495:. In their simplest form, SPR reflectivity measurements can be used to detect molecular adsorption, such as polymers, DNA or proteins, etc. Technically, it is common to measure the angle of minimum reflection (angle of maximum absorption). This angle changes in the order of 0.1° during thin (about nm thickness) film adsorption. (See also the Examples.) In other cases the changes in the absorption wavelength is followed. The mechanism of detection is based on the adsorbing molecules causing changes in the local index of refraction, changing the resonance conditions of the surface plasmon waves. The same principle is exploited in the recently developed competitive platform based on loss-less dielectric multilayers (
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34:) is a phenomenon that occurs where electrons in a thin metal sheet become excited by light that is directed to the sheet with a particular angle of incidence, and then travel parallel to the sheet. Assuming a constant light source wavelength and that the metal sheet is thin, the angle of incidence that triggers SPR is related to the refractive index of the material and even a small change in the refractive index will cause SPR to not be observed. This makes SPR a possible technique for detecting particular substances (
87:
into the dielectric background, though far-field scattering by the particle is also enhanced by the resonance. Light intensity enhancement is a very important aspect of LSPRs and localization means the LSPR has very high spatial resolution (subwavelength), limited only by the size of nanoparticles. Because of the enhanced field amplitude, effects that depend on the amplitude such as magneto-optical effect are also enhanced by LSPRs.
747:
706:
626:, a special configuration of SPR, can be used to characterize layers and stacks of layers. Besides binding kinetics, MP-SPR can also provide information on structural changes in terms of layer true thickness and refractive index. MP-SPR has been applied successfully in measurements of lipid targeting and rupture, CVD-deposited single monolayer of graphene (3.7Ă
) as well as micrometer thick polymers.
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As SPR allows real-time monitoring, individual steps in sequential binding events can be thoroughly assessed when investigating the suitability between antibodies in a sandwich configuration. Additionally, it allows the mapping of epitopes as antibodies of overlapping epitopes will be associated with
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One of the first common applications of surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy was the measurement of the thickness (and refractive index) of adsorbed self-assembled nanofilms on gold substrates. The resonance curves shift to higher angles as the thickness of the adsorbed film increases. This example
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can be used to deliver therapeutic molecules in targeted ways. In general, SPR biosensing is demonstrating advantages over other approaches in the biomedical field due to this technique being label-free, lower in costs, applicable in point-of-care settings, and capable of producing faster results for
938:
SPR involves the integration of SPR sensors onto the ends of optical fibers, enabling the direct coupling of light with the surface plasmons as the analytes are passed through a hollow SPR core. This format offers enhanced sensitivity and allows for the development of compact sensing devices, making
878:
As SPR biosensors facilitate measurements at different temperatures, thermodynamic analysis can be performed to obtain a better understanding of the studied interaction. By performing measurements at different temperatures, typically between 4 and 40 °C, it is possible to relate association and
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system, a solution with the analyte is injected over the ligand-covered surface. The binding of the analyte to the ligand causes an increase in the SPR signal (expressed in response units, RU). Following the association time, a solution without the analyte (typically a buffer) is introduced into the
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When higher speed observation is desired, one can select an angle right below the resonance point (the angle of minimum reflectance), and measure the reflectivity changes at that point. This is the so-called 'dynamic SPR' measurement. The interpretation of the data assumes that the structure of the
78:
to exist, the real part of the dielectric constant of the conductor must be negative and its magnitude must be greater than that of the dielectric. This condition is met in the infrared-visible wavelength region for air/metal and water/metal interfaces (where the real dielectric constant of a metal
86:
resonances) are collective electron charge oscillations in metallic nanoparticles that are excited by light. They exhibit enhanced near-field amplitude at the resonance wavelength. This field is highly localized at the nanoparticle and decays rapidly away from the nanoparticle/dielectric interface
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The detected SPR signal is a consequence of the electromagnetic 'coupling' of the incident light with the surface plasmon of the gold layer. This interaction is particularly sensitive to the characteristics of the layer at the goldâsolution interface, which is usually just a few nanometers thick.
