706:
635:
623:
922:
1305:(1943) reverted the orthography to phonemic principles (with some etymological distinctions maintained). Later reforms (Brazil, 1971; Portugal, 1945 and 1973) have aimed mainly at three goals: to eliminate the few remnants of redundant etymological spelling, to reduce the number of words marked with diacritics and hyphens, and to bring the Brazilian spelling standard and the Portuguese spelling standard (used in all the Portuguese speaking countries, except Brazil) closer to each other.
401:
34:
1317:
Portuguese spelling after the reform (used by the government and its institutions, some media and publishers in translated books), and the
Brazilian spelling after the reform (used by the government, media and publishers in translated books). The latter two systems are regulated by the same agreement, but differ somewhat because of differing pronunciation of the same words in Portugal and Brazil.
1309:
agreement is used by the government and the teaching realms, as well as many of the press and publishing houses of both countries, and by state-related institutions. Because
Portuguese in Portugal differs from Brazilian Portuguese, the reform has led to new differences in spellings which were formerly the same.
164:
Opposition is often based upon concern that old literature will become inaccessible, the presumed suppression of regional accents, the need to learn the new spellings, making etymology less clear, or simple conservatism based on concern over unforeseen effects. Reforms which mainly eliminate needless
1308:
The goal of unifying the spelling was finally achieved with a multi-lateral agreement in 1990, signed by every
Portuguese-speaking country, but not ratified by Angola as of 2014. The implementation of the new rules in Brazil and Portugal began only in 2009, with a transition period of six years. The
515:
underwent a spelling reform in 1945, following the
Russian model. Several Cyrillic alphabets with 28 to 44 letters were used in the beginning and middle of the 19th century during the effort to codify Modern Bulgarian until an alphabet with 32 letters, proposed by Marin Drinov, gained prominence in
1740:
publishes rules for both vocalized and unvocalized spelling. The latest major revision to the rules of unvocalized spelling were published in 1996, although in practice they are not mandatory. To date there is no standard spelling for unvocalized Hebrew, and many Hebrew speakers spell according to
346:
similarities between words with differing pronunciations, thus obscuring their meanings. It is also argued that when people read, they do not try to work out the series of sounds composing each word, but instead they recognize words either as a whole or as a short series of meaningful units (for
466:
If spellings are changed to more closely match pronunciation, then their etymology may become more opaque, and diverge from spellings of related words in the same language or in other languages, and also from the pronunciation of other dialects, making the text more opaque for speakers of those
1316:
During the transition period, four spellings will coexist: the official
Portuguese spelling before the reform (used in all Portuguese speaking countries in Africa, Asia and Oceania, as used in Portugal by the people), the official Brazilian spelling before the reform (used in Brazil only), the
1274:
was written in Danish with minor characteristic regionalisms and idioms. After independence, there were spelling reforms in 1907, 1917, 1938, 1941, 1981 and 2005, reflecting the tug-of-war between the spelling preferred by traditionalists and reformers, depending on social class, urbanization,
1660:
in 1872 and 1889 (with some changes in 1892). In a 1948 reform, the Danish language abandoned the capitalization of common nouns (originally a German-inspired rule) to align with the other
Scandinavian languages. At the same time, the digraph Aa/aa was abandoned in favor of the Swedish letter
229:. However, even if they match at one time and place for some speakers, over time they often do not match well for the majority: one sound may be represented by various combinations of letters and one letter or group of letters pronounced differently. In cases where spelling takes account of
1441:. It went through a series of major spelling reforms in the early to middle 19th century. Before then, two distinct writing traditions had evolved. Western dialects had been written using the Latin alphabet, while eastern (Serbian) had been using an archaic form of the
386:
One of the difficulties in introducing a spelling reform is how to reflect different pronunciations, often linked to regions or classes. If the reform seeks to be totally phonemic in a model dialect, speakers of other dialects will find conflicts with their own usage.
1312:
None of the other
Portuguese speaking countries that have signed the agreement have implemented it as of 2014. In Portugal there is still some resistance to it and in 2013 the Portuguese Parliament formed a workgroup to analyse the situation and propose solutions.
240:
spelling often suffer from adverse opinions, as a person's mastery of standard spelling is often equated to their level of formal education or intelligence. Spelling is easier in languages with more or less consistent spelling systems, such as
1159:
as spoken when the kana syllabaries were invented. Despite this, words continued to be spelled in kana as they were in classical
Japanese, reflecting the classic rather than the modern pronunciation, until a Cabinet order in 1946 officially
516:
the 1870s. The alphabet of Marin Drinov was used until the orthographic reform of 1945, when the letters yat (uppercase Ѣ, lowercase ѣ) and yus (uppercase Ѫ, lowercase ѫ) were removed from the alphabet, reducing the number of letters to 30.
