58:
312:
prefecture in
Zhejiang province. Speakers in regions around
253:
804:
694:
Dondac: The language with the most vowels in the world
743:] (thesis), Shanghai Normal University, p. 9
471:
Lin–Shao (臨紹小片) – 7.8 million speakers in 1987
391:
608:
844:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
811:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
754:Qian, Nairong; Xu, Baohua; Tang, Zhenzhu (2007),
3832:
27:
720:, Oxford: Taylor & Francis, p. 605-628
659:
455:Hangzhou (杭州小片) – 1.2 million speakers in 1987
1566:
1013:
718:Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese language
664:, John Benjamins Publishing Co., p. 3-7,
3815:
1740:
883:
756:
733:
686:
235:
225:
3539:
1427:
506:
741:A Study on the Tones of the lect of Wujiang
715:
696:], Fudan University Press, p. 12,
3822:
3808:
3760:
3530:
1747:
1733:
890:
876:
788:Current Issues in Sino-Tibetan Linguistics
753:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
897:
855:
818:
642:
838:Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015).
785:
636:
589:(Pie Chart) (in Chinese). Archived from
584:
3455:
649:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
565:
3833:
861:, with supplementary sound recordings.
824:, with supplementary sound recordings.
683:
646:The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy
1728:
871:
3774:
1754:
764:The Great Dictionary of Shanghainese
13:
798:
730:
606:
392:List of Taihu Wu dialect subgroups
14:
3857:
805:Shi, Menghui; Chen, Yiya (2022).
660:VanNess Simmons, Richard (1999),
434:Southeast Guangde dialect (Anhui)
3778:
3759:
3237:Literary and colloquial readings
3109:
1090:
28:
779:
747:
724:
709:
684:Li, Hui; Hong, Yulong (2012),
677:
653:
600:
1:
558:
3794:. You can help Knowledge by
3765:List of varieties of Chinese
842:. Illustrations of the IPA.
809:. Illustrations of the IPA.
369:
324:even for L2 Taihu speakers.
7:
3846:Sino-Tibetan language stubs
340:regions. While the city of
276:; and the northern part of
10:
3862:
3773:
3723:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
373:
327:
40:People's Republic of China
3757:
3641:
3610:
3521:
3446:
3388:
3308:
3283:
3245:
3192:
3118:
3107:
3054:
3006:
2961:
2938:
2883:
2874:
2812:
2731:
2706:
2688:
2665:
2602:
2593:
2556:
2533:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2413:
2373:
2300:
2278:
2250:
2232:
2206:
2183:
2119:
2110:
2087:
2057:
2034:
1958:
1898:
1870:
1847:
1824:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1762:
1712:
1657:
1609:
1494:
1335:
1303:
1261:
1196:
1099:
1088:
906:
857:10.1017/S0025100315000043
820:10.1017/S0025100320000092
757:
734:
687:
507:List of Taihu Wu dialects
236:
226:
205:
189:
173:
154:
149:
133:
87:
77:
45:
35:
26:
21:
643:DeFrancis, John (1984).
65:. Linguistic exclave in
260:, the southern part of
83:(47 million cited 1987)
57:province, southeastern
3790:-related article is a
3788:Sino-Tibetan languages
272:; the municipality of
1617:Central Tibeto-Burman
376:Northern Wu phonology
322:mutually intelligible
607:Ko, Dorothy (1994).
548:Qi–Hai dialect
280:province, including
1675:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
631:jianghuai mandarin.