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increases the sensitivity of detection. The large surface area of graphene also facilitates the immobilization of biomolecules while its low refractive index minimizes its interference. Enhancing SPR sensitivity by incorporating graphene with other materials expands the potential of SPR sensors,
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regime that are not present in the bulk metal. This extraordinary absorption increase has been exploited to increase light absorption in photovoltaic cells by depositing metal nanoparticles on the cell surface. The energy (color) of this absorption differs when the light is polarized along or
54:
that propagates in a direction parallel to the negative permittivity/dielectric material interface. Since the wave is on the boundary of the conductor and the external medium (air, water or vacuum for example), these oscillations are very sensitive to any change of this boundary, such as the
691:
to monitor increases in pollution in an ecosystem over time. When SPR instrumentation with a
Kretschmann prism configuration was used in the detection of chlorophene, an emerging pollutant, it was demonstrated that SPR has similar precision and accuracy levels as chromatography techniques.
546:
perpendicular to the nanowire. Shifts in this resonance due to changes in the local index of refraction upon adsorption to the nanoparticles can also be used to detect biopolymers such as DNA or proteins. Related complementary techniques include plasmon waveguide resonance,
411:), the metal film is evaporated onto the glass block. The light again illuminates the glass block, and an evanescent wave penetrates through the metal film. The plasmons are excited at the outer side of the film. This configuration is used in most practical applications.
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is not required for detection of the analyte. Additionally, the measurements on SPR can be followed real-time allowing the monitoring of individual steps in sequential binding events particularly useful in the assessment of for instance sandwich complexes.
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making them practical in a broader range of applications. For instance, the enhanced sensitivity of graphene can be used in conjunction with a silver SPR sensor, providing a cost-effective alternative for measuring glucose levels in urine.
443:
The detectors used in surface plasmon resonance convert the photons of light reflected off the metallic film into an electrical signal. A position sensing detector (PSD) or charged-coupled device (CCD) may be used to operate as detectors.
145:
866:
When substances bind to the surface, it alters the way light is reflected, causing a change in the reflection angle, which can be measured as a signal in SPR experiments. One common application is measuring the kinetics of
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Recently, there has been an interest in magnetic surface plasmons. These require materials with large negative magnetic permeability, a property that has only recently been made available with the construction of
822:
765:
constant, representing the equilibrium value for the product quotient. This constant can be determined using dynamic SPR parameters, calculated as the dissociation rate divided by the association rate.
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microfluidics to initiate the dissociation of the bound complex between the ligand and analyte. As the analyte dissociates from the ligand, the SPR signal decreases. From these association ('on rate',
1396:
Sinibaldi A, Danz N, Descrovi E, Munzert P, Schulz U, Sonntag F, Dominici L, Michelotti F (2012). "Direct comparison of the performance of Bloch surface wave and surface plasmon polariton sensors".
1269:
Marques
Lameirinhas, Ricardo A.; N. Torres, JoĂŁo Paulo; Baptista, AntĂłnio; Marques Martins, Maria JoĂŁo (2022). "A New Method to Determine the Response of Kretschmann's Structure-Based Biosensors".
1136:
GonzĂĄlez-DĂaz JB, GarcĂa-MartĂn A, GarcĂa-MartĂn JM, Cebollada A, Armelles G, SepĂșlveda B, et al. (February 2008). "Plasmonic Au/Co/Au nanosandwiches with enhanced magneto-optical activity".
435:
Surface plasmon resonance can be implemented in analytical instrumentation. SPR instruments consist of a light source, an input scheme, a prism with analyte interface, a detector, and computer.
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Due to the versatility of SPR instrumentation, this technique pairs well with other approaches, leading to novel applications in various fields, such as biomedical and environmental studies.
879:
dissociation rate constants with activation energy and thereby obtain thermodynamic parameters including binding enthalpy, binding entropy, Gibbs free energy and heat capacity.
1770:
Korhonen K, Granqvist N, Ketolainen J, Laitinen R (October 2015). "Monitoring of drug release kinetics from thin polymer films by multi-parametric surface plasmon resonance".
1353:
Hiep HM, Endo T, Kerman K, Chikae M, Kim DK, Yamamura S, et al. (2007). "A localized surface plasmon resonance based immunosensor for the detection of casein in milk".
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In the study of environmental pollutants, SPR instrumentation can be used as a replacement for former chromatography-based techniques. Current pollution research relies on
318:
135:
light (polarization occurs perpendicular to the plane of incidence) cannot excite electronic surface plasmons. Electronic and magnetic surface plasmons obey the following
646:, two SPR curves are acquired by scanning a range of angles at two different wavelengths, which results in a unique solution for both thickness and refractive index.
358:
298:
1520:
Vostakolaei, Mehdi
Asghari; Molavi, Ommoleila; Hejazi, Mohammad Saeid; Kordi, Shirafkan; Rahmati, Saman; Barzegari, Abolfazl; Abdolalizadeh, Jalal (September 2019).
