1666:"; and out of pure matter the celestial bodies, and out of impure matter the four elements, were evolved. But while the first formed into an inseparable combination and the mixture of the latter is one which constantly changes, a third form exists which mixes with matter for a certain time, to live again in a disembodied state after its separation, and this is the human soul. According to its wisdom—which makes it seek the upper world, the pure lasting form—or its folly—which makes it follow the impure matter of the perishable world below—the soul of man partakes of the nature of either the one or the other but, his destination being to live forever like the angels, man has been appointed by God to be the ruler of all beings on earth; and in the same measure in which he fulfills or deviates from his destination, does he rise or fall in dignity above or below his fellow creatures.
877:
1764:, when the evil spirit shall have vanished altogether, when the sensual man shall have become a spiritual one, and the passions that created hatred and strife shall have given way to love of man and to faithful obedience to the will of God, no other laws than those given to the God-devoted one in the Decalogue—the law written upon the heart of man—will be necessary. Men, imbued solely with love for their fellows, free from sin, will rise to the standard of the God-devoted man, and, like him, share in the eternal bliss of God.
1633:. In it, he exhorts the reader to lead a life of purity and devotion. At the same time he does not hesitate to borrow ideas from non-Jewish philosophers, and he pays homage to the ancient Greek philosophers who, without knowledge of the Torah, arrived at certain fundamental truths regarding the beginning of things, though in an imperfect way, because both the end and the divine source of wisdom remained hidden to them. In his opinion the non-Jew may attain to as high a degree of godliness as the Jew.
2848:
2013:
852:, bar Ḥiyya modestly states that, because none of the scientific works such as those which exist in Arabic were accessible to his brethren in France, he felt called upon to compose books which, though containing no research of his own, would help to popularize knowledge among Hebrew readers. His Hebrew terminology, therefore, occasionally lacks the clearness and precision of later writers and translators.
2221:
1662:
two different elements. There is pure and there is impure matter. So also there is form too sublime to mingle with matter, such as that of the angelic or the upper world; and form which, being receptive and hollow, is susceptible to mixture with matter. The upper world, while gazing upon the lower and radiating its higher light, causes the mixture of matter with receptive form, the "
2076:
1674:
that the soul in this world of flesh is imprisoned, while the animal soul craves for worldly pleasures, and experiences pain in foregoing them. Still, only the sensual man requires corrections of the flesh to liberate the soul from its bondage; the truly pious need not, or rather should not, undergo
1661:
Matter, being void of all reality, requires form to give it existence. Now the union of these two by the will of God, which brings them from a state of potentiality into one of actuality, is creation, time itself being simultaneously produced with the created things. Both matter and form consist of
747:
would appear in the year AM 5118 (AD 1358). Its fifth and last chapter, the largest part of the work, may be read as an independent treatise providing an astrological explanation of Jewish and universal history based on an analysis of the periodical conjunctions of
383:. Abraham bar Hiyya is said to have been a great astronomer and wrote some works on astronomy and geography. One talks about the form of the earth, the elements, and the structure of the spheres. Other works included papers on astrology, trigonometry, and music.
798:. There remains doubt as to the particulars: a number of Jewish translators named Abraham existed during the 12th century, and it is not always possible to identify the one in question. Known translations of bar Ḥiyya include:
1714:
such as take part in the world's affairs, but are, as regards their conduct, ruled only by the divine laws and statutes without concerning themselves with the rest of men (these form the "holy congregation" or the "faithful
1742:; the other nine present the various laws in relation to God, to domestic life, and to society at large. Each of these three classes again refers either to the heart or sentiment, to the speech or to the action of man.
1718:
such as lead righteous lives, but take care also that the wrong done outside of their sphere is punished and the good of all the people promoted (these form the "kingdom of justice" or the "righteous nation").
402:" is always appended to his name, Barcelona was at the time no longer under Muslim rule, and therefore not part of Sepharad. Abraham Albargeloni (i.e., from Barcelona) thus belonged to the community of the
1976:
Also Ḥayya. Other variants include
Abraham ben Chija, Abraham ben Hiyya al-Bargeloni, Avraham ben Chiya Hanasi mi'Barcelona, Abraham ben Chiva, Abraham ben Chaja, and Rabbi Abrahamo Hispano filio Rabbi
1711:
such as lead a life altogether apart from worldly pursuits and devoted only to God ("these are but few in number and may in their sovereignty over the world be regarded as one individuality").
491:, was the first European attempt to synthesize Greek and Arabic mathematics. Likely written in the first quarter of the 12th century, the book is said to elaborate on the interdependence of
1817:
1878:
632:), an astronomical work on the formation of the heavens and the earth, which was to have been followed by a second part on the course of the stars. A portion was translated into
1621:, as Rapoport and Rosin think, or not, the object of the work was a practical, rather than a theoretical, one. It was to be a homily in four chapters on repentance based on the
289:
1675:
fasting or other forms of asceticism except such as the law has prescribed. But, precisely as man has been set apart among his fellow creatures as God's servant, so
732:
religious basis. It was published in 1860 by
Freimann, with a biography of the author (by the editor), a list of his works, and learned introduction by Rapoport.