1493:(RAE) reformed the orthographical rules of Spanish from 1726 to 1815, resulting in most of the modern conventions. There have been initiatives since then to further reform the spelling of Spanish: from the mid-19th century,
487:
Literacy mostly depends on access to education, rather than on the simplicity of a writing system. For example, even though
Spanish spelling is much simpler than that of English, the US still has a higher literacy rate than
949:
was subject to dispute, and polls consistently showed a majority against the new spelling. In summer 2004, various newspapers and magazines returned to the old spelling, and in March 2006, the most controversial changes of
810:
marks and use of new letter shapes like Ʒʒ have also formed part of spelling reform proposals. The most radical approaches suggest replacing the Latin alphabet with a writing system designed for
English, such as the
558:
romanization was introduced. Tongyong Pinyin has been sporadically adopted throughout the island, and criticized for inconsistency. Hanyu Pinyin, the same system used in the mainland, was formally adopted in 2009.
277:. These spelling systems are still 'phonemic' (rather than 'phonetic') since pronunciation can be systematically derived from spelling, although the converse (i.e. spelling from pronunciation) may not be possible.
1463:
which has remained in service since. The Slovene language, not part of the Serbo-Croatian dialect continuum, was also covered by the same reform movement. After World War II and the codification of literary
534:
orthography and promulgated it as the official romanization system of mainland China. Since pinyin became the international standard for Chinese romanization in 1982, other romanizations (including the
1114:) occurred around the time of independence in 1947; all of the others were a part of an officially mandated spelling reform in 1972. Some of the old spellings, which were more closely derived from the
1948:: The Venetian language has never had an official orthography, because it was considered a dialect until recent times, and also now many do not consider it as a "distinct" language. Many other
1448:
A series of reforms have been undertaken to set the standards, in order to bring the writing system to parity with spoken language. The reform movement was spearheaded by Croatian linguist
1594:, published a controversial spelling reform that eliminated some diacritical marks. Both spellings coexisted between 2016 and 2020, when the new spelling became the only acceptable one.
654:
for various reasons. English has generally preserved the original spelling when borrowing words; and even more importantly, English began to be widely written and printed during the
1275:
ideology, education and dialect. The 2005 reform reintroduced traditional spellings which had been abolished by earlier spelling reforms. Seldom-used spellings were also excluded.
285:
in which spelling cannot be systematically derived from pronunciation, but it also has the more unusual problem that pronunciation cannot be systematically derived from spelling.
1736:. Niqqud is used consistently only in books for children, poetry, and some textbooks and religious literature. Most other texts are usually written without vowel marks. The
1416:
943:
countries signed an agreement on spelling reforms in 1996; these were planned to be gradually introduced beginning in 1998 and fully in force by 2005. The so-called
257:, owing either to the fact that pronunciation in these languages has changed relatively little since the establishment of their spelling systems, or the fact that
288:
Spelling reforms have been proposed for various languages over the years; these have ranged from modest attempts to eliminate particular irregularities (such as
1445:. Despite many attempts, there was no universally agreed-upon spelling standard employing the Latin alphabet, and the Cyrillic version was considered outdated.
1164:, making the spelling of words purely phonetic (with only 3 sets of exceptions) and dropping characters that represented sounds no longer used in the language.
1551:
335:
is often an issue in spelling reform, which prompts the "Economic Argument"—significant cost savings in the production materials over time—as promulgated by
929:
German spelling was officially unified in 1901 and certain older spelling patterns were updated: for instance some occurrences of "th" were changed to "t".
1471:
All of these writing systems exhibit a high degree of correspondence between language sounds and letters, making them highly phonetic and very consistent.
138:
rules. Proposals for such reform are fairly common, and over the years, many languages have undergone such reforms. Recent high-profile examples are the
1920:
was carried out in 1942, which eliminated a larger number of letters and altered the spelling of several words, but was abandoned shortly after in 1944.
670:, yet the older spellings, which are no longer phonetic, have been kept. On the other hand, many words were refashioned to reflect their Latin or Greek
867:
changed the spelling of about 2000 words as well as some grammar rules. After much delay, the new recommended orthography received official support in
470:
Many technical terms are more common in writing than in speech, so their pronunciation is almost irrelevant and it should not influence their spelling.