270:{\displaystyle k(\omega )={\frac {\omega }{c}}{\sqrt {\frac {\varepsilon _{1}\varepsilon _{2}\mu _{1}\mu _{2}}{\varepsilon _{1}\mu _{1}+\varepsilon _{2}\mu _{2}}}}}
338:
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Granqvist N, Yliperttula M, VÀlimÀki S, Pulkkinen P, Tenhu H, Viitala T (March 2014). "Control of the morphology of lipid layers by substrate surface chemistry".
380:
1343:
Bakhtiar, Ray. "Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy: a versatile technique in a biochemistâs toolbox." Journal of
Chemical Education 90.2 (2013): 203-209.
1091:
Zeng S, Baillargeat D, Ho HP, Yong KT (May 2014). "Nanomaterials enhanced surface plasmon resonance for biological and chemical sensing applications".
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If the surface is patterned with different biopolymers, using adequate optics and imaging sensors (i.e. a camera), the technique can be extended to
2316:
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light (polarization occurs parallel to the plane of incidence), this is possible by passing the light through a block of glass to increase the
2082:"Optimum Design of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Tapered Fiber Optic Biosensing Probe With GrapheneâMoS2 Over Layers for DNA Hybridization"
1917:"A Review of Graphene-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Biosensors: Current Status and Future Prospects"
1864:
Quintanilla-Villanueva GE, Luna-Moreno D, Blanco-GĂĄmez EA, RodrĂguez-Delgado JM, Villarreal-Chiu JF, RodrĂguez-Delgado MM (February 2021).
62:, etc.). The simplest way to approach the problem is to treat each material as a homogeneous continuum, described by a frequency-dependent
2135:"High Sensitivity Surface Plasmon Resonance Magnetic Field Sensor Based on Au/Gold Nanoparticles/Magnetic Fluid in the Hollow Core Fiber"
602:
onto a 600-Ă
ngström silver film, and used the assay to detect anti-human IgG in water solution. Unlike many other immunoassays, such as
1978:"Improved Surface Plasmon Effect in Ag-based SPR Biosensor with Graphene and WS2: An Approach Towards Low Cost Urine-Glucose Detection"
961:
643:
623:
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Typical metals that support surface plasmons are silver and gold, but metals such as copper, titanium or chromium have also been used.
771:
1639:"Purification of a Novel Anti-VEGFR2 Single Chain Antibody Fragmentand Evaluation of Binding Affinity by Surface Plasmon Resonance"
638:, which treat the formed thin films as infinite, continuous dielectric layers. This interpretation may result in multiple possible
919:
1637:
Kordi, Shirafkan; Rahmati-Yamchi, Mohammad; Asghari
Vostakolaei, Mehdi; Barzegari, Abolfazl; Abdolalizadeh, Jalal (2019-02-21).
934:
Recent advancements in SPR technology have given rise to novel formats increasing the scope and applicability of SPR sensing.
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2247:
2228:
1807:"Applications of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the characterization of nanoparticles developed for biomedical purposes"
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58:
To describe the existence and properties of surface plasmon polaritons, one can choose from various models (quantum theory,
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595:
510:(SPRI). This method provides a high contrast of the images based on the adsorbed amount of molecules, somewhat similar to
2023:
Jungnickel, Robert; Mirabella, Francesca; Stockmann, Jörg
Manfred; Radnik, Jörg; Balasubramanian, Kannan (January 2023).
656:
In many cases no detailed models are applied, but the sensors are calibrated for the specific application, and used with
926:
Graphene has also been shown to improve the resistance of SPR sensors to high-temperature annealing up to 500 °C.
551:
1328:
555:
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Surface plasmons have been used to enhance the surface sensitivity of several spectroscopic measurements including
1976:
Yadav, Archana; Mishra, Madhusudan; Tripathy, Sukanta K.; Kumar, Anil; Singh, O. P.; Sharan, Preeta (2023-12-01).
111:
In order to excite surface plasmon polaritons in a resonant manner, one can use electron bombardment or incident
757:
SPR can be used to study the real-time kinetics of molecular interactions. Determining the affinity between two
1602:
Rich RL, Myszka DG (February 2007). "Higher-throughput, label-free, real-time molecular interaction analysis".
1050:
Marques
Lameirinhas, Ricardo A.; N. Torres, JoĂŁo Paulo; Baptista, AntĂłnio; Marques Martins, Maria JoĂŁo (2022).