494:Zhoushan (Zhejiang)
69:county in southern
16:Wu Chinese language
3718:Cantonese Bopomofo
3585:Chinese characters
3513:Written Sichuanese
2097:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
1668:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
1610:Proposed groupings
840:"Shanghai Chinese"
467:Northern Zhejiang
382:Germanic languages
357:Jianghuai Mandarin
144:Chinese characters
3803:
3802:
3771:
3770:
3753:
3752:
3580:
3579:
3498:Written Cantonese
3493:
3492:
3275:Classical grammar
3270:Cantonese grammar
3105:
3104:
3002:
3001:
2808:
2807:
2727:
2726:
2589:
2588:
2296:
2295:
2083:
2082:
1973:Chengdu–Chongqing
1766:Sinitic languages
1722:
1721:
1605:
1604:
1490:
1489:
1331:
1330:
1086:
1085:
807:"Lili Wu Chinese"
773:978-7-5326-2248-1
731:Xu, Zhen (2009),
703:978-7-309-09153-3
533:Changzhou dialect
480:Lin'an (Zhejiang)
448:Changzhou dialect
219:
218:
3853:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3782:
3775:
3763:
3762:
3735:Taiwanese Hangul
3624:Mainland Chinese
3537:
3536:
3528:
3527:
3453:
3452:
3130:Standard Chinese
3113:
2881:
2880:
2600:
2599:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2483:
2366:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2318:
2117:
2116:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1756:Chinese language
1749:
1742:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1564:
1563:
1425:
1424:
1259:
1258:
1094:
1011:
1010:
892:
885:
878:
869:
868:
860:
859:
823:
822:
792:
791:
790:, Ōsaka: 267–273
783:
777:
776:
760:
759:
751:
745:
744:
737:
736:
728:
722:
721:
713:
707:
706:
690:
689:
681:
675:
674:
657:
651:
650:
640:
634:
633:
614:
604:
598:
597:
595:
582:
553:Jinxiang dialect
543:Jiangyin dialect
523:Hangzhou dialect
513:Shanghai dialect
500:Jinxiang dialect
475:Shaoxing dialect
459:Hangzhou dialect
440:Northwestern Wu
239:
238:
229:
228:
215:
201:
185:
178:
168:
159:
139:
93:
53:province, North
31:
30:
19:
18:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3772:
3767:
3749:
3686:Tongyong Pinyin
3666:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
3654:Dungan Cyrillic
3637:
3606:
3576:
3517:
3508:Written Hokkien
3489:
3448:
3442:
3418:Middle Mandarin
3384:
3304:
3279:
3241:
3188:
3121:
3114:
3101:
3050:
2998:
2957:
2934:
2870:
2804:
2723:
2702:
2684:
2661:
2585:
2552:
2529:
2473:
2409:
2369:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2292:
2274:
2246:
2228:
2202:
2179:
2106:
2079:
2053:
2030:
1954:
1894:
1866:
1843:
1820:
1769:
1758:
1753:
1723:
1718:
1708:
1659:Proto-languages
1653:
1601:
1568:Greater Siangic
1562:
1499:
1486:
1423:
1327:
1299:
1257:
1201:
1192:
1104:
1095:
1082:
1015:Greater Magaric
1009:
936:West Himalayish
916:
902:
896:
865:
801:
799:Further reading
796:
795:
784:
780:
774:
752:
748:
729:
725:
714:
710:
704:
682:
678:
672:
658:
654:
641:
637:
627:
605:
601:
593:
583:
566:
561:
509:
412:Jiaxing dialect
394:
378:
372:
330:
211:
197:
183:
181:
174:
166:
155:
140:
135:
129:
94:
91:Language family
89:
80:
79:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3859:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3827:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3783:
3769:
3768:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3730:Taiwanese kana
3727:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3701:Lessing-Othmer
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3503:Written Dungan
3500:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3459:
3457:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3408:Middle Chinese
3405:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3375:Wubi (Wang Ma)
3372:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3126:
3124:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3092:Xiangnan Tuhua
3089:
3084:
3079:
3077:Shaozhou Tuhua
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3012:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2889:
2887:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1990:Renshou–Fushun
1987:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1900:Central Plains
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1649:Tibeto-Kanauri
1646:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1622:Kuki-Chin–Naga
1619:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1572:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1510:
1508:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1433:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1343:
1341:Southeast Asia
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1278:Angami–Pochuri
1275:
1269:
1267:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1220:
1213:
1205:
1203:
1202:Burmese border
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1120:
1118:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1019:
1017:
1008:
1007:
1000:
999:
998:
991:
984:
972:
965:
964:
963:
958:
946:
939:
931:
929:
904:
903:
895:
894:
887:
880:
872:
863:
862:
850:(3): 321–327.
834:
833:
832:
831:
826:
825:
800:
797:
794:
793:
778:
772:
746:
723:
708:
702:
688:偒傣話：世界上元音最多的語言
676:
670:
652:
635:
625:
599:
596:on 2013-05-13.
585:Sinolect.org.
