908:'s children", in acknowledgment of their "mother": Second Temple Judaism. Daniel Boyarin identified this interpretation of the two "new" religions as "part of one complex religious family, twins in a womb, contending with each other for identity and precedence, but sharing with each other the same spiritual food" for at least three centuries, as a new scholarly paradigm that overtook the "old paradigm" of the mother-daughter metaphor. Boyarin suggested that kinship metaphors should be abandoned altogether, because they erroneously imply a separation of first-century Judaism and Christianity as organic, definite entities. He proposed "a model of shared and crisscrossing lines of history and religious development", describing Judaism and Christianity in
813:, Annette Reed and Adam Becker identify two fundamental assumptions guiding the parting model: that "Judaism and Christianity developed in relative isolation from one another," and that "the interactions between Jews and Christians after the second century were limited, almost wholly, to polemical conflict and mutual misperception." Reed and Becker, however, describe a literary and archaeological record of interaction between Jewish and Christian communities that suggests a "far messier reality" than that suggested by the parting concept, citing theological literature in which Jews and Christians reacted to one another's theologies and religions.
31:
817:, who upholds the parting narrative, argues conversely that "the notion of 'the parting of the ways' does not in the least suggest that Jews and Christians stopped speaking with each other, arguing with each other, and influencing each other," and that reactions to Christianity in rabbinic scholarship neither prove nor disprove such a parting, and only prove that Jews and Christians continued to speak with one another after their parting. Cohen also argues that "There was no parting of the ways between gentile Christians and non-Christian Jews for the simple reason that their ways had never been united."
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the paradigm as seeing early
Christianity "only as influenced and not as influencing". In the late 20th century, scholars began to favor a more complex view of pre-Christian Judaism, and came to understand early Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism as "sister religions that were crystallized in the same period and the same background of enslavement and destruction."
875:
Metaphors of family and kinship "dominated" nineteenth- and twentieth-century academic discussion of the relationship between
Judaism and Christianity, and are still used in contemporary scholarship. Daniel Boyarin calls the understanding propagated with the use of this metaphor "the old paradigm". A
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On the subject of the separation of early
Christian belief from Judaism, Shaye J. D. Cohen writes that early Jewish believers in Christ "had a choice: they could join the emerging Christian communities which were being populated more and more by gentile Christians; or they could try to maintain their
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has argued for a "criss-crossing of muddy tracks which only the expert tracker, or poacher, can decipher" over the parting metaphor, while Daniel
Boyarin describes a continuum along which one could travel rather than a divide or partition between rabbinic Judaism and Christianity. Scholarly works on
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He writes that this narrative, which he calls the "old paradigm", was propagated in "more or less the same" form by both
Christian and Jewish scholars, with an understanding of pre-Christian Jews that anachronistically reduced their religious diversity into a single "Judaism". Israel Yuval described
762:
refers to a historical concept figuring the emergence of
Christianity's distinction from Judaism as a split in paths, with the two religions becoming separated like two branching roadways "never to cross or converge again". While most uses of the metaphor consider Christianity and Judaism to be two
820:
Philip S. Alexander describes motivations for both
Christian and Jewish scholars in upholding and propagating the parting of the ways: "The attempt barely conceals apologetic motives-in the case of Christianity a desire to prove that Christianity transcended or transformed Judaism, in the case of
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Reed and Becker describe a "master narrative" of Jewish and
Christian history that is guided by the parting concept, which describes a first-century Judaism characterized by great diversity, with exchange between Christ-believing and non-Christ-believing Jews, that was fundamentally changed in the
712:
shows that, among Christ-believing Jews in the first century, the norm was to join the emerging gentile-populated
Christian communities. But as these communities became more hostile to non-Christian Jews, the Christ-believing Jews were pushed to compromise either their Jewish identities or their
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The separation of
Christianity from Judaism was a process, not an event. The essential part of the process was that the church was becoming more and more gentile and less and less Jewish, but the separation manifested itself in different ways in each community where Jews and Christians dwelled
970:
Shaye J. D. Cohen argues that, while theological disputes between Jews and followers of Christ contributed to the social separation of the two groups, the disputes themselves had no direct connection to the parting; instead, the split of Christians from Jews was a process of social separation.