692:
Furthermore, SPR sensing surpasses chromatography techniques through its high-speed, straightforward analysis.
675:, SPR biosensors can use nanoparticles as carriers for therapeutic implants. For instance, in the treatment of
2301:
939:
it particularly valuable for applications requiring remote sensing in the field. It also offers an increased
2311:
1522:"Isolation and characterization of a novel scFv antibody fragments specific for Hsp70 as a tumor biomarker"
867:
515:
63:
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Liedberg B, Nylander C, Lunström I (1983). "Surface plasmon resonance for gas detection and biosensing".
1017:
996:
547:
496:
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2133:
Zhang, Qi; Liu, Hailian; Fu, Rao; Li, Bin; Yan, Xin; Zhang, Xuenan; Wang, Fang; Cheng, Tonglei (2023).
492:
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1232:"Size dependence of Au NP-enhanced surface plasmon resonance based on differential phase measurement"
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981:
393:
83:
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between the external medium and the surface. This quantity, hereafter referred to as the materials' "
47:
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Pillai S, Catchpole KR, Trupke T, Green MA (2007). "Surface plasmon enhanced silicon solar cells".
303:
2291:
521:
For nanoparticles, localized surface plasmon oscillations can give rise to the intense colors of
51:
1805:
Canovi M, Lucchetti J, Stravalaci M, Re F, Moscatelli D, Bigini P, et al. (November 2012).
1052:"A new method to analyse the role of surface plasmon polaritons on dielectric-metal interfaces"
676:
522:
468:
457:
396:. A thin metal film (for example gold) is positioned close enough to the prism wall so that an
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When using light to excite SP waves, there are two configurations which are well known. In the
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611:
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2025:"Graphene-on-gold surface plasmon resonance sensors resilient to high-temperature annealing"
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is the relative permeability of the material (1: the glass block, 2: the metal film), while
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Illustrative schematic representing of G6 scFv immobilization on an MUAâmodified
Ausensor.
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8:
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1731:"Surface plasmon resonance for characterization of large-area atomic-layer graphene film"
1191:"Evidence of localized surface plasmon enhanced magneto-optical effect in nanodisk array"
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When the surface plasmon wave interacts with a local particle or irregularity, such as a
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136:
67:
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1866:"A Novel Enzyme-Based SPR Strategy for Detection of the Antimicrobial Agent Chlorophene"
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and thickness values. Usually only one solution is within the reasonable data range. In
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423:, part of the energy can be re-emitted as light. This emitted light can be detected
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can interact with the plasma waves on the surface and hence excite the plasmons.
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75:
38:) and SPR biosensors have been developed to detect various important biomarkers.
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SPR sensogram of the G6 scFv immobilization on an MUAâmodified Auâsensor slide.
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an attenuated signal compared to those capable of interacting simultaneously.
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392:, the light illuminates the wall of a glass block, typically a prism, and is
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A selection of free-download papers on
Plasmonics in New Journal of Physics
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on top of gold has been shown to improve SPR sensor performance. Its high
2199:(1988). "Surface plasmons on smooth and rough surfaces and on gratings".
1935:
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591:
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59:
1113:
2220:
1831:
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was proposed in 1983 by
Liedberg, Nylander, and Lundström, then of the
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115:(visible and infrared are typical). The incoming beam has to match its
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Zeng S, Yu X, Law WC, Zhang Y, Hu R, Dinh XQ, Ho HP, Yong KT (2013).
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Nano-Inspired Biosensors for Protein Assay with Clinical Applications
499:), supporting surface electromagnetic waves with sharper resonances (
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128:
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2022:
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35:
1478:"Phenomenological studies of optical properties of Cu nanowires"
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Du GX, Mori T, Suzuki M, Saito S, Fukuda H, Takahashi M (2010).
817:{\displaystyle K_{\rm {D}}={\frac {k_{\text{d}}}{k_{\text{a}}}}}
758:
853:), the equilibrium dissociation constant ('binding constant',
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microscopy (this latter is most commonly used together with a
131:), and achieve the resonance at a given wavelength and angle.
95:
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Raghuwanshi, Sanjeev Kumar; Pandey, Purnendu Shekhar (2022).
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533:. Nanoparticles or nanowires of noble metals exhibit strong
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film does not change significantly during the measurement.
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Jussila H, Yang H, Granqvist N, Sun Z (5 February 2016).
