Shen Kuo - Knowledge

2658:, which after 350 years had devolved into a state of considerable error. Shen criticized earlier Chinese astronomers for failing to describe celestial movement in spatial terms, yet he did not attempt to provide any reasoning for the motive power of the planets or other celestial movements. Shen and Wei began astronomical observations for the Moon and planets by plotting their locations three times a night for what should have been five successive years. The officials and astronomers at court were deeply opposed to Wei and Shen's work, offended by their insistence that the coordinates of the renowned Yi Xing were inaccurate. They also slandered Wei Pu, out of resentment that a commoner had expertise exceeding theirs. When Wei and Shen made a public demonstration using the gnomon to prove the doubtful wrong, the other ministers reluctantly agreed to correct the lunar and solar errors. Despite this success, they eventually dismissed Wei and Shen's tables of planetary motions. Therefore, only the worst and most obvious planetary errors were corrected, and many inaccuracies remained. 2945: 54: 2345:) had revealed an open space several dozens of feet under the ground once the bank collapsed. This underground space contained hundreds of petrified bamboos still intact with roots and trunks, "all turned to stone" as Shen Kuo wrote. Shen Kuo noted that bamboos do not grow in Yanzhou, located in northern China, and he was puzzled during which previous dynasty the bamboos could have grown. Considering that damp and gloomy low places provide suitable conditions for the growth of bamboo, Shen deduced that the climate of Yanzhou must have fit that description in very ancient times. Although this would have intrigued many of his readers, the study of 2073: 7601: 2587:

produce light, but simply reflects light if provided from another source (the Sun). He explained that when the Sun's light is slanting, the Moon appears full. He then explained if one were to cover any sort of sphere with white powder, and then viewed from the side it would appear to be a crescent, hence he reasoned that celestial bodies were spherical. He also wrote that, although the Sun and Moon were in conjunction and opposition with each other once a month, this did not mean the Sun would be eclipsed every time their paths met, because of the small obliquity of their orbital paths.

2591: 842: 7613: 341: 3002:(372–289 BC), Shen wrote of the importance of choosing to follow what one knew to be a true path, yet the heart and mind could not attain full knowledge of truth through mere sensory experience. In his own unique way but using terms influenced by the ideas of Mencius, Shen wrote of an autonomous inner authority that formed the basis for one's inclination towards moral choices, a concept linked to Shen's life experiences of surviving and obtaining success through self-reliance. Along with his commentary on the 2726: 2175:(1288–1344) wrote of it in 1321. Shen wrote that while viewing the whole of a mountain, the distance on the instrument was long, but while viewing a small part of the mountainside the distance was short due to the device's cross piece that had to be pushed further away from the observer's eye, with the graduation starting on the further end. He wrote that if one placed an arrow on the device and looked past its end, the degree of the mountain could be measured and thus its height could be calculated. 1984: 1410: 2713:, Bi Sheng's methodical innovation was something completely revolutionary for his time. Shen Kuo noted that the process was tedious if one only wanted to print a few copies of a book, but if one desired to make hundreds or thousands of copies, the process was incredibly fast and efficient. Beyond Shen Kuo's writing, however, nothing is known of Bi Sheng's life or the influence of movable type in his lifetime. Although the details of Bi Sheng's life were scarcely known, Shen Kuo wrote: 3058: 1527: 7625: 7709: 2278: 7649: 1206: 6667: 2474: 3437:-era hall built on the site is now used as the main admissions gate. In the Memorial Hall of the gardens, there is a large painting depicting the original garden of Shen Kuo's time, including wells, green bamboo groves, stone-paved paths, and decorated walls of the original halls. In this exhibition hall there stands a 1.4 m (4.6 ft) tall statue of Shen Kuo sitting on a platform, along with centuries-old published copies of his 2184: 981: 1702: 7637: 6413: 3381:. Nathan Sivin wrote that Shen's originality stands "cheek by jowl with trivial didacticism, court anecdotes, and ephemeral curiosities" that provide little insight. Donald Holzman writes that Shen "has nowhere organized his observations into anything like a general theory." Huff writes that this was a systemic problem of early Chinese science, which lacked systematic treatment that could be found in European works such as the 2391: 1725: 1515: 7673: 2673: 7697: 1061: 1613:)—shows that already in the 10th century there was a graded system of building unit proportions, a system which Shen states had become more precise in his time but stating no one could possibly reproduce such a sound work. However, he did not anticipate the more complex and matured system of unit proportions embodied in the extensive written work by scholar-official Li Jie (1065–1110), the 1136: 7685: 1193:, and in the sixteen months of Shen's military campaign, he received 273 letters from the Emperor. However, Emperor Shenzong trusted an arrogant military officer who disobeyed the emperor and Shen's proposal for strategic fortifications, instead fortifying what Shen considered useless strategic locations. Furthermore, this officer expelled Shen from his commanding post at the main 3153: 7661: 7589: 1751:. Shen addressed problems of writing out very large numbers, as large as (10). Shen's "technique of small increments" laid the foundation in Chinese mathematics for packing problems involving equal difference series. Sal Restivo writes that Shen used summation of higher series to ascertain the number of kegs which could be piled in layers in a space shaped like the 2026:, and that they were put in floating position or in mountings; he described the suspended compass as the best form to be used, and noted that the magnetic needle of compasses pointed either south or north. Shen Kuo asserted that the needle will point south but with a deviation, stating " are always displaced slightly east rather than pointing due south." 3109:(1046–1126), who revived the New Policies of Wang Anshi, although he set out on a campaign of attrition to destroy or radically alter the written work of his predecessors and especially Conservative enemies. For example, only six of Shen's books remain, and four of these have been significantly altered since the time they were penned by the author. 3085:(c. 934–c. 962); he noted that although a close-up view of Dong's work would create the impression that his brush techniques were cursory, seen from afar his landscape paintings would give the impression of grand, resplendent, and realistic scenery. In addition, Shen's writing on Dong's artworks represents the earliest known reference to the 1447:(14 BC – 49 AD) is recorded as having made a raised-relief map of valleys and mountains in a rice-constructed model of 32 AD. Shen Kuo's largest atlas included twenty three maps of China and foreign regions that were drawn at a uniform scale of 1:900,000. Shen also created a raised-relief map using sawdust, wood, beeswax, and wheat paste. 1045:(1037–1101), then an administrator in Hangzhou. Shen took advantage of this meeting to copy some of Su's poetry, which he presented to the Emperor indicating that it expressed "abusive and hateful" speech against the Song court; these poems were later politicized by Li Ding and Shu Dan in order to level a court case against Su. (The 1197:, so as to deny him any glory in chance of victory. The result of this was nearly catastrophic, as the forces of the arrogant officer were decimated; Xinzhong Yao states that the death toll was 60,000. Nonetheless, Shen was successful in defending his fortifications and the only possible Tangut invasion-route to Yanzhou. 3190:), which was lost, but listed in a 7th chapter of a Song dynasty bibliography. This was the official report of Shen Kuo on his reforms of the Chinese calendar, which were only partially adopted by the Song court's official calendar system. During his years of retirement from governmental service, Shen Kuo compiled a 1231:; 1036–1093) held Shen responsible for the disaster and loss of life. Along with abandoning the territory which Shen Kuo had fought for, Cai ousted Shen from his seat of office. Shen's life was now forever changed, as he lost his once reputable career in state governance and the military. Shen was then put under 1036:

As written by Li Zhiyi, a man married to Hu Wenrou (granddaughter of Hu Su, a famous minister of the Song dynasty), Shen Kuo was Li's mentor while Shen served as an official. According to Li's epitaph for his wife, Shen would sometimes relay questions via Li to Hu when he needed clarification for his

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Shen Kuo wrote that it was preferable to use the twenty-four-point rose instead of the old eight compass cardinal points — and the former was recorded in use for navigation shortly after Shen's death. The preference of use for the twenty-four-point-rose compass may have arisen from Shen's finding of

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boats that were a century old; essentially, Huang Huaixin devised the first Chinese drydock for suspending boats out of water. These boats were then placed in a roof-covered dock warehouse to protect them from weathering. Shen also wrote about the effectiveness of the new invention (i.e. by the 10th

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While employed by the central government, Shen Kuo was also sent out with others to inspect the granary system of the empire, investigating problems of illegal tax-collection, negligence, ineffective disaster relief, and inadequate water-conservancy projects. While Shen was appointed as the regional

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which could branch together all the various sciences studied by the Chinese, Sivin asserts that the writings of Shen Kuo "do not indicate that he achieved, or even sought, an integrated framework for his diverse knowledge; the one common thread is the varied responsibilities of his career as a high

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consists of some 507 separate essays exploring a wide range of subjects. It was Shen's ultimate attempt to comprehend and describe a multitude of various aspects of nature, science, and reality, and all the practical and profound curiosities found in the world. The literal translation of the title,

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After unearthing an ancient crossbow device from a house's garden in Haichow, Jiangsu, Shen discovered that the cross-wire grid sighting device, marked in graduated measurements on the stock, could be used to calculate the height of a distant mountain in the same way that mathematicians could apply

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in explaining the spiritual processes and attainment of foreknowledge that cannot be attained through "crude traces", which he likens to mathematical astronomy. Nathan Sivin proposes that Shen was the first in history to "make a clear distinction between our unconnected experiences and the unitary

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asked Shen Kuo if the shapes of the Sun and Moon were round like balls or flat like fans, Shen Kuo explained that celestial bodies were spherical because of knowledge of waxing and waning of the Moon. Much like what Zhang Heng had said, Shen Kuo likened the Moon to a ball of silver, which does not

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Shen hypothesized that rays of sunlight refract before reaching the surface of the earth, hence people on earth observing the sun are not viewing it in its exact position, in other words, the altitude of the apparent sun is higher than the actual altitude of the sun. Dong writes that "at the time,

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While working in the Bureau of Astronomy, Shen Kuo's interest in archaeology and old relics led him to reconstruct an armillary sphere from existing models as well as from ancient texts that could provide additional information. Shen used ancient mirrors while conducting his optics experiments. He

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as well. Shen was a firm believer in destiny and prognostication, and made rational explanations for the relations between them. Shen held a special interest in fate, mystical divination, bizarre phenomena, yet warned against the tendency to believe that all matters in life were preordained. When

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notions which challenged the authority of empirical science in his day. Although much could be discerned through empirical observation and recorded study, Daoism asserted that the secrets of the universe were boundless, something that scientific investigation could merely express in fragments and

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province. The earlier Bi Sheng had experimented with wooden movable type, but Wang's main contribution was improving the speed of typesetting with simple mechanical devices, along with the complex, systematic arrangement of wooden movable type involving the use of revolving tables. Although later

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in the Bureau of Astronomy, Shen Kuo planned to plot out the exact coordinates of planetary and lunar movements by recording their astronomical observations three times a night for a continuum of five years. The Song astronomers of Shen's day still retained the lunar theory and coordinates of the

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Liao dynasty in the summer of 1075. The Khitans had made several aggressive negotiations of pushing their borders south, while manipulating several incompetent Song ambassadors who conceded to the Liao Kingdom's demands. In a brilliant display of diplomacy, Shen Kuo came to the camp of the Khitan

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in the 5th century, hence Shen Kuo diligently observed the course of the pole star for three months, plotting the data of its course and coming to the conclusion that it had shifted slightly over three degrees. Apparently this astronomical finding had an impact upon the intellectual community in

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rocks in a horizontal-running span through a cliff like a large belt. Shen proposed that the cliff was once the location of an ancient seashore that by his time had shifted hundreds of miles east. Shen wrote that in the Zhiping reign period (1064–1067) a man of Zezhou unearthed an object in his

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ethics, remained inactive in a state of mourning for three years until 1054 (or early 1055). As of 1054, Shen began serving in minor local governmental posts. However, his natural abilities to plan, organize, and design were proven early in life; one example is his design and supervision of the

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of the land. He also observed the intriguing aspects of his father's engagement in administrative governance and the managerial problems involved; these experiences had a deep impact on him as he later became a government official. Since he often became ill as a child, Shen Kuo also developed a

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accuracy in identification, use and cultivation of different types of medicinal herbs, such as in which months medicinal plants should be gathered, their exact ripening times, which parts should be used for therapy; for domesticated herbs he wrote about planting times, fertilization, and other

3333: 3254:), this book was reprinted, yet only the 19th chapter remained. This chapter was reprinted in 1718, yet poorly edited. Finally, in the 1950s the author Hu Daojing supplemented this small yet valuable work with additions of other scattered poems written by Shen, in the former's 3097:(701–761); Shen noted that Wang was unique in that he "penetrated into the mysterious reason and depth of creative activity," but was criticized by others for not conforming his paintings to reality, such as his painting with a banana tree growing in a snowy, wintry landscape. 1006:; 1015–1080), the Fiscal Intendant of the region. Shen made a lasting impression upon Zhang, who recommended Shen for a court appointment in the financial administration of the central court. Shen would also eventually marry Zhang's daughter, who became his second wife. 2108:. Shen Kuo criticized those in his day who reconstructed ancient ritual objects using only their imagination and not the tangible evidence from archeological digs or finds. Shen also disdained the notion of others that these objects were products of the "sages" or the 996:, the difficult national-level standard test that every high official was required to pass in order to enter the governmental system. He not only passed the exam however, but was placed into the higher category of the best and brightest students. While serving at 2103:

contemporaries were interested in obtaining ancient relics and antiques in order to revive their use in rituals, Shen was more concerned with how items from archeological finds were originally manufactured and what their functionality would have been, based on