708:
place within Jewish society, a stance that will become harder and harder to maintain as the decades go by; or, if they were uncomfortable among non-Jewish Christians and non-Christian Jews, they could try to maintain their own communities, separate from each of the others." He writes that the
775:
of the Jews against Roman rule, after which Christianity and Judaism "definitively institutionalized their differences". The master narrative recognizes this period as the point from which Judaism's influence on Christianity was limited to the Jewish scriptures that the Church held as their
862:
metaphors: Dunn described Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity as two currents that eventually carved separate channels from the stream of ancient Judaism, and Boyarin described Early Christianity as one of many first-century Jewish movements that flowed out from one source, like
763:
equally-important roadways, some use it to describe Judaism as the main "highway" from which Christianity forked. The metaphor may also refer to an interpersonal "parting", as in human relationships when two parties no longer see eye to eye and decide to "go their separate ways".
600:
Shaye J.D. Cohen writes that "Even the most Hellenized of Jews, e.g. Philo of Alexandria, belonged to Jewish communities that were socially distinct from “the Greeks,” no matter how well these Jews spoke Greek, knew Greek literature, and assimilated Greek culture high and low."
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commends Alexander's Venn diagram image for complicating the dominant "parting of the ways" notion of Christian historical distinction, but regards the metaphor as still being too simple for the "reconfiguring that needs to be done". Among the several metaphors proposed by
514:
over a period of centuries at the beginning of Early Christianity. Some scholars have found evidence of continuous interactions between Jewish-Christian and Rabbinic movements from the mid-to late second century CE to the fourth century CE. The first centuries of belief in
1497:
783:
The parting of the ways is the most commonly-used metaphor in contemporary scholarship on the topic of Christianity's historical distinction from Judaism, and the notion has been subject to a number of debates, criticisms, and metaphorical adaptations from scholars.
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By the second century, Romans regarded Christians and Jews as separate communities, persecuting Christians without targeting Jews. Second-century Christian writers regularly accused the Jews of collaborating with the Romans in their anti-Christian persecutions.
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from 132–135 CE. The Romans, either as a cause of or in response to the uprising, initiated a persecution against Jewish religious observance. During this campaign, the Romans ignored the Christians, considering them to be separate from the Jews.
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Not long ago, everyone knew that Judaism came before Christianity. The story would go that Christianity developed out of the "orthodox" Judaism of the first century, rabbinic Judaism, and either deviated from the true path or superseded its
1494:
885:, as "a typical example of how the myth works". Alexander described the historical reduction of pre-Christian Jewish religious diversity into the singular entity of "Judaism" as taking place in two distinct ways: through the
37:
by Robert Campin, circa 1420, illustrates the symbolic foundation of Christianity on Judaism through the depiction of Mary and Joseph's marriage at the unfinished portal of a Gothic church, built upon the Romanesque Temple of
880:
criticizes this formulation for its implication that Judaism was a single entity, when in fact it was "an ever-shifting set of groups". Boyarin identified the mother-daughter metaphor, which he attributes to
462:, and the Christian movement perceived itself as distinct from the Jews by the fourth century. Historians continue to debate the dating of Christianity's emergence as a discrete religion apart from Judaism.
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to compare to the process of Christianity's differentiation from Judaism, with the two religions beginning as two overlapping circles, which gradually moved apart until they were entirely separated.
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506:(both of which were far less orthodox and theologically homogeneous in the first centuries of the Christian Era than they are today) and the coexistence of and interaction between Judaism,
1320:
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700:, as faithful religious Jews, "regarded their movement as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief-that Jesus was the
654:
Most historians agree that Jesus or his followers established a new Jewish sect, one that attracted both Jewish and gentile converts. According to New Testament scholar
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attests to a Christian converting to Judaism in order to escape Roman persecution. The opposite is true, too; when the Romans persecuted Jews, they ignored Christians.
522:
The two religions eventually established and distinguished their respective norms and doctrines, notably by increasingly diverging on key issues such as the status of "
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Alan Segal proposed a sibling metaphor as more accurate than that of the mother and daughter. Segal's metaphor compares the two religions to the biblical twins
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3754:
893:, and through the assumption that all first-century Jewish religions shared some common features that allowed them to be joined into a single religion.
