3786:βregardless of the length of their service. The associate justices are then ranked by the length of their service. The chief justice sits in the center on the bench, or at the head of the table during conferences. The other justices are seated in order of seniority. The senior-most associate justice sits immediately to the chief justice's right; the second most senior sits immediately to their left. The seats alternate right to left in order of seniority, with the most junior justice occupying the last seat. Therefore, since the October 2022 term, the court sits as follows from left to right, from the perspective of those facing the court: Barrett, Gorsuch, Sotomayor, Thomas (most senior associate justice), Roberts (chief justice), Alito, Kagan, Kavanaugh, and Jackson. Likewise, when the members of the court gather for official group photographs, justices are arranged in order of seniority, with the five most senior members seated in the front row in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions (currently, from left to right, Sotomayor, Thomas, Roberts, Alito, and Kagan), and the four most junior justices standing behind them, again in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions (Barrett, Gorsuch, Kavanaugh, and Jackson).
4386:, each of which is assigned a "circuit justice" from the Supreme Court. Although this concept has been in continuous existence throughout the history of the republic, its meaning has changed through time. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789, each justice was required to "ride circuit", or to travel within the assigned circuit and consider cases alongside local judges. This practice encountered opposition from many justices, who cited the difficulty of travel. Moreover, there was a potential for a conflict of interest on the court if a justice had previously decided the same case while riding circuit. Circuit riding ended in 1901, when the Circuit Court of Appeals Act was passed, and circuit riding was officially abolished by Congress in 1911.
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supermajority has created a monarchical presidency, awarding the chief executive near-insurmountable immunity from accountability for any and all crimes committed during a term in office. It has seized power from
Congress, strictly limiting lawmakers' ability to write broad laws that tackle the major crises of the moment. And it has hobbled federal agencies' authority to apply existing statutes to problems on the ground, substituting the expert opinions of civil servants with the (often partisan) preferences of unelected judges. All the while, the court has placed itself at the apex of the state, agreeing to share power only with a strongman president who seeks to govern in line with the conservative justices' vision.
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4370:(1974), the court dismissed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of a law school affirmative action policy because the plaintiff student had graduated since he began the lawsuit, and a decision from the court on his claim would not be able to redress any injury he had suffered. However, the court recognizes some circumstances where it is appropriate to hear a case that is seemingly moot. If an issue is "capable of repetition yet evading review", the court would address it even though the party before the court would not themselves be made whole by a favorable result. In
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4784:"; if the court votes to deny a cert petition, as it does in the vast majority of such petitions that come before it, it does so typically without comment. A denial of a cert petition is not a judgment on the merits of a case, and the decision of the lower court stands as the case's final ruling. To manage the high volume of cert petitions received by the court each year (of the more than 7,000 petitions the court receives each year, it will usually request briefing and hear oral argument in 100 or fewer), the court employs an internal case management tool known as the "
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the court collecting about $ 750,000 annually. Attorneys can be admitted as either individuals or as groups. The group admission is held before the current justices of the
Supreme Court, wherein the chief justice approves a motion to admit the new attorneys. Lawyers commonly apply for the cosmetic value of a certificate to display in their office or on their resume. They also receive access to better seating if they wish to attend an oral argument. Members of the Supreme Court Bar are also granted access to the collections of the Supreme Court Library.
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civil libertiesβand so did the justices. But since 1991, they argue, ideology has been much more important in choosing justicesβall
Republican appointees have been committed conservatives and all Democratic appointees have been liberals. As the more moderate Republican justices retired, the court has become more partisan. The Court became more divided sharply along partisan lines with justices appointed by Republican presidents taking increasingly conservative positions and those appointed by Democrats taking moderate liberal positions.
4835:, or "friends of the court", may also file briefs. The court holds two-week oral argument sessions each month from October through April. Each side has thirty minutes to present its argument (the court may choose to give more time, although this is rare), and during that time, the justices may interrupt the advocate and ask questions. In 2019, the court adopted a rule generally allowing advocates to speak uninterrupted for the first two minutes of their argument. The petitioner gives the first presentation, and may reserve some time to
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5582:, and Ketanji Brown Jackson for Stephen Breyer. Justices Gorsuch and Kavanaugh served under Kennedy during the same term. Gorsuch is the first justice to clerk for and subsequently serve alongside the same justice, serving alongside Kennedy from April 2017 through Kennedy's retirement in 2018. With the confirmation of Justice Kavanaugh, for the first time a majority of the Supreme Court was composed of former Supreme Court law clerks (Roberts, Breyer, Kagan, Gorsuch and Kavanaugh, now joined by Barrett and Jackson).
10414:, That it is the sense of the Senate that the making of recess appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States may not be wholly consistent with the best interests of the Supreme Court, the nominee who may be involved, the litigants before the Court, nor indeed the people of the United States, and that such appointments, therefore, should not be made except under unusual circumstances and for the purpose of preventing or ending a demonstrable breakdown in the administration of the Court's business.
5694:, an unusual amount of power over elected branches of government, and a difficult constitution to amend. These, among other factors, have been attributed by some critics to the Court's diminished stature abroad and lower approval ratings at home, which have dropped from the mid-60s in the late 1980s to around 40% in the early 2020s. Additional factors cited by critics include the polarization of national politics, ethics scandals, and specific controversial partisan rulings, including the relaxation of
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4650:, upon which the court grants a writ of certiorari. The court may review via this process any civil or criminal case in the federal courts of appeals. It may also review by certiorari a final judgment of the highest court of a state if the judgment involves a question of federal statutory or constitutional law. A case may alternatively come before the court as a direct appeal from a three-judge federal district court. The party that petitions the court for review is the
5767:
president if the
Presidency and Senate were selected directly by the popular vote. The three Trump appointees to the court were all nominated by a president who finished second in the popular vote and confirmed by Senators representing a minority of Americans. In addition, Clarence Thomas' confirmation in 1991 and Merrick Garland's blocked confirmation in 2016 were both decided by senators representing a minority of Americans. Greg Price also critiqued the Court as
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4863:: this is the binding decision of the Supreme Court. An opinion that more than half of the justices join (usually at least five justices, since there are nine justices in total; but in cases where some justices do not participate it could be fewer) is known as "majority opinion" and creates binding precedent in American law. Whereas an opinion that fewer than half of the justices join is known as a "plurality opinion" and is only partially binding precedent.