1938:
1918:
1898:
541:'Treatise on Measurement and Calculation'), probably intended to be a part of the preceding work. This is the celebrated geometry translated in 1145 by
2861:
2026:
1796:
he calculated from
Scripture the exact time for the advent of the Messiah to be the year of the world 5118. He wrote also a work on redemption, from which
1549:
653:
584:("Scroll of the Revealer") on the redemption of the Jewish people. The latter was partly translated into Latin in the 14th century under the title
2708:
Sela, Shlomo (2001). "The Fuzzy
Borders between Astronomy and Astrology in the Thought and Work of Three Twelfth-Century Jewish Intellectuals".
2488:
2319:
Allgemeine
Enzyklopädie der Wissenschaften und der Künste, Part 1, Vol. 1, p. 157; Poggendorff’s Handwörterbuch, Volume I, A-L, 1863 Leipzig.
1734:, lives solely in the service of God (the singular being used because only Moses or the one who emulates him is addressed). The first of the
1585:
1175:
197:
1760:
legislation intended for the people living in an agricultural state and forming a "kingdom of justice." However, in the time of the
3176:
375:. He was held in high consideration by the ruler he served on account of his astronomical knowledge and had disputes with learned
3059:
615:
of the earlier Jewish scientific literature, which made him a pioneer in the use of the Hebrew language for scientific purposes.
3141:
2160:
3156:
3034:
2182:
2133:
2065:
1957:
458:
189:
3166:
3161:
3146:
3136:
3131:
3126:
1722:
In accordance with these three classes of servants of God, he finds the laws of the Torah to be divided into three groups:
3171:
2980:
2766:
876:
3151:
2052:
1780:. Characteristic of the age is the fact that while Abraham bar Ḥiyya contended against every superstition, against the
3121:
3116:
1753:, to render them a holy congregation relying solely upon the special protection of God without resorting to warfare.
1614:, Abraham bar Ḥiyya had to wrestle with the difficulties of a language not yet adapted to philosophic terminology.
515:. The book draws from a number of Greek sources then available in Arabic, as well as the works of al-Khwarizmi and
2430:
Levey, Martin (September 1952). "The
Encyclopedia of Abraham Savasorda: A Departure in Mathematical Methodology".
1578:
760:
417:
in 1137, and thus the County of
Barcelona became the capital of a new Catalan-Aragonese confederation called the
312:
3181:
1842:
1738:, which he considers merely as an introductory word, accentuates the divine origin and the eternal goal of the
360:; there is even a record of a Jewish Savasorda there in the beginning of the 12th century. In his travelogues,
1352:
641:
1357:
1170:
3186:
2231:
2057:
1571:
1519:
1472:
1251:
1800:
appropriated many ideas. It is in defense of
Judaism against Christian arguments, and also discusses
1504:
1382:
1286:
1160:
1069:
933:
17:
772:
Abraham bar Ḥiyya co-operated with a number of scholars in the translation of scientific works from
398:(a work that the latter finished in 1143) was identical with Abraham bar Ḥiyya. Although the title "
3064:
1347:
596:
in nature, and drew a horoscope of favourable and unfavourable days. Bar Ḥiyya forecasted that the
3072:
2851: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
441:
Abraham bar Ḥiyya was one of the most important figures in the scientific movement which made the
246:
3054:
2866:
2240:
2094:
2031:
1437:
956:
496:
348:'prince'). Scholars assume that Bar Hiyya would have obtained this title in the court of
2567:
Levey, Martin (1954). "Abraham
Savasorda and His Algorism: A Study in Early European Logistic".
2089:
1836:
1618:
1467:
1407:
1377:
1137:
1074:
667:), the sequel to the preceding work, which is found sometimes in manuscripts with the notes of
487:'The Foundations of Understanding and the Tower of Faith'), usually referred to as the
329:
2610:
Schub, Pincus (1932). "A Mathematical Text by
Mordecai Comtino (Constantinople, XV Century)".
1745:
The group of laws contained in the second, third, and fourth books of Moses, intended for the
3106:
2683:
1986:
1417:
1387:
1281:
577:
2501:
This work was printed in Basel by Oswald Schreckenfuchs, including a Latin translation. See
3111:
2338:
2174:
1730:, containing the fundamental laws with especial reference to the God-devoted man who, like
1529:
1271:
1236:
1119:
710:
500:
637:
8:
3050:
1829:
1646:
1534:
1019:
887:
815:
536:
482:
343:
336:
237:
2342:
2278:
429:. Abraham Albargeloni spent some time in Narbonne, where he composed some works for the
3042:
3022:
2733:
2725:
2635:
2627:
2592:
2584:
2549:
2541:
2482:
2455:
2447:
2407:
2362:
2141:
2121:
1923:
1903:
1883:
1761:
1544:
1539:
1509:
1462:
1442:
1291:
1266:
1044:
1014:
971:
597:
361:
304:
241:
182:
95:
66:
2398:
Kaunzner, Wolfgang (1987). "On the Transmission of mathematical Knowledge to Europe".