563:
562:
560:
557:
556:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
528:Suzhou dialect
525:
520:
518:Ningbo dialect
515:
508:
505:
504:
503:
497:
496:
495:
492:
489:Ningbo dialect
483:
482:
481:
478:
465:
464:
463:
462:
453:
452:
451:
438:
437:
436:
435:
432:
429:Huzhou dialect
423:
422:
421:
415:
409:
404:
401:Suzhou dialect
393:
390:
374:Main article:
371:
368:
329:
326:
217:
216:
209:
203:
202:
195:
187:
186:
179:
171:
170:
160:
152:
151:
150:Language codes
147:
146:
141:
137:Writing system
134:
131:
130:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
97:
95:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
47:
43:
42:
37:
36:Native to
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3858:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3825:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3756:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3649:Cyrillization
3647:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3541:Script styles
3538:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3112:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1689:Proto-Karenic
1686:
1684:
1683:
1682:Proto-Loloish
1679:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1643:Tibeto-Burman
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1429:Burmo-Qiangic
1426:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1323:Jingpho–Luish
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
992:
990:
989:
985:
983:
982:
978:
977:
976:
973:
971:
970:
966:
962:
961:Baram–Thangmi
959:
957:
956:
952:
951:
950:
947:
945:
944:
940:
938:
937:
933:
932:
930:
927:
923:
919:
914:
910:
905:
900:
893:
888:
886:
881:
879:
874:
873:
870:
866:
858:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
835:
830:
829:
828:
827:
821:
816:
812:
808:
803:
802:
789:
782:
775:
769:
765:
761:
750:
742:
738:
727:
719:
712:
705:
699:
695:
691:
680:
673:
671:90-272-3694-1
667:
663:
656:
648:
647:
639:
632:
628:
626:0-8047-2359-1
622:
618:
613:
612:
603:
592:
588:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
564:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
501:
498:
493:
490:
487:
486:
484:
479:
476:
473:
472:
470:
469:
468:
460:
457:
456:
454:
449:
446:
445:
443:
442:
441:
433:
430:
427:
426:
424:
419:
416:
413:
410:
408:
405:
402:
399:
398:
396:
395:
389:
387:
383:
377:
367:
365:
360:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
233:
223:
214:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
194:
193:
188:
180:
177:
172:
164:
161:
158:
153:
148:
145:
142:
138:
132:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
101:
100:
96:
92:
86:
82:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
25:
20:
3796:expanding it
3785:
3671:Hanyu Pinyin
3661:Romanization
3568:Semi-cursive
3413:Old Mandarin
3370:Stroke count
3297:
3290:
3212:Old National
3055:Unclassified
2120:
1960:Southwestern
1793:Northeastern
1775:Major groups
1764:
1714:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1641:
1587:
1580:
1555:
1541:
1534:
1525:
1518:
1477:
1462:Lolo-Burmese
1460:
1436:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1282:
1250:
1243:
1234:
1227:
1215:
1208:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1130:
1123:
1075:
1069:
1055:
1048:
1034:
1027:
1002:
993:
986:
979:
967:
953:
941:
934:
899:Sino-Tibetan
864:
847:
843:
810:
787:
781:
763:
755:
749:
740:
732:
726:
717:
711:
693:
685:
679:
661:
655:
645:
638:
630:
610:
602:
591:the original
538:Wuxi dialect
466:
439:
418:Wuxi dialect
407:Shanghainese
379:
364:Shanghainese
361:
354:
346:Yangzi River
331:
318:Hangzhou Bay
248:, including
231:
221:
220:
207:Linguasphere
190:
162:
118:
99:Sino-Tibetan
3740:Xiao'erjing
3602:Punctuation
3595:Traditional
3548:Oracle bone
3532:Logographic
3428:Proto-Hakka
3403:Eastern Han
3398:Old Chinese
3260:Classifiers
3227:Northern Wu
3155:Singaporean
2361: [
2349: [
2337: [
2325: [
2313: [
1703:Proto-Hakka
1632:Mahakiranti
1138:East Bodish
918:Uttarakhand
813:: 157–179.