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658:, a number of early Christianities existed in the first century CE, from which developed various Christian traditions and denominations, including
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mother-child metaphor was particularly common in the nineteenth century, with Christianity as the child born from and nurtured by Judaism.
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480:, and less and less Jewish". Conversely, various historical events have been proposed as definitive points of separation, including the
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1441:, Durham-Tübingen Research Symposium on Earliest Christianity and Judaism 1992 (2nd: 1999: Wm. B. Eerdmans). p1 in the 1992 edition.
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characterizes the question of when Christianity and Judaism parted company and went their separate ways (often termed the
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854:, which illustrated first-century Judaism as a woven textile, and Early Christianity as one of its fibers. Both Dunn and
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476:, "the separation of Christianity from Judaism was a process, not an event", in which the church became "more and more
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Brown, Raymond E (1983). "Not Jewish Christianity and Gentile Christianity but Types of Jewish/Gentile Christianity".
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472:) as "one of those deceptively simple questions which should be approached with great care". According to historian
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1525:. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Vol. 2.358. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 210–213.
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together. In some places, the Jews expelled the Christians; in other, the Christians left of their own accord.
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Jews a desire to suggest that Christianity was an alien form of Judaism which deviated from the true path."
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Philippe Bobichon,"L'enseignement juif, païen, hérétique et chrétien dans l'œuvre de Justin Martyr",
171:
1752:
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3231:
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2473:
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Bourgel, Jonathan (2017). "The holders of the 'Word of Truth': The pharisees in Pseudo-Clementine
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2959:
2899:
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696:, preached to the Jewish people, and called from them his first followers. According to McGrath,
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Unity and diversity in the New Testament: An inquiry into the character of earliest Christianity
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the matter of the concept of the parting of the ways have been published under such titles as "
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1600:"Autorités religieuses juives et « sectes » juives dans l'oeuvre de Justin Martyr"
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1862:
The Ways that Never Parted: Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages
1433:
Alexander, Philip S. "'The Parting of the Ways' from the Perspective of Rabbinic Judaism".
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have been described by historians as characterized by religious creativity and "chaos".
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2012:
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1990:
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527:
151:
1945:
Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE
1705:
Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE
1457:(3rd ed.). Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 226.
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3885:
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1941:"The Ways That Parted: Jews, Christians, and Jewish-Christians, ca. 100–150 ce"
1701:"The Ways That Parted: Jews, Christians, and Jewish-Christians, ca. 100–150 ce"
1266:
1158:
909:
864:
855:
842:
729:
678:
655:
491:
458:, but the two religions gradually diverged over the first few centuries of the
398:
106:
1994:
1952:
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The first followers of Jesus were essentially all ethnically Jewish or Jewish
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of the split is complicated by a number of factors, including a diverse and
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1914:
1886:
1796:
Lost Christianities: The battles for scripture and the faiths we never knew
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181:
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886:
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96:
1896:
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1025:
984:
934:
833:" to explain and illustrate the emergence of Christianity from Judaism.
546:
4259:
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1983:"Introduction: When Christians Were Jews: On Judeo-Christian Origins"
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2317:
1754:
Dying for God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism
830:
732:
describes a traditional (and in his view, errant) understanding of
718:
829:
Historians of Early Christianity have been "inventive in creating
4067:
4062:
3704:
3462:
3392:
3052:
3016:
1655:
Jewish-Christian Relations - The First Centuries (Mascarat, 2019)
905:
851:
701:
477:
405:
322:
1360:. In Greenspahn, Frederick E.; Greenspahn, Frederick E. (eds.).
615:
There were numerous first-century Jewish sects interpreting the
27:
Historical emergence and separation of Christianity from Judaism
4169:
4077:
4057:
2478:
2398:
2265:
620:
352:
3026:
1126:
897:
632:
616:
516:
79:
1313:"Parsing 'the parting' painting: The marriage of the virgin"
901:
1888:
The Ways That Often Parted: Essays in Honor of Joel Marcus
916:
and non-Christ-following Jews at each end, respectively.
1989:. Stanford University Press. 1999-11-01. pp. 1–21.
3644:
Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America
889:"retrojection" of Rabbinic Judaism onto first-century
1823:(3rd ed.). London: SCM Press. pp. 253–255.