2047:
3030:
2737:
2639:
2596:
2553:
2524:
Levy, Raphael (October 1942). "The Authorship of a Latin Treatise on the Astrolabe".
2459:
2366:
2354:
2302:
2178:
2129:
2061:
1432:
1422:
1412:
1327:
1261:
1256:
1089:
1064:
868:
835:
446:
403:
217:
163:
2717:
2619:
2576:
2533:
2439:
2346:
2170:
1785:
1746:
1735:
1727:
1704:
1499:
1447:
1142:
1084:
1049:
1039:
1029:
996:
691:
668:
649:
588:. Even these religious works contain scientific and philosophical speculation. His
442:
433:, in which he complained about the Provençal community's ignorance of mathematics.
430:
395:
372:
368:
1784:, against prayers for the dead, and similar practises, he was, nevertheless, like
3004:
2227:
1994:
1797:
1692:
1611:
1457:
1306:
1198:
1114:
1104:
781:
773:
736:
721:
714:
698:
675:
660:
645:
625:
608:
542:
527:
473:
426:
418:
380:
376:
320:
221:
136:
99:
690:" and the "Jerusalem Tables". Several manuscripts of this work contain notes by
2857:
2350:
2255:
Katz, Shlomo, ed. (14 March 1998). "R' Avraham ben Chiya Hanasi mi'Barcelona".
2235:
2159:
Lévy, Tony (2002). "Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages". In Vauchez, André (ed.).
2085:
2022:
1630:
1603:
1524:
1392:
1362:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1296:
1276:
1094:
777:
744:
633:
2306:
1781:
3100:
2984:
2852:
2382:
La obra Séfer hešbón mahlekot ha-kokabim de R. Abraham bar Hiyya ha-Bargeloní
2358:
2080:
2017:
1514:
1397:
1372:
612:
492:
454:
450:
308:
166:
2721:
1757:
1663:
1622:
1452:
1301:
1034:
986:
820:
569:
462:
201:
1816:
1773:
1642:
1402:
1367:
1180:
1165:
1099:
1059:
917:
790:
729:
209:
205:
174:
120:
2729:
2411:
2079: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2016: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1691:) being used by the prophet for Israel's creation as for that of man in
713:. It is the oldest-known Hebrew work treating of the calculation of the
240:
and algebra, the book contains the first known complete solution of the
2545:
2329:
Goldstein, Bernard R. (2001). "Kepler and Hebrew Astronomical Tables".
1676:
1626:
1427:
1213:
1203:
1109:
1079:
1054:
976:
902:
601:
512:
170:
3091:
2631:
2588:
2451:
2799:
Die Bibelexegese der Jüdischen Religionsphilosophen des Mittelalters,
1941:
1789:
1218:
981:
912:
907:
795:
593:
550:
516:
422:
292:
225:
213:
178:
116:
62:
2537:
1776:
is elsewhere quoted by Abraham bar Ḥiyya, he never refers to him in
315:. Bar Ḥiyya occupied a high position in the royal court, serving as
27:
Catalan Jewish mathematician, astronomer and philosopher (1070-1136)
2623:
2580:
2443:
1801:
1739:
1654:
1599:
1311:
991:
504:
410:
399:
391:
353:
349:
84:
80:
1208:
825:
785:
753:
687:
565:
1808:, according to astrological calculation, for the year 4946 A.M.
1598:
Bar Ḥiyya was a pioneer in the field of philosophy: as shown by
2655:
History of the Jews: from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
1990:
1945:
1554:
749:
706:
519:. Only a few short fragments of this work have been preserved.
508:
414:
357:
316:
1707:, Abraham bar Ḥiyya distinguishes three classes of pious men:
1805:
1750:
1731:
1671:
938:
561:, following it even to the sameness of some of the examples.
193:
2225:
644:. It appears also that complete translations into Latin and
1940:
is radius. The same proof appears in the commentary of the
386:
Some scholars think that the Magister Abraham who dictated
743:), a controversial work in defense of the theory that the
2514:
Poggendorff’s Handwörterbuch, Volume I, A-L, 1863 Leipzig
2503:
Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Wissenschaften und der Künste
564:
Bar Ḥiyya also wrote two religious works in the field of
465:
world, in both his original works and his translations.
367:
According to Adolph Drechsler, bar Ḥiyya was a pupil of
1859:
2384:. Barcelona: Instituto Arias Montano. pp. 13–14.
1926:
1906:
1886:
1845:
1768:
Guttmann has shown that Naḥmanides read and used the
364:
mentions bar Ḥiyya living in Barcelona in the 1160s.
249:
1679:
is separate from the nations, the same three terms (
334:
2978:
2755:. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing. p. 11.
1772:, though occasionally differing from it; but while
1749:during their wandering in the desert or during the
805:
the well-known treatise of Ali ben Aḥmad al-Imrani.