386:tone sandhi
232:Northern Wu
3841:Wu Chinese
3835:Categories
3691:Wade–Giles
3590:Simplified
3485:Vernacular
3478:in Vietnam
3331:Simplified
3318:Biaoxingma
3265:Honorifics
3200:Historical
3145:Philippine
3135:Sichuanese
3062:Badong Yao
2766:Shao–Jiang
2637:Philippine
2445:Xiangxiang
2440:Shuangfeng
2185:Taizhou Wu
1968:Sichuanese
1597:Idu–Taraon
1551:Miju–Meyor
1444:Gyalrongic
1290:Tangkhulic
1065:Raji–Raute
587:"Untitled"
559:References
491:(Zhejiang)
477:(Zhejiang)
461:(Zhejiang)
431:(Zhejiang)
414:(Zhejiang)
314:Taihu Lake
308:county of
304:-speaking
302:Zhenan Min
242:Wu Chinese
3629:Taiwanese
3619:Cantonese
3463:Classical
3423:Proto-Min
3358:Microsoft
3217:Cantonese
3193:Phonology
3174:Cantonese
3165:Singdarin
3150:Malaysian
3140:Taiwanese
3044:Rongjiang
3034:Yongjiang
3030:Southern
3015:Northern
2989:Luo–Guang
2898:Hong Kong
2893:Guangzhou
2849:Taiwanese
2842:Changting
2776:Zhanjiang
2690:Zhongshan
2657:Malaysian
2652:Singapore
2617:Zhangzhou
2569:Zhongshan
2462:Yong–Quan
2358:Jing-Zhan
2288:Xuancheng
2265:Jiangshan
2144:Changzhou
2065:Junjiahua
1918:Guanzhong
1801:Changchun
1696:Proto-Min
1627:Macro-Bai
1505:Arunachal
1498:(possible
1313:Boro–Garo
1217:Kuki-Chin
1200:and Indo-
1115:Arunachal
1102:Himalayas
1077:Tandrange
1044:Chepangic
975:Dhimalish
909:Himalayas
450:(Jiangsu)
420:(Jiangsu)
403:(Jiangsu)
370:Phonology
266:Jingjiang
258:Changzhou
213:79-AAA-db
192:Glottolog
176:ISO 639-6
157:ISO 639-3
73:province.
3713:Bopomofo
3642:Phonetic
3634:Two-cell
3563:Clerical
3473:in Japan
3468:Adoption
3456:Official
3447:Literary
3322:Boshiamy
3299:Xiehouyu
3255:Numerals
3232:Mandarin
3160:Standard
3120:Standard
2994:Qin–Lian
2984:Yong–Xun
2969:Gao–Yang
2915:Jiujiang
2903:Malaysia
2837:Tingzhou
2788:Wenchang
2749:Jianyang
2739:Northern
2698:Sanxiang
2612:Quanzhou
2595:Southern
2564:Manjiang
2428:Changsha
2388:Nanchang
2383:Chang–Du
2280:Xuanzhou
2270:Qingtian
2224:Wencheng
2170:Jiangyin
2165:Jinxiang
2155:Shaoxing
2149:Hangzhou
2129:Shanghai
2070:Qinjiang
1978:Minjiang
1950:Xinjiang
1908:Dongping
1872:Jiaoliao
1811:Shenyang
1784:Mandarin
1501:isolates
1468:Mondzish
1396:Cai–Long
1144:Tshangla
1100:Eastern
943:Tamangic
913:Himachal
907:Western
901:branches
735:吴江方言声调研究
350:Yangzhou
342:Yangzhou
338:Jiangnan
334:Jiangbei
286:Shaoxing
282:Hangzhou
278:Zhejiang
274:Shanghai
222:Taihu Wu
199:taih1244
119:Taihu Wu
71:Zhejiang
63:Shanghai
55:Zhejiang
22:Taihu Wu
3612:Braille
3573:Cursive
3523:Scripts
3390:History
3380:ZhengMa
3326:Cangjie
3292:Chengyu
3247:Grammar
3222:Hokkien
3179:Hokkien
3087:Waxiang
3067:Danzhou
3039:Guandao
3024:Younian
3019:Tongdao
3008:Pinghua
2948:Taishan
2864:Raoping
2832:Huizhou
2822:Meixian
2798:Banqiao
2771:Leizhou
2761:Pu–Xian
2756:Central
2744:Jian'ou
2719:Longyan
2667:Teochew
2604:Hokkien
2579:Nanlang
2535:Fu–Ning
2515:Changle
2497:Houguan
2488:Eastern
2435:Loushao
2423:Changyi
2405:Da–Tong
2400:Ying–Yi
2346:Yanzhou
2214:Wenzhou
2207:Oujiang
2198:Tiantai