3277:, the Song author Cheng Dachang (1123–1195) noted that stanzas prepared by Shen Kuo for military victory celebrations were later written down and published by Shen. This includes a short poem "Song of Triumph" by Shen Kuo, who uses the musical instrument 696:, Shen planned to map the orbital paths of the Moon and the planets in an intensive five-year project involving daily observations, yet this was thwarted by political opponents at court. To aid his work in astronomy, Shen Kuo made improved designs of the 2993:

Most people can only judge of things by the experiences of ordinary life, but phenomena outside the scope of this are really quite numerous. How insecure it is to investigate natural principles using only the light of common knowledge, and subjective

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solutions would not fall into the hands of enemies), and aggressive military policy towards Song's northern rivals of the Western Xia and Liao dynasties. A few years after Song dynasty military forces had made victorious territorial gains against the

3226:), which was also compiled during Shen's retirement. This book was a treatise in the working since his youth on rural life and ethnographic accounts of living conditions in the isolated mountain regions of China. Only quotations of it survive in the 1320:

province, a place of great beauty which he named "Dream Brook" ("Mengxi") after he visited it for the first time in 1086. Shen Kuo permanently moved to the Dream Brook Estate in 1088, and in that same year he completed his life's written work of the

2050:; this meant that in Shen's time the compass might have already been in navigational use. In any case, Shen Kuo's writing on magnetic compasses has proved invaluable for understanding China's earliest use of the compass for seafaring navigation. 1647:, dispelling the long-held Chinese theory that the throat contained three valves, writing, "When liquid and solid are imbibed together, how can it be that in one's mouth they sort themselves into two throat channels?" Shen maintained that the 1246:

for a state-sponsored program, Shen was rewarded by having his sentence of probation lifted, allowing him to live in a place of his choice. Shen was also pardoned by the court for any previous faults or crimes that were claimed against him.

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leaf. In a similar rudimentary physical analogy of celestial motions, as John B. Henderson describes it, Shen likened the relationship of the Moon's path to the ecliptic, the path of the Sun, "to the figure of a rope coiled about a tree."

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province). During the autumn months of 1081, Shen was successful in defending Song dynasty territory while capturing several fortified towns of the Western Xia. The Emperor Shenzong of Song rewarded Shen with numerous titles for his merit

901:; 975–1016). Since Shen was unable to boast of a prominent familial clan history like many of his elite peers born in the north, he was forced to rely on his wit and stern determination to achieve in his studies, subsequently passing the 1798:(1238–1298). Victor J. Katz asserts that Shen's method of "dividing by 9, increase by 1; dividing by 8, increase by 2," was a direct forerunner to the rhyme scheme method of repeated addition "9, 1, bottom add 1; 9, 2, bottom add 2". 1086:

for Shen's father, Zhou. Shen Kuo soon impressed Wang Anshi with his skills and abilities as an administrator and government agent. In 1072, Shen was sent to supervise Wang's program of surveying the building of silt deposits in the

2562:(78–139); the latter two correctly hypothesized that the brightness of the Moon was merely light reflected from the Sun. Jing Fang had written in the 1st century BC of how it was long accepted in China that the Sun and Moon were 3441:

in glass cabinets, one of which is from Japan. At the garden estate there are also displayed marble banners, statues of Shen Kuo, and a model of an armillary sphere; a small museum gallery depicts Shen's various achievements.

3212:(1037–1101), who was ironically a political opponent to Shen Kuo's faction of Reformers and New Policies supporters at court, yet it was known that Shen Kuo and Su Shi were nonetheless friends and associates. Shen wrote the 1025:. By 1072, Shen was appointed as the head official of the Bureau of Astronomy. With his leadership position in the bureau, Shen was responsible for projects in improving calendrical science, and proposed many reforms to the 781:(990–1051), and because of his written works the legacy of Bi Sheng and the modern understanding of the earliest movable type has been handed down to later generations. Following an old tradition in China, Shen created a 2493:

Being the head official for the Bureau of Astronomy, Shen Kuo was an avid scholar of medieval astronomy, and improved the designs of several astronomical instruments. Shen is credited with making improved designs of the

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properties to it, but Shen was first to note the relationship of the three separate radiation phenomena: the focal point, burning point, and pinhole. Using a fitting metaphor, Shen compared optical image inversion to an

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observed the same object, alleging that it emitted powerful lights from its interior like sunbeams illuminating the woods over a ten-mile radius before departing at tremendous speeds. Shen recorded that Yibo, a poet of

2083:(1600–1046 BC); Song era antiquarians and archeologists in search of antiques for reviving ancient rituals claimed to have found bronzewares dated as far back as the Shang era, which contained written inscriptions. 3141:, refers to his Dream Brook estate, where he spent the last years of his life. About the title, he is quoted as saying: "Because I had only my writing brush and ink slab to converse with, I call it Brush Talks." 6402: 2321:. He hypothesized that, with the inundation of silt, the land of the continent must have been formed over an enormous span of time. While visiting the Taihang Mountains in 1074, Shen Kuo noticed strata of 5164:

on February 18, 1979, in an article called "Could It Be That A Visitor From Outer Space Visited China Long Ago?", states is "a clue that a flying craft from some other planet once landed somewhere near

3049:, wrote a poem about this "pearl" after witnessing it and that locals around Fanliang in Yangzhou erected a "Pearl Pavilion" where spectators on boats hoped to spot the mysterious flying object again. 1665:

of executed bandits in 1045, an early 12th-century Chinese account of a bodily dissection finally supported Shen's belief in two throat valves, not three. Also, the later Song dynasty judge and early

924:, the equivalent of a national supreme court. Shen Kuo took notice of the various towns and rural features of China as his family traveled, while he became interested during his youth in the diverse 2046:

published in 1119 (written from 1111 to 1117), was the first record of use of a compass for seafaring navigation. However, Zhu Yu's book recounts events back to 1086, when Shen Kuo was writing the

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garden estate, his former two-acre (8,000 m) property in Zhenjiang, was restored by the government in 1985. However, the renovated Mengxi Garden is only part of the original of Shen Kuo's time. A

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design used in canals. He wrote that it saved the work of five hundred annual labors, annual costs of up to 1,250,000 strings of cash, and increased the size limit of boats accommodated from 21

2554:; the latter gave instructions on predicting the eclipses based on the relative position of the Moon to the Sun. The philosopher Wang Chong argued against the 'radiating influence' theory of 889:). Shen Kuo received his initial childhood education from his mother, which was a common practice in China during this period. She was very educated herself, teaching Kuo and his brother Pi ( 2356:(1130–1200) wrote of this curious natural phenomenon of fossils as well. He was known to have read the works of Shen Kuo. Shen's description of soil erosion and weathering predated that of 6401: 1980:(essentially, heating that produced weak magnetic force), and placed in a water-filled bowl enclosed by a box were used for directional pathfinding alongside the south-pointing chariot. 2334:, Zheng Boshun, examined the creature as well, and noted the same scale-like markings that were seen on other marine animals. Shen Kuo likened this to the "stone crabs" found in China. 1821:, and also computed the longest possible military campaign given the limits of human carriers who would bring their own food and food for other soldiers. Shen wrote about the earlier 1627:

quoted by Shen is most likely Shen's summarization of Yu's work or a corrupted passage of the original by Yu Hao, as Shen writes: "According to some, the work was written by Yu Hao."

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type with earthenware frames in order to make whole blocks. Wang Zhen also improved its use by inventing wooden movable type in the years 1297 or 1298, while he was a magistrate of

1327:, naming the book after his garden-estate property. It was there that Shen Kuo spent the last several years of his life in leisure, isolation, and illness, until his death in 1095. 3250:). However, this book was without much doubt a posthumous collection, including various poems, prose, and administrative documents written by Shen. By the 15th century (during the 2112:, rightfully crediting the items' manufacture and production to the common working people and artisans of previous eras. Some author writes that Shen Kuo "advocated the use of an 2570:

bullet'), not flat. Shen Kuo also wrote of solar and lunar eclipses in this manner, yet expanded upon this to explain why the celestial bodies were spherical, going against the '

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We must regard Shen Kuo's collection as an indispensable primary source attesting to the unmatched level of attainment achieved by Chinese science prior to the twelfth century.

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of how the earth had the potential for physical change, including the belief that all rivers and seas at one time did not exist where they were, and were dry. The Greek writer

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that were preserved underground in a dry northern habitat that would not support bamboo growth in his time. He was the first literary figure in China to mention the use of the

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records indicated its location, which was found in 1983 and protected by the government in 1986. The remnants of the tomb's brick structure remained, along with Song dynasty

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was first used in China. Shen Kuo wrote that during the Xi-Ning reign (1068–1077), the court official Huang Huaixin devised a plan for repairing 60 m (200 ft) long

5643:. In: Beckmann, A., Dimitracopoulos, C., Löwe, B. (eds) Logic and Theory of Algorithms. CiE 2008. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 5028. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 1451:(1130–1200) was inspired by the raised-relief map of Huang Shang and so made his own portable map made of wood and clay which could be folded up from eight hinged pieces. 6403: 3357:. However, Shen's reputation as a polymath has been well regarded. Joseph Needham stated that Shen Kuo was "one of the greatest scientific minds in Chinese history." The 3258:(Shanghai: Shang-hai Shu-tian, 1958). In the tradition of the popular Song era literary category of 'travel record literature' ('youji wenxue'), Shen Kuo also wrote the 1132:. With his reputable achievements, Shen became a trusted member of Wang Anshi's elite circle of eighteen unofficial core political loyalists to the New Policies Group. 6698: 5560:

Anderson, James A. (2008). "'Treacherous Factions': Shifting Frontier Alliances in the Breakdown of Sino-Vietnamese Relations on the Eve of the 1075 Border War," in

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were formed by the shadow of the sun in rain, occurring when the sun would shine upon it. Paul Dong writes that Shen's explanation of the rainbow as a phenomenon of

6262: 2574:' theory for celestial bodies. However, there is no evidence to suggest that Shen Kuo supported a round earth theory, which was introduced into Chinese science by 6217:

Schottenhammer, Angela. "The 'China Seas' in world history: A general outline of the role of Chinese and East Asian maritime space from its origins to c. 1800,"

2629:, since the latter was ahead of it in the accelerated phase of motion, and behind it in the retarded phase. Shen's hypotheses were similar to the concept of the 1037:

mathematical work, as Hu Wenrou was esteemed by Shen as a remarkable female mathematician. Shen lamented: "If only she were a man, Wenrou would be my friend."

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is inverted. Shen, who never asserted that he was the first to experiment with camera obscura, hints in his writing that camera obscura was dealt with in the

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called for the dissection of an executed man, to examine his arteries and viscera in order to discover cures for illnesses. Shen also took interest in human

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Hartwell, Robert (1966). "Markets, Technology, and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh-Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry".

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by a seashore. Chinese authors from the 12th to 17th centuries would discuss the optical observations made by Shen Kuo but not advance them further, while

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outside the capital city. Using an original technique, Shen successfully dredged the canal and demonstrated the formidable value of the silt gathered as a

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and true north". This was the decisive step in human history to make compasses more useful for navigation, and may have been a concept unknown in Europe

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officer, believed that the land of hills would eventually be leveled into valleys and valleys would gradually rise to form hills. The Daoist alchemist

2868:(1398–1468), was eventually wholly adopted as the standard in China, yet the tradition of woodblock printing remains popular in East Asian countries. 3112:

In modern times, the best attempt at a complete list and summary of Shen's writing was an appendix written by Hu Daojing in his standard edition of

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that occurred during the reign of Emperor Renzong (1022–1063). An object as bright as a pearl was said to occasionally hover over the city of

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garden that looked like a serpent or dragon, and after examining it, concluded the dead animal had apparently turned to "stone". The magistrate of

1033:. With his impressive skills and aptitude for matters of economy and finance, Shen was appointed as the Finance Commissioner at the central court. 3353:, Xinzhong Yao states that Shen Kuo's legacy was tainted by his eager involvement in Wang Anshi's New Policies reforms, his actions criticized in 932:

Shen Zhou died in the late winter of 1051 (or early 1052), when his son Shen Kuo was 21 years old. Shen Kuo grieved for his father, and following

3236:) collection, which mostly describe the agricultural implements and tools used by rural people in high mountain regions. Shen Kuo also wrote the 2511: 2441:(1214–1294) was the first to suggest that the colors of the rainbow were caused by the reflection and refraction of sunlight through rain drops. 1430: 1159:

centered on state finance, land tax reform, and the Imperial examinations, there were also military concerns. This included policies of raising

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However, Toby E. Huff writes that Shen Kuo's "scattered set" of writings lacks clear-cut organization and "theoretical acuteness," that is,

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The book was originally 30 chapters long, yet an unknown Chinese author's edition of 1166 edited and reorganized the work into 26 chapters.