1975:
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Scheme for a sensor that uses surface plasmon resonance
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Metal particle plasmons are usually modeled using the
74:. In order for the terms that describe the electronic
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Zhu, Xiaoli; Gao, Tao (2019-01-01), Li, Genxi (ed.),
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The most common data interpretation is based on the
1915:Nurrohman, Devi Taufiq; Chiu, Nan-Fu (2021-01-15).
1310:
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79:is negative and that of air or water is positive).
55:adsorption of molecules to the conducting surface.
1315:Maradudin AA, Sambles JR, Barnes WL, eds. (2014).
816:
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352:
332:
312:
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721:film onto a thin (ca. 38 nanometers) gold sensor.
586:: a single-chain variable fragment of an antibody
2278:
1305:
943:for analytes to bind to the inner lining of the
826:In this process, a ligand is immobilized on the
2256:
709:SPR curves measured during the adsorption of a
700:
1229:
1914:
896:
430:
2132:
882:
618:
1476:Locharoenrat K, Sano H, Mizutani G (2007).
1601:
962:Multi-parametric surface plasmon resonance
644:multi-parametric surface plasmon resonance
624:Multi-parametric surface plasmon resonance
2240:Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications
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1952:
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16:Physical phenomenon of electron resonance
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427:the metal film from various directions.
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94:
18:
2195:
582:Sensogram of Hsp70 in related peptide.
119:to that of the plasmon. In the case of
2279:
2257:Schasfoort RB, Tudos AJ, eds. (2008).
2029:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
1772:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
1015:
844:) and dissociation rates ('off rate',
830:surface of the SPR crystal. Through a
629:
570:SPR analysis of the purified G6 scFv.
2259:Handbook of Surface Plasmon Resonance
2237:
663:
2086:IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science
742:Association and dissociation signal
13:
2317:Proteinâprotein interaction assays
2183:
929:
781:
561:
552:extraordinary optical transmission
320:is the relative permittivity, and
90:
14:
2338:
2201:Springer Tracts in Modern Physics
1398:Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
1236:Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
596:Linköping Institute of Technology
508:surface plasmon resonance imaging
409:KretschmannâRaether configuration
382:is the speed of light in vacuum.
1643:Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin
1526:Journal of Cellular Biochemistry
556:dual-polarization interferometry
467:
456:
2126:
2073:
2016:
1969:
1908:
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1722:
1687:
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1424:
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726:is a 'static SPR' measurement.
598:(Sweden). They adsorbed human
447:
414:
23:Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)
1337:
1262:
1223:
1182:
1129:
1084:
1043:
1009:
891:
734:Binding constant determination
660:within the calibration curve.
158:
152:
41:
1:
1784:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.071
1002:
868:antibody-antigen interactions
1589:10.1016/0250-6874(83)85036-7
701:Layer-by-layer self-assembly
438:
394:totally internally reflected
313:{\displaystyle \varepsilon }
52:electromagnetic surface wave
7:
1018:"Chapter 10 - Spectrometry"
997:Quartz crystal microbalance
950:
909:
695:
10:
2343:
2041:10.1007/s00216-022-04450-4
1994:10.1007/s11468-023-01945-3
1503:10.1016/j.stam.2007.02.001
1433:Journal of Applied Physics
1375:10.1016/j.stam.2006.12.010
1077:10.1109/JPHOT.2022.3181967
897:Magnetic plasmon resonance
761:involves establishing the
684:smaller research cohorts.
493:second-harmonic generation
431:Analytical implementations
2159:10.1109/JSEN.2023.3273708
1418:10.1016/j.snb.2012.07.015
1291:10.1109/JSEN.2022.3207896
1256:10.1016/j.snb.2012.09.073
1024:, Elsevier, p. 253,
992:Localized surface plasmon
982:Surface plasmon polariton
883:Pair-wise epitope mapping
619:Material characterization
405:Kretschmann configuration
360:is angular frequency and
107:Kretschmann configuration
84:localized surface plasmon
48:surface plasmon polariton
28:Surface plasmon resonance
2106:10.1109/TPS.2022.3211645
1616:10.1016/j.ab.2006.10.040
1482:Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater
1355:Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater
1093:Chemical Society Reviews
763:equilibrium dissociation
606:, an SPR immunoassay is
516:LangmuirâBlodgett trough
1756:10.1364/OPTICA.3.000151
1604:Analytical Biochemistry
920:electrical conductivity
750:Example of output from
353:{\displaystyle \omega }
293:{\displaystyle \omega }
1439:(9): 093105â093105â8.