686:), astronomical tables, called also the "Tables of
1932:
1912:
1892:
1872:
547:Liber embadorum a Savasordo in hebraico compositus
283:
3048:
2379:
652:contains a copy with a commentary, apparently by
188:Bar Ḥiyya was active in translating the works of
3098:
421:. The kings of Aragon extended their domains to
2682:
2676:
2276:
379:, to whom he demonstrated the accuracy of the
2283:. Thalmessinger & Cahn; Trübner & Co.
1698:
1579:
3027:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
2981:"The proof of Rabbi Abraham Bar Hiya Hanasi"
2126:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
1999:
1820:Bar Ḥiyya's theorem in a copy of the Talmud.
1641:Abraham bar Ḥiyya's philosophical system is
303:Abraham bar Ḥiyya was the great-grandson of
41:
3073:"Abraham bar Hiyya [dit Savasorda]"
2972:
2856:
2753:Studies in the History of Mediaeval Science
2393:
2391:
2292:
2290:
2277:Geiger, Abraham; Newburgh, Charles (1866).
2084:
2021:
659:"Calculation of the Courses of the Stars" (
3070:
3020:
2487:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2119:
1586:
1572:
208:. He also wrote several original works on
2328:
2296:
1873:{\displaystyle A=C\times {\tfrac {R}{2}}}
1804:"the Insane", announcing the downfall of
607:Abraham bar Ḥiyya wrote all his works in
196:and was likely the earliest to introduce
3025:. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.).
3023:"Bar Ḥiyya: Abraham Bar Ḥiyya Savasorda"
2425:
2423:
2421:
2397:
2388:
2287:
2272:
2270:
2124:. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.).
2122:"Bar Ḥiyya: Abraham Bar Ḥiyya Savasorda"
1815:
3060:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
2750:
2703:
2701:
2154:
2152:
2150:
1839:the following equation for any circle:
1199:Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean
705:). This work was published in 1851, in
14:
3099:
2667:
2652:
2560:
618:
3029:. New York: Springer. pp. 95–6.
2688:Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik
2609:
2566:
2472:
2429:
2418:
2267:
2128:. New York: Springer. pp. 95–6.
2115:
2113:
2045:
1958:Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
522:Bar Ḥiyya's most notable work is his
2707:
2698:
2523:
2406:(2). Franz Steiner Verlag: 129–140.
2331:Journal for the History of Astronomy
2299:Illustriertes Lexikon der Astronomie
2254:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2175:10.1093/acref/9780227679319.001.0001
2158:
2147:
1617:Whether composed especially for the
674:"Tables" or "Tables of the Prince" (
470:Yesode ha-Tebunah u-Migdal ha-Emunah
2475:The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela
2380:Millás Vallicrosa, José M. (1959).
2301:. Leipzig: J. J. Weber. p. 5.
2000:
759:An apologetic epistle addressed to
740:
725:
702:
679:
664:
629:
531:
477:
324:
232:, translated in 1145 into Latin as
228:. His most influential work is his
141:ר׳ אַבְרָהָם בַּר חִיָּיא הַנָשִׂיא
140:
42:
24:
2860:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "
2670:The Messiah Idea in Jewish History
2110:
2053:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
2025:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "
1826:Ḥibbur ha-meshīḥah ve-ha-tishboret
1636:
553:made the Latin translation of the
524:Ḥibbur ha-Meshiḥah ve-ha-Tishboret
319:, and bore the title of governor (
230:Ḥibbur ha-Meshiḥah ve-ha-Tishboret
25:
3198:
3014:
2204:
2088:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
1828:contains the first appearance of
576:("Contemplation of the Soul") on
2979:Boaz Tsaban & David Garber.
2870:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
2846:
2244:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
2219:
2098:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
2074:
2035:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
2011:
1920:is the circumference length and
875:
3177:Medieval Spanish mathematicians
2998:
2959:
2947:
2935:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2886:
2874:
2840:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2784:
2772:
2767:Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris
2759:
2751:Haskins, Charles Homer (1967).
2744:
2661:
2646:
2603:
2517:
2508:
2495:
2466:
2373:
2167:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
1980:
1970:
842:Liber Augmenti et Diminutionis,
767:
761:Judah ben Barzilai al-Barzeloni
313:Talmudic academies in Babylonia
150:– 1136 or 1145), also known as
3071:Warszawski, Jean-Marc (2006).
2322:
2313:
2248:
2191:
1811:
1143:Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari
13:
1:
2473:Adler, Marcus Nathan (1907).
2226:Sacerdote, G.; Guttmann, J.;
2039:
1782:superstitions of the tequfoth
1653:"Reflections on the Soul" as
855:
642:Erasmus Oswald Schreckenfuchs
291:, and influenced the work of
144:
54:
3157:Medieval Catalan astronomers
3021:Langermann, Y. Tzvi (2007).
2120:Langermann, Y. Tzvi (2007).
2103:
1358:Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi
586:Liber de redemptione Israhel
298:
284:{\displaystyle x^{2}-ax+b=c}
7:
3167:Medieval Jewish astronomers
3162:Medieval Jewish astrologers
3147:Philosophers from Catalonia
3137:12th-century Catalan rabbis
3132:12th-century mathematicians
3127:11th-century mathematicians
2686:(1867). "Abraham Judaeus".