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characters impeded movable type's acceptance and practical use, and was therefore seen as largely unsatisfactory. Furthermore, the European

1057:(r. 1067–1085), who placed a great amount of trust in Shen Kuo. He was even made 'companion to the heir apparent' (太子中允; 'Taizi zhongyun'). 7766: 6912: 5160:

Dong (2000), 69. (Professor Zhang Longqiao of the Chinese Department of Peking Teachers College, who popularized this account in Beijing's

920:, where Shen's father accepted minor provincial posts in each new location. Shen Zhou also served several years in the prestigious capital 7516: 7240: 7179: 7071: 6686: 2944: 1801:

Shen wrote extensively about what he had learned while working for the state treasury, including mathematical problems posed by computing

1844:. Shen calculated the total number for this using up to five rows and twenty five game pieces, which yielded the number 847,288,609,443. 6109:

Parker, Joseph D. (1999). Zen Buddhist Landscape Arts of Early Muromachi Japan (1336–1573). Albany: State University of New York Press.

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passed into the possession of my followers (i.e. one of Shen's nephews), among whom it has been kept as a precious possession until now.

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Shen also wrote that since petrified bamboos were found underground in a climatic area where they had never been known to be grown, the

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is of the opinion that Shen possessed an "amazingly modern mind." Yao states of Shen's thorough recording of natural sciences in his

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There are a few surviving examples of books printed in the late Song dynasty using movable type printing. This includes Zhou Bida's

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was preserved in posthumous written works. Although much of his focus was on technical and scientific issues, he had an interest in

7786: 7761: 1498:, Shen Kuo documented and systematically described hundreds of different plants, agricultural crops, rare vegetation, animals, and 2914:, which he believed was "produced inexhaustibly within the earth". Shen used the soot from the smoke of burned petroleum fuel (石油 7816: 7771: 1755:

of a rectangular pyramid. In his formula "technique of intersecting circles", he created an approximation of the arc of a circle

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Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic

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controlling the population of pests, the latter of which had the potential to wreak havoc upon the agricultural base of China.

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technique by outlining short cuts in algorithm procedures used on the counting board, an idea expanded on by the mathematician

1683: 8096: 8011: 8006: 7916: 7876: 7381: 6285: 6189: 5624: 5569: 3624: 3320:, while the sound of the instrument itself represented the discontent expressed by the prisoners-of-war with their defeated 1938:(1452–1519) would be the first in Europe to make a similar observation about the focal point and pinhole in camera obscura. 6808: 6793: 6780: 6745: 6710: 6681: 5617:

Chinese Thought, Society, and Science: The Intellectual and Social Background of Science and Technology in Pre-modern China

3270:

is suitable for a journey, the proper foods one should bring, the special clothing one should bring, and many other items.

277: 6375:—Zhang's biography on Shen is of great importance as it contains the fullest and most accurate account of Shen Kuo's life. 5469: 2285:(1244–1320); using evidence of fossilized bamboo within China's dry northwestern climate zone, Shen Kuo hypothesized that 2018:. In his written work, Shen Kuo made the first known explicit reference to the magnetic compass-needle and the concept of 1108:), armed with copies of previously archived diplomatic negotiations between the Song and Liao dynasties. Shen Kuo refuted 1049:, of 1079.) With his demonstrations of loyalty and ability, Shen Kuo was awarded the honorary title of a State Foundation 8041: 7946: 7781: 7751: 6017:(Volume 30, 1974): I-XI, 1–5, 7–49, 51–79, 81–133, 135–161, 163–199, 201–217, 219–289, 291–301, 303–319, I-CV, CVII-CXIV. 754:

to repair boats suspended out of water, and also wrote of the effectiveness of the relatively new invention of the canal

3316:

Historian Jonathan Stock notes that the bent bow described in the poem above represents the arched bow used to play the

2510:

instead of linear interpolation in calibrating the measure of time. Improving the 5th century model of the astronomical

8086: 8056: 7741: 6813: 2667: 1918: 2968:

causal world we postulate to explain them," which Biderman and Scharfstein state is arguably inherent in the works of

8061: 8046: 7986: 7971: 7931: 7896: 7846: 7821: 7796: 7746: 6577: 6479: 6361: 6339: 6320: 6255: 6211: 6165: 6143: 6129: 6114: 6051: 6036: 6000: 5985: 5971: 5940: 5868: 5853: 5845: 5829: 5814: 5792: 5777: 5769: 5754: 5739: 5714: 5699: 5684: 5663: 5606: 5591: 4977: 3176:

is certainly his most extensive and important work, Shen Kuo wrote other books as well. In 1075, Shen Kuo wrote the

2821:(1439–1513), who pioneered the first Chinese bronze-type movable printing in the year 1490. In 1718, during the mid 2263: 1661:

was a simple tube that dropped food into the stomach. Following Shen's reasoning and correcting the findings of the

1235:

in a fixed residence for the next six years. However, as he was isolated from governance, he decided to pick up the

301: 8031: 7976: 7961: 7951: 7866: 7455: 6803: 6693: 6198:

Sarkar, Tapan K., Magdalena Salazar-Palma, and Dipak L. Sengupta. (2006). "Development of the Theory of Light," in

6083:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics

3538: 2625:. His colleague Wei Pu realized that the old calculation technique for the mean Sun was inaccurate compared to the 2338: 2286: 2034:, determined by his measurement between the pole star and true north; however, it could also have been inspired by 1306: 740: 107: 1605:') of similar height, but not of his design. From Shen's quotation—or perhaps Shen's own paraphrasing of Yu Hao's 1477:, as well as the proper selection, preparation, and administration of drugs. He held great concern for detail and 8076: 8071: 8066: 7981: 7926: 7881: 7871: 7851: 7826: 7801: 7791: 682: 6158:

Carpentry & Building in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Fifteenth Century Carpenter's Manual Lu Ban Jing

6020:

Lian, Xianda. "The Old Drunkard Who Finds Joy in His Own Joy -Elitist Ideas in Ouyang Xiu's Informal Writings,"

6013:

Li, Chu-Tsing. "A Thousand Peaks and Myriad Ravines: Chinese Paintings in the Charles A. Drenowatz Collection,"

2527:

featured Shen's corrected position of the pole star (halfway between Tian shu, at −350 degrees, and the current

8111: 8081: 7991: 7921: 7901: 7891: 7886: 7861: 6535: 2887: 2092: 2063: 1550: 786: 705: 458: 5491: 8101: 8021: 7906: 7841: 7806: 7341: 6639: 6530: 5476:

The Yuhang District of Hangzhou Cultural Broadcasting Press and Publications Bureau. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.

2305:

stratum of a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean. He inferred that the land was reshaped and formed by

2117: 1439:(202 BC – 220 AD) showing artificial mountains as lid decorations may have influenced the development of the 1341:

Shen Kuo wrote extensively on a wide range of different subjects. His written work included two geographical

1076:(1021–1086), who was the leader of the political faction of Reformers, also known as the New Policies Group ( 527: 3065:, who Shen praised for his ability to portray landscapes and natural scenery in a grand but realistic style. 2506:

clock. For the clepsydra he designed a new overflow-tank type, and argued for a more efficient higher-order

1082:, Xin Fa). Shen Kuo had a previous history with Wang Anshi, since it was Wang who had composed the funerary 8051: 7996: 7941: 7856: 7831: 6839: 6508: 6472: 6418: 2910:

and ink makers using pine soot in the production process, so he suggested for the latter an alternative of

2370:, whose groundbreaking work was published in 1802 (considered the foundation of modern geology). Historian 1953: 1460: 1180:

of the Western Xia, in 1080 Shen Kuo was entrusted as a military officer in defense of Yanzhou (modern-day

850: 6090:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1: Paper and Printing

2844:

Despite these advances, movable type printing never gained the amount of widespread use in East Asia that

2518:

indefinitely. This came about due to the position of the pole star shifting in position since the time of

2341:. Around the year 1080, Shen Kuo noted that a landslide on the bank of a large river near Yanzhou (modern 2231:

had wiped out mankind several times in the past, but never wrote of land formation or shifting seashores.

1417:

incense burner, showing artificial mountains as a lid decoration, which may have influenced the invention.

875:

figure serving in official posts on the provincial level; his mother was from a family of equal status in

8091: 7966: 7936: 7836: 7300: 6831: 6827: 6753: 6725: 6504: 3550: 3525: 3507: 3446: 2907: 1217:, painted in 1207; Shen Kuo not only listed literati painting as one of his cherished pastimes, but also 1156: 817: 59: 6666: 2163:

right-angle triangles to measure height. Needham asserts Shen had discovered the survey device known as

8106: 8036: 7911: 7579: 6715: 6525: 3025: 2622: 2156: 2072: 1947: 119: 6069:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

1977: 7811: 6587: 6437: 5536: 2709:. Although the use of assembling individual characters to compose a piece of text had its origins in 2236: 1426: 1046: 2770:(fl. 1290–1333), who wrote the valuable agricultural, scientific, and technological treatise of the 53: 7163: 6918: 6572: 6540: 5874:

Hargett, James M. "Some Preliminary Remarks on the Travel Records of the Song Dynasty (960–1279),"

1054: 985: 1112:

bluffs point for point, while the Song reestablished their rightful border line. In regard to the

8016: 7425: 7194: 6769: 6602: 6006:

Li, Chu-Tsing. "The Autumn Colors on the Ch'iao and Hua Mountains: A Landscape by Chao Meng-Fu,"

3094: 2691: 2519: 2212: 1782:+ 2v/d. Restivo writes that Shen's work in the lengths of arcs of circles provided the basis for 1109: 5654:, (missing title). (2002). In Chan, Alan Kam-leung and Gregory K. Clancey, Hui-Chieh Loy (eds.) 5641:

A Summation Algorithm from 11th Century China. Possible Relations Between Structure and Argument

8026: 7019: 6567: 5601:, 223–290. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2434: 2096: 2067: 1957: 1783: 1635:

The Chinese had long taken an interest in examining the human body. For example, in 16 AD, the

1389:, and he has been compared by Sivin to polymaths such as his Song dynasty Chinese contemporary 785:

while inspecting borderlands. His description of an ancient crossbow mechanism he unearthed as

616: 237: 111: 6459: 6104:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1: Botany

5597:

Bielenstein, Hans. (1986). "Wang Mang, the Restoration of the Han Dynasty, and Later Han," in

3614: 2382:(1792–1871), who was inspired to become a geologist after observing a providential landslide. 1739:, Shen Kuo mastered many practical mathematical problems, including many complex formulas for 1041:

inspector of Zhejiang in 1073, the Emperor requested that Shen pay a visit to the famous poet

8001: 7549: 6788: 6076:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics

3426:. The Hangzhou Municipal Committee completed a restoration of Shen's tomb in September 2001. 3354: 3003: 2805:, by the mid 13th century), and was widely applied in China by at least the 16th century. In 1896: 1869: 1444: 1422: 1254:

that would indicate his intellectual level and cultural taste to others. As described in his

1140: 993: 902: 305: 233: 2890:. While visiting the iron-producing district at Cizhou in 1075, Shen described the "partial 2590: 7736: 7731: 7435: 6924: 6644: 6433: 3191: 2767: 2734: 2031: 1877: 1709: 1088: 732: 674: 666: 5881:

Hartman, Charles. "Poetry and Politics in 1079: The Crow Terrace Poetry Case of Su Shih,"

5732:

China's Major Mysteries: Paranormal Phenomena and the Unexplained in the People's Republic

8: 7474: 7314: 6703: 6649: 3549:

For deforestation due to the Song dynasty iron industry and efforts to curb it, refer to

2751:) printed in 1193 using the method of baked-clay movable type characters outlined in the 2485:'s horological and astronomical treatise, featuring Shen Kuo's corrected position of the 2362: 2267: 2113: 1696: 1353:, governmental administration, mathematical astronomy, astronomical instruments, martial 1282: 1278: 1218: 1128:

that he was familiar with the key players (on the Vietnamese side) in the prelude to the

1021:, a military commander, a director of hydraulic works, and the leading chancellor of the 1010: 857:

in 1249; Shen grew ill often as a child, and so developed an interest in medicinal cures.