1150:10.1002/smll.200700594
1056:IEEE Photonics Journal
874:Thermodynamic analysis
818:
754:
743:
722:
587:
376:
354:
334:
314:
300:) is the wave vector,
294:
271:
108:
100:
24:
1655:10.15171/apb.2019.008
1577:Sensors and Actuators
862:) can be calculated.
819:
749:
741:
708:
569:
377:
355:
335:
315:
295:
272:
106:
98:
64:relative permittivity
22:
2302:Biochemistry methods
2139:IEEE Sensors Journal
1936:10.3390/nano11010216
1883:10.3390/bios11020043
1271:IEEE Sensors Journal
772:
364:
344:
333:{\displaystyle \mu }
324:
304:
284:
146:
72:complex permittivity
2312:Forensic techniques
2213:1988STMP..111.....R
2151:2023ISenJ..2312899Z
2145:(12): 12899â12905.
2098:2022ITPS...50.4767R
1823:2012Senso..1216420C
1817:(12): 16420â16432.
1747:2016Optic...3..151J
1494:2007STAdM...8..277L
1445:2007JAP...101i3105P
1410:2012SeAcB.174..292S
1367:2007STAdM...8..331M
1283:2022ISenJ..2220421M
1277:(21): 20421â20429.
1248:2013SeAcB.176.1128Z
1207:2010ApPhL..96h1915D
1068:2022IPhoJ..1481967L
677:Alzheimer's disease
630:Data interpretation
501:Bloch surface waves
375:{\displaystyle {c}}
137:dispersion relation
68:dielectric function
50:is a non-radiative
2261:. RSC publishing.
2221:10.1007/BFb0048317
1832:10.3390/s121216420
1532:(9): 14711â14724.
1105:10.1039/C3CS60479A
814:
755:
744:
723:
671:When coupled with
664:Novel applications
588:
390:Otto configuration
372:
350:
330:
310:
290:
267:
109:
101:
99:Otto configuration
25:
2327:Optical phenomena
2268:978-0-85404-267-8
2249:978-0-387-33150-8
2230:978-3-540-17363-2
2092:(11): 4767â4774.
1708:10.1021/la4046622
1702:(10): 2799â2809.
1538:10.1002/jcb.28732
1453:10.1063/1.2734885
1323:. pp. 1â23.
1317:Modern Plasmonics
1216:10.1063/1.3334726
1099:(10): 3426â3452.
1031:978-0-12-815053-5
812:
809:
799:
265:
264:
172:
2334:
2287:Electromagnetism
2272:
2253:
2238:Maier S (2007).
2234:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1988:(6): 2273â2283.
1973:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1938:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1195:Appl. Phys. Lett
1186:
1180:
1179:
1161:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1013:
987:Waves in plasmas
861:
852:
843:
823:
821:
820:
815:
813:
811:
810:
807:
801:
800:
797:
791:
786:
785:
784:
640:refractive index
636:Fresnel formulas
535:absorption bands
489:Raman scattering
471:
460:
381:
379:
378:
373:
371:
359:
357:
356:
351:
339:
337:
336:
331:
319:
317:
316:
311:
299:
297:
296:
291:
276:
274:
273:
268:
266:
263:
262:
261:
252:
251:
239:
238:
229:
228:
218:
217:
216:
207:
206:
197:
196:
187:
186:
176:
175:
173:
165:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2250:
2231:
2186:
2184:Further reading
2181:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2131:
2127:
2118:
2116:
2078:
2074:
2021:
2017:
1974:
1970:
1913:
1909:
1862:
1858:
1803:
1799:
1768:
1764:
1727:
1723:
1692:
1688:
1635:
1631:
1600:
1596:
1573:
1569:
1518:
1511:
1474:
1470:
1429:
1425:
1394:
1390:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1313:
1306:
1267:
1263:
1228:
1224:
1187:
1183:
1134:
1130:
1089:
1085:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1014:
1010:
1005:
957:Hydrogen sensor
953:
932:
930:Fiber-optic SPR
912:
899:
894:
885:
876:
860:
854:
851:
845:
842:
836:
806:
802:
796:
792:
790:
780:
779:
775:
773:
770:
769:
736:
711:polyelectrolyte
703:
698:
666:
632:
621:
564:
562:SPR immunoassay
529:containing the
481:
480:
479:
478:
474:
473:
472:
463:
462:
461:
450:
441:
433:
417:
407:(also known as
398:evanescent wave
367:
365:
362:
361:
345:
342:
341:
325:
322:
321:
305:
302:
301:
285:
282:
281:
257:
253:
247:
243:
234:
230:
224:
220:
219:
212:
208:
202:
198:
192:
188:
182:
178:
177:
174:
164:
147:
144:
143:
93:
91:Implementations
76:surface plasmon
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2340:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2292:Nanotechnology
2289:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2254:
2248:
2235:
2229:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2125:
2072:
2035:(3): 371â377.