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4901:. For a case to be heard, there must be a quorum of at least six justices. If a quorum is not available to hear a case and a majority of qualified justices believes that the case cannot be heard and determined in the next term, then the judgment of the court below is affirmed as if the court had been evenly divided. For cases brought to the Supreme Court by direct appeal from a United States District Court, the chief justice may order the case
5241:, self-government, self-determination and freedom of conscience. At one pole are those who view the federal judiciary and especially the Supreme Court as being "the most separated and least checked of all branches of government." Indeed, federal judges and justices on the Supreme Court are not required to stand for election by virtue of their tenure "during good behavior", and their pay may "not be diminished" while they hold their position (
4374:(1973), and other abortion cases, the court addresses the merits of claims pressed by pregnant women seeking abortions even if they are no longer pregnant because it takes longer than the typical human gestation period to appeal a case through the lower courts to the Supreme Court. Another mootness exception is voluntary cessation of unlawful conduct, in which the court considers the probability of recurrence and plaintiff's need for relief.
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4881:: a justice disagrees with the outcome the court reached and its reasoning. Justices who dissent from a decision may author their own dissenting opinions or, if there are multiple dissenting justices in a decision, may join another justice's dissent. Dissents do not create binding precedent. A justice may also join only part(s) of a particular decision, and may even agree with some parts of the outcome and disagree with others.
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and the court sees which side has prevailed. One of the justices in the majority is then assigned to write the court's opinion, also known as the "majority opinion", an assignment made by the most senior justice in the majority, with the chief justice always being considered the most senior. Drafts of the court's opinion circulate among the justices until the court is prepared to announce the judgment in a particular case.
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5191:, in fact, is nowhere mentioned in it. Over the ensuing years, the question of whether the power of judicial review was even intended by the drafters of the Constitution was quickly frustrated by the lack of evidence bearing on the question either way. Nevertheless, the power of judiciary to overturn laws and executive actions it determines are unlawful or unconstitutional is a well-established precedent. Many of the
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evidence that the court is of partisan importance to the Senate. In 2022, Simon
Lazarus of Brookings critiqued the U.S. Supreme Court as an increasingly partisan institution. A 2024 AP-NORC poll showed 7 in 10 respondents believed the court decides cases to "fit their own ideologies" as opposed to "acting as an independent check on other branches of government by being fair and impartial."
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3324:, appointed by Democratic presidents, compose the court's liberal wing. Prior to Justice Ginsburg's death in 2020, the conservative Chief Justice Roberts was sometimes described as the court's 'median justice' (with four justices more liberal and four more conservative than he is). Darragh Roche argues that Kavanaugh as 2021's median justice exemplifies the rightward shift in the court.
5527:. A disproportionately large number of law clerks have obtained law degrees from elite law schools, especially Harvard, Yale, the University of Chicago, Columbia, and Stanford. From 1882 to 1940, 62% of law clerks were graduates of Harvard Law School. Those chosen to be Supreme Court law clerks usually have graduated in the top of their law school class and were often an editor of the
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business. The Senate met that standard here." Later, the opinion states: "For these reasons, we conclude that we must give great weight to the Senate's own determination of when it is and when it is not in session. But our deference to the Senate cannot be absolute. When the Senate is without the capacity to act, under its own rules, it is not in session even if it so declares."
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and legitimacy through one retirement at a time, when the court is in recess and during non-presidential election years suggests a concern for institutional health. Finally, especially in recent decades, many justices have timed their departure to coincide with a philosophically compatible president holding office, to ensure that a like-minded successor would be appointed.
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federal judges, let alone the legislature and the executive branch, while also lacking an enforcement mechanism. The Code's commentary denied past wrongdoing by saying that the
Justices have largely abided by these principles and are simply publishing them now. This has prompted some criticism that the court hopes to legitimize past and future scandals through this Code.
9017:...Buckley v. Valeo. The nation's political system has suffered ever since from that decision, which held that mandatory limits on campaign spending unconstitutionally limit free speech. The decision did much to promote the explosive growth of campaign contributions from special interests and to enhance the advantage incumbents enjoy over underfunded challengers.
4356:(1821). The Supreme Court is the only federal court that has jurisdiction over direct appeals from state court decisions, although there are several devices that permit so-called "collateral review" of state cases. It has to be noted that this "collateral review" often only applies to individuals on death row and not through the regular judicial system.
9428:...the remedy was far more harmful than the problem. By stopping the recount, the high court clearly denied many thousands of voters who cast legal votes, as defined by established Florida law, their constitutional right to have their votes counted. β¦ It cannot be a legitimate use of law to disenfranchise legal voters when recourse is available. β¦
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topics outside their expertise (unlike in lower courts), with documented examples of falsehoods in written opinions, often supplied to the justices by amicus briefs from groups advocating a particular outcome. The lack of funding transparency and the lack of a requirement to submit them earlier in the process also make it more difficult to
544:. Creating a "third branch" of government was a novel idea; in the English tradition, judicial matters had been treated as an aspect of royal (executive) authority. Early on, the delegates who were opposed to having a strong central government argued that national laws could be enforced by state courts, while others, including
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legislative and executive branches, organizations such as the
Federalist Society do officially filter and endorse judges that have a sufficiently conservative view of the law. Jurists are often informally categorized in the media as being conservatives or liberal. Attempts to quantify the ideologies of jurists include the
5245:). Although subject to the process of impeachment, only one justice has ever been impeached and no Supreme Court justice has been removed from office. At the other pole are those who view the judiciary as the least dangerous branch, with little ability to resist the exhortations of the other branches of government.
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Fifth
Circuit Court of Appeals to uphold the Endangered Species Act, thus protecting six endemic species of insect near Austin, Texas, despite the fact that the insects had no commercial value and did not travel across state lines; the Supreme Court let that ruling stand without comment in 2005. Chief Justice
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rigid ideological dogma on a profession once known for intellectual freedom." Kate
Aronoff criticizes the donations from special interests like fossil fuel companies and other dark money groups to the Federalist Society and related organizations seeking to influence lawyers and Supreme Court Justices.
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The Bush v. Gore majority, made up of Mr. Rehnquist and his fellow conservatives, interpreted the equal protection clause in a sweeping way they had not before, and have not since. And they stated that the interpretation was 'limited to the present circumstances,' words that suggest a raw exercise of
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Fourteenth
Amendment. Some argue that it is detrimental to the cause of freedom because it expands the power of the federal government. Others contend that the amendment expands the ambit of individual liberty. I fall among those who believe that the Fourteenth Amendment has been a positive force for
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Springer said she doesn't know whether Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian. "I have no evidence that Judge Gorsuch considers himself an Episcopalian, and likewise no evidence that he does not." Gorsuch's younger brother, J.J., said he too has "no idea how he would fill out a form.