143:
1497:
succeeded in making his proposal official in several South American countries, but they later returned to the standard of the Spanish Royal Academy.
899:, based on chariot. As of 16 March 2009, several major Belgian publishing groups have begun to apply the new spellings in their online publications.
842:
1790:
were German-based, they were replaced by a more appropriate system at the beginning of the 20th century. The Latvian language discarded the digraph
1252:
These changes were a part of an officially mandated spelling reform in 1972. Some of the old spellings, which were more closely derived from the
265:
spellings as pronunciation changed. Guessing the spelling of a word is more difficult after pronunciation changes significantly, thus yielding a
1173:
999:
481:
1642:: The spelling of the Czech language was reformed and regularised as early as the 15th century through the publication of the manuscript
1181:
underwent spelling reforms in 1972, after which its spelling was more consistent with the form of the language spoken in Indonesia (i.e.
834:
features about 20 vowels, some non-native dialects of English have 10 or even fewer. A phonemic system would therefore not be universal.
822:
Critics have claimed that a consistent phonemically based system would be impractical: for example, phoneme distribution differs between
313:
860:
841:
early in the 19th century. He was in part concerned to distinguish American from British usage. Some of his suggestions resulted in the
2152:
165:
difficulties ought to take account of such arguments. Reform efforts are further hampered by habit and, for many languages, a lack of
2185:
2175:
705:
1876:. Some people, particularly teachers, had called for an even more radical reform that would also homogenise the spellings of the
2158:"Language Reform on the Kitchen Table," by John Maher, Professor of Linguistics at International Christian University in Tokyo
1331:
Over time, there have been a number of changes in spelling. They mostly involved the elimination of the (purely etymological)
98:
2180:
891:
incorporates most of the changes. There are 6000 words, including words which were not part of the 1990 reform, for example,
463:
The need to decide between conflicting proposals. One may even end up with inconsistent adoption between speech communities.
70:
1952:
are in the same situation. Regardless, there are some attempts to establish a standard orthography for Venetian, like the
1591:
2157:
1833:
77:
2128:
La Réforme des langues. Histoire et avenir. Language reform. History and future. Sprachreform. Geschichte und Zukunft
916:
912:
554:
The Republic of China (Taiwan) continued to use Wade-Giles romanization until the turn of the 21st century, when the
440:
139:
117:
956:
were reverted. Therefore German media outlets which had formerly opposed the changes began to use the new spelling.
1536:, and drew attention to the issue, but no changes were made. However, the academies continue to update the reform.
612:
503:
418:
51:
20:
1161:
1012:
651:
84:
1453:
363:). In a system of phonetic spelling, these morphemes become less distinct, due to the various pronunciations of
1737:
1326:
1284:
600:
599:, founded in 1980 by the Netherlands and Belgium, is now the source of official reforms. In 1995 it issued the
422:
55:
1665:/å. The double-a digraph is still widely used in personal names and is optional in a few placenames. In 1980,
2025:
1815:
1607:
1587:
854:
66:
1917:
1603:
585:
568:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1849:
1529:
1265:
1156:
1366:
1008:
2162:
1459:
The reform efforts were coordinated in order to correlate the two writing systems, culminating in the
2086:
1563:
1460:
293:
1570:(ৠ, ঌ, ৡ, ৱ) and added three new letters (ড়, ঢ়, য়) to reflect contemporary Bengali pronunciation.
1490:
2207:
1937:
343:
2063:
Svensson, Anders (2023). "Drömmen om judenlig stavning" [The dream of phonetic spelling].
1505:
965:
932:
In 1944 a spelling reform was due to be introduced, but it ultimately came to nothing because of
525:
411:
44:
1147:
characters. However, the syllabaries were not completely codified and alternate letterforms, or
198:
1933:
1127:
831:
736:
phonemes. A simple phoneme-letter representation of this language within the 26 letters of the
709:
President Theodore Roosevelt was criticized for supporting the simplified spelling campaign of
628:
An 1879 bulletin by the US Spelling Reform Association, written mostly using reformed spellings
1724:: In the 19th century the Georgian alphabet underwent removal of five letters (ჱ, ჳ, ჲ, ჴ, ჵ).