2015:
1968:
1907:
1856:
1797:
1778:(1): 531â536.
1762:
1721:
1686:
1629:
1594:
1567:
1509:
1488:(4): 277â281.
1468:
1423:
1388:
1361:(4): 331â338.
1345:
1336:
1329:
1304:
1261:
1222:
1181:
1144:(2): 202â205.
1128:
1083:
1042:
1030:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
977:Spinplasmonics
974:
969:
964:
959:
952:
949:
931:
928:
911:
908:
898:
895:
893:
890:
884:
881:
875:
872:
858:
849:
840:
805:
795:
789:
783:
778:
735:
732:
719:self-assembled
702:
699:
697:
694:
689:chromatography
673:nanotechnology
665:
662:
651:Mie scattering
631:
628:
620:
617:
612:label molecule
590:The first SPR
563:
560:
512:Brewster angle
476:
475:
466:
465:
464:
455:
454:
453:
452:
451:
449:
446:
440:
437:
432:
429:
416:
413:
370:
349:
329:
309:
289:
278:
277:
260:
256:
250:
246:
242:
237:
233:
227:
223:
215:
211:
205:
201:
195:
191:
185:
181:
171:
168:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
92:
89:
43:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2339:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1922:Nanomaterials
1918:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1340:
1332:
1330:9780444595263
1326:
1322:
1319:. Amsterdam:
1318:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:: 1128â1133.
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:(8): 081915.
1200:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1008:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
948:
946:
942:
937:
927:
924:
921:
917:
907:
905:
904:metamaterials
889:
880:
871:
869:
863:
857:
848:
839:
833:
829:
824:
803:
793:
787:
776:
767:
764:
760:
753:
748:
740:
731:
727:
720:
716:
712:
707:
693:
690:
685:
682:
681:nanoparticles
678:
674:
669:
661:
659:
658:interpolation
654:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
627:
625:
616:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
559:
557:
553:
549:
544:
543:visible light
540:
536:
532:
531:nanoparticles
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
470:
459:
445:
436:
428:
426:
422:
421:rough surface
412:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
386:
383:
368:
347:
327:
307:
287:
258:
254:
248:
244:
240:
235:
231:
225:
221:
213:
209:
203:
199:
193:
189:
183:
179:
169:
166:
161:
155:
149:
142:
141:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
105:
97:
88:
85:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
53:
49:
39:
37:
33:
29:
21:
2297:Spectroscopy
2258:
2242:. Springer.
2239:
2204:
2200:
2170:. Retrieved
2142:
2138:
2128:
2117:. Retrieved
2089:
2085:
2075:
2032:
2028:
2018:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1926:
1920:
1910:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1649:(1): 64â69.
1646:
1642:
1632:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1529:
1525:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1339:
1316:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1114:10356/102043
1096:
1092:
1086:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1035:, retrieved
1021:
1011:
941:surface area
933:
925:
913:
900:
886:
877:
864:
855:
846:
837:
825:
768:
756:
728:
724:
686:
670:
667:
655:
648:
633:
622:
607:
589:
583:
579:
575:
571:
520:
505:
485:fluorescence
482:
448:Applications
442:
434:
424:
418:
415:SPR emission
408:
404:
402:
389:
387:
384:
279:
110:
81:
57:
45:
31:
27:
26:
1583:: 299â304.
1404:: 292â298.
1159:10261/17402
967:Nano-optics
945:fiber optic
936:Fiber optic
892:Innovations
713:and then a
592:immunoassay
539:ultraviolet
523:suspensions
133:S-polarized
121:p-polarized
60:Drude model
42:Explanation
2322:Plasmonics
2307:Biophysics
2281:Categories
2172:2023-11-25
2119:2023-11-25
1982:Plasmonics
1929:(1): 216.
1870:Biosensors
1741:(2): 151.
1610:(1): 1â6.
1462:1885/16942
1062:(4): 1â9.
1037:2023-01-17
1003:References
610:in that a
608:label free
125:wavenumber
113:light beam
70:", is the
2197:Raether H
2167:258648690
2114:253318606
2049:1618-2642
2010:259932223
2002:1557-1963
1945:2079-4991
1876:(2): 43.