1137:
669:, four types of early Christianity can be discerned:
1089:
4292:
1522:Gender and Purity in the Protevangelium of James
1015:
1859:Becker, Adam H.; Reed, Annette Yoshiko (2003).
498:range of religious thought and practice within
4316:Christianity and Judaism related controversies
1410:The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction
1364:. New York University Press. pp. 97–120.
3720:
2043:
1604:Revue d'Études Augustiniennes et Patristiques
1056:
431:
1439:Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways
1178:
713:belonging within the Christian communities.
2057:
3727:
3713:
2050:
2036:
1858:
1651:
804:
639:Historical background of the New Testament
438:
424:
1358:"5. How Christianity Parted from Judaism"
1355:
536:
1891:. Society of Biblical Literature. 2018.
1597:
29:
3468:Fostering of early experimental science
1750:
1555:
1078:
604:
18:Split of early Christianity and Judaism
14:
4293:
3572:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy
1793:
1163:
1144:Development of the New Testament canon
753:
643:
589:
3708:
2031:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1746:
1744:
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1698:
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1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1636:
1518:
1450:
1406:
1310:
1282:Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church
1148:Development of the Hebrew Bible canon
578:
3871:Timeline of the Second Temple period
1818:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
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1111:
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978:
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1370:10.18574/nyu/9781479896950.003.0006
1067:
912:as two points on a continuum, with
623:refers to twenty-four such sects).
24:
3755:Jewish history in Israel/Palestine
3734:
1929:
1845:
1727:
1683:
1562:Journal of Early Christian Studies
1138:Development of separate scriptures
824:
25:
4337:
1939:Cohen, Shaye J. D. (2017-09-22).
1699:Cohen, Shaye J. D. (2017-09-22).
1454:From the Maccabees to the Mishnah
1334:
1152:
724:
227:Split of Christianity and Judaism
1311:Feder, Theodore H. (July 2014).
1187:
1096:Destruction of the Second Temple
1090:Destruction of the Second Temple
1024:
983:
933:
545:
404:
392:
61:
4306:Ancient Christian controversies
4085:Talmudic academies in Babylonia
3843:Judah's revolts against Babylon
1975:
1879:
1812:
1787:
1672:from the original on 2021-11-16
1645:
1491:Revue des Études Augustiniennes
1356:Reinhartz, Adele (2020-12-31).
1323:from the original on 2024-02-12
1237:Christian–Jewish reconciliation
974:
4321:Early Christianity and Judaism
3431:Separation of church and state
3100:Formal and material principles
3085:Separation of church and state
1751:Boyarin, Daniel (1999-11-01).
1658:. WA: Mascarat. p. ????.
1630:
1591:
1506:
1483:
1444:
1427:
1400:
1304:
1277:Timeline of Christian missions
924:
13:
1:
3095:Hymnody of continental Europe
2246:Apostles in the New Testament
1757:. Stanford University Press.
1519:Vuong, Lily C. (2013-11-19).
1257:History of early Christianity
1016:Proposed points of separation
4165:Expulsion of Jews from Spain
1652:Bibliowicz, Abel M. (2019).
1451:Cohen, Shaye J. D. (2014) .
1319:. Vol. 40, no. 4.
1287:Paul the Apostle and Judaism
7:
2543:Eastern Orthodox opposition
1947:. Brill. pp. 307–339.
1819:Dunn, James D. G. (2005) .
1798:. Oxford University Press.
1707:. Brill. pp. 307–339.
1639:Catholic Biblical Quarterly
1598:Bobichon, Philippe (2002).
1317:Biblical Archaeology Review
1219:
769:Second Temple's destruction
10:
4342:
2560:Art patronage of Julius II
1407:Wylen, Stephen M. (1996).