1644:
983:
969:
939:
Even though German spelling was already more consistent than English or French spelling, the
864:
768:
282:
91:
1916:" and "ฅ" were discarded in 1892, being uniformly replaced by "ข" and "ค", respectively. A
1701:
1533:
596:
572:
301:
881:
530:
In the 1950s, the Language Reform Committee of the People's Republic of China devised the
8:
1973:
1968:
1845:
1787:
1732:: The Hebrew language has two systems of spelling – with and without vowel marks, called
1579:
1480:
1465:
1403:) at the ends of words, which had originally represented a vowel with a sound similar to
1362:) in 1708, based on more Western-looking letter shapes, spelling was simplified as well.
1294:
1182:
1152:
1004:
647:
477:
336:
225:), one might expect that there would be a close match of the script or spelling with the
1525:
588:
beginning in 1804—with varying levels of official backing and popular acceptance across
1949:
1822:
1677:
1657:
1586:
in the early 20th century. In 2016 the official regulating bodies of the language, the
1271:
1178:
1155:
the pronunciation of many Japanese words changed, mostly in a systematic way, from the
1020:
908:
837:
A number of proposals have been made to reform English spelling. Some were proposed by
512:
507:
460:
The continued need to learn the old spellings, as older books will exist for some time.
634:
622:
2166:
2068:
2000:
1944:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1546:
1484:
1347:
1140:
921:
663:
548:
237:
188:
177:
1929:
1924:
1840:
1782:
1713:
1669:
was recognized as a distinct letter. Before that, it was considered a variation of
1598:
1574:
1558:
1365:
The most recent major reform of Russian spelling was carried out shortly after the
1253:
827:
816:
812:
795:
777:
747:
737:
317:
305:
278:
254:
250:
246:
242:
166:
744:, as does current English spelling (for example the first two phonemes of "sheep"
2015:
2010:
2005:
1995:
1990:
1828:
1810:
1749:
1742:
1728:
1652:
1442:
1339:
by reason of ecclesiastical tradition, and those rendered obsolete by changes in
1336:
940:
887:
823:
710:
555:
540:
368:
274:
181:
173:
1494:
1638:
1611:
1422:
1297:
culture began to use an etymological orthography. However, spelling reforms in
1115:
1016:
675:
659:
655:
589:
581:
457:
The supposed need to reprint books and other publications in the new spellings.
270:
1977:
740:
is impossible. Therefore, most spelling reform proposals include multi-letter
2201:
2072:
2044:
1908:
1904:. These more radical reforms met opposition from linguists at an early stage.
1682:
1332:
1151:, existed for many sounds until standardization in 1900. In addition, due to
1143:
when they were invented around 800 AD as a simplification of Chinese-derived
979:
576:
544:
154:
1896:
sounds, which to this day remain highly diverse in Swedish, and replace the
1583:
1449:
987:
933:
838:
686:
being standardized in spelling in the 16th century, after its Latin etymon
297:
974:
The classical, medieval, and early modern polytonic orthography inherited
2103:
2020:
1775:
1767:
1370:
1290:
2176:"The Standardization of Irish Spelling: an Overview", by Muiris Ó Laoire
342:
The idea of phonemic spelling has also been criticized as it would hide
134:
is a deliberate, often authoritatively sanctioned or mandated change to
1500:
Another initiative, the Rational Phonetic Hispanoamerican Orthography (
1421:
Within the South Slavic languages, which form a dialect continuum, the
1289:
The medieval spelling of Portuguese was mostly phonemic, but, from the
1148:
536:
425: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
309:
172:
Spelling reform may also be associated with wider discussion about the
1774:
still sees very limited use for clarification and abbreviation in the
1627:
1619:
1340:
1136:
879:
in 2004, but it has not yet been widely adopted. The 2012 version of
807:
733:
722:
671:
667:
364:
332:
226:
214:
158:
400:
33:
2170:
1957:
1615:
1298:
975:
741:
210:
150:
149:
There are various goals which may drive such reforms: facilitating
135:
2147:
1567:
872:
729:
725:
360:
230:
218:
2191:
1015:, after which its spelling was more consistent with the form of
1961:
1754:
1733:
1688:
1623:
1302:
876:
868:
531:
321:
798:
756:
16:
Changing of the fundamental parts of orthography of a language
2135:
A Questão Ortográfica: Reforma e Acordos da Língua Portuguesa
1913:
1762:
1631:
1468:, the same system has been extended with some modifications.