2668:Greenstone, Julius Hillel.
2257:HaMaayan / The Torah Spring
2232:"Abraham bar Ḥiyya ha-Nasi"
2090:"Abraham bar Hiyya ha-Nasi"
2048:"Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi"
1951:
457:the intermediaries between
335:
10:
3203:
3172:Medieval Jewish scientists
2351:10.1177/002182860103200203
2297:Drechsler, Adolph (1881).
1699:Three Classes of Pious Men
1610:was originally written in
1473:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
1353:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm
844:a treatise on mathematics.
784:with their translation of
735:"Scroll of the Revealer" (
728:), an ethical work upon a
720:"Meditation of the Soul" (
3152:Scientists from Catalonia
3142:Arabic–Hebrew translators
3007:, 8a in the Vilna edition
2862:ABRAHAM BAR ḤIYYA HA-NASI
2795:Die Spuren Al-Baṭlajûsis,
2653:Graetz, Heinrich (1892).
2505:, Part 1, Vol. 1, p. 157.
2169:. James Clarke & Co.
2056:. Vol. 1. New York:
2027:Abraham bar Ḥiyya ha-Nasi
2004:), 'Chief of the Police'.
1383:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa
1176:Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat
934:Aristobulus of Alexandria
697:"Book of Intercalation" (
478:יסודי התבונה ומגדל האמונה
133:Abraham bar Ḥiyya ha-Nasi
126:
112:
105:
91:
73:
50:
39:
34:Abraham bar Ḥiyya ha-Nasi
32:
3122:12th-century astrologers
3117:11th-century astrologers
3065:University of St Andrews
2797:p. 28, and Bacher,
1963:
1835:Bar Ḥiyya proved by the
1348:Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
803:De Horarum Electionibus,
40:
2867:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2722:10.2979/ALE.2001.-.1.59
2280:Judaism and Its History
2241:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2095:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2058:Charles Scribner's Sons
2032:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1606:'s assumption that the
811:astrological aphorisms.
497:mathematical operations
436:
236:. A Hebrew treatise on
2684:Steinschneider, Moritz
2477:. New York. p. 2.
2238:; et al. (eds.).
2046:Levey, Martin (1970).
1944:(12th century) on the
1934:
1914:
1894:
1874:
1837:method of indivisibles
1821:
1668:
1619:Ten Days of Repentance
1408:Isaac Orobio de Castro
1378:Shneur Zalman of Liadi
1075:Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera
809:Capitula Centiloquium,
285:
3182:Rabbis from Barcelona
2811:Ethik des Maimonides,
1935:
1915:
1900:is the surface area,
1895:
1875:
1819:
1788:, a firm believer in
1659:
1649:and of the author of
1418:Samuel David Luzzatto
1388:Samson Raphael Hirsch
1009:Spanish and European:
977:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
624:"Form of the Earth" (
532:חיבור המשיחה והתשבורת
286:
3051:Robertson, Edmund F.
2919:p. 201, note 2.
1924:
1904:
1884:
1843:
1794:Megillat ha-Megalleh
1762:Messianic redemption
1120:Judah Leon Abravanel
680:לוחות or לוחות הנשיא
665:חשבון מהלכות הכוכבים
590:Megillat ha-Megalleh
582:Megillat ha-Megalleh
247:
3055:"Abraham bar Hiyya"
3049:O'Connor, John J.;
2343:2001JHA....32..130G
1830:quadratic equations
1647:Solomon ibn Gabirol
1550:Microcosm–macrocosm
1468:Joseph Soloveitchik
1138:Natan'el al-Fayyumi
939:Philo of Alexandria
863:Part of a series on
619:Other notable works
559:Practica Geometriae
501:business arithmetic
183:County of Barcelona
156:Abraham Albargeloni
67:County of Barcelona
43:אברהם בר חייא הנשיא
3187:Jewish astronomers
2932:pp. 199, 200.
2781:1900, p. 195.
2765:Manuscript in the
2060:. pp. 22–23.
1930:
1910:
1890:
1870:
1868:
1822:
1463:Abraham Isaac Kook
1443:Monsieur Chouchani
1045:Joseph ibn Tzaddik
1015:Hasdai ibn Shaprut
982:Ismaili philosophy
972:Brethren of Purity
848:In the preface to
545:, under the title
362:Benjamin of Tudela
317:minister of police
305:Hezekiah ben David
281:
242:quadratic equation
238:practical geometry
96:Quadratic equation
3036:978-0-387-31022-0
2905:Ḥobot ha-Lebabot,
2199:Hegyon ha-Nefesh,
2184:978-0-19-518817-2
2162:Abraham Bar Hiyya
2135:978-0-387-31022-0
2067:978-0-684-10114-9
1946:Babylonian Talmud
1933:{\displaystyle R}
1913:{\displaystyle C}
1893:{\displaystyle A}
1867:
1602:in refutation of
1596:
1595:
1433:Eliezer Berkovits
1423:Elijah Benamozegh
1413:Moses Mendelssohn
1328:Francisco Sanches
1287:Reconstructionist
1090:Isaac ben Sheshet
1085:Moses of Narbonne
1065:Samuel ibn Tibbon
1025:Abraham bar Hiyya
869:Jewish philosophy
836:Rudolph de Bruges
638:Sebastian Münster
557:the basis of his
540:
486:
447:Jews of Catalonia
409:Catalonia joined
404:Jews of Catalonia
347:
333:
218:Jewish philosophy
152:Abraham Savasorda
130:
129:
107:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
3194:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3067:
3040:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2983:. Archived from
2976:
2970:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2942:Sefer ha-'Ibbur,
2939:
2933:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2705:
2696:
2695:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2506:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2427:
2416:
2415:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2337:(107): 130–136.