2193:Taizhou
2102:Zhi–Yan
2049:Nantong
2044:Nanjing
2019:Gui–Liu
2009:Nanping
2004:Kunming
1930:Luoyang
1885:Qingdao
1857:Tianjin
1834:Beijing
1826:Beijing
1715:Italics
1576:Siangic
1557:Songlin
1536:Kho-Bwa
1514:Hrusish
1496:Dubious
1479:Loloish
1473:Burmish
1438:Qiangic
1409:Longjia
1376:Karenic
1370:Nungish
1350:Sinitic
1236:Hkongso
1198:Myanmar
1168:Gongduk
1132:Tibetic
1050:Chepang
1023:Magaric
969:Kiranti
949:Newaric
348:. Once
328:History
310:Wenzhou
306:Cangnan
298:Jiaxing
270:Danyang
262:Nantong
246:Jiangsu
240:) is a
109:Chinese
104:Sinitic
67:Cangnan
51:Jiangsu
3681:Postal
3676:MPS II
3553:Bronze
3433:Ba–Shu
3353:Google
3348:Pinyin
3284:Idioms
3097:Yeheni
2979:Wu–Hua
2974:Goulou
2953:Xinhui
2930:Dapeng
2925:Weitou
2910:Xiguan
2885:Yuehai
2854:Sixian
2793:Haikou
2783:Hainan
2714:Zhenan
2680:Haklau
2675:Swatow
2647:Penang
2632:Taiwan
2627:Chawan
2574:Longdu
2543:Ningde
2520:Gutian
2510:Fuqing
2505:Fuzhou
2467:Qiyang
2450:Wugang
2395:Yi–Liu
2322:Xiu-Yi
2310:Ji-She
2260:Quzhou
2252:Chu–Qu
2242:Jinhua
2234:Wuzhou
2219:Rui'an
2160:Ningbo
2134:Suzhou
2024:Wuming
1995:Zigong
1983:Leshan
1945:Lanyin
1940:Dungan
1935:Xuzhou
1913:Gangou
1890:Weihai
1880:Dalian
1839:Taiwan
1806:Harbin
1589:Milang
1543:Puroik
1527:Mijiic
1451:Ersuic
1402:Caijia
1318:Konyak
1284:Meitei
1188:Chamdo
1125:Bodish
1111:Bhutan
1057:Bhujel
1004:Lepcha
995:Lhokpu
981:Dhimal
926:Sikkim
770:
758:上海话大词典
700:
668:
623:
296:, and
294:Huzhou
290:Ningbo
250:Suzhou
61:, and
49:South
46:Region
3786:This
3745:Nüshu
3449:forms
3363:Sogou
3310:Input
3184:Hakka
3122:forms
2962:Other
2920:Shiqi
2859:Hailu
2827:Wuhua
2814:Hakka
2732:Other
2707:Other
2642:Pedan
2557:Other
2548:Fu'an
2525:Matsu
2457:Ji–Xu
2415:Xiang
2365:]
2353:]
2341:]
2334:Qi-De
2329:]
2317:]
2175:Shadi
2121:Taihu
2075:Gyami
2058:Other
2014:Wuhan
1923:Xi'an
1862:Jinan
1520:Hruso
1416:Luren
1390:Kathu
1364:Tujia
1252:Taman
1223:Mruic
1210:Karbi
1151:Basum
1107:Tibet
1029:Magar
955:Newar
922:Nepal
762:[
739:[
692:[
594:(GIF)
230:) or
227:吳語太湖片
59:Anhui
29:吳語太湖片
3792:stub
3706:Yale
3696:EFEO
3558:Seal
3343:Dayi
2940:Siyi
2622:Amoy
2139:Wuxi
2036:Huai
1849:Jilu
1637:Rung
1582:Koro
1456:Naic
1383:Gong
1339:and
1337:East
1295:Zeme
1264:Naga
1182:Tani
1175:ʼOle
1071:Dura
1036:Kham
988:Toto
768:ISBN
698:ISBN
666:ISBN
621:ISBN
336:and
316:and
268:and
254:Wuxi
237:北部吳語
184:tupn
182:taiu
163:None
3438:Gan
3338:CKC
3205:Old
3082:She
3072:Mai
2876:Yue
2479:Min
2375:Gan
2302:Hui
2151:(?)
2089:Jin
1816:Taz
1503:) (
1357:Bai
1305:Sal
1245:Pyu
1229:Mru
1158:Nam
852:doi
815:doi
167:mis
3837::
2363:zh
2351:zh
2339:zh
2327:zh
2315:zh
2112:Wu
1273:Ao
1113:,
1109:,
924:,
920:,
848:45
846:.
629:.
619:.
617:21
567:^
388:.
366:.
292:,
288:,
284:,
264:,
256:,
252:,
114:Wu
3823:e
3816:t
3809:v
3798:.
1748:e
1741:t
1734:v
1507:)
1266:"
1262:"
1161:?
1117:)
1105:(
1074:–
928:)
915:,
911:(
891:e
884:t
877:v
854::
817::
234:(
224:(
169:)
165:(
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