670: 624: 596: 209: 5723:. "The Discovery of Marine Transgressions and the Explanation of Fossils in Antiquity," 5599:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220

3283:('horse-tail barbarian stringed instrument' or 'horse-tail fiddle') of the northwestern 1163:

to lessen the expense of upholding a million soldiers, putting government monopolies on

1117: 7701: 7617: 7450: 7410: 6617: 6612: 5906: 5575:

Barnhart, Richard. "Marriage of the Lord of the River: A Lost Landscape by Tung Yüan,"

3074: 2985:

had struck a house and all the wooden walls did not burn (but simply turned black) and

2939: 2918:, "rock oil" as Shen called it) to invent a new, more durable type of writing ink; the 2865: 2845: 2834: 2683: 2423: 2415: 2379: 2247:; in a written dialogue by Ge, Ma Gu described how what was once the Eastern Sea (i.e. 2192: 2105: 2059: 1764: 1312:

In the 1070s, Shen had purchased a lavish garden estate on the outskirts of modern-day

954: 906: 854: 494: 486: 293: 6206:, Magdalena Salazar-Palma, and Dipak L. Sengupta. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 5562:

Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period

2095:

pursuits, although for rather different reasons than why Shen Kuo held an interest in

841: 513: 7612: 7489: 7329: 7324: 7261: 6798: 6622: 6607: 6597: 6592: 6552: 6449: 6371:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. According to Sivin (1995), III, 49—historian 6357: 6335: 6316: 6281: 6251: 6207: 6185: 6161: 6139: 6125: 6110: 6047: 6032: 5996: 5981: 5967: 5936: 5910: 5864: 5849: 5825: 5810: 5788: 5773: 5765: 5750: 5735: 5710: 5695: 5680: 5659: 5620: 5602: 5587: 5565: 5516: 4973: 3620: 3378: 3263: 3127: 3105:

Much of Shen Kuo's written work was probably purged under the leadership of minister

2468: 2357: 2314: 2188: 1935: 1818: 1597:

970), the latter's work would have been lost to history. Yu designed a famous wooden

1582: 1470: 1440: 1398: 1394: 1354: 1323: 1164: 782: 635: 615:

in the Song court, Assistant Minister of Imperial Hospitality, and also served as an

612: 600: 421: 413: 127: 6369:

Isis: The History of Science Society: Ancient Chinese Sulfur Manufacturing Processes

2406:

had a long tradition in China before Shen Kuo. For example, the Han dynasty scholar

7677: 7665: 7629: 7593: 7400: 7334: 6881: 6849: 6632: 6627: 6203: 6177: 5898: 3386: 3011: 2899: 2895: 2813:, wealthy Ming era families sponsored the use of metal type printing (mostly using 2618: 2606: 2499: 2346: 2282: 2164: 2116:

approach to archaeology and practiced such an approach himself through his work in

2109: 1891:(965–1039) further experimented with camera obscura and was the first to attribute 1286: 1026: 942: 790: 697: 658: 608: 554: 378: 355: 5636: 2930:, and superior to that made from pinewood lamp-black," or the soot from pinewood. 2132:

and the ancients' production of swords with composite blades that had a midrib of

1095:. He gained further reputation at court once he was dispatched as an envoy to the 7653: 7067: 6654: 6557: 6517: 6304:

Stock, Jonathan. "A Historical Account of the Chinese Two-Stringed Fiddle Erhu,"

6248:

Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences: Essays in Honor of I. Bernard Cohen

5840:, (missing title). (1986). in Fraser, Julius Thomas and Francis C. Haber (eds.). 5523: 5498: 5473: 2894:" method of reforging cast iron under a cold blast, which Hartwell, Needham, and 2891: 2853: 2830: 2710: 2375: 2293:

It was Shen Kuo who formulated a hypothesis about the process of land formation (

2255:

grew, and would one day be filled with mountains and dry, dusty lands. The later

2172: 2137: 2039: 1830: 1474: 798: 185: 24: 3208:). Around the year 1126 it was combined with a similar collection by the famous 2766:

and Neo-Confucian texts by using what he termed the "movable type of Shen Kuo".

2297:) based upon several observations as evidence. This included his observation of 1250:

In his more idle years removed from court affairs, Shen Kuo enjoyed pastimes of

880: 340: 7713: 7387: 7037: 6758: 6720: 6445: 6330:, (missing title). (2004). In Tao, Jie, Zheng Bijun and Shirley L. Mow. (eds.) 6243: 6181: 6057: 5798: 5720: 5466: 3483: 3362: 2861: 2725: 2641:

paths of planets and variations of planetary speeds to points in the tips of a

2451: 2446: 2371: 2256: 2248: 2221: 2204: 2125: 1962: 1931: 1909: 1888: 1873: 1853: 1744: 1729: 1598: 1382: 1374: 1298: 1251: 1022: 872: 809: 767: 763: 759: 721: 399: 346: 315: 197: 173: 123: 5902: 5824:(2006). Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 5644: 2514:, Shen Kuo widened its diameter so that the new calibration could observe the 2426:

until their observation in China during the first decade of the 20th century.

1983: 808:, yet much of the writing in his other books has not survived. Some of Shen's 619:. At court his political allegiance was to the Reformist faction known as the 7725: 7641: 7466: 7460: 7445: 7267: 7255: 6735: 6730: 6222: 5951:, (missing title), (1993). in Hymes, Robert P. and Conrad Schirokauer (eds.) 5924:

Hsu, Mei-ling. "Chinese Marine Cartography: Sea Charts of Pre-Modern China,"

3458: 3358: 2903: 2833:

instead of earthenware. There was also Zhai Jinsheng (b. 1784), a teacher of

2779: 2678: 2543: 2539: 2507: 2294: 2252: 2196: 2155:

of the ancient Zhuwei Tomb, Shen stated that the reliefs demonstrate genuine

2144: 2080: 2076: 1923: 1913: 1857: 1791: 1713: 1615: 1532: 1409: 1358: 1302: 1190: 1177: 1096: 1000:, Shen's brilliance and dutiful character caught the attention of Zhang Chu ( 961: 717: 566: 289: 217: 205: 201: 103: 5978:

The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook

2989:

inside were fine, yet metal objects had melted into liquid, Shen Kuo wrote:

1113: 7689: 7605: 7561: 7440: 7415: 7249: 7200: 7049: 6941: 6896: 6891: 6763: 6495: 6421:

was created from a revision of this article dated 28 October 2007

6372: 6326: 6228: 5947: 5836: 5650: 3434: 3415: 3337: 3321: 3251: 3161: 2919: 2849: 2822: 2795: 2760: 2730: 2703: 2614: 2575: 2523:

China at the time. Even Shen's political rival and contemporary astronomer

2367: 2306: 2271: 2244: 2133: 2100: 1927: 1905: 1787: 1748: 1483: 1466: 1386: 1240: 1214: 1144: 1018: 933: 825: 771: 728: 592: 503: 385: 221: 213: 181: 77: 20: 6250:, 531–555, ed. Everett Mendelsohn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3414:, at the foot of the Taiping Hill. His tomb was eventually destroyed, yet 3057: 1601:

that burned down in 1044 and was replaced in 1049 by a brick pagoda (the '

1526: 1239:

and dedicate himself to intensive scholarly studies. After completing two

7555: 7512: 7405: 7395: 7357: 7346: 7236: 7212: 7086: 7055: 6959: 6886: 6844: 6313:

The Washing Away of Wrongs: Forensic Medicine in Thirteenth-Century China

5953:

Ordering the World: Approaches to State and Society in Sung Dynasty China

5802: 5668:

Cherniack, Susan. "Book Culture and Textual Transmission in Sung China,"

3188:

The Oblatory Epoch astronomical system of the Splendid Peace reign period

3165: 3041: 2986: 2775: 2756: 2634: 2583: 2503: 2438: 2411: 2403: 2277: 2088: 2022:. He wrote that steel needles were magnetized once they were rubbed with 1988: 1892: 1834: 1736: 1636: 1602: 1436: 1414: 1290: 1148: 1014: 709: 573: 297: 281: 257: 253: 249: 245: 177: 165: 7648: 6290:

Stanley-Baker, Joan. "The Development of Brush-Modes in Sung and Yüan,"

5692:

A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)

4393: 4391: 4389: 2414:. However, Shen made some observations that were not found elsewhere in 2366:. Furthermore, Shen's theory of sedimentary deposition predated that of 1522:

for canals, invented in China in the 10th century and described by Shen.

7351: 7308: 7206: 7169: 7139: 7133: 7110: 7092: 7001: 6989: 6965: 6244:

Why the Scientific Revolution Did Not Take Place in China—Or Didn't It?

5964:

Chinese Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology

5612: 3284: 3160:, whose pharmaceutical work was combined with Shen Kuo's in 1126, in a 3070: 3032:

at night, and was previously described by local inhabitants of eastern

3014: 3007: 2977: 2969: 2923: 2787:

metal movable type would be used in China, Wang Zhen experimented with

2626: 2603: 2599: 2579: 2571: 2559: 2437:"is basically in accord with modern scientific principles." In Europe, 2407: 2302: 2217: 2019: 2015: 1976:) recorded that fish-shaped objects cut from sheet iron, magnetized by 1826: 1717: 1662: 1558: 1554: 1519: 1495: 1378: 1092: 1073: 1065: 925: 813: 755: 713: 673:, with experimentation of suspended magnetic needles and "the improved 662: 627: 437: 430: 285: 241: 229: 193: 189: 115: 7708: 6464: 6062:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations

5709:. Translated by Wang Pingxing. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press. 5656:

Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine

2690:

Shen Kuo wrote that during the Qingli reign period (1041–1048), under

2147:

steel. Being a knowledgeable musician, Shen also suggested suspending

1205: 685:(evidence of German sundials made circa 1450 show markings similar to 7376: 7285: 7230: 7224: 7145: 7013: 7007: 6995: 6983: 6977: 6901: 6864: 6854: 5007: 4933: 4386: 4365: 4363: 3082: 3062: 2982: 2911: 2826: 2563: 2555: 2515: 2486: 2473: 2429:

Shen gave reasoning (earlier proposed by Sun Sikong, 1015–1076) that

2342: 2207: 2148: 2035: 2023: 2000: 1992: 1838: 1810: 1658: 1640: 1587: 1478: 1350: 1313: 1236: 1232: 1181: 1172: 921: 794: 744: 686: 678: 451: 269: 161: 131: 91: 5745:

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Anne Walthall, and James B. Palais (2006).

5584:

Rationality in Question: On Eastern and Western Views of Rationality

5262: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4432: 3776: 2402:

Early speculation and hypothesis pertaining to what is now known as

816:

and the supernatural, the latter including his vivid description of

7525: 7506: 7430: 7319: 7279: 7151: 7127: 7104: 7061: 7043: 6869: 5501:

The Zhenjiang municipal government office. Retrieved on 2007-05-07.

5166: 4470: 4468: 4132: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4116: 3454: 3411: 3267: 3106: 3086: 3029: 2877: 2857: 2763: 2718: 2706: 2699: 2630: 2567: 2551: 2532: 2478: 2456: 2331: 2322: 2183: 2168: 2129: 2008: 1806: 1802: 1795: 1740: 1705: 1701: 1678: 1666: 1503: 1370: 1362: 1101: 1050: 1013:

for the central government, Shen Kuo was also an ambassador to the

997: 980: 862: 778: 774: 657:, which would be used for navigation (first described in Europe by 604: 588: 472: 157: 73: 5917:

Henderson, John B. "Ch'ing Scholars' Views of Western Astronomy,"

4360: 3332: 2794:

By the 15th century, metal movable type printing was developed in

2349:

in medieval China did not develop into an established discipline.

2091:

pursuits of collecting old artworks. They were also interested in

1837:, Shen described Yi Xing's calculation of possible positions on a 7543: 7531: 7420: 7175: 6953: 6947: 6874: 6859: 6582: 6562: 5564:, 191–226. Edited by Don J. Wyatt. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. 5052: 5043: 5034: 5025: 5016: 4998: 4982: 4908: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 3599: 3597: 3450: 3394: 3390: 3037: 2999: 2963: 2949: 2927: 2818: 2806: 2695: 2655: 2595: 2528: 2524: 2482: 2430: 2419: 2395: 2390: 2318: 2240: 2011: 2007:

However, it was not until the time of Shen Kuo that the earliest

1996: 1901: 1822: 1814: 1752: 1724: 1674: 1670: 1644: 1594: 1541: 1540:

The writing of Shen Kuo is the only source for the date when the

1499: 1491: 1390: 1317: 1305:. These nine activities were an extension to the older so-called 1294: 1194: 1185: 1168: 1160: 1121: 1083: 913: 751: 654: 510: 273: 265: 169: 7636: 6332:

Holding Up Half the Sky: Chinese Women Past, Present, and Future

4465: 4423: 4139: 4127: 4113: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4013: 4011: 3933: 3081:" in portraying buildings and the like. He praised the works of 3006:, Shen Kuo also wrote extensively on the topics of supernatural 2961:

partial understandings. Shen Kuo referred to the ancient Daoist

595:(960–1279). Shen was a master in many fields of study including 29: 7157: 7098: 7080: 7031: 7025: 6971: 6278:

Heritage of China: Contemporary Perspectives on Chinese History

4400: 3495: 3407: 3209: 3157: 3046: 2957: 2880: 2871: 2814: 2810: 2799: 2650: 2642: 2547: 2495: 2353: 2298: 2259: 2224: 2152: 1884: 1861: 1648: 1590: 1545: 1487: 1448: 1042: 1030: 965: 917: 876: 821: 820:

from eyewitness testimony. He also wrote commentary on ancient

747: 724: 701: 693: 261: 225: 5526:

The Zhenjiang Foreign Experts Bureau. Retrieved on 2007-05-07.