2326:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2228:Kohler, Kaufmann
2223:
2222:
2217:
2202:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2156:
2145:
2139:
2117:
2099:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2036:
2015:
2014:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1770:Hegyon ha-Nefesh
1747:people of Israel
1736:Ten Commandments
1705:Baḥya ibn Paquda
1627:Day of Atonement
1608:Hegyon ha-Nefesh
1588:
1581:
1574:
1491:
1448:Emmanuel Levinas
1239:
1070:Joseph ben Judah
1050:Abraham ibn Ezra
1040:Abraham ibn Daud
1030:Bahya ibn Paquda
997:Rabbinic Judaism
959:
890:
879:
860:
859:
824:, attributed to
814:A commentary of
742:
727:
704:
692:Abraham ibn Ezra
681:
669:Abraham ibn Ezra
666:
650:Bodleian Library
631:
604:5118 (1358 CE).
600:would appear in
574:Hegyon ha-Nefesh
535:
533:
481:
479:
443:Jews of Provence
431:Hachmei Provence
396:Rudolf of Bruges
377:Catholic priests
373:Abraham ibn Ezra
369:Moshe ha-Darshan
342:
340:
328:
326:
290:
288:
287:
282:
259:
258:
206:Christian Europe
149:
146:
142:
59:
56:
45:
44:
30:
29:
21:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3097:
3096:
3082:
3080:
3077:Musicologie.org
3037:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3005:Tractate Sukkah
3003:
2999:
2990:
2988:
2977:
2973:
2969:1869, iv. 7, 8.
2964:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2858:Singer, Isidore
2847:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2764:
2760:
2749:
2745:
2706:
2699:
2681:
2677:
2666:
2662:
2651:
2647:
2608:
2604:
2565:
2561:
2538:10.2307/2856449
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2500:
2496:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2428:
2419:
2400:Sudhoffs Archiv
2396:
2389:
2378:
2374:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2295:
2288:
2275:
2268:
2253:
2249:
2236:Singer, Isidore
2220:
2218:
2205:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2157:
2148:
2136:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2086:Singer, Isidore
2075:
2068:
2042:
2023:Singer, Isidore
2012:
2009:
2008:
1995:Ṣāḥib al-Shurṭa
1985:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1954:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1858:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1814:
1798:Isaac Abravanel
1701:
1670:He agrees with
1651:Torot ha-Nefesh
1639:
1637:Matter and Form
1592:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1492:
1489:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1458:Gershom Scholem
1438:Eliyahu Dessler
1317:
1316:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1186:
1185:
1148:
1147:
1125:
1124:
1115:Isaac Abarbanel
1105:Elia del Medigo
1002:
1001:
960:
955:
948:
947:
944:
943:
923:
922:
891:
886:
858:
816:Aḥmad ibn Yusuf
782:Plato of Tivoli
780:, most notably
770:
715:Hebrew calendar
648:were made. The
621:
543:Plato of Tivoli
439:
427:southern France
425:in what is now
419:Crown of Aragon
381:Jewish calendar
371:and teacher of
301:
254:
250:
248:
245:
244:
234:Liber embadorum
190:Islamic science
177:who resided in
160:Abraham Judaeus
147:
119:
100:Hebrew calendar
98:
87:
78:
69:
60:
57:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3200:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3068:
3046:
3035:
3016:
3015:External links
3013:
3010:
3009:
2997:
2971:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2930:Monatsschrift,
2921:
2917:Monatsschrift,
2909:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2839:
2827:
2825:pp. 1, 2.
2815:
2803:
2783:
2779:Monatsschrift,
2771:
2758:
2743:
2697:
2675:
2672:. p. 134.
2660:
2657:. p. 320.
2645:
2624:10.1086/346637
2602:
2581:10.1086/368570
2559:
2532:(4): 566–569.
2516:
2507:
2494:
2465:
2444:10.1086/348115
2438:(3): 257–264.