9630:
When Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and his colleagues on the Supreme Court left for their summer break at the end of June, they marked a milestone: the Roberts court had just completed its fifth term. In those five years, the court not only moved to the right but also became the most conservative
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Sixth Amendment's right to counsel (Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963). β¦ the court said flatly in 1904: 'The Sixth Amendment does not apply to proceedings in state criminal courts.' But in the light of Gideon β¦ ruled Black, statements 'generally declaring that the Sixth Amendment does not apply to states
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Finally, as we are unable to conceive upon what theory the exaction by government from the citizen of the performance of his supreme and noble duty of contributing to the defense of the rights and honor of the nation, as the result of a war declared by the great representative body of the people, can
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Rarely has this Court rejected outright an interpretation of state law by a state high court β¦ The Virginia court refused to obey this Court's Fairfax's Devisee mandate to enter judgment for the British subject's successor in interest. That refusal led to the Court's pathmarking decision in Martin v.
5944:
Thomas Keck argues that because the Court has historically not served as a strong bulwark for democracy, the Roberts Court has the opportunity to go down in history as a defender of democracy. However, he believes that if the court shields Trump from criminal prosecution (after ensuring his access to
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that the court should address this by requiring disclosure of all funders of amicus briefs and the studies they cite, only admit briefs that stay within the expertise of the authors (as is required in lower courts), and require the briefs to be submitted much earlier in the process so the history and
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acted as a filter for judicial nominations during the Trump administration, ensuring the latest conservative justices lean even further to the right. 86% of judges Trump appointed to circuit courts and the Supreme Court were Federalist Society members. David Litt critiques it as "an attempt to impose
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articles, and other written works for their decisions. While law review article use has increased slightly with one article cited per decision on average, the use of amicus briefs has increased significantly. The use of amicus briefs has received criticism, including the ability of authors to discuss
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must be affixed, before the appointee can take office. The seniority of an associate justice is based on the commissioning date, not the confirmation or swearing-in date. After receiving their commission, the appointee must then take the two prescribed oaths before assuming their official duties. The
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in November 1954 was not acted on by the Senate; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955, and Harlan was confirmed two months later. Most recently, the Senate failed to act on the March 2016 nomination of Merrick Garland, as the nomination expired in January 2017, and the vacancy was filled by
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to nominate, while the Senate possesses the plenary power to reject or confirm the nominee. The Constitution sets no qualifications for service as a justice, such as age, citizenship, residence or prior judicial experience, thus a president may nominate anyone to serve, and the Senate may not set any
18300:
The regulation of commerce with the Indian tribes is very properly unfettered from two limitations in the articles of Confederation, which render the provision obscure and contradictory. The power is there restrained to Indians, not members of any of the States, and is not to violate or infringe the
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One byproduct of the increased provisions , however has been a dramatic rise in the number of justices engaging in succession politics by trying to time their departures to coincide with a compatible president. The most recent departures have been partisan, some more blatantly than others, and have
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The Court has gotten increasingly more conservative with each of the Republican-appointed chief justicesβWarren E. Burger (1969β1986), William H. Rehnquist (1986β2005), and John G. Roberts Jr. (2005βpresent). All told, Republican presidents have appointed 12 of the 16 most recent justices, including
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The biggest legal milestone in this field was last year's Supreme Court decision in Griswold v. Connecticut, which overthrew the state's law against the use of contraceptives as an invasion of marital privacy, and for the first time declared the "right of privacy" to be derived from the Constitution
8410:
In the 1923 case of Adkins v. Children's Hospital, the court invalidated a classification based on gender as inconsistent with the substantive due process requirements of the fifth amendment. At issue was congressional legislation providing for the fixing of minimum wages for women and minors in the
8262:
The term 'substantive due process' is often used to describe the approach first used in Lochnerβthe finding of liberties not explicitly protected by the text of the Constitution to be impliedly protected by the liberty clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In the 1960s, long after the Court repudiated
8197:
But his decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford doomed thousands of black slaves and freedmen to a stateless existence within the United States until the passage of the 14th Amendment. Justice Taney's coldly self-fulfilling statement in Dred Scott, that blacks had "no rights which the white man bound to
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of that circuit, but over the past hundred years, this has rarely occurred. A circuit justice sitting with the Court of Appeals has seniority over the chief judge of the circuit. The chief justice has traditionally been assigned to the District of Columbia Circuit, the Fourth Circuit (which includes
4389:
The circuit justice for each circuit is responsible for dealing with certain types of applications that, by law and the rules of the court, may be addressed by a single justice. Ordinarily, a justice will resolve such an application by simply endorsing it "granted" or "denied" or entering a standard
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pm and reservations are not necessary. When the court is in session the public may attend oral arguments, which are held twice each morning (and sometimes afternoons) on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Wednesdays in two-week intervals from October through late April, with breaks during December and February.
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In the justices' private conferences, current practice is for them to speak and vote in order of seniority, beginning with the chief justice first and ending with the most junior associate justice. By custom, the most junior associate justice in these conferences is charged with any menial tasks the
1818:
of the Constitution provides that justices "shall hold their offices during good behavior", which is understood to mean that they may serve for the remainder of their lives, until death; furthermore, the phrase is generally interpreted to mean that the only way justices can be removed from office is
18447:
I don't think there's any question at this point in our history that Congress' power under the commerce clause is quite broad, and I think that reflects a number of things, including the way in which our economy and our society has developed and all of the foreign and interstate activity that takes
18265:
The interfering and unneighborly regulations of some States, contrary to the true spirit of the Union, have, in different instances, given just cause of umbrage and complaint to others, and it is to be feared that examples of this nature, if not restrained by a national control, would be multiplied
12696:
If the incumbent president is of the same party as the president who nominated the justice to the Court, and if the incumbent president is in the first two years of a four-year presidential term, then the justice has odds of resignation that are about 2.6 times higher than when these two conditions
5155:
In order to plead before the court, an attorney must first be admitted to the court's bar. Approximately 4,000 lawyers join the bar each year. The bar contains an estimated 230,000 members. In reality, pleading is limited to several hundred attorneys. The rest join for a one-time fee of $ 200, with
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over cases between two or more states but may decline to hear such cases. It also possesses original but not exclusive jurisdiction to hear "all actions or proceedings to which ambassadors, other public ministers, consuls, or vice consuls of foreign states are parties; all controversies between the
13038:
On May 28, Moody did something unprecedented, then and now. He filed a petition charging Sheriff Shipp, six deputies and 19 leaders of the lynch mob with contempt of the Supreme Court. The justices unanimously approved the petition and agreed to retain original jurisdiction in the matter. ... May
9362:
The decision in the Lawrence v. Texas case overturned convictions against two Houston men, whom police had arrested after busting into their home and finding them engaged in sex. And for the first time in their lives, thousands of gay men and women who lived in states where sodomy had been illegal
8715:
In the landmark 1962 case Engel v. Vitale, the high court threw out a brief nondenominational prayer composed by state officials that was recommended for use in New York State schools. 'It is no part of the business of government,' ruled the court, 'to compose official prayers for any group of the
4851:
At the conclusion of oral argument, the case is submitted for decision. Cases are decided by majority vote of the justices. After the oral argument is concluded, usually in the same week as the case was submitted, the justices retire to another conference at which the preliminary votes are tallied
4245:
granted Johnson a stay of execution to allow his lawyers to file an appeal. Johnson was removed from his jail cell by a lynch mob, aided by the local sheriff who left the prison virtually unguarded, and hanged from a bridge, after which a deputy sheriff pinned a note on Johnson's body reading: "To
3359:
In recent times, justices tend to strategically plan their decisions to leave the bench with personal, institutional, ideological, partisan, and political factors playing a role. The fear of mental decline and death often motivates justices to step down. The desire to maximize the court's strength
2095:
and eight associate justices. Among the current members of the court, Clarence Thomas is the longest-serving justice, with a tenure of 12,021 days (32 years, 333 days) as of September 20, 2024; the most recent justice to join the court is Ketanji Brown Jackson, whose tenure began on June
1923:
One of the smallest Supreme Courts in the world, the US Supreme Court consists of nine members: one chief justice and eight associate justices. The U.S. Constitution does not specify the size of the Supreme Court, nor does it specify any specific positions for the court's members. The Constitution
1749:
has made a recess appointment to the court, and the practice has become rare and controversial even in lower federal courts. In 1960, after Eisenhower had made three such appointments, the Senate passed a "sense of the Senate" resolution that recess appointments to the court should only be made in
19500:, vol. LXX, no. 13 (August 17, 2023), pp. 50β54. "udicial supremacy is neither woven into the Constitution's text and structure nor discoverable in the history of its creation β a reality that today's supposedly 'textualist' or at times 'originalist' Court conveniently ignores." (p. 51.)