1404:
1144:
718:
325:
222:
476:
An easier system may be harder to use, being an obstacle to
1864:
depending on the length of the preceding vowel. The phrase
1174:
Differences between Malay and Indonesian § Orthography
1139:
were a purely phonetic representation used for writing the
1133:
1000:
Differences between Malay and Indonesian § Orthography
1887:
1662:
1417:
Differences between standard Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian
780:
753:
193:
1452:
for the Latin-based writing system, and Serbian reformer
1394:
982:, which have been eliminated or simplified in the modern
289:
209:
In languages written with a phonetic script (such as an
1852:
and changed the adverbial and neuter adjectival ending
1524:, but this is applied only in editions of his works or
2163:
Revolutionary Scripts: The Politics of Writing Systems
2045:
Extended English Alphabet with Devanagari Orthography
1670:
1666:
1425:
language itself consists of four literary standards:
1373:
was simplified by eliminating four obsolete letters (
885:
incorporates all of the changes. The 2009 version of
640:
An 1880 bulletin, written wholly in reformed spelling
1622:, although traditional characters are still used in
759:
702:; in both cases, the pronunciation was not changed.
2104:"Turkey - Language Reform: From Ottoman to Turkish"
750:
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1552:Spelling reform of the Armenian language 1922–1924
925:Street name adapted to last German spelling reform
375:, even though its pronunciation can vary (compare
1848:occurred in 1906. It homogenized the spelling of
843:differences between American and British spelling
2199:
1532:raised the issue of reform during a congress at
603:reform, and in 2005 the spelling changed again.
1960:created by a committee convened by the region
1270:Before Norway became independent in 1905, the
1871:
1865:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1357:
1351:
698:in the 17th century, modelled on Greek χορός
296:) through more far-reaching reforms (such as
233:features, these too may become inconsistent.
2153:A brief history of spelling reform in Norway
1502:Ortografía Fonética Rasional Ispanoamericana
1407:, but had become silent by the Middle Ages.
951:
944:
2067:(in Swedish). No. 7. Vetenskapsmedia.
390:
199:eliminated in 1953 but reintroduced in 1993
717:Modern English has anywhere from 14 to 22
1566:removed archaic letters used for writing
1410:
519:
441:Learn how and when to remove this message
367:. For example, in English spelling, most
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
2062:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
1766:ideograms in the Korean language in the
920:
704:
187:Orthographic reform may be reverted. In
146:of 1990, which is still being ratified.
2181:Writing Systems Reforms and Revolutions
1681:: Replaced writing Arabic loanwords in
473:Confusion during the transition period.
204:
2200:
2126:István Fodor and Clause Hagège (eds):
1385:) and the archaic usage of the letter
2049:
1656:: There were spelling reforms to the
454:The need to learn the new spellings.
423:adding citations to reliable sources
394:
359:, rather than as a longer series of
56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
19:For spelling reform in English, see
1834:Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift
1741:their own instinct and custom. See
157:, making etymology clearer, or for
13:
1972:: In the Vietnamese language, the
1867:hvarken af silfver eller rödt guld
1539:
300:) to attempts to introduce a full
261:spellings have been replaced with
14:
2219:
2141:
2137:. Editorial Notícias, Lisbon 1993
1256:, still survive in proper names.
1118:, still survive in proper names.
917:German orthography reform of 1996
913:German orthography reform of 1944
658:period: the later development of
140:German orthography reform of 1996
1956:("shared Venetian spelling"), a
1873:varken av silver eller rött guld
1580:spelling of the Catalan language
794:
776:
746:
674:. For example, for "debt" early
633:
621:
613:English-language spelling reform
504:Reforms of Bulgarian orthography
399:
32:
21:English-language spelling reform
1350:introduced his "civil script" (
410:needs additional citations for
169:to set new spelling standards.
43:needs additional citations for
2096:
2079:
2038:
1918:more extensive spelling reform
1738:Academy of the Hebrew Language
1335:that had been retained in the
1327:Reforms of Russian orthography
1285:Spelling reforms of Portuguese
1007:underwent spelling reforms in
492:
1:
2031:
2026:Simplified Chinese characters
1816:History of Polish orthography
1604:Simplified Chinese characters
1588:Institute for Catalan Studies
1293:on, many authors who admired
1278:
993:
855:Reforms of French orthography
830:; furthermore, while English
2148:The English Spelling Society
1582:was standardized, mostly by
1259:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1106:The first of these changes (
1095:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1039:
569:History of Dutch orthography
497:
7:
2194:(Retrieved 17 January 2022)
1984:
1844:: The last major reform of
1393:
1358:
1266:Norwegian language struggle
1157:classical Japanese language
1121:
551:) have become rarely used.
281:is an extreme example of a
10:
2224:
2130:. Buske, Hamburg 1983–1989
1673:for purposes of collation.