1167:
1156:
1141:
1115:
1104:
1093:
1082:
1071:
1060:
1057:Life and ministry of Jesus
870:
811:The Ways That Never Parted
795:The Ways That Often Parted
791:The Ways That Never Parted
647:
636:
630:
608:
593:
582:
4326:Theological controversies
4270:
4190:
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3974:
3909:
3861:
3803:
3742:
3652:
3487:
3406:
3335:
3270:
3192:
3123:
3063:Calvinist–Arminian debate
3037:
2804:
2687:
2523:
2414:
2296:
2194:
2083:
2065:
1995:10.1515/9780804764292-002
1953:10.1163/9789004352971_017
1531:10.1628/978-3-16-152844-6
1493:45/2 (1999), pp. 233-259
1179:Religious interpretations
965:
919:
172:Hebrew Christian movement
4095:Revolt against Heraclius
3823:Ancient Israel and Judah
3805:Ancient Israel and Judah
3552:Christian existentialism
1298:
1272:Timeline of Christianity
1232:Christianity and Judaism
1129:in a revolt against the
679:Apocalyptic Christianity
675:Hellenistic Christianity
626:
289:Jewish–Christian gospels
252:Circumcision controversy
3780:Expulsions and exoduses
2059:History of Christianity
1252:History of Christianity
1170:First Council of Nicaea
809:In the Introduction to
805:Reception and criticism
486:First Council of Nicaea
411:Christianity portal
306:Gospel of the Nazarenes
296:Gospel of the Ebionites
242:Christian anti-semitism
4311:Ancient Jewish history
4131:Invasion of Banu Nadir
3932:First Jewish-Roman War
3620:Fourth Great Awakening
3507:Second Great Awakening
2746:Fall of Constantinople
2538:Development of primacy
1616:10.1484/J.REA.5.104844
1574:10.1353/earl.2017.0018
1197:This section is empty.
1034:This section is empty.
993:This section is empty.
943:This section is empty.
747:
537:Background and history
526:" and the validity of
39:
35:Marriage of the Virgin
4182:Medieval antisemitism
4121:Siege of Banu Qaynuqa
4116:Siege of Banu Qurayza
4090:Revolt against Gallus
3876:Second Temple Judaism
3615:Reformed epistemology
3557:Third Great Awakening
3527:Seventh-day Adventist
3448:First Great Awakening
3321:Book of Common Prayer
3115:Protestant work ethic
2658:Independent Catholics
2609:Monastery dissolution
1794:Ehrman, Bart (2005).
1763:10.1515/9780804764292
867:on a pond's surface.
850:is the metaphor of a
742:
456:Second Temple Judaism
363:Expounding of the Law
301:Gospel of the Hebrews
33:
4143:Sephardic Golden Age
3937:Battle of Beth Horon
3863:Second Temple period
3848:Babylonian captivity
3438:Edicts of toleration
3247:Three Forms of Unity
3012:Bohemian Reformation
2585:Catholic Reformation
2442:Roman state religion
2261:Council of Jerusalem
1085:Council of Jerusalem
1079:Council of Jerusalem
799:The Ways That Parted
611:Second Temple period
605:Second Temple period
512:Gentile Christianity
482:Council of Jerusalem
358:Council of Jerusalem
4301:Jewish Christianity
3881:Hellenistic Judaism
3790:Political movements
3610:Liberation theology
3517:Jehovah's Witnesses
3350:Radical Reformation
3078:Resistance theories
2965:Christian mysticism
2960:Early Scholasticism
2672:Ecclesial community
2570:Counter-Reformation
2435:Constantinian shift
1897:10.2307/j.ctv7r424g
1247:Hellenistic Judaism
1164:Ecumenical councils
835:Philip S. Alexander
760:parting of the ways
754:Parting of the ways
671:Jewish Christianity
644:Jewish Christianity
596:Hellenistic Judaism
590:Hellenistic Judaism
508:Jewish Christianity
469:parting of the ways
464:Philip S. Alexander
452:began as a movement
112:Simeon of Jerusalem
55:Jewish Christianity
3838:Assyrian Captivity
3818:Origins of Judaism
3760:Population history
3684:Oriental Orthodoxy
3327:King James Version
3139:Ninety-five Theses
2935:Apostolic Brethren
2709:Church of the East
2704:Oriental Orthodoxy
2550:Crusading movement
2070:Early Christianity
1500:2021-04-26 at the
1262:History of Judaism
1242:Early Christianity
1174:Ecumenical council
736:origins in 1999's
585:Origins of Judaism
579:Origins of Judaism
558:. You can help by
500:Early Christianity
399:Judaism portal
40:
4288:
4287:
4280:WP:Jewish history
4138:Under Muslim rule
4126:Battle of Khaybar
4041:Synagogal Judaism
4022:
4021:
3964:Bar Kokhba revolt
3927:Jewish-Roman Wars
3891:Hasmonean kingdom
3833:Kingdom of Israel
3702:
3701:
3679:Eastern Orthodoxy
3547:Finnish Awakening
3502:Holiness movement
3443:Congregationalism
3402:
3401:
3262:Metrical psalters
2699:Eastern Orthodoxy
2643:Neo-Scholasticism
2350:Canon development
2251:Jewish Christians
2004:978-0-8047-6429-2
1962:978-90-04-35297-1
1906:978-0-88414-315-4
1872:978-3-16-147966-3
1830:978-0-334-02998-4
1805:978-0-19-518249-1
1772:978-0-8047-6429-2
1714:978-90-04-35297-1
1540:978-3-16-152337-3
1515:See for instance:
1464:978-0-664-23904-6
1420:978-0-8091-3610-0
1413:. Paulist Press.