4793: 4775: 3924: 3594: 3287:

nomads as a metaphor for prisoners-of-war led by Song troops:

2682:, the oldest known printed book in world history (868), using 2672: 677:

determined by Shen's measurement of the distance between the

653:) of 1088, Shen was the first to describe the magnetic needle 7218: 7188: 6263:

Science and Medicine in Imperial China—The State of the Field

4590: 4199: 4029: 4008: 3419: 3279: 3033: 2973: 2838: 2802: 2783: 2638: 2326: 2232: 2228: 2140: 1514: 1346: 1342: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1243: 1210: 1105: 1060: 969: 950: 938: 532: 518: 6122:

Geological Sciences; Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks

5933:

The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West

4670: 4668: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4538: 4536: 4534: 3799: 3797: 2418:. For instance, Shen was the first in East Asia to describe 1960:, which did not employ magnetism, as a compass. In 1044 the 1435:

Joseph Needham suggests that certain pottery vessels of the

1431:

Science and technology of the Han dynasty § Cartography

1135: 7273: 6354:

RoutledgeCurzon Encyclopedia of Confucianism: Volume 2, O–Z

3423: 3393:(fl. 12th century). In regard to an overarching concept of 2582:

in the 17th century. When the Director of the Astronomical

2455:(1021), also discussed atmospheric refraction in regard to 2310: 1881: 1865: 1774:

subtending the arc, the length of which he approximated as

1623:) of 1103. Klaas Ruitenbeek states that the version of the 958: 946: 895:) the military doctrines of her own elder brother Xu Dong ( 736: 135: 7684: 6136:

Mathematics in Society and History: Sociological Inquiries

5331: 5190: 5136: 4766: 4757: 3858: 2151:

by using a hollow handle. In his assessment of the carved

2120:, optics, and geometry in the study of ancient measures." 1580:

If it were not for Shen Kuo's analysis and quoting in his

4663: 4643: 4613: 4545: 4531: 4342: 4235: 4226: 3794: 3302:

Do not bend the bow to shoot the goose within the clouds,

3152: 3093:, Shen praised the creative artworks of the Tang painter 2791:

metal movable type, but found its use to be inefficient.

2788: 2274:

while observing rock formations at the mouths of rivers.

1570: 1562: 1530:

Five bracket arm bases and two cantilever arms, from the

1502:

found in China. For example, Shen noted that the mineral

1366: 1275: 1258:, Shen Kuo enjoyed the company of the "nine guests" (九客, 1072:

At court Shen was a political favorite of the Chancellor

491: 477: 463: 139: 6202:, 20–28. Edited by Tapan K. Sarkar, Robert J. Mailloux, 4880: 4878: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4217: 4208: 3089:

style of painting. In his "Song on Painting" and in his

2339:

climate there must have shifted geographically over time

442: 6149:

Rudolph, R.C. "Preliminary Notes on Sung Archaeology,"

5960:

A Critique of ‘Zhang Heng’s Theory of a Spherical Earth

5807:

Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching

5235: 4061: 4059: 2998:

In his commentary on the ancient Confucian philosopher

2546:

had been observed in the 4th century BC by astronomers

1653: 1574: 1566: 905:

and enter the challenging and sophisticated life of an

5677:

Drawing Boundaries: Architectural Images in Qing China

4868: 4866: 4864: 3616:

China: The World's Oldest Living Civilization Revealed

2733:

characters arranged primarily by rhyming scheme, from

2398:

were caused by sunlight passing through rain droplets.

1155:

Although much of Wang Anshi's reforms outlined in the

770:

and that of the pinhole. Shen wrote extensively about

611:, governmental state inspector, head official for the 7577: 6174:

Ideals and Realities — Selected Essays of Abdus Salam

5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5324: 5322: 5312: 5310: 5271: 5118: 4875: 4836: 4834: 4784: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4700: 4698: 4495: 4458: 4456: 4153: 4151: 2926:(1518–1593) wrote that Shen's ink was "lustrous like 2087:

Many of Shen Kuo's contemporaries were interested in

1651:

was the beginning of a system that distributed vital

916:

province and finally to the international seaport at

797:

tool which wasn't known in Europe until described by

418: 404: 390: 6311:

Sung, Tz’u, translated by Brian E. McKnight (1981).

6239:. Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing. 6237:

Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections

6221:, (Volume 1, Issue 2, 2012): 63–86. ISSN 2212-6821. 5747:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

4892: 4890: 4852: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4554: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4297: 4056: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3701: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 1963:

Collection of the Most Important Military Techniques

1171:

production and distribution in 1076 (to ensure that

929:

natural curiosity about medicine and pharmaceutics.

5734:. San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals, Inc. 4861: 3951: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3785: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3521:

Partisans and factions, reformers and conservatives

3406:Upon his death, Shen Kuo was interred in a tomb in 3336:A sketch of Shen Kuo by an anonymous artist of the 3077:(919–967) for failing to observe the principle of " 2287:

climates naturally shifted geographically over time

1506:was used to quickly erase writing errors on paper. 5631:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture 5582:Biderman, Shlomo and Ben-Ami Scharfstein. (1989). 5515:The Zhenjiang Foreign Experts Bureau (June 2002). 5340: 5319: 5307: 5298: 5280: 5127: 4942: 4843: 4831: 4741: 4695: 4581: 4453: 4263: 4261: 4148: 4020: 3875: 3873: 3715: 3713: 3344: 2637:tradition, only Shen compared the side-section of 2598:'s book of 1092 showing the inner workings of his 2313:, after observing strange natural erosions of the 5809:. New York: An East Gate Book, M. E. Sharpe Inc. 5511: 5509: 5507: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5226: 5208: 5102: 5100: 5061: 4899: 4887: 4813: 4599: 4409: 4372: 4333: 4306: 4279: 4190: 4095: 4047: 3999: 3990: 3683: 1872:was perhaps the first to describe the concept of 1813:, and so forth. Shen once computed the amount of 7723: 6345:Wu, Kuang Ch'ing. "Ming Printing and Printers," 5962:in Fan, Dainian and Cohen, Robert Sonné (eds.). 5842:Time, Science, and Society in China and the West 5785:The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce 5486: 5484: 5482: 5411: 5367: 5358: 5181: 4951: 4822: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4522: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4165: 4163: 3960: 3891: 3882: 3806: 3756: 3740: 3722: 3654: 3079:seeing the small from the viewpoint of the large 2829:known as Xu Zhiding developed movable type with 2410:(27–97) accurately described the process of the 2309:of the mountains, uplift, and the deposition of 1930:(618–907), in regard to the inverted image of a 1825:(672–717), a Buddhist monk who applied an early 607:. In his career as a civil servant, he became a 6124:. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. 5145: 4707: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4446: 4444: 4258: 3974: 3972: 3870: 3710: 3401: 1657:from the air throughout the body, and that the 1377:. His scientific writings have been praised by 912:From about 1040 AD, Shen's family moved around 804:Shen Kuo wrote several other books besides the 5820:Fairbank, John King and Merle Goldman (1992). 5504: 5429: 5376: 5289: 5268:Chen Dengyuan, cited in Sivin (1995), III, 44. 5097: 4486: 4315: 3942: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3674: 3633: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 2167:, which was not described elsewhere until the 2038:beliefs and practices. The book of the author 964:method relied upon the effective operation of 6480: 6044:Magnetism in the Solid State: An Introduction 6022:Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews 5993:The Natural Philosophy of Chu Hsi (1130–1200) 5883:Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews 5876:Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews 5822:China: A New History; Second Enlarged Edition 5479: 5420: 5154: 4967: 4725: 4288: 4244: 4160: 3647: 3645: 3351:Routledge Curzon Encyclopedia of Confucianism 3241: 3231: 3217: 3199: 3181: 2759:, once persuaded a disciple Yang Gu to print 2746: 2558:'s writing in the 1st century BC and that of 1967: 1469:, Shen wrote of the difficulties of adequate 1226: 1200: 1077: 1001: 988:(r. 1067–1085), a Song era portrait painting. 896: 890: 884: 866: 644: 360: 42: 6913:Along the River During the Qingming Festival 6280:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 6029:Forest and Land Management in Imperial China 4627: 4441: 3981: 3969: 3612: 3299:Its music sounding of complaint to the Khan. 2956:Shen Kuo was much in favor of philosophical 2876:Shen Kuo described the phenomena of natural 2872:Other achievements in science and technology 2774:, mentioned an alternative method of baking 2462: 1952:Since the time of the engineer and inventor 6315:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 5955:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 5645:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69407-6_8 4397:Sarkar, Salazar-Palma, Sengupta (2006), 21. 4270: 3842: 3578: 3224:Record of longings forgotten at Dream Brook 3020:In the "Strange Happenings" passage of the 2729:A revolving table typecase with individual 2617:hypotheses in explaining the variations of 739:. He also proposed a hypothesis of gradual 6487: 6473: 6223:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imic.2012.11.002 6172:Salam, Abdus (1987). "Islam and Science". 6010:(Volume 21, 1965): 4–7, 9–85, 87, 89–109. 5762:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 5461: 5459: 5457: 5013:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 205–206. 4939:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 202–203. 4438:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 1, 249–250. 4330:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 473–475. 3782:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 3, 230–231. 3642: 3606: 2422:, which were thought to exist only in the 2243:(284–364) wrote of the legendary immortal 2124:observed ancient weaponry, describing the 1941: 1337:Science and technology of the Song dynasty 865:) in the year 1031. His father Shen Zhou ( 861:Shen Kuo was born in Qiantang (modern-day 339: 6138:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 5980:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 5966:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 5935:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5863:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5764:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5658:. Singapore: Singapore University Press. 2933: 2737:'s book of agriculture published in 1313. 2445:this discovery was remarkably original." 1747:, and chords and arcs problems employing 1330: 992:In 1063 Shen Kuo successfully passed the 957:. Shen Kuo noted that the success of the 661:in 1187). Shen discovered the concept of 7499: 6429:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 6412: 5888: 5619:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 5465:Yuhang Cultural Network (October 2003). 5115:Biderman & Scharfstein (1989), xvii. 5085:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 75–76. 4369:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 1, 98–99. 4357:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 1, 97–98. 3331: 3151: 3056: 2943: 2724: 2671: 2661: 2589: 2472: 2389: 2276: 2251:) had transformed into solid land where 2182: 2071: 1982: 1817:space required for battle formations in 1723: 1700: 1525: 1513: 1408: 1204: 1134: 1059: 979: 840: 6494: 6301:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 6274:Science and Medicine in Chinese History 5454: 2817:). This included the printing works of 1956:(c. 200–265), the Chinese had used the 871:; 978–1052) was a somewhat lower-class 689:' compasses in regard to declination). 7724: 7481:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified 7406:Endless power transmitting chain drive 5679:. Manoa: University of Hawai'i Press. 5633:. New York: Columbia University Press. 5058:Needham (1986), Volume 6, Part 1, 545. 5049:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 212. 5040:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 211. 5031:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 217. 5022:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 208. 5004:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 206. 4995:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 203. 4921:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 201. 4474:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 1, 279. 4429:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 1, 252. 4205:Sivin (1995), III, 30–31, Footnote 27. 4136:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 3, 352. 4124:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 3, 660. 4092:Needham (1986), Volume 6, Part 1, 501. 4083:Needham (1986), Volume 6, Part 1, 499. 4074:Needham (1986), Volume 6, Part 1, 475. 3939:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 126. 3256:Collection of Shen Kua's Extant Poetry 3248:Collected Literary Works of Changxing 3147: 2374:likened Shen's account to that of the 1684:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified 493: 420: 6468: 6269:, Vol. 47, No. 1 (Feb., 1988): 41–90. 6219:Journal of Marine and Island Cultures 6171: 6153:(Volume 22, Number 2, 1963): 169–177. 6031:. New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc. 5921:(Volume 46, Number 1, 1986): 121–148. 4406:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 1, 98. 3603:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 33. 3457:in 1964 and named it after Shen Kuo ( 2755:. Yao Shu (1201–1278), an advisor to 2694:(1022–1063), an obscure commoner and 1673:(1186–1249) would promote the use of 855:printed with woodblock printing press 7957:Chinese scientific instrument makers 5749:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 5579:(Volume 27, 1970): 3–5, 7, 9, 11–60. 3619:. Thames & Hudson. p. 239. 3429:In addition to his tomb, Shen Kuo's 3305:The returning goose bears no letter. 3119: 2227:were evidence that massive periodic 2220:(570 BC–480 BC) wrote of how inland 1912:, he also noted that the image in a 1790:(1231–1316). He also simplified the 1509: 1404: 1029:alongside the work of his colleague 7767:11th-century Chinese mathematicians 6297:Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1997). 6294:(Volume 39, Number 1, 1977): 13–59. 5672:(Volume 54, Number 1, 1994): 5–125. 3073:, Shen criticized the paintings of 1864:had done in the 4th century BC, as 1427:History of cartography § China 1100:monarch at Mt. Yongan (near modern 758:. Although not the first to invent 13: 6399: 6347:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 5919:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 5670:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 4810:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 415–416. 4781:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 413–414. 4596:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 603–604. 4483:Fairbank & Goldman (1992), 33. 4035:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 579–580. 4017:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 580–581. 3563:Dictionary of Scientific Biography 3275:Sequel to Numerous Things Revealed 2668:History of typography in East Asia 2538:The astronomical phenomena of the 2394:Shen accurately hypothesized that 1919:Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang 1443:in China. The Han dynasty general 1266:, the older 17x17 line variant of 975: 836: 591:, scientist, and statesman of the 14: 8123: 7777:11th-century Chinese philosophers 6380: 6276:. (1990). in Ropp, Paul S. (ed.) 6046:. New York: Springer-Verlag Inc. 5861:A History of Chinese Civilization 5846:University of Massachusetts Press 3383:Concordance and Discordant Canons 1786:developed in the 13th century by 1616:Treatise on Architectural Methods 762:, Shen noted the relation of the 720:), based upon findings of inland 7757:11th-century Chinese astronomers 7707: 7695: 7683: 7671: 7659: 7647: 7635: 7623: 7611: 7599: 7587: 6665: 6411: 6231:(1995, first publication 1975). 5760:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). 5529: 5445: 5399: 5390: 5253: 5244: 5217: 5199: 5172: 5109: 5088: 5079: 5070: 4960: 4924: 4716: 4686: 4677: 3555: 3543: 3539:Architecture of the Song dynasty 3100: 3052: 2898:state is the predecessor of the 2143:while having two sharp edges of 1991:(202 BC–220 AD) ladle-and-basin 1876:, if not his Greek contemporary 1423:Raised-relief map § History 1307:Four Arts of the Chinese Scholar 1130:Sino-Vietnamese War of 1075–1077 52: 7787:11th-century Chinese scientists 7762:11th-century Chinese historians 5891:The Journal of Economic History 5553: 4966:Xu Yinong Moveable Type Books ( 4572: 4563: 4477: 4351: 4324: 4181: 4172: 4104: 4038: 3915: 3531: 3512: 3500: 3355:the later traditional histories 3345:Praise, critique, and criticism 2848:had achieved since the Chinese 2110:aristocratic class of antiquity 2060:Song dynasty § Archaeology 1852:Shen Kuo experimented with the 1716:, from a book by mathematician 1454: 1252:the Chinese gentry and literati 716:hypothesis for land formation ( 533: 519: 492: 478: 464: 443: 16:Chinese scientist and statesman 7817:Astronomical instrument makers 7772:11th-century Chinese musicians 6907:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding 5490:Zhenjiang.gov (October 2006). 5337:Needham (1986), Volume 1, 137. 5241:Li (1965), 37–38, Footnote 98. 5196:Needham (1986), Volume 4, 115. 5142:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 482. 4790:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 227. 4772:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 411. 4763:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 278. 4683:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 468. 4674:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 604. 4660:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 614. 4624:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 618. 4551:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 573. 4542:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 574. 4348:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 139. 4241:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 109. 4232:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 145. 4145:Needham (1986), Volume 4, 141. 4044:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 580. 3803:Needham (1986), Volume 1, 135. 3488: 3476: 3260:Register of What Not to Forget 3024:, Shen offered accounts of an 2385: 2363:De veteribus et novis metallis 2317:and the Yandang Mountain near 2064:History of Chinese archaeology 2053: 1690: 1262:), a figure of speech for the 683:for another four hundred years 419: 405: 391: 361: 1: 7342:Southern Song dynasty coinage 6027:Menzies, Nicholas K. (1994). 5694:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. 4223:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 39. 3464: 2856:, the vast amount of written 2352:The Song dynasty philosopher 2266:(973–1048) hypothesized that 2210:(384 BC–322 BC) wrote in his 1829:mechanism to a water-powered 907:exam-drafted state bureaucrat 879:, with her maiden name being 130:, fixing the position of the 8097:Song dynasty science writers 8012:Medieval Chinese geographers 8007:Mathematicians from Zhejiang 7917:Chinese mechanical engineers 7877:Chinese electrical engineers 6455:Shen Kuo at Chinaculture.org 6334:. New York: Feminist Press. 6267:The Journal of Asian Studies 6151:The Journal of Asian Studies 5787:. New York: Berghahn Books. 5727:, 1975, Volume 275: 692–707. 5690:Crespigny, Rafe de. (2007). 4214:Sung (1981), 12, 19, 20, 72. 3572: 3402:Burial and posthumous honors 2825:(1644–1912), the scholar of 2702:(990–1051) invented ceramic 1461:Traditional Chinese medicine 1225:The new Chancellor Cai Que ( 1124:), Shen demonstrated in his 851:traditional Chinese medicine 88:1095 (aged 63–64) 7: 6754:Department of State Affairs 6156:Ruitenbeek, Klaas. (1996). 6099:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. 6092:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. 6085:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. 6071:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. 6064:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. 5878:(CLEAR) (July 1985): 67–93. 5783:Elisseeff, Vadime. (2000). 5725:American Journal of Science 5577:Artibus Asiae. Supplementum 3551:Economy of the Song dynasty 3526:History of the Song dynasty 3508:Society of the Song dynasty 3447:Purple Mountain Observatory 2613:Shen is also known for his 1805:, estimating requirements, 1728:An 18th-century diagram of 818:unidentified flying objects 60:Beijing Ancient Observatory 10: 8128: 8042:Philosophers from Zhejiang 7947:Chinese optical physicists 7782:11th-century Chinese poets 7752:11th-century cartographers 6716:Bureau of Military Affairs 6308:(Volume 46, 1993): 83–113. 6306:The Galpin Society Journal 6182:10.1142/9789814503204_0018 6120:Rafferty, John P. (2012). 6106:. Taipei, Caves Books Ltd. 6078:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. 5928:(Volume 40, 1988): 96–112. 5707:Ancient Chinese Inventions 4578:Schottenhammer (2012), 72. 4303:Sivin (1995), III, 12, 14. 3561:From his biography in the 3295:followed the Han chariot, 3125: 3026:unidentified flying object 2981:describing an event where 2937: 2888:advancements in metallurgy 2665: 2466: 2178: 2057: 1999:, used by ancient Chinese 1948:List of Chinese inventions 1945: 1770:, and length of the chord 1694: 1630: 1458: 1420: 1334: 1201:Impeachment and later life 945:some one hundred thousand 743:, after observing ancient 18: 8087:Song dynasty philosophers 8057:Politicians from Hangzhou 7742:11th-century antiquarians 7367: 7299: 7120: 6934: 6826: 6779: 6744: 6674: 6663: 6588:Alliance Conducted at Sea 6578:Song–Viet war (1075–1077) 6503: 6349:(February 1943): 203–260. 5903:10.1017/S0022050700061842 5885:(Volume 12, 1990): 15–44. 5859:Gernet, Jacques. (1996). 5539:. IAU Minor Planet Center 5277:Sivin (1995), III, 44–45. 