1592:Valencian Language Academy
1478:
1474:
1456:for the Cyrillic version.
1414:
1324:
1320:
1282:
1263:
1171:
1125:
997:
963:
906:
852:
666:and many other changes in
610:
606:
584:has undergone a series of
566:
523:
501:
144:Portuguese spelling reform
18:
2192:American Literacy Council
2186:American Literacy Council
2087:Oxford English Dictionary
1802:in 1946, and the digraph
1564:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
1504:), remained a curiosity.
1461:Vienna Literary Agreement
1387:
1381:
1375:
1352:
1019:spoken in Malaysia (i.e.
902:
848:
694:, which was respelled as
294:Initial Teaching Alphabet
267:non-phonetic etymological
259:non-phonemic etymological
1167:
959:
562:
391:Arguments against reform
308:or its revised version,
269:spelling system such as
221:or, to a lesser extent,
1454:Vuk Stefanović Karadžić
1162:adopted spelling reform
966:Greek language question
767:are represented by the
526:Romanization of Chinese
467:languages and dialects.
318:Latinization of Turkish
263:phonemic unetymological
1954:Grafia Veneta Unitaria
1934:Ottoman Turkish script
1872:
1866:
1608:traditional characters
1530:Gabriel García Márquez
1411:South Slavic languages
1132:The original Japanese
1128:Japanese script reform
952:
945:
926:
832:Received Pronunciation
714:
586:major spelling reforms
520:Chinese (romanization)
161:or political reasons.
1976:replaced the earlier
1900:letter sequence with
1794:in 1914, the letters
1645:Orthographia bohemica
1491:Spanish Royal Academy
984:monotonic orthography
970:Polytonic orthography
924:
865:French prime minister
708:
283:defective orthography
1980:system in the 1920s.
1760:completely replaced
1702:Filipino orthography
861:a substantial reform
597:Dutch Language Union
573:Dutch Language Union
419:improve this article
302:phonemic orthography
205:Arguments for reform
52:improve this article
1974:Vietnamese alphabet
1912:: The two letters "
1846:Swedish orthography
1788:Latvian orthography
1481:Spanish orthography
652:many irregularities
478:functional literacy
337:George Bernard Shaw
167:a central authority
1950:languages of Italy
1786:: Old versions of
1658:Danish orthography
1568:Sanskrit loanwords
1508:proposed changing
1506:Juan Ramón Jiménez
1367:Russian Revolution
1272:Norwegian language
953:Rechtschreibreform
946:Rechtschreibreform
927:
909:German orthography
790:⟨ee⟩
772:⟨sh⟩
715:
508:Bulgarian alphabet
153:and international
2167:Richard O. Collin
2108:countrystudies.us
2001:Language planning
1721:Georgian language
1485:Bello orthography
1359:graždanskij šrift
1353:гражданский шрифт
1250:
1249:
1141:Japanese language
1104:
1103:
806:, respectively).
664:Great Vowel Shift
549:Latinxua Sin Wenz
451:
450:
443:
371:are spelled with
351:might be read as
178:language planning
128:
127:
120:
102:
67:"Spelling reform"
2215:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2100:
2094:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2060:
2047:
2042:
1938:Turkish language
1930:Turkish alphabet
1895:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:was now spelled
1869:
1851:
1714:Reintegrationism
1398:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1254:English language
1188:
1187:
1153:linguistic drift
1026:
1025:
955:
948:
828:American English
817:Shavian alphabet
813:Deseret alphabet
805:
804:
801:
800:
791:
787:
786:
783:
782:
773:
766:
765:
762:
761:
758:
755:
752:
738:English alphabet
690:; similarly for
648:English spelling
637:
625:
446:
439:
435:
432:
426:
403:
395:
369:past participles
306:Shavian alphabet
123:
116:
112:
109:
103:
101:
60:
36:
28:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2208:Spelling reform
2198:
2197:
2144:
2133:Edite Estrela:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2090:, 1st edition,
2084:
2080:
2061:
2050:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2016:Official script
2011:Language reform
2006:Language policy
1996:Language change
1991:False etymology
1987:
1743:Hebrew spelling
1692:, 20th century.