1663:2228-5881
1562:121351794
1546:0730-2312
1383:136613827
1299:252548497
1176:206490102
914:Layering
832:microflow
439:Detectors
348:ω
328:μ
308:ε
288:ω
255:μ
245:ε
232:μ
222:ε
210:μ
200:μ
190:ε
180:ε
167:ω
156:ω
127:(and the
2067:36447098
1963:33467669
1902:33572259
1851:23443386
1792:26319634
1716:24564782
1696:Langmuir
1681:31011559
1624:17145039
1554:30998271
1321:Elsevier
1168:18196506
1123:24549396
951:See also
916:graphene
910:Graphene
717:mineral
696:Examples
653:theory.
280:where k(
129:momentum
117:momentum
36:analytes
2209:Bibcode
2147:Bibcode
2094:Bibcode
2058:9829571
1954:7830205
1893:7915018
1842:3571790
1819:Bibcode
1811:Sensors
1743:Bibcode
1672:6468230
1490:Bibcode
1441:Bibcode
1406:Bibcode
1363:Bibcode
1279:Bibcode
1244:Bibcode
1203:Bibcode
1064:Bibcode
972:Plasmon
828:dextran
759:ligands
752:Biacore
537:in the
403:In the
82:LSPRs (
2265:
2246:
2227:
2165:
2112:
2065:
2055:
2047:
2008:
2000:
1961:
1951:
1943:
1900:
1890:
1849:
1839:
1790:
1735:Optica
1714:
1679:
1669:
1661:
1622:
1560:
1552:
1544:
1381:
1327:
1297:
1174:
1166:
1121:
1028:
554:, and
491:, and
425:behind
2163:S2CID
2110:S2CID
2006:S2CID
1558:S2CID
1379:S2CID
1295:S2CID
1172:S2CID
1138:Small
604:ELISA
2263:ISBN
2244:ISBN
2225:ISBN
2063:PMID
2045:ISSN
1998:ISSN
1959:PMID
1941:ISSN
1898:PMID
1847:PMID
1788:PMID
1712:PMID
1677:PMID
1659:ISSN
1620:PMID
1550:PMID
1542:ISSN
1325:ISBN
1164:PMID
1119:PMID
1026:ISBN
715:clay
584:scFv
527:sols
46:The
2217:doi
2205:111
2155:doi
2102:doi
2053:PMC
2037:doi
2033:415
1990:doi
1949:PMC
1931:doi
1888:PMC
1878:doi
1837:PMC
1827:doi
1780:doi
1776:494
1751:doi
1704:doi
1667:PMC
1651:doi
1612:doi
1608:361
1585:doi
1534:doi
1530:120
1498:doi
1457:hdl
1449:doi
1437:101
1414:doi
1402:174
1371:doi
1287:doi
1252:doi
1240:176
1211:doi
1154:hdl
1146:doi
1109:hdl
1101:doi
1072:doi
600:IgG
580:(C)
576:(B)
572:(A)
548:QCM
525:or
518:).
503:).
497:DBR
32:SPR
2283::
2223:.
2215:.
2207:.
2203:.
2161:.
2153:.
2143:23
2141:.
2137:.
2108:.
2100:.
2090:50
2088:.
2084:.
2061:.
2051:.
2043:.
2031:.
2027:.
2004:.
1996:.
1986:18
1984:.
1980:.
1957:.
1947:.
1939:.
1927:11
1925:.
1919:.
1896:.
1886:.
1874:11
1872:.
1868:.
1845:.
1835:.
1825:.
1815:12
1813:.
1809:.
1786:.
1774:.
1749:.
1737:.
1733:.
1710:.
1700:30
1698:.
1675:.
1665:.
1657:.
1645:.
1641:.
1618:.
1606:.
1579:.
1556:.
1548:.
1540:.
1528:.
1524:.
1512:^
1496:.
1484:.
1480:.
1455:.
1447:.
1435:.
1412:.
1400:.
1377:.
1369:.
1357:.
1307:^
1293:.
1285:.
1275:22
1273:.
1250:.
1238:.
1234:.
1209:.
1199:96
1197:.
1193:.
1170:.
1162:.
1152:.
1140:.
1117:.
1107:.
1097:43
1095:.
1070:.
1060:14
1058:.
1054:.
1020:,
947:.
906:.
870:.
679:,
558:.
550:,
487:,
139::
2271:.
2252:.
2233:.
2219::
2211::
2175:.
2157::
2149::
2122:.
2104::
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