17922:
The Supreme Court's differing treatment of the traditional actors and the jury and the deference to traditional actors has contributed to the jury's declineβ¦The Court has failed to acknowledge any specific authority in the jury or any necessity to guard that authority...Moreover it has ultimately
13376:
Gradually, however, circuit riding lost support. The Court's increasing business in the nation's capital following the Civil War made the circuit riding seem anachronistic and impractical and a slow shift away from the practice began. The Judiciary Act of 1869 established a separate circuit court
12532:
For more than a decade after leaving the court in 2006, O'Connor kept up an active schedule: serving as a visiting federal appeals court judge, speaking on issues she cared about and founding her own education organization. But the 88-year-old, for more than two decades often the deciding vote in
10458:
The Court continued, "In our view, however, the pro forma sessions count as sessions, not as periods of recess. We hold that, for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause, the Senate is in session when it says it is, provided that, under its own rules, it retains the capacity to transact Senate
6546:
by upholding regulations and legislation which have little to do with interstate commerce, but that were enacted under the guise of regulating interstate commerce; and by voiding state legislation for allegedly interfering with interstate commerce. For example, the Commerce Clause was used by the
5766:
which confirms the justices, have selection biases that favor rural states that tend to vote Republican, resulting in a conservative Supreme Court. Ziblatt and Levitsky estimate that 3 or 4 of the seats held by conservative justices on the court would be held by justices appointed by a Democratic
5203:
wrote: "A Constitution is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law. It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning, and the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body. If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two,
4343:
simply affirming the lower court's decision without discussing the merits of the case, since the Supreme Court of Florida lacks jurisdiction to hear appeals of such decisions. The power of the Supreme Court to consider appeals from state courts, rather than just federal courts, was created by the
3339:
There are currently three living retired justices of the Supreme Court of the United States: Anthony Kennedy, David Souter, and Stephen Breyer. As retired justices, they no longer participate in the work of the Supreme Court, but may be designated for temporary assignments to sit on lower federal
3259:
Devins and Baum argue that before 2010, the Court never had clear ideological blocs that fell perfectly along party lines. In choosing their appointments, Presidents often focused more on friendship and political connections than on ideology. Republican presidents sometimes appointed liberals and
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judiciary. The justices retained nominal circuit riding duties until 1891 when the Circuit Court of Appeals Act was passed. With the Judicial Code of 1911, Congress officially ended the practice. The struggle between the legislative and judicial branches over circuit riding was finally concluded.
10008:
In a statement Friday morning, Murray cited Republicans' refusal to confirm or even seriously consider President Obama's nomination of Judge Merrick Garland, a similarly well-qualified jurist β and went on to lambaste President Trump's conduct in his first few months in office. And Murray added
8049:
The first Chief Justice, John Marshall set out to do away with seriatim opinionsβa practice originating in England in which each appellate judge writes an opinion in ruling on a single case. (You may have read old tort cases in law school with such opinions). Marshall sought to do away with this
5976:
The Supreme Court's conservative supermajority has, in recent weeks, restructured American democracy in the Republican Party's preferred image, fundamentally altering the balance of power between the branches and the citizens themselves.... In the course of its most recent term that conservative
4885:
It is the court's practice to issue decisions in all cases argued in a particular term by the end of that term. Within that term, the court is under no obligation to release a decision within any set time after oral argument. Since recording devices are banned inside the courtroom of the Supreme
3264:
designated as important and that had at least two dissenting votes in which the Justices divided along party lines, about one-half of one percent." Even in the turbulent 1960s and 1970s, Democratic and Republican elites tended to agree on some major issues, especially concerning civil rights and
1759:
limited the ability of the president to make recess appointments (including appointments to the Supreme Court); the court ruled that the Senate decides when the Senate is in session or in recess. Writing for the court, Justice Breyer stated, "We hold that, for purposes of the Recess Appointments
18636:
Beat reporters and academics initially denounced the court's involvement in that case, its hastiness to enter the political thicket and the half-baked and strained decision that resulted...Toobin remains white-hot about it, calling it 'one of the lowest moments in the court's history,' one that
5899:
to set "ethics rules and principles that guide the conduct of the Members of the Court." The Code has been received by some as a significant first step but does not address the ethics concerns of many notable critics who found the Code was a significantly weakened version of the rules for other
5782:
The 2016 stonewalling of Merrick Garland's confirmation and subsequent filling with Neil Gorsuch has been critiqued as a 'stolen seat' citing precedent from the 20th century of confirmations during election years, while proponents cited three blocked nominations between 1844 and 1866. In recent
5225:
His contention was not that the court had privileged insight into constitutional requirements, but that it was the constitutional duty of the judiciary, as well as the other branches of government, to read and obey the dictates of the Constitution. This decision was criticized by then-President
5164:
A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October, and continues until June or early July of the following year. Each term consists of alternating periods of around two weeks known as "sittings" and "recesses"; justices hear cases and deliver rulings during sittings, and
4415:
Before 1990, the rules of the Supreme Court also stated that "a writ of injunction may be granted by any Justice in a case where it might be granted by the Court." However, this part of the rule (and all other specific mention of injunctions) was removed in the Supreme Court's rules revision of
3243:
Justices are nominated by the president in power, and receive confirmation by the Senate, historically holding many of the views of the nominating president's political party. While justices do not represent or receive official endorsements from political parties, as is accepted practice in the
8568:
Some prominent states' rights conservatives were asking the court to overturn Wickard v. Filburn, a landmark ruling that laid out an expansive view of Congress's power to legislate in the public interest. Supporters of states' rights have always blamed Wickard ... for paving the way for strong
8086:
Congress tried the process again in 1804, when it voted to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase on charges of bad conduct. As a judge, Chase was overzealous and notoriously unfair β¦ But Chase never committed a crimeβhe was just incredibly bad at his job. The Senate acquitted him on every
6672:
sees flaws in the American system of having courts (and specifically the Supreme Court) act as checks on the Executive and Legislative branches; he argues that because the courts must wait, sometimes for years, for cases to navigate their way through the system, their ability to restrain other
6394:
writer Colm Quinn says that a criticism leveled at the court, as well as other American institutions, is that after two centuries they are beginning to look their age. He cites four features of the United States Supreme Court that make it different from high courts in other countries, and help
5674:, stated that the court had thus begun to mirror the political branches of government. "We are getting a composition of the clerk workforce that is getting to be like the House of Representatives," Professor Garrow said. "Each side is putting forward only ideological purists." According to the
5391:
In addition, the other two branches can restrain the court through other mechanisms. Congress can increase the number of justices, giving the president power to influence future decisions by appointments (as in Roosevelt's court-packing plan discussed above). Congress can pass legislation that
12592:
Had anticipated that the chief justice would not serve out the next Supreme Court term, she told me after his death, she would have delayed her own retirement for a year rather than burden the court with two simultaneous vacancies. Her reason for leaving was that her husband, suffering from
12352:
Based on what we know about measuring the ideology of justices and judges, the Supreme Court will soon take a hard and quick turn to the right. It's a new path that is likely to last for years. Chief Justice John Roberts, a George W. Bush appointee, will almost certainly become the new median
8750:
Public schools need not proselytizeβindeed, must notβin teaching students about the Good Book β¦ In Abington School District v. Schempp, decided in 1963, the Supreme Court stated that "study of the Bible or of religion, when presented objectively as part of a secular program of education," was
8639:
On May 17, 1954, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. State-sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional. This
6551:
asserted Congress's power over interstate commerce was "complete in itself, may be exercised to its utmost extent, and acknowledges no limitations, other than are prescribed in the Constitution." Justice Alito said congressional authority under the Commerce Clause is "quite broad"; modern-day
4977:
are numbered so that users may cite this set of reports (or a competing version published by another commercial legal publisher but containing parallel citations) to allow those who read their pleadings and other briefs to find the cases quickly and easily. As of January 2019, there are:
3330:
found the number of unanimous decisions dropped from the 20-year average of nearly 50% to nearly 30% in 2021 while party-line rulings increased from a 60-year average just above zero to a record high 21%. That year Ryan Williams pointed to the party-line votes for confirmations of justices as
1915:, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and George W. Bush each served a full term without an opportunity to appoint a justice, but made appointments during their subsequent terms in office. No president who has served more than one full term has gone without at least one opportunity to make an appointment.
8983:
Split almost exactly down the middle, the Supreme Court last week offered a Solomonic compromise. It said that rigid quotas based solely on race were forbidden, but it also said that race might legitimately be an element in judging students for admission to universities. It thus approved the
5836:
saying she would introduce impeachment articles when Congress is back in session. On July 10, 2024, she filed Articles of Impeachment against Thomas and Alito, citing their "widely documented financial and personal entanglements." As of late July, 2024, nearly 1.4 million people had signed a
4855:
Justices are free to change their votes on a case up until the decision is finalized and published. In any given case, a justice is free to choose whether or not to author an opinion or else simply join the majority or another justice's opinion. There are several primary types of opinions:
9287:
Seminole Tribe v. Florida (1996) In this seemingly technical 11th Amendment dispute about whether states can be sued in federal courts, Justice O'Connor joined four others to override Congress's will and protect state prerogatives, even though the text of the Constitution contradicts this
6641:'s book compared the Court to a cartel where its inner-workings are mostly unknown, arguing this lack of transparency reduces scrutiny which hurts ordinary Americans who know little about the nine extremely consequential Justices. A 2010 poll found that 61% of American voters agreed that
5736:
and permitted states to restrict abortion rights, Democrats and independents have increasingly lost trust in the court, seen the court as political, and expressed support for reforming the institution. Historically, the court had relatively more trust than other government institutions.
3874:
Visitors are seated on a first-come first-served basis. One estimate is there are about 250 seats available. The number of open seats varies from case to case; for important cases, some visitors arrive the day before and wait through the night. The court releases opinions beginning at 10
7878:
The decision β¦ in Martin vs. Hunter's Lessee is the authority on which lawyers and Judges have rested the doctrine that where there is in question, in the highest court of a State, and decided adversely to the validity of a State statute... such claim is reviewable by the Supreme Court
3878:
am on scheduled "non-argument days" (also called opinion days) These sessions, which typically last 15 to 30-minute, are also open to the public. From mid-May until the end of June, at least one opinion day is scheduled each week. Supreme Court Police are available to answer questions.
12315:
Erwin Chemerinsky, a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley, told Bloomberg that Roberts' recent voting record may indicate that he is taking his role as the median justice "very seriously" and that the recent period was "perhaps the beginning of his being the swing
4764:
cases and other cases in which the court orders briefing from the respondent, the respondent may, but is not required to, file a response to the cert petition. The court grants a petition for cert only for "compelling reasons", spelled out in the court's Rule 10. Such reasons include:
17951:
as the jury continued to be more diverse in gender and race, the jury was less desirable to judges and corporationsβ¦this shift has occurred, particularly in the 1930sβ¦The Supreme Court likely has been influenced by legal elites as well as by corporations to reduce jury authority over
8013:, Marshall's most important innovation was to persuade the other justices to stop seriatim opinionsβeach issuing oneβso that the court could speak in a single voice. Since the mid-1940s, however, there's been a significant increase in individual 'concurring' and 'dissenting' opinions.