5205:Stanley-Baker (1977), 23. 5187:Dong (2000), 70–71. 5124:Sivin (1995), III, 34–35. 4968: 4884:Sivin (1995), III, 18–19. 4692:Sivin (1995), III, p. 25. 4492:Ebrey et al. (2006), 163. 4321:Ebrey et al. (2006), 162. 4178:Ruitenbeek (1996), 26–27. 4065:Sivin (1995), III, 30–31. 3930:Ebrey et al. (2006), 164. 3707:Sivin (1995), III, 23–24. 3327: 3242: 3232: 3218: 3200: 3182: 2948:Ideas of the philosopher 2902:. Shen was worried about 2852:in the 9th century. With 2747: 2649:Along with his colleague 2481:published in 1092 AD for 2463:Astronomy and instruments 2191:, where Shen Kuo had his 2003:, but not for navigation. 1968: 1847: 1681:cases, as written in his 1227: 1078: 1047:Crow Terrace Poetry Trial 1002: 937:hydraulic drainage of an 897: 891: 885: 867: 645: 558: 544: 526: 509: 502: 485: 471: 457: 450: 436: 429: 412: 398: 384: 377: 372: 368: 354: 338: 334: 329: 321: 311: 153: 146: 99: 84: 66: 51: 43: 38: 8062:Scientists from Hangzhou 8047:Physicists from Zhejiang 7987:Historians from Zhejiang 7972:Economists from Zhejiang 7932:Chinese military writers 7897:Chinese geomorphologists 7847:Chinese antiques experts 7822:Biologists from Zhejiang 7797:11th-century geographers 7747:11th-century agronomists 6919:Four Great Books of Song 6242:Sivin, Nathan. (1984). " 6102:Needham, Joseph (1986). 6095:Needham, Joseph (1986). 6088:Needham, Joseph (1986). 6081:Needham, Joseph (1986). 6074:Needham, Joseph (1986). 6067:Needham, Joseph (1986). 6024:(Volume 23, 2001): 1–29. 5976:Katz, Victor J. (2007). 5629:Bowman, John S. (2000). 4858:Sivin (1995), II, 71–72. 4560:Desmond (1975), 692–707. 4187:Bielenstein (1986), 239. 4110:Cherniack (1994), 95–96. 3469: 2906:due to the needs of the 2717:When Bi Sheng died, his 2594:The original diagram of 2535:of his celestial atlas. 2270:was once covered by the 2157:Han dynasty era clothing 2099:. While Shen's educated 1833:. By using mathematical 1055:Emperor Shenzong of Song 986:Emperor Shenzong of Song 787:an amateur archaeologist 692:Alongside his colleague 8032:Musicians from Hangzhou 7977:Engineers from Zhejiang 7962:Chinese soil scientists 7952:Chinese pharmacologists 7867:Chinese civil engineers 6770:Secretariat-Chancellery 6367:Zhang, Yunming (1986). 6356:. New York: Routledge. 6352:Yao, Xinzhong. (2003). 5991:Kim, Yung Sik. (2000). 3957:Sivin (1995), III, 4–5. 3791:Steinhardt (1997), 316. 3524:section of the article 3206:Good medicinal formulas 3139:Dream Brook Brush Talks 2952:deeply influenced Shen. 2692:Emperor Renzong of Song 1942:Magnetic needle compass 1860:as the ancient Chinese 1586:of the writings of the 1209:Painting of a Buddhist 831: 8077:Song dynasty essayists 8072:Song dynasty diplomats 8067:Song dynasty Buddhists 7982:Generals from Zhejiang 7927:Chinese meteorologists 7882:Chinese encyclopedists 7872:Chinese climatologists 7852:Chinese archaeologists 7827:Chemists from Zhejiang 7802:11th-century inventors 7792:11th-century diplomats 7401:Early Bessemer process 7369:Science and technology 6568:Nong Zhigao rebellions 6407: 6387:Listen to this article 6160:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 6134:Restivo, Sal. (1992). 5931:Huff, Toby E. (2003). 5675:Chung, Anita. (2004). 5586:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 5355:Sivin (1995), III, 48. 5328:Sivin (1995), III, 47. 5316:Sivin (1995), III, 46. 5304:Sivin (1995), III, 45. 5286:Sivin (1995), III, 44. 5133:Sivin (1995), III, 35. 4948:Sivin (1995), III, 27. 4872:Henderson (1986), 128. 4849:Sivin (1995), III, 19. 4840:Sivin (1995), III, 16. 4754:Sivin (1995), III, 17. 4704:Sivin (1995), III, 24. 4610:Sivin (1995), III, 23. 4587:Salam (1984), 179–213. 4462:Elisseeff (2000), 296. 4420:Sivin (1995), III, 21. 4383:Sivin (1995), III, 34. 4339:Sivin (1995), III, 15. 4312:Sivin (1995), III, 14. 4196:Sivin (1995), III, 31. 4157:Ruitenbeek (1996), 26. 4101:Sivin (1995), III, 30. 4053:Sivin (1995), III, 29. 4026:Crespigny (2007), 659. 4005:Sivin (1995), III, 11. 3996:Sivin (1995), III, 10. 3698:Sivin (1995), III, 18. 3671:Sivin (1995), III, 22. 3375: 3341: 3314: 3169: 3066: 2996: 2953: 2934:Beliefs and philosophy 2886:Shen also wrote about 2798:China (and earlier in 2743:Notes of The Jade Hall 2738: 2723: 2687: 2610: 2490: 2435:atmospheric refraction 2399: 2290: 2200: 2084: 2068:History of archaeology 2004: 1958:south-pointing chariot 1784:spherical trigonometry 1735:In the broad field of 1732: 1721: 1537: 1523: 1418: 1331:Scholarly achievements 1222: 1152: 1069: 989: 858: 579:(now usually given as 238:Mechanical engineering 112:Atmospheric refraction 8112:Writers from Hangzhou 8082:Song dynasty generals 7992:History of navigation 7922:Chinese metallurgists 7902:Chinese geophysicists 7892:Chinese ethnographers 7887:Chinese entomologists 7862:Chinese cartographers 6789:Ministry of Personnel 6694:Imperial examinations 6406: 5705:Deng, Yinke. (2005). 4905:Sivin (1995), II, 72. 4896:Sivin (1995), II, 73. 4285:Katz (2007), 308–309. 3966:Sivin (1995), III, 8. 3921:Anderson (2008), 202. 3912:Sivin (1995), III, 7. 3888:Sivin (1995), III, 3. 3839:Sivin (1995), III, 9. 3773:Sivin (1995), III, 6. 3753:Sivin (1995), III, 5. 3737:Sivin (1995), III, 1. 3613:John Makeham (2008). 3371: 3335: 3289: 3155: 3060: 3004:Chinese classic texts 2991: 2947: 2938:Further information: 2728: 2715: 2675: 2662:Movable type printing 2593: 2476: 2467:Further information: 2393: 2360:in his book of 1546, 2280: 2186: 2171:Jewish mathematician 2075: 2058:Further information: 2032:astronomical meridian 1986: 1946:Further information: 1870:Warring States period 1727: 1704: 1695:Further information: 1529: 1517: 1459:Further information: 1421:Further information: 1412: 1335:Further information: 1208: 1141:Northern Song dynasty 1138: 1064:Portrait painting of 1063: 994:imperial examinations 983: 903:imperial examinations 844: 712:. Shen Kuo devised a 704:, sighting tube, and 587:(夢溪翁), was a Chinese 306:Public Administration 234:Hydraulic engineering 8102:Song dynasty Taoists 8022:Military strategists 7907:Chinese hydrologists 7842:Chinese antiquarians 7807:11th-century Taoists 6925:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu 6699:Administrative units 6573:Song–Tibet relations 6548:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war 6460:Shen Kuo at MacTutor 6438:More spoken articles 6176:. pp. 179–213. 6042:Mohn, Peter (2003). 5995:. DIANE Publishing. 5958:Jin, Zumeng. (1996) 5730:Dong, Paul. (2000). 5232:Barnhart (1970), 24. 5214:Barnhart (1970), 25. 5067:Hartwell (1966), 54. 4819:Jin (1996), 431–432. 4528:Rudolph (1963), 176. 3565:(New York 1970–1990) 2864:, first invented by 2604:mechanically rotated 2281:Bamboo and rocks by 2264:Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī 2235:(222–285) a Chinese 2126:scaled sight devices 2044:Pingzhou Table Talks 1926:(d. 863) during the 1301:, conversation, and 1120:(in modern northern 968:gates of irrigation 667:magnetic declination 641:Dream Torrent Essays 58:Bust of Shen at the 8052:Poets from Zhejiang 7997:Hydraulic engineers 7942:Chinese naturalists 7857:Chinese art critics 7832:Chinese agronomists 7475:Forensic entomology 7436:Watertight bulkhead 7315:Joint-stock company 6809:Ministry of Justice 6794:Ministry of Revenue 6704:Sixteen Prefectures 6200:History of Wireless 5417:Gernet (1996), 338. 5373:Hargett (1985), 71. 5364:Hargett (1985), 67. 5259:Parker (1999), 175. 5178:Dong (2000), 69–70. 5076:Menzies (1994), 24. 4957:Wu (1943), 211–212. 4930:Gernet (1996), 335. 4828:Dong (2000), 71–72. 4569:Rafferty (2012), 9. 4267:Restivo (1992), 32. 3879:Hartman (1990), 22. 3719:Bowman (2000), 105. 3680:Embree (1997), 843. 3639:Bowman (2000), 599. 3156:Poet and statesman 3148:Other written works 3116:, written in 1956. 1759:given the diameter 1697:Chinese mathematics 1557:to replace the old 1486:. In the realms of 1279:Buddhist meditation 1219:Buddhist meditation 1009:In his career as a 706:invented a new type 617:academic chancellor 613:Bureau of Astronomy 210:Optical engineering 8092:Song dynasty poets 7967:Chinese zoologists 7937:Chinese geologists 7837:Chinese anatomists 7411:Astronomical clock 6618:Treaty of Shaoxing 6408: 5799:Embree, Ainslie T. 5522:2007-09-29 at the 5497:2007-07-07 at the 5472:2014-05-02 at the 5396:Stock (1993), 108. 5151:Ebrey (1999), 148. 5106:Sivin (1990), 170. 4713:Sivin (1984), 534. 3948:Zhang (1986), 489. 3342: 3214:Mengqi Wanghuai Lu 3178:Xining Fengyuan Li 3170: 3067: 2954: 2940:Chinese philosophy 2866:Johannes Gutenberg 2846:woodblock printing 2739: 2688: 2684:woodblock printing 2611: 2566:in shape ('like a 2491: 2424:Western hemisphere 2416:Chinese literature 2400: 2380:Roderick Murchison 2291: 2201: 2106:empirical evidence 2085: 2014:would be used for 2005: 1733: 1722: 1677:in order to solve 1538: 1524: 1419: 1349:with mathematical 1223: 1153: 1139:Boundaries of the 1070: 990: 984:Shen's confidant, 859: 687:Chinese geomancers 621:New Policies Group 349:Chinese characters 8107:Technical writers 8037:Optical engineers 7912:Chinese inventors 7575: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7490:Dream Pool Essays 7382:Gunpowder weapons 7295: 7294: 6822: 6821: 6814:Ministry of Works 6799:Ministry of Rites 6746:Three Departments 6583:Fang La rebellion 6563:Wang Ze rebellion 6450:Project Gutenberg 6446:Works by Kuo Shen 6404: 6299:Liao Architecture 6286:978-0-520-06440-9 6191:978-9971-5-0315-4 5625:978-0-8248-1334-5 5570:978-1-4039-6084-9 5451:Sivin (1988), 59. 5442:Huff (2003), 303. 5387:Stock (1993), 94. 5295:Bodde (1991), 86. 4294:Katz (2007), 309. 4255:Katz (2007), 308. 4169:Chung (2004), 19. 3626:978-0-500-25142-3 3494:Pronunciation in 3482:Pronunciation in 3453:discovered a new 3439:Dream Pool Essays 3379:scientific theory 3367:Dream Pool Essays 3174:Dream Pool Essays 3134:Dream Pool Essays 3128:Dream Pool Essays 3121:Dream Pool Essays 3091:Dream Pool Essays 3022:Dream Pool Essays 2753:Dream Pool Essays 2619:planetary motions 2469:Chinese astronomy 2358:Georgius Agricola 2315:Taihang Mountains 2189:Taihang Mountains 2114:interdisciplinary 2048:Dream Pool Essays 1936:Leonardo da Vinci 1819:military strategy 1710:Pascal's triangle 1625:Timberwork Manual 1607:Timberwork Manual 1583:Dream Pool Essays 1549:century engineer 1518:A side view of a 1510:Civil engineering 1441:raised-relief map 1405:Raised-relief map 1399:Mikhail Lomonosov 1395:Gottfried Leibniz 1355:defensive tactics 1324:Dream Pool Essays 1256:Dream Pool Essays 1126:Dream Pool Essays 1110:Emperor Daozong's 949:(400 km) of 806:Dream Pool Essays 783:raised-relief map 636:Dream Pool Essays 548: 547: 540: 539: 459:Yale Romanization 379:Standard Mandarin 325: 324: 278:Military strategy 148:Scientific career 128:Raised-relief map 8119: 7812:Agriculturalists 7712: 7711: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7688: 7687: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7652: 7651: 7640: 7639: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7616: 7615: 7604: 7603: 7602: 7592: 7591: 7590: 7583: 7521: 7518: 7497: 7496: 7245: 7244: 1174–1189 7242: 7184: 7183: 1050–1080 7181: 7076: 7075: 1111–1117 7073: 6932: 6931: 6882:Longquan celadon 6850:Five Great Kilns 6742: 6741: 6669: 6489: 6482: 6475: 6466: 6465: 6428: 6426: 6415: 6414: 6405: 6395: 6393: 6388: 6261:Sivin, Nathan. " 6204:Arthur A. Oliner 6195: 5914: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5533: 5527: 5513: 5502: 5488: 5477: 5463: 5452: 5449: 5443: 5440: 5427: 5426:Yao (2003), 545. 5424: 5418: 5415: 5409: 5408:(1986), 226–227. 5403: 5397: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5374: 5371: 5365: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5338: 5335: 5329: 5326: 5317: 5314: 5305: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5287: 5284: 5278: 5275: 5269: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5242: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5224: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5206: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5170: 5162:Guang Ming Daily 5158: 5152: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5134: 5131: 5125: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5107: 5104: 5095: 5094:Deng (2005), 36. 5092: 5086: 5083: 5077: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5032: 5029: 5023: 5020: 5014: 5011: 5005: 5002: 4996: 4993: 4980: 4971: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4949: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4931: 4928: 4922: 4919: 4906: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4885: 4882: 4873: 4870: 4859: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4841: 4838: 4829: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4811: 4808: 4791: 4788: 4782: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4764: 4761: 4755: 4752: 4739: 4738:Dong (2000), 72. 4736: 4723: 4722:Kim (2000), 171. 4720: 4714: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4693: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4661: 4658: 4641: 4638: 4625: 4622: 4611: 4608: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4561: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4529: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4493: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4463: 4460: 4451: 4450:Hsu (1988), 102. 4448: 4439: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4407: 4404: 4398: 4395: 4384: 4381: 4370: 4367: 4358: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4331: 4328: 4322: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4286: 4283: 4277: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4256: 4253: 4242: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4158: 4155: 4146: 4143: 4137: 4134: 4125: 4122: 4111: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4075: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4054: 4051: 4045: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4018: 4015: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3987:Lian (2001), 24. 3985: 3979: 3978:Lian (2001), 20. 3976: 3967: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3922: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3851: 3840: 3837: 3804: 3801: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3754: 3751: 3738: 3735: 3720: 3717: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3652: 3649: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3610: 3604: 3601: 3592: 3591:Yao (2003), 544. 3589: 3566: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3516: 3510: 3506:See the article 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3398:civil servant." 3310: 3266:to what type of 3264:traveler's guide 3245: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3221: 3220: 3203: 3202: 3185: 3184: 2900:Bessemer process 2750: 2749: 2607:armillary sphere 2531:) in the fourth 2500:armillary sphere 2477:One of the five 2347:paleoclimatology 2030:a more accurate 1971: 1970: 1393:, as well as to 1345:, a treatise on 1270:(known today as 1230: 1229: 1191:in these battles 1081: 1080: 1027:Chinese calendar 1011:scholar-official 1005: 1004: 900: 899: 894: 893: 888: 887: 870: 869: 698:armillary sphere 659:Alexander Neckam 648: 647: 609:finance minister 561:; 1031–1095) or 560: 536: 535: 522: 521: 498: 497: 496: 481: 480: 467: 466: 446: 445: 425: 424: 423: 408: 407: 394: 393: 370: 369: 364: 363: 343: 327: 326: 56: 46: 45: 36: 35: 8127: 8126: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8117: 8116: 7722: 7721: 7718: 7706: 7696: 7694: 7682: 7672: 7670: 7660: 7658: 7646: 7634: 7624: 7622: 7610: 7600: 7598: 7588: 7586: 7578: 7576: 7567: 7519: 7495: 7451:Horner's method 7363: 7291: 7243: 7195:Emperor Huizong 7182: 7116: 7074: 6930: 6818: 6804:Ministry of War 6775: 6740: 6670: 6661: 6640:Mongol conquest 6558:Chanyuan Treaty 6518:Chenqiao mutiny 6499: 6493: 6442: 6441: 6430: 6424: 6422: 6419:This audio file 6416: 6409: 6400: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6378: 6272:Sivin, Nathan. 6192: 6058:Needham, Joseph 5721:Desmond, Adrian 5556: 5551: 5542: 5540: 5537:"2027 Shen Guo" 5535: 5534: 5530: 5524:Wayback Machine 5514: 5505: 5499:Wayback Machine 5489: 5480: 5474:Wayback Machine 5467:Shen Kuo's Tomb 5464: 5455: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5320: 5315: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5250:Li (1974), 149. 