1542:
1540:Other languages
1487:
1477:
1443:Cyrillic script
1419:
1413:
1337:Cyrillic script
1329:
1323:
1287:
1281:
1268:
1262:
1197:
1192:
1176:
1170:
1130:
1124:
1035:
1030:
1002:
996:
972:
964:Main articles:
962:
941:German-speaking
919:
907:Main articles:
905:
888:Le Petit Robert
863:ordered by the
857:
851:
824:British English
797:
793:
789:
779:
775:
771:
749:
745:
732:, and 26 or 27
728:, depending on
711:Andrew Carnegie
645:
644:
643:
642:
641:
638:
630:
629:
626:
615:
609:
601:"Green Booklet"
579:
567:Main articles:
565:
556:Tongyong Pinyin
541:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
528:
522:
510:
500:
495:
447:
436:
430:
427:
416:
404:
393:
236:People who use
207:
182:language reform
174:official script
142:and the on-off
132:spelling reform
124:
113:
107:
104:
61:
59:
49:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2221:
2211:
2210:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2142:External links
2140:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2095:
2078:
2065:Språktidningen
2048:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1965:
1941:
1921:
1905:
1837:
1819:
1807:
1779:
1746:
1725:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1674:
1649:
1635:
1612:Mainland China
1595:
1571:
1555:
1541:
1538:
1476:
1473:
1423:Serbo-Croatian
1412:
1409:
1369:. The Russian
1325:Main article:
1322:
1319:
1283:Main article:
1280:
1277:
1261:
1258:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1240:
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1236:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1169:
1166:
1126:Main article:
1123:
1120:
1116:Dutch language
1102:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1078:
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1050:
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1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1032:
995:
992:
961:
958:
904:
901:
853:Main article:
850:
847:
676:Middle English
660:modern English
656:Middle English
639:
632:
631:
627:
620:
619:
618:
617:
616:
611:Main article:
608:
605:
590:Dutch-speaking
564:
561:
524:Main article:
521:
518:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
489:
485:
474:
471:
468:
464:
461:
458:
455:
449:
448:
407:
405:
398:
392:
389:
331:Redundancy of
316:alphabet, the
206:
203:
126:
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40:
38:
31:
15:
9:
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3:
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2220:
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2203:
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2190:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
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2164:
2161:
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2154:
2151:
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2146:
2145:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:replaced the
1931:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1874:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1683:Arabic script
1680:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:Greek letters
1328:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
991:
989:
985:
981:
980:Ancient Greek
977:
971:
967:
957:
954:
947:
942:
937:
935:
930:
923:
918:
914:
910:
900:
898:
894:
890:
889:
884:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
856:
846:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
809:
803:
785:
770:
764:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:
720:
712:
707:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
636:
624:
614:
604:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
578:
577:White Booklet
574:
570:
560:
557:
552:
550:
546:
545:Yuen Ren Chao
543:developed by
542:
538:
533:
527:
517:
514:
509:
505:
486:
483:
479:
475:
472:
469:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
452:
445:
442:
434:
424:
420:
414:
413:
408:This section
406:
402:
397:
396:
388:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
344:morphological
340:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
312:, the latest
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
202:
200:
196:
195:
191:, the letter
190:
185:
183:
179:
176:, as well as
175:
170:
168:
162:
160:
156:
155:communication
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
122:
119:
111:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
2134:
2127:
2111:. Retrieved
2107:
2098:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2064:
2040:
1967:
1953:
1943:
1923:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1839:
1827:
1821:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1771:
1761:
1755:
1748:
1727:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1686:
1676:
1651:
1643:
1637:
1597:
1584:Pompeu Fabra
1573:
1557:
1545:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1499:
1495:Andrés Bello
1488:
1470:
1458:
1450:Ljudevit Gaj
1447:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1400:
1364:
1345:
1330:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1288:
1269:
1251:
1177:
1131:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1017:the language
1003:
988:Katharevousa
973:
938:
934:World War II
931:
928:
896:
892:
886:
880:
858:
839:Noah Webster
836:
821:
716:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
646:
594:
580:
553:
532:Hanyu Pinyin
529:
511:
437:
431:October 2023
428:
417:Please help
412:verification
409:
385:
380:
376:
372:
356:
352:
348:
341:
330:
298:Cut Spelling
287:
266:
262:
258:
238:non-standard
235:
227:spoken sound
208:
192:
186:
171:
163:
148:
131:
129:
114:
108:October 2023
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
25:
2021:Otto Basler
1439:Montenegrin
1371:orthography
1301:(1911) and
1291:Renaissance
1137:syllabaries
986:. See also
682:, with the
662:included a
493:By language
304:, like the
231:grammatical
2188:(archived)
2032:References
1969:Vietnamese
1687:thikijehi
1479:See also:
1466:Macedonian
1415:See also:
1279:Portuguese
1264:See also:
1183:Indonesian
1172:See also:
1149:hentaigana
1005:Indonesian
998:See also:
994:Indonesian
692:quer/quere
537:Wade-Giles
502:See also:
488:Nicaragua.