1379:978-1-4798-2570-7
1217:
1216:
1118:Bar Kokhba revolt
1112:Bar Kokhba revolt
1107:Council of Jamnia
1101:Council of Jamnia
1054:
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963:
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891:Pharisaic Judaism
815:Shaye J. D. Cohen
773:Bar Kokhba revolt
698:Jewish Christians
683:early Catholicism
576:
575:
474:Shaye J. D. Cohen
448:
447:
277:Gospel of Matthew
177:Messianic Judaism
16:(Redirected from
4333:
4276:
4112:Mohammedan Wars
4036:Rabbinic Judaism
3989:Byzantine Empire
3942:Galilee campaign
3922:Judean Civil War
3917:Maccabean Revolt
3910:Wars and revolts
3907:
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3896:Herodian kingdom
3853:Babylonian Yehud
3828:Kingdom of Judah
3765:Military history
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2508:Non-Chalcedonian
2489:Constantinople I
2281:General epistles
2276:Pauline epistles
2256:Paul the Apostle
2234:Great Commission
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1125:led the Jews of
1123:Simon bar Kokhba
1074:Pauline epistles
1068:Pauline epistles
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1036:You can help by
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1005:
995:You can help by
987:
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945:You can help by
937:
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883:Jacob Lauterbach
694:Jesus was Jewish
667:James D. G. Dunn
650:Jewish Christian
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504:Rabbinic Judaism
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373:Quartodecimanism
348:Aramaic of Jesus
328:Book of Elchasai
282:Epistle of James
232:Paul and Judaism
92:John the Baptist
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660:proto-orthodoxy
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1665:978-1513616483
1664:
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1568:(2): 171–200.
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1159:Edict of Milan
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910:late Antiquity
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843:Daniel Boyarin
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771:and the later
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730:Daniel Boyarin
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725:Historiography
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4272:
4269:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4243:The Holocaust
4241:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4233:United States
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4213:Enlightenment
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4180:
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4149:
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4136:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
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4111:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4091:
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4079:
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4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3955:
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3899:
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3879:
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3808:
3806:
3802:
3796:
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3737:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3718:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3689:Protestantism
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
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3645:
3642:
3640:
3636:
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3626:
3623:
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3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3562:Azusa Revival
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:Laestadianism
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3479:Old Lutherans
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
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3429:
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3424:
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3413:
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3409:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:Diet of Worms
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3045:Protestantism
3040:
3036:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
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2963:
2961:
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2903:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
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2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2796:North America
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
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2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2406:Early African
2404:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:Justin Martyr
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2361:
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2329:
2326:
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2321:
2319:
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2295:
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2272:
2269:
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2259:
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2249:
2247:
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2239:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2209:Life of Jesus
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:Apostolic Age
2193:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:Dying for God
1984:
1978:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:
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1864:
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1822:
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1456:
1455:
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1422:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:Early Judaism
1359:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
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1278:
1275:
1273:
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1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1211:
1208:February 2024
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1160:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1108:
1097:
1086:
1075:
1064:
1063:Life of Jesus
1048:
1045:February 2024
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1007:
1004:February 2024
998:
994:
990:
986:
981:
980:
972:
957:
954:February 2024
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
930:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
887:anachronistic
884:
879:
868:
866:
861:
860:body of water
857:
853:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
822:
818:
816:
812:
802:
800:
796:
792:
787:
781:
779:
778:Old Testament
774:
770:
764:
761:
751:
746:
741:
739:
738:Dying For God
735:
731:
722:
720:
714:
711:
710:New Testament
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
665:
661:
657:
651:
640:
634:
624:
622:
618:
612:
602:
597:
586:
570:
567:February 2024
561:
557:
554:This section
552:
548:
543:
542:
534:
532:
529:
525:
520:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:
465:
461:
460:Christian Era
457:
453:
450:Christianity
441:
436:
434:
429:
427:
422:
421:
419:
418:
412:
407:
402:
400:
390:
389:
387:
386:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:Yeshua (name)
351:
349:
346:
345:
337:
336:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
311:
310:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
290:
287:
286:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
271:New Testament
270:
269:
261:
260:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
216:
215:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
191:
190:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
165:Recent groups
161:
160:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
131:
130:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
69:
68:
64:
60:
59:
56:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
36:
32:
19:
4238:World War II
4228:Soviet Union
4208:Emancipation
4203:Disabilities
3984:Roman Empire
3901:Roman Judaea
3605:Charismatics
3588:
3567:Gospel music
3497:Camp meeting
3489:1789–present
3421:Missionaries
3391:
3384:
3375:Menno Simons
3319:
3315:Church music
3166:
3137:
3022:Conciliarism
3007:Papal Schism
2849:Scandinavian
2741:Great Schism
2719:Nestorianism
2691:Christianity
2623:priest holes
2504:Chalcedonian
2467:Christianity
2421:Great Church
2229:Resurrection
2016:. Retrieved
1986:
1977:
1966:. Retrieved
1944:
1887:
1881:
1861:
1820:
1814:
1795:
1789:
1753:
1718:. Retrieved
1704:
1674:. Retrieved
1654:
1647:
1641:(45): 74–79.
1638:
1632:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1565:
1561:
1558:Recognitions
1557:
1521:
1508:
1490:
1485:
1476:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1429:
1409:
1402:
1391:. Retrieved
1361:
1325:. Retrieved
1316:
1306:
1227:Anti-Judaism
1205:
1201:adding to it
1196:
1131:Roman Empire
1121:
1042:
1038:adding to it
1033:
1001:
997:adding to it
992:
975:Intellectual
969:
951:
947:adding to it
942:
895:
874:
839:Venn diagram
828:
819:
810:
808:
798:
794:
790:
782:
767:wake of the
765:
759:
757:
748:
743:
737:
728:
715:
706:
687:
653:
614:
599:
564:
560:adding to it
555:
521:
490:
468:
467:
449:
226:
182:Hebrew Roots
34:
4105:Middle Ages
4014:Mesopotamia
3694:Catholicism
3631:Protestants
3625:Evangelical
3300:39 Articles
3295:Elizabethan
3272:Anglicanism
3252:Westminster
3162:Melanchthon
3125:Lutheranism
3090:Nicodemites
3068:Arminianism
3039:Reformation
2980:Bonaventure
2955:Inquisition
2950:Waldensians
2900:Investiture
2878:Kievan Rus'
2834:Anglo-Saxon
2814:Pelagianism
2806:Middle Ages
2729:Iconodulism
2604:Thomas More
2525:Catholicism
2447:Monasticism
2430:Constantine
2355:Persecution
2313:Adoptionism
2298:Ante-Nicene
2241:Holy Spirit
2224:Crucifixion
2195:Origins and
2096:2nd and 3rd
1915:j.ctv7r424g
1610:(1): 3–22.
925:Theological
914:Marcionites
786:Judith Lieu
524:purity laws
247:Constantine
195:Pejoratives
97:Simon Peter
4295:Categories
4260:New Yishuv
4248:Resistance
3813:Israelites
3416:Revivalism
3337:Anabaptism
3285:Henry VIII
3110:Literature
2734:Iconoclasm
2714:Chrysostom
2667:Vatican II
2633:Jansenists
2619:Mass rocks
2555:Lateran IV
2474:Athanasius
2394:Tertullian
2338:Marcionism
2333:Gnosticism
2286:Revelation
2204:Background
2018:2024-02-15
1968:2024-02-12
1720:2024-02-12
1676:2020-06-19
1560:1.27–71".