5249: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5017: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4983: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4888: 4883: 4876: 4871: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4742: 4737: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4664: 4659: 4644: 4639: 4628: 4623: 4614: 4609: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4559: 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3650: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3595: 3590: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3569: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3404: 3347: 3330: 3311: 3308: 3150: 3130: 3124: 3103: 3055: 2942: 2936: 2922:pharmacologist 2892:decarburization 2874: 2854:written Chinese 2670: 2664: 2609:crowns the top. 2471: 2465: 2388: 2181: 2173:Levi ben Gerson 2149:an ancient bell 2070: 2056: 1995:south-pointing 1978:thermoremanence 1950: 1944: 1850: 1831:celestial globe 1699: 1693: 1633: 1512: 1463: 1457: 1433: 1407: 1339: 1333: 1299:chanting poetry 1203: 978: 976:Official career 943:which converted 839: 837:Birth and youth 834: 799:Levi ben Gerson 789:proved to be a 727:, knowledge of 350: 186:Medical science 95: 89: 80: 71: 62: 47: 41: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8125: 8115: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8017:Metaphysicians 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 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6288: 6270: 6259: 6240: 6226: 6215: 6196: 6190: 6169: 6154: 6147: 6132: 6118: 6107: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6055: 6040: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5989: 5974: 5956: 5944: 5929: 5922: 5915: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5857: 5833: 5818: 5796: 5781: 5758: 5743: 5728: 5718: 5703: 5688: 5673: 5666: 5647: 5637:Bréard, Andrea 5634: 5627: 5610: 5595: 5580: 5573: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5528: 5503: 5478: 5453: 5444: 5428: 5419: 5410: 5398: 5389: 5375: 5366: 5357: 5339: 5330: 5318: 5306: 5297: 5288: 5279: 5270: 5261: 5252: 5243: 5234: 5225: 5223:Li (1965), 61. 5216: 5207: 5198: 5189: 5180: 5171: 5153: 5144: 5135: 5126: 5117: 5108: 5096: 5087: 5078: 5069: 5060: 5051: 5042: 5033: 5024: 5015: 5006: 4997: 4981: 4959: 4950: 4941: 4932: 4923: 4907: 4898: 4886: 4874: 4860: 4851: 4842: 4830: 4821: 4812: 4792: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4756: 4740: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4694: 4685: 4676: 4662: 4642: 4640:nn (2002), 15. 4626: 4612: 4598: 4589: 4580: 4571: 4562: 4553: 4544: 4530: 4521: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4464: 4452: 4440: 4431: 4422: 4408: 4399: 4385: 4371: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4278: 4276:Bréard (2008). 4269: 4257: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4189: 4180: 4171: 4159: 4147: 4138: 4126: 4112: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4055: 4046: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4007: 3998: 3989: 3980: 3968: 3959: 3950: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3890: 3881: 3869: 3857: 3841: 3805: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3755: 3739: 3721: 3709: 3700: 3682: 3673: 3653: 3641: 3632: 3625: 3605: 3593: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3554: 3542: 3537:For more, see 3530: 3511: 3499: 3487: 3484:Mainland China 3474: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3403: 3400: 3385:by the lawyer 3363:Jacques Gernet 3346: 3343: 3340:, 18th century 3329: 3326: 3313: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3149: 3146: 3126:Main article: 3123: 3118: 3102: 3099: 3061:A painting by 3054: 3051: 2935: 2932: 2873: 2870: 2862:printing press 2666:Main article: 2663: 2660: 2623:retrogradation 2464: 2461: 2452:Book of Optics 2447:Ibn al-Haytham 2387: 2384: 2372:Joseph Needham 2253:mulberry trees 2249:East China Sea 2180: 2177: 2093:archaeological 2055: 2052: 1974:Wujing Zongyao 1943: 1940: 1932:Chinese pagoda 1914:concave mirror 1889:Ibn al-Haytham 1874:camera obscura 1858:burning mirror 1854:pinhole camera 1849: 1846: 1745:circle packing 1730:camera obscura 1692: 1689: 1632: 1629: 1511: 1508: 1456: 1453: 1406: 1403: 1383:Joseph Needham 1359:fortifications 1332: 1329: 1264:Chinese zither 1202: 1199: 1023:Hanlin Academy 977: 974: 838: 835: 833: 830: 768:concave mirror 760:camera obscura 741:climate change 546: 545: 542: 541: 538: 537: 530: 524: 523: 516: 507: 506: 500: 499: 489: 483: 482: 475: 469: 468: 461: 455: 454: 452:Yue: Cantonese 448: 447: 440: 434: 433: 427: 426: 416: 410: 409: 402: 396: 395: 388: 382: 381: 375: 374: 373:Transcriptions 366: 365: 358: 352: 351: 345:"Shen Kuo" in 344: 336: 335: 332: 331: 323: 322: 319: 318: 316:Hanlin Academy 313: 309: 308: 174:Antiquarianism 155: 151: 150: 144: 143: 124:Camera obscura 120:Retrogradation 108:Climate change 101: 100:Known for 97: 96: 90: 86: 82: 81: 72: 68: 64: 63: 57: 49: 48: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8124: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8027:Mineralogists 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7703: 7693: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7679: 7669: 7667: 7657: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7631: 7621: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7607: 7597: 7595: 7585: 7584: 7581: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7527: 7524: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7478: 7477: 7476: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7467:Yingzao Fashi 7464: 7462: 7461:Liaodi Pagoda 7459: 7458: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7446:Tianchi basin 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7390: 7389: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7360: 7359: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7298: 7287: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7272: 7269: 7268:Zhao Mengjian 7266: 7263: 7260: 7257: 7256:Wuzhun Shifan 7254: 7251: 7248: 7238: 7235: 7232: 7229: 7226: 7223: 7220: 7217: 7214: 7211: 7208: 7205: 7202: 7199: 7196: 7193: 7190: 7187: 7177: 7174: 7171: 7168: 7165: 7162: 7159: 7156: 7153: 7150: 7147: 7144: 7141: 7138: 7135: 7132: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7109: 7106: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7094: 7091: 7088: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7069: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7057: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7033: 7030: 7027: 7024: 7021: 7018: 7015: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6997: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6976: 6973: 6970: 6967: 6964: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6771: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6737: 6736:Three Bureaus 6734: 6732: 6731:Baojia system 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6668: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6603:Huangtiandang 6601: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6593:Jin–Song Wars 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6553:Song–Xia wars 6551: 6549: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6536:Southern Tang 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6490: 6485: 6483: 6478: 6476: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6420: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6363: 6362:0-7007-1199-6 6359: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6340:1-55861-465-6 6337: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6322: 6321:0-89264-800-7 6318: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6292:Artibus Asiae 6289: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6256:0-521-52485-7 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6229:Sivin, Nathan 6227: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6212:0-471-78301-3 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6167: 6166:90-04-10529-8 6163: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6144:1-4020-0039-1 6141: 6137: 6133: 6131: 6130:9781615305445 6127: 6123: 6119: 6116: 6115:0-7914-3909-7 6112: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6052:3-540-43183-7 6049: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6037:0-312-10254-2 6034: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6015:Artibus Asiae 6012: 6009: 6008:Artibus Asiae 6005: 6002: 6001:0-87169-235-X 5998: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5986:0-691-11485-4 5983: 5979: 5975: 5973: 5972:0-7923-3463-9 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5941:0-521-52994-8 5938: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5873: 5870: 5869:0-521-49781-7 5866: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5854:0-87023-495-1 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5830:0-674-01828-1 5827: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5815:1-56324-265-6 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5793:1-57181-222-9 5790: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5778:0-521-66991-X 5775: 5771: 5770:0-521-43519-6 5767: 5763: 5759: 5756: 5755:0-618-13384-4 5752: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5740:0-8351-2676-5 5737: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5715:7-5085-0837-8 5712: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5700:90-04-15605-4 5697: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5685:0-8248-2663-9 5682: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5665: 5664:9971-69-259-7 5661: 5657: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5607:0-521-24327-0 5604: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5592:90-04-09212-9 5589: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5538: 5532: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5517:Mengxi Garden 5512: 5510: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5448: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5423: 5414: 5407: 5402: 5393: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5370: 5361: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5334: 5325: 5323: 5313: 5311: 5301: 5292: 5283: 5274: 5265: 5256: 5247: 5238: 5229: 5220: 5211: 5202: 5193: 5184: 5175: 5168: 5163: 5157: 5148: 5139: 5130: 5121: 5112: 5103: 5101: 5091: 5082: 5073: 5064: 5055: 5046: 5037: 5028: 5019: 5010: 5001: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4979: 4978:7-80643-795-9 4975: 4963: 4954: 4945: 4936: 4927: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4902: 4893: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4855: 4846: 4837: 4835: 4825: 4816: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4787: 4778: 4769: 4760: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4719: 4710: 4701: 4699: 4689: 4680: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4593: 4584: 4575: 4566: 4557: 4548: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4525: 4518: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4469: 4459: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4435: 4426: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4403: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4354: 4345: 4336: 4327: 4318: 4309: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4273: 4264: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4238: 4229: 4220: 4211: 4202: 4193: 4184: 4175: 4166: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4142: 4133: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4080: 4071: 4062: 4060: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4023: 4014: 4012: 4002: 3993: 3984: 3975: 3973: 3963: 3954: 3945: 3936: 3927: 3918: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3885: 3876: 3874: 3866: 3861: 3855: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3788: 3779: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3704: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3677: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3636: 3628: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3609: 3600: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3577: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3518:Refer to the 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3475: 3462: 3460: 3459:2027 Shen Guo 3456: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3339: 3334: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3239: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3197: 3194:known as the 3193: 3189: 3179: 3175: 3172:Although the 3167: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3135: 3129: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3110: 3108: 3101:Written works 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3059: 3053:Art criticism 3050: 3048: 3043: 3040:. A man near 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2965: 2959: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2908:iron industry 2905: 2904:deforestation 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2719:fount of type 2714: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2679:Diamond Sutra 2674: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2544:lunar eclipse 2541: 2540:solar eclipse 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2512:sighting tube 2509: 2508:interpolation 2505: 2501: 2497: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2392: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2295:geomorphology 2288: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2198: 2197:geomorphology 2194: 2190: 2185: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2165:Jacob's staff 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2081:Shang dynasty 2078: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924:Duan Chengshi 1921: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1908:. Along with 1907: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1792:counting rods 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1731: 1726: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1688: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1621:Yingzao Fashi 1618: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1535: 1534: 1533:Yingzao Fashi 1528: 1521: 1516: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1462: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1416: 1411: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1338: 1328: 1326: 1325: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1303:drinking wine 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1075: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 999: 995: 987: 982: 973: 971: 967: 963: 962:fertilization 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 930: 927: 923: 919: 915: 910: 908: 904: 882: 878: 874: 864: 856: 852: 848: 843: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 802: 800: 796: 792: 791:Jacob's staff 788: 784: 780: 776: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 723: 719: 718:geomorphology 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 690: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 642: 638: 637: 631: 630:(1021–1085). 629: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 575: 571: 568: 567:courtesy name 564: 556: 552: 543: 531: 529: 525: 517: 515: 512: 508: 505: 501: 495: 490: 488: 484: 476: 474: 470: 462: 460: 456: 453: 449: 441: 439: 435: 432: 428: 422: 417: 415: 411: 403: 401: 397: 389: 387: 383: 380: 376: 371: 367: 359: 357: 353: 348: 342: 337: 333: 328: 320: 317: 314: 310: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 290:Art criticism 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 218:Encyclopedism 215: 211: 207: 206:Sedimentology 203: 202:Geomorphology 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 156: 152: 149: 145: 141: 137: 134:, correcting 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 104:Geomorphology 102: 98: 94:, Song Empire 93: 87: 83: 79: 75: 69: 65: 61: 55: 50: 37: 32: 31: 26: 22: 8002:Magneticians 7719: 7562:Guo Shoujing 7537: 7488: 7479: 7465: 7456:Architecture 7441:Fishing reel 7416:Movable type 7386: 7356: 7250:Zhou Jichang 7201:Zhang Zeduan 7050:Zhou Bangyan 6942:Fan Zhongyan 6923: 6911: 6897:Yaozhou ware 6892:Qingbai ware 6726:New Policies 6531:Southern Han 6522:Unification 6496:Song dynasty 6373:Nathan Sivin 6368: 6353: 6346: 6331: 6325: 6312: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6277: 6273: 6266: 6247: 6236: 6232: 6218: 6199: 6173: 6157: 6150: 6135: 6121: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6043: 6028: 6021: 6014: 6007: 5992: 5977: 5963: 5959: 5952: 5946: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5894: 5890: 5882: 5875: 5860: 5841: 5835: 5821: 5806: 5784: 5780:(paperback). 5772:(hardback); 5761: 5746: 5731: 5724: 5706: 5691: 5676: 5669: 5655: 5649: 5640: 5630: 5616: 5598: 5583: 5576: 5561: 5554:Bibliography 5541:. 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2878:predator 2858:morpheme 2835:Jingxian 2772:Nong Shu 2707:printing 2700:Bi Sheng 2654:earlier 2631:epicycle 2568:crossbow 2552:Shi Shen 2533:star map 2457:twilight 2431:rainbows 2396:rainbows 2376:Scottish 2332:Jincheng 2262:scholar 2229:flooding 2193:epiphany 2009:magnetic 1809:issues, 1807:currency 1803:land tax 1796:Yang Hui 1741:geometry 1712:) using 1706:Yang Hui 1679:homicide 1667:forensic 1639:usurper 1573:/115000 1546:palatial 1536:of 1103. 1504:orpiment 1500:minerals 1381:such as 1371:medicine 1363:painting 1287:painting 1161:militias 1118:Đại Việt 1102:Pingquan 1051:Viscount 998:Yangzhou 955:farmland 941:system, 863:Hangzhou 779:Bi Sheng 775:printing 675:meridian 605:horology 589:polymath 570:Cunzhong 563:Shen Gua 551:Shen Kuo 534:Sím Kuat 520:Sím Koat 473:Jyutping 444:Sèn Kwæh 392:Shěn Kuò 330:Shen Kuo 302:Politics 158:Agronomy 74:Qiantang 40:Shen Kuo 19:In this 7714:Science 7580:Portals 7544:Song Ci 7532:Su Song 7421:Compass 7301:Economy 7262:Li Song 7176:Cui Bai 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