365:allomorphs
349:morphology
310:Quikscript
78:newspapers
2113:2 January
2073:1654-5028
1628:Hong Kong
1620:Singapore
1606:replaced
1534:Zacatecas
1401:hard sign
1341:phonetics
1295:classical
1260:Norwegian
1198:spelling
1036:spelling
1021:Malaysian
976:archaisms
893:charrette
859:In 1990,
808:Diacritic
742:graphemes
734:consonant
723:diphthong
680:det/dette
672:etymology
668:phonology
650:contains
513:Bulgarian
498:Bulgarian
480:(e.g. in
314:DevaGreek
215:syllabary
159:aesthetic
2202:Category
2171:Omniglot
1985:See also
1964:in 1995.
1958:spelling
1945:Venetian
1806:in 1957.
1770:, while
1758:alphabet
1709:Galician
1697:Filipino
1616:Malaysia
1590:and the
1547:Armenian
1526:his wife
1431:Croatian
1391:(called
1299:Portugal
1193:spelling
1122:Japanese
1031:spelling
897:charette
882:Larousse
769:digraphs
726:phonemes
713:in 1906.
539:system,
361:phonemes
347:example
211:alphabet
189:Romanian
151:literacy
136:spelling
1978:Chữ Nôm
1936:in the
1925:Turkish
1841:Swedish
1823:Quechua
1783:Latvian
1678:Dhivehi
1599:Chinese
1575:Catalan
1559:Bengali
1475:Spanish
1435:Bosnian
1427:Serbian
1376:ѣ, і, ѵ
1348:Peter I
1321:Russian
873:Belgium
730:dialect
688:debitum
607:English
592:areas.
333:letters
279:English
255:Spanish
251:Italian
247:Serbian
243:Finnish
219:abugida
92:scholar
2092:ss.vv.
2071:
1962:Veneto
1928:: The
1832:: See
1829:Aymara
1814:: See
1811:Polish
1756:hangul
1753:: The
1750:Korean
1734:Niqqud
1729:Hebrew
1712:: See
1700:: See
1689:thaana
1653:Danish
1624:Taiwan
1578:: The
1550:: See
1379:, and
1303:Brazil
915:, and
903:German
877:Quebec
875:, and
869:France
849:French
788:, and
700:chorus
678:wrote
575:, and
547:, and
482:Korean
381:lifted
377:raised
322:hangul
275:French
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
1776:South
1772:hanja
1768:North
1763:hanja
1639:Czech
1632:Macau
1405:schwa
1399:, or
1346:When
1179:Malay
1168:Malay
1145:kanji
978:from
960:Greek
719:vowel
696:choir
582:Dutch
563:Dutch
357:ology
353:morph
326:Korea
271:Irish
223:abjad
99:JSTOR
85:books
2115:2019
2069:ISSN
1909:Thai
1892:and
1826:and
1798:and
1630:and
1618:and
1528:'s.
1520:and
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1512:and
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1489:The
1483:and
1437:and
1134:kana
1013:1972
1011:and
1009:1947
968:and
826:and
721:and
595:The
506:and
379:and
253:and
197:was
180:and
71:news
2169:at
2165:by
1894:/ɔ/
1882:/ɕ/
1878:/j/
1862:-tt
1860:or
1856:to
1854:-dt
1850:/v/
1685:to
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1395:yer
1238:sy
1196:New
1191:Old
1185:).
1110:to
1100:kh
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1034:New
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895:or
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292:or
290:SR1
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1108:oe
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1081:nj
1076:y
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1041:oe
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936:.
911:,
871:,
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2075:.
1940:.
1914:ฃ
1890:/
1888:ɧ
1886:/
1836:.
1818:.
1800:Ŗ
1796:Ō
1778:.
1745:.
1716:.
1704:.
1671:V
1667:W
1663:Å
1648:.
1634:.
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1388:ъ
1382:ѳ
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1219:ĕ
1203:ă
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1073:j
1065:é
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796:/
784:/
781:ʃ
778:/
763:/
760:p
754:ʃ
751:ˈ
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684:b
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438:(
433:)
429:(
415:.
355:+
194:â
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115:(
110:)
106:(
96:·
89:·
82:·
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23:.
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