2417:
2387:
2372:
2321:
2312:
2286:
2266:
2247:
2203:
2190:
2183:
2146:
2134:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2072:
2066:
2041:
2038:
2007:
2006:
1979:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1929:
1909:
1889:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1813:
1810:
1766:
1765:
1754:
1743:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1700:
1697:
1638:
1635:
1631:Shabbat Shuvah
1604:David Kaufmann
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
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1507:
1502:
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1479:
1476:
1475:
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1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1393:Jacob Abendana
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1363:Tzvi Ashkenazi
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1343:Salomon Maimon
1340:
1338:Baruch Spinoza
1335:
1333:Uriel da Costa
1330:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1282:Existentialist
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1095:Hasdai Crescas
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
968:
966:Influenced by:
964:
961:
954:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
936:
930:
926:
924:
921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
899:
895:
892:
885:
884:
881:
880:
872:
871:
865:
864:
857:
854:
846:
845:
839:
829:
812:
806:
769:
766:
765:
764:
757:
733:
718:
695:
672:
657:
620:
617:
459:Arabic science
438:
435:
300:
297:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
257:
253:
181:, then in the
164:Catalan Jewish
128:
127:
124:
123:
114:
110:
109:
103:
102:
93:
92:Known for
89:
88:
79:
75:
71:
70:
61:
52:
48:
47:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3199:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3093:
3092:PDF biography
3090:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3006:
3001:
2987:on 2011-08-12
2986:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2967:Ben Chananja,
2962:
2955:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2928:Guttmann, in
2925:
2918:
2913:
2906:
2901:
2894:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2853:public domain
2843:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2780:
2775:
2768:
2762:
2754:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2716:(1): 59–100.
2715:
2711:
2704:
2702:
2693:
2690:(in German).
2689:
2685:
2679:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2511:
2504:
2498:
2490:
2484:
2476:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2273:
2271:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2230:(1901–1906).
2229:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2200:
2194:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2081:public domain
2073:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2018:public domain
1997:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1927:
1907:
1887:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1832:in the West.
1831:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:like that of
1644:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1555:Righteousness
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:Chosen people
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1398:Isaac Cardoso
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:Samuel Hirsch
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1161:Isaac Israeli
1159:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
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1103:
1101:
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1036:
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1021:
1018:
1016:
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1010:
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1005:
998:
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993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
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962:
958:
952:
951:
940:
937:
935:
932:
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919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
898:
894:
893:
889:
883:
882:
878:
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873:
870:
867:
866:
862:
861:
853:
851:
850:Ẓurat ha-Areẓ
843:
840:
837:
833:
832:De Astrolabio
830:
827:
823:
822:
817:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
800:
799:
797:
793:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
762:
758:
755:
751:
746:
738:
734:
731:
730:rationalistic
723:
719:
716:
712:
708:
700:
696:
693:
689:
685:
684:Luḥot ha-Nasi
677:
673:
670:
662:
658:
655:
654:Ḥayyim Lisker
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
627:
623:
622:
616:
614:
613:Judaeo-Arabic
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
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548:
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494:
493:number theory
490:
484:
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471:
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448:
444:
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432:
428:
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420:
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397:
393:
390:(probably at
389:
388:De Astrolabio
384:
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365:
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359:
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345:
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331:
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278:
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211:
207:
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199:
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186:
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167:mathematician
165:
161:
157:
153:
138:
134:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
76:
72:
68:
64:
53:
49:
38:
31:
19:
3107:1070s births
3081:. Retrieved
3076:
3058:
3026:
3000:
2989:. Retrieved
2985:the original
2974:
2966:
2961:
2956:p. 32a.
2953:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2865:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2761:
2752:
2746:
2713:
2709:
2691:
2687:
2678:
2669:
2663:
2654:
2648:
2618:(1): 54–70.
2615:
2611:
2605:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2510:
2502:
2497:
2474:
2468:
2435:
2431:
2403:
2399:
2381:
2375:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2315:
2298:
2279:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2239:
2198:
2193:
2166:
2161:
2125:
2093:
2051:
2030:
2010:
1993:
1987:Latinisation
1982:
1972:
1834:
1825:
1824:Bar Ḥiyya's
1823:
1793:
1777:
1769:
1767:
1758:Deuteronomic
1721:
1702:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1669:
1664:tohu va-bohu
1660:
1650:
1640:
1616:
1607:
1597:
1453:Martin Buber
1321:
1272:Conservative
1245:
1192:
1154:
1131:
1035:Judah Halevi
1024:
1008:
987:Jewish Kalam
965:
927:
896:
849:
847:
841:
831:
821:Centiloquium
819:
808:
802:
789:
771:
768:Translations
683:
606:
594:astrological
589:
585:
581:
573:
563:
558:
554:
546:
523:
521:
489:Encyclopedia
488:
469:
468:Bar Ḥiyya's
467:
440:
413:in 1112 and
408:
387:
385:
366:
302:
233:
229:
202:Muslim world
187:
159:
155:
151:
132:
131:
106:
77:1136 or 1145
3112:1136 deaths
3079:(in French)
3043:PDF version
2883:p. 16a
2837:p. 8a.
2813:p. 15.
2801:p. 82.
2791:Z. D. M. G.
2201:p. 63.
2142:PDF version
2001:صاحب الشرطة
1812:Mathematics
1774:Saadia Gaon
1643:neoplatonic
1510:Eschatology
1403:David Nieto
1368:Jacob Emden
1302:Neo-Hasidic
1181:Ibn Kammuna
1171:al-Mukkamas
1166:Saadia Gaon
1100:Joseph Albo
1060:Nachmanides
1020:Ibn Gabirol
888:Hellenistic
794:in 1138 at
791:Tetrabiblos
307:, the last
210:mathematics
175:philosopher
148: 1070
121:Mathematics
58: 1070
3101:Categories
2991:2011-03-28
2944:p. 8.