1393:2024-02-12
1327:2024-02-12
858:have used
848:James Dunn
837:posited a
690:proselytes
664:theologian
637:See also:
502:and early
318:Clementine
237:Marcionism
147:Elcesaites
38:Jerusalem.
4155:Byzantium
4053:Sanhedrin
3957:Kitos War
3775:Languages
3743:Overviews
3582:Ecumenism
3532:Adventism
3522:Mormonism
3458:Millerism
3453:Methodism
3408:1640–1789
3310:Civil War
3257:Orthodoxy
3212:Huguenots
3194:Calvinism
3179:Eucharist
3174:Orthodoxy
3058:Eucharist
2990:Five Ways
2940:Dulcinian
2893:Pomerania
2819:Gregory I
2663:Vatican I
2653:Modernism
2638:Molinists
2628:Guadalupe
2499:Chalcedon
2494:Ephesus I
2484:Augustine
2360:Apostolic
2343:Montanism
2308:Diversity
2084:Centuries
2013:246212283
1923:239776961
1781:246222899
1624:1768-9260
1582:1086-3184
1549:0340-9570
1473:884882479
1388:171634920
831:metaphors
758:The term
745:ancestor.
533:beliefs.
531:messianic
496:syncretic
378:Shekhinah
220:Adversity
207:Legalists
202:Judaizers
152:Nazarenes
142:Ebionites
4275:See also
4160:Crusades
4148:Kairouan
4073:Savoraim
3999:Carthage
3976:Diaspora
3795:Timeline
3674:Theology
3662:Missions
3657:Timeline
3629:Mainline
3577:Pacifism
3426:Baptists
3345:Theology
3305:Puritans
3280:Timeline
3222:Scotland
3150:Theology
2997:Wycliffe
2945:Crusades
2920:Bogomils
2873:Bulgaria
2829:Germanic
2781:Ethiopia
2679:Timeline
2457:Nicaea I
2452:Councils
2384:Irenaeus
2379:Ignatius
2374:Polycarp
2328:Donatism
2323:Docetism
2318:Arianism
2219:Ministry
1839:64450678
1670:Archived
1498:Archived
1321:Archived
1220:See also
797:", and "
719:Eusebius
484:and the
265:Writings
47:a series
45:Part of
4223:Zionism
4068:Amoraim
4063:Tannaim
3785:Schisms
3667:Martyrs
3463:Pietism
3393:Ausbund
3365:Müntzer
3290:Cranmer
3237:Baptism
3202:Zwingli
3053:Erasmus
3002:Avignon
2985:Aquinas
2975:Francis
2970:Dominic
2930:Cathars
2925:Bosnian
2915:Bernard
2910:Abelard
2883:Moravia
2868:Bohemia
2854:Iceland
2776:Serbian
2756:Georgia
2751:Armenia
2689:Eastern
2590:Jesuits
2266:Gospels
2214:Baptism
906:Rebecca
871:Kinship
865:ripples
852:textile
702:Messiah
478:gentile
454:within
368:Sabbath
323:Didache
73:Figures
4191:Modern
4170:Anusim
4078:Geonim
4058:Chazal
4009:Persia
3994:Greece
3355:Grebel
3207:Calvin
3133:Luther
3027:Synods
2905:Anselm
2888:Poland
2844:Gothic
2839:Franks
2824:Celtic
2791:Russia
2771:Syriac
2761:Greece
2648:Teresa
2595:Xavier
2533:Papacy
2479:Jerome
2399:Origen
2300:period
2075:Spread
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920:Causes
681:, and
621:Talmud
510:, and
341:Issues
4004:Egypt
3589:solae
3587:Five
3380:Smyth
3232:TULIP
3155:Bible
2863:Slavs
2766:Egypt
2724:Icons
2575:Trent
2565:Leo X
2462:Creed
2009:S2CID
1919:S2CID
1911:JSTOR
1777:S2CID
1384:S2CID
1299:Notes
1127:Judea
898:Jacob
633:Jesus
627:Jesus
619:(the
617:Torah
517:Jesus
312:Other
80:Jesus
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1867:ISBN
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