1956:, an arduous process requiring long travel on horseback or carriage over harsh terrain that resulted in months-long extended stays away from home, Congress added justices to correspond with the growth such that the number of seats for associate justices plus the chief justice became
685:(1791), a case involving procedure. As the court initially had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was also made by two-thirds (voting four to two). However, Congress has always allowed less than the court's full membership to make decisions, starting with a
4828:
When the court grants a cert petition, the case is set for oral argument. Both parties will file briefs on the merits of the case, as distinct from the reasons they may have argued for granting or denying the cert petition. With the consent of the parties or approval of the court,
5657:
Clerks hired by each of the justices of the Supreme Court are often given considerable leeway in the opinions they draft. "Supreme Court clerkship appeared to be a nonpartisan institution from the 1940s into the 1980s," according to a study published in 2009 by the law review of
563:, vesting federal judicial power in "one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish." They delineated neither the exact powers and prerogatives of the Supreme Court nor the organization of the judicial branch as a whole.
4620:
Five of the current justices are assigned to circuits on which they previously sat as circuit judges: Chief Justice Roberts (D.C. Circuit), Justice Sotomayor (Second Circuit), Justice Alito (Third Circuit), Justice Barrett (Seventh Circuit), and Justice Gorsuch (Tenth Circuit).
17343:
This suggests that the right of habeas corpus was not limited to English subjects β¦ protects people who are captured β¦ at Guantanamo β¦ Wrong, Justice Antonin Scalia wrote in dissent. He said English history showed that the writ of habeas corpus was limited to sovereign English
8124:
the 1805 Senate trial of Justice Samuel Chase, who had been impeached by the House of Representatives β¦ This decision by the Senate was enormously important in securing the kind of judicial independence contemplated by Article III" of the Constitution, Chief Justice Rehnquist
10746:
and that as nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office, this quality may therefore be justly regarded as an indispensable ingredient in its constitution, and, in a great measure, as the citadel of the public justice and the public
6430:
argued that no other country gives its Supreme Court as much power. Warren E. Burger, before becoming Chief Justice, argued that since the Supreme Court has such "unreviewable power", it is likely to "self-indulge itself", and unlikely to "engage in dispassionate analysis."
9592:
It was the Supreme Court that conservatives had long yearned for and that liberals feared β¦ This was a more conservative court, sometimes muscularly so, sometimes more tentatively, its majority sometimes differing on methodology but agreeing on the outcome in cases big and
1716:
administrations, justices were typically approved within one month. From the Reagan administration to the present, the process has taken much longer and some believe this is because Congress sees justices as playing a more political role than in the past. According to the
5000:
have published a total of 30,161 Supreme Court opinions, covering the decisions handed down from February 1790 to March 2012. This figure does not reflect the number of cases the court has taken up, as several cases can be addressed by a single opinion (see, for example,
807:, which held that while Congress may not limit the subjects the Supreme Court may hear, it may limit the jurisdiction of the lower federal courts to prevent them from hearing cases dealing with certain subjects. Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in
9325:
The argument in this case, Alden v. Maine, No. 98-436, proceeded on several levels simultaneously. On the surface β¦ On a deeper level, the argument was a continuation of the Court's struggle over an even more basic issue: the Government's substantive authority over the
8947:
The shocker, however, came in 1973, when the Court, by a vote of 7 to 2, relied on Griswold's basic underpinnings to rule that a Texas law prohibiting abortions in most situations was unconstitutional, invalidating the laws of most states. Relying on a woman's right to
7802:, Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review, an important addition to the system of 'checks and balances' created to prevent any one branch of the Federal Government from becoming too powerful...A Law repugnant to the Constitution is void.
5485:, and draft opinions. Associate justices are allowed four clerks. The chief justice is allowed five clerks, but Chief Justice Rehnquist hired only three per year, and Chief Justice Roberts usually hires only four. Generally, law clerks serve a term of one to two years.
6442:
Some members of Congress considered the results from the 2021β2022 term a shift of government power into the Supreme Court, and a "judicial coup". The 2021β2022 term of the court was the first full term following the appointment of three judges by Republican president
2067:
advocates for 19 justices, with the court being gradually expanded by two new members per presidential term, bringing the U.S. Supreme Court to a similar size as its counterparts in other developed countries. He says that a bigger court would reduce the power of the
3162:
justice, and in 2010 by Elena Kagan. After Ginsburg's death on September 18, 2020, Amy Coney Barrett was confirmed as the fifth woman in the court's history on October 26, 2020. Ketanji Brown Jackson is the sixth woman and first African-American woman on the court.
9249:
His (Rehnquist's) reference was to a landmark 1997 decision, City of Boerne v. Flores, in which the court ruled that the predecessor to the current law, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, exceeded Congress's authority and was unconstitutional as applied to the
8530:
He was a farmer in Ohio ... during the 1930s, when subsidies were brought in for farmers. With subsidies came restrictions on how much wheat one could growβeven, Filburn learned in a landmark Supreme Court case, Wickard v. Filburn (1942), wheat grown on his modest
6459:β which created a six-strong conservative majority on the court. Subsequently, at the end of the term, the court issued a number of decisions that favored this conservative majority while significantly changing the landscape with respect to rights. These included
1585:
conducts hearings and votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive, negative or neutral report. The committee's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent. The first nominee to appear before the committee was
1737:
hold office only until the end of the next Senate session (less than two years). The Senate must confirm the nominee for them to continue serving; of the two chief justices and eleven associate justices who have received recess appointments, only Chief Justice
9180:
United States v. Lopez in 1995 raised the stakes in the debate over federal authority even higher. The decision declared unconstitutional a Federal law, the Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990, that made it a federal crime to carry a gun within 1,000 feet of a
7762:
From the beginning, Burns continues, the Court has established its "supremacy" over the president and Congress because of Chief Justice John Marshall's "brilliant political coup" in Marbury v. Madison (1803): asserting a power to strike down unconstitutional
17823:
A criticism leveled at the Supreme Court and U.S. institutions more generally is that after more than two centuries in operation, it's beginning to look its age, with questions of legitimacy, political interference, and power all combining to undermine the
14961:
A criticism leveled at the Supreme Court and U.S. institutions more generally is that after more than two centuries in operation, it's beginning to look its age, with questions of legitimacy, political interference, and power all combining to undermine the
9776:
The landmark 2008 decision to strike down the District of Columbia's ban on handgun possession was the first time the court had said the amendment grants an individual right to own a gun for self-defense. But the 5 to 4 opinion in District of Columbia v.
4262:
to lower courts. It considers cases based on its original jurisdiction very rarely; almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court on appeal. In practice, the only original jurisdiction cases heard by the court are disputes between two or more states.