2895:p. 7.
2793:xxx. 364;
2307:1075821512
2197:Rapoport,
2040:References
1428:Moses Hess
1246:Positions:
1193:Positions:
1110:Judah Minz
1080:Gersonides
1055:Maimonides
918:Boethusian
897:Positions:
856:Philosophy
741:מגלת המגלה
726:הגיון הנפש
711:Filipowski
688:Al-Battani
578:repentance
222:chronology
171:astronomer
3083:1 January
2769:(7377 A).
2738:170436865
2640:144399199
2597:143863438
2575:: 50–64.
2554:162816396
2483:cite book
2460:144775595
2367:117455118
2359:0021-8286
2104:Footnotes
1942:Tosafists
1856:×
1792:. In his
1790:astrology
1728:Decalogue
1540:Holocaust
1530:Happiness
1312:Rambamist
1292:Holocaust
1267:Chassidic
1257:Sephardic
1204:Kabbalist
1132:Yemenite:
908:Sadducean
903:Hasmonean
796:Barcelona
703:ספר העבור
630:צורת הארץ
611:, not in
592:was also
551:Fibonacci
517:Al-Karaji
463:Christian
423:Occitania
330:romanized
299:Biography
293:Fibonacci
261:−
226:surveying
214:astronomy
200:from the
179:Barcelona
117:Astronomy
63:Barcelona
18:Savasorda
2730:40385448
2526:Speculum
2412:20777136
2263:(18): 4.
1952:See also
1880:, where
1802:Muhammed
1786:Ibn Ezra
1657:stated:
1655:Plotinus
1623:Hafṭarot
1600:Guttmann
1535:Holiness
1252:Orthodox
1219:Tosafist
1214:Talmudic
992:Kabbalah
957:Medieval
913:Pharisee
568:and the
505:geometry
461:and the
411:Provence
400:Sephardi
392:Toulouse
354:Zaragoza
350:Banu Hud
162:, was a
85:Provence
81:Narbonne
2954:Hegyon,
2893:Hegyon,
2881:Hegyon,
2855::
2835:Hegyon,
2823:Hegyon,
2546:2856449
2339:Bibcode
2083::
2020::
1989:of the
1977:Haijae.
1693:Genesis
1625:of the
1545:Messiah
1322:People:
1297:Renewal
1209:Karaism
928:People:
826:Ptolemy
818:on the
786:Ptolemy
754:Jupiter
745:Messiah
598:Messiah
566:Judaism
539:
485:
346:
332::
311:of the
198:algebra
3033:
2907:ix. 3.
2736:
2728:
2638:
2632:224627
2630:
2595:
2589:301662
2587:
2569:Osiris
2552:
2544:
2458:
2452:227469
2450:
2410:
2365:
2357:
2305:
2224:
2181:
2132:
2064:
1991:Arabic
1778:Hegyon
1715:city")
1687:, and
1677:Israel
1612:Arabic
1515:Ethics
1490:Topics
1307:Mussar
1277:Reform
1262:Chabad
1237:Modern
1155:Other:
774:Arabic
750:Saturn
737:Hebrew
722:Hebrew
707:London
699:Hebrew
676:Hebrew
661:Hebrew
646:French
626:Hebrew
609:Hebrew
580:, and
570:Tanach
555:Ḥibbūr
528:Hebrew
511:, and
509:optics
474:Hebrew
453:, and
445:, the
415:Aragon
358:Lleida
321:Hebrew
224:, and
158:, and
137:Hebrew
113:Fields
2734:S2CID
2726:JSTOR
2710:Aleph
2636:S2CID
2628:JSTOR
2593:S2CID
2585:JSTOR
2550:S2CID
2542:JSTOR
2456:S2CID
2448:JSTOR
2408:JSTOR
2363:S2CID
2234:. In
1964:Notes
1806:Islam
1751:Exile
1732:Moses
1703:Like
1685:yaṣar
1672:Plato
1520:Faith
1500:Anger
778:Latin
776:into
709:, by
634:Latin
513:music
455:Italy
451:Spain
394:) to
204:into
194:Latin
192:into
3085:2019
3031:ISBN
2965:See
2694:(1).
2612:Isis
2489:link
2432:Isis
2355:ISSN
2303:OCLC
2179:ISBN
2130:ISBN
2062:ISBN
1756:The
1726:The
1689:asah
1681:bara
1629:and
752:and
640:and
537:lit.
483:lit.
437:Work
344:lit.
337:nasi
325:נשיא
309:Gaon
173:and
74:Died
51:Born
2864:".
2718:doi
2620:doi
2577:doi
2534:doi
2440:doi
2347:doi
2261:XII
2171:doi
2029:".
1740:Law
1525:God
834:of
788:'s
636:by
352:of
143:;
83:or
3103::
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