1983:
of 1866, providing that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced, which would thin the bench to seven justices by attrition. Consequently, one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867. Soon after Johnson left office, the new president
625:
in New York City, then the U.S. capital. A second session was held there in August 1790. The earliest sessions of the court were devoted to organizational proceedings, as the first cases did not reach it until 1791. When the nation's capital was moved to
6575:. One critic wrote "the great majority of Supreme Court rulings of unconstitutionality involve state, not federal, law." Others see the Fourteenth Amendment as a positive force that extends "protection of those rights and guarantees to the state level."
9110:
Thirty-two years ago, Justice John Paul Stevens sided with the majority in a famous "never mind" ruling by the Supreme Court. Gregg v. Georgia, in 1976, overturned Furman v. Georgia, which had declared the death penalty unconstitutional only four years
1671:
has received a floor vote in the Senate. A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs, typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee; this occurred with President George W. Bush's nomination of
4711:, a case turning on whether an incorrectly drawn boundary between two states can be changed by a state court, and whether the setting of the correct boundary requires Congressional approval. Although it has not happened since 1794 in the case of
18227:
In every State there have been made, and must continue to be made, regulations on this subject which will, in many cases, leave little more to be done by the federal legislature, than to review the different laws, and reduce them in one general
8232:
The rhetorical battle that followed the Dred Scott decision, as we know, later erupted into the gunfire and bloodshed of the Civil War (p. 176)... his opinion (Taney's) touched off an explosive reaction on both sides of the slavery issue... (p.
1777:
wrote: "The insularity of lifetime tenure, combined with the appointments of relatively young attorneys who give long service on the bench, produces senior judges representing the views of past generations better than views of the current day."
18376:
Purcell filed a $ 60-million lawsuit against the U.S. government in 1999, arguing that cave bugs could not be regulated through the commerce clause because they had no commercial value and did not cross state lines. 'I'm disappointed,' Purcell
1772:
Lifetime tenure of justices can only be found for US Supreme Court Justices and the State of Rhode Island's Supreme Court justices, with all other democratic nations and all other US states having set term limits or mandatory retirement ages.
15823:
9554:
John Glover Roberts Jr. was sworn in yesterday as the 17th chief justice of the United States, enabling President Bush to put his stamp on the Supreme Court for decades to come, even as he prepares to name a second nominee to the nine-member
6748:
to its website that seemed to indicate that the court will temporarily allow abortions in medical emergencies in Idaho. The official opinion was posted the next day, which returned the case to the lower courts without a ruling on the merits.
10832:
5662:. "As law has moved closer to mere politics, political affiliations have naturally and predictably become proxies for the different political agendas that have been pressed in and through the courts," former federal court of appeals judge
2023:
reported that it was "essential to the continuance of our constitutional democracy" that the proposal "be so emphatically rejected that its parallel will never again be presented to the free representatives of the free people of America."
17693:
6307:. However, those on both sides of the political aisle often level this accusation at the court. The debate around judicial activism typically involves accusing the other side of activism, whilst denying that your own side engages in it.
4893:
It is possible that through recusals or vacancies the court divides evenly on a case. If that occurs, then the decision of the court below is affirmed, but does not establish binding precedent. In effect, it results in a return to the
12502:
an Associated Press-NORC poll showed that 7 out of 10 Americans think that the justices make their decisions 'to fit their own ideologies,' instead of serving as 'an independent check on other branches of government by being fair and
4250:
to preside over the trial in Chattanooga with closing arguments made in Washington before the Supreme Court justices, who found nine individuals guilty of contempt, sentencing three to 90 days in jail and the rest to 60 days in jail.
6732:
are often purported to harm the court's reputation. Chief Justice Roberts has previously described leaks as an "egregious breach of trust" that "undermine the integrity of our operations" in reference to the leaked draft opinion for
4321:). In the last case, an appeal may be made to the Supreme Court from a lower state court if the state's highest court declined to hear an appeal or lacks jurisdiction to hear an appeal. For example, a decision rendered by one of the
578:
and would initially be composed of a chief justice and five associate justices. The act also divided the country into judicial districts, which were in turn organized into circuits. Justices were required to "ride circuit" and hold
1847:
were subjected to hearings from the Judiciary Committee, with Douglas being the subject of hearings twice, in 1953 and again in 1970 and Fortas resigned while hearings were being organized in 1969. On July 10, 2024, Representative
9145:
The federalism issue at the core of the new case grows out of a series of cases from 1997 to 2003 in which the Rehnquist court applied a new level of scrutiny to Congressional action enforcing the guarantees of the Reconstruction
5678:
study, this politicized hiring trend reinforces the impression that the Supreme Court is "a superlegislature responding to ideological arguments rather than a legal institution responding to concerns grounded in the rule of law."
3865:. Visitors may not tour the actual courtroom unaccompanied. There is a cafeteria, a gift shop, exhibits, and a half-hour informational film. When the court is not in session, lectures about the courtroom are held hourly from 9:30
1871:
left within days of each other, the shortest period of time between vacancies in the court's history. Sometimes a great length of time passes between vacancies, such as the 11-year span, from 1994 to 2005, from the retirement of
4875:: a justice agrees with the outcome the court reached but disagrees with its reasons for doing so. A justice in this situation does not join the majority opinion. Like regular concurrences, these do not create binding precedent.
5416:
On the other hand, through its power of judicial review, the Supreme Court has defined the scope and nature of the powers and separation between the legislative and executive branches of the federal government; for example, in
3825:
from 1791 until 1800. After the government moved to Washington, D.C., the court occupied various spaces in the Capitol building until 1935, when it moved into its own purpose-built home. The four-story building was designed by
4701:, such as when two states have a dispute against each other, or when there is a dispute between the United States and a state. In such instances, a case is filed with the Supreme Court directly. Examples of such cases include
2062:
At nine members, the U.S. Supreme Court is one of the smallest supreme courts in the world. David Litt argues the court is too small to represent the perspectives of a country the United States' size. Lawyer and legal scholar
11854:
1932:. The power to define the Supreme Court's size and membership has been assumed to belong to Congress, which initially established a six-member Supreme Court composed of a chief justice and five associate justices through the
9467:
Re-enter the Rehnquist court. Amid the chaos, somebody had to play Daddy. β¦ the Supreme Court eschewed subtlety this time and bluntly stopped the Florida Supreme Court in its tracksβand stayed its willfulness. By, mind you,
3616:, the justice may retire with a pension based on the same formula used for federal employees. As with other federal courts judges, their pension can never be less than their salary at the time of retirement according to the
16413:
1760:
Clause, the Senate is in session when it says it is, provided that, under its own rules, it retains the capacity to transact Senate business." This ruling allows the Senate to prevent recess appointments through the use of
8368:
be said to be the imposition of involuntary servitude in violation of the prohibitions of the Thirteenth Amendment, we are constrained to the conclusion that the contention to that effect is refuted by its mere statement.
6696:. Critics argue that the Court has acted slowly in order to delay this case until after the election. They point out that the Court can move quickly when it wants to, as it did when it disregarded typical procedures in
5868:
laws impacting branches beyond the judiciary and citing falsehoods in written opinions, often supplied to the justices by amicus briefs from groups advocating a particular outcome. Allison Orr Larsen, Associate Dean at
5400:
of Article Three, where the appellate jurisdiction is granted "with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make." The court sanctioned such congressional action in the Reconstruction Era case
15270:
Morris, G. Elliot; Burton, Cooper; Fuong, Holly; Groskopf, Christopher; King, Ritchie; Koeze, Ella; Mehta, Dhrumil; Mithani, Jasmine; et al. (February 25, 2024). Frostenson, Sarah; Thomson-DeVeaux, Amelia (eds.).
5929:
The lack of external enforcement of ethics or other conduct violations makes the Supreme Court an outlier in modern organizational best-practices. 2024 reform legislation has been blocked by congressional Republicans.
22132:
7307:
5903:
The ethics rules guiding the justices are set and enforced by the justices themselves, meaning the members of the court have no external checks on their behavior other than the impeachment of a justice by Congress.
5435:(1979), which effectively gave the presidency the power to terminate ratified treaties without the consent of Congress. The court's decisions can also impose limitations on the scope of Executive authority, as in
7263:
18192:
seems well calculated at once to secure to the States a reasonable discretion in providing for the conveniency of their imports and exports, and to the United States a reasonable check against the abuse of this
8855:
1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision. That's the famous decision that made confessions inadmissible as evidence unless an accused person has been warned by police of the right to silence and to a lawyer, and waived
1951:
promptly negated the 1801 act, restoring the court's size to six members before any such vacancy occurred. As the nation's boundaries grew across the continent and as Supreme Court justices in those days had to
9876:
20053:
18153:
Power being almost always the rival of power; the General Government will at all times stand ready to check the usurpations of the state government; and these will have the same disposition toward the General
18341:
many lawyers embrace a tradition that views state governments as the quintessential threat to individual and minority rights, and federal officialsβespecially federal courtsβas the special guardians of those
12302:
10049:
After Democrats held together Thursday morning and filibustered President Trump's nominee, Republicans voted to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority.
9852:
The death penalty is unconstitutional as a punishment for the rape of a child, a sharply divided Supreme Court ruled Wednesday β¦ The 5-to-4 decision overturned death penalty laws in Louisiana and five other
5387:
in 2007). Also, the Supreme Court is not immune from political and institutional consideration: lower federal courts and state courts sometimes resist doctrinal innovations, as do law enforcement officials.
4359:
Since Article Three of the United States Constitution stipulates that federal courts may only entertain "cases" or "controversies", the Supreme Court cannot decide cases that are moot and it does not render
13981:
11392:
10477:
7344:
2788:
This graphical timeline depicts the length of each current Supreme Court justice's tenure (not seniority, as the chief justice has seniority over all associate justices regardless of tenure) on the court:
18469:
20192:
10923:
8606:
Justice Black developed his controversial theory, first stated in a lengthy, scholarly dissent in 1947, that the due process clause applied the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights to the states.
3820:
The Supreme Court first met on February 1, 1790, at the Merchants' Exchange Building in New York City. When Philadelphia became the capital, the court met briefly in Independence Hall before settling in
4779:
When a conflict of interpretations arises from differing interpretations of the same law or constitutional provision issued by different federal circuit courts of appeals, lawyers call this situation a
2114:
20092:
16242:
6660:
speculates that the decades-long decline in cases heard could be due to the increasing political makeup of judges, that he says might be more interested in settling political disputes than legal ones.
16377:
15815:
14906:
12948:
4752:
A cert petition is voted on at a session of the court called conference. A conference is a private meeting of the nine justices by themselves; the public and the justices' clerks are excluded. The
548:, advocated for a national judicial authority consisting of tribunals chosen by the national legislature. It was proposed that the judiciary should have a role in checking the executive's power to
20043:
12436:
11425:
5377:
When the court rules on matters involving the interpretation of laws rather than of the Constitution, simple legislative action can reverse the decisions (for example, in 2009 Congress passed the
22122:
20087:
4869:: a justice agrees with and joins the majority opinion but authors a separate concurrence to give additional explanations, rationales, or commentary. Concurrences do not create binding precedent.
3146:
justice. Marshall was succeeded by African-American Clarence Thomas in 1991. O'Connor was joined by Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the first Jewish woman on the Court, in 1993. After O'Connor's retirement
15750:
8334:β¦ of what eventually became the 'incorporation doctrine,' by which various federal Bill of Rights guarantees were held to be implicit in the Fourteenth Amendment due process or equal protection.
6689:
1831:. No constitutional mechanism exists for removing a justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury, but unable (or unwilling) to resign. The only justice ever to be impeached was
23546:
12037:
9215:
Intrastate activity that was not essentially economic was beyond Congress's reach under the Commerce Clause, Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote for the 5-to-4 majority in United States v. Morrison.
5187:
The federal court system and the judicial authority to interpret the Constitution received little attention in the debates over the drafting and ratification of the Constitution. The power of
4959:
is made available on the court's web site and through other outlets. Next, several opinions and lists of the court's orders are bound together in paperback form, called a preliminary print of
22142:
21987:
20306:
20232:
8934:
7227:
5896:
5003:
15248:
4843:
may also present oral argument on behalf of one party if that party agrees. The court advises counsel to assume that the justices are familiar with and have read the briefs filed in a case.
2895:
Three justices are from the state of New York, two are from Washington, D.C., and one each is from New Jersey, Georgia, Colorado, and Louisiana. Eight of the current justices received their
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20227:
20222:
20217:
20212:
20207:
20202:
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6399:
It is high-profile: the high court in the United States is one of the few courts in the world that can unilaterally strike down legislation passed by other politically accountable branches.
1529:
476:
15719:
14477:
9995:
7973:
Very important also was the decision in Martin vs. Hunter's lessee, in which the court asserted its authority to overrule, within certain limits, the decisions of the highest State courts.
5819:
cases where their spouses have taken public stances or been involved in efforts to overturn the election. In 2017, Neil Gorsuch sold a property he co-owned for $ 1.8 million to the CEO of
4246:
Justice Harlan. Come get your nigger now." The local sheriff, John Shipp, cited the Supreme Court's intervention as the rationale for the lynching. The court appointed its deputy clerk as
20058:
15460:
A longtime leader within the Federalist Society, Leo has had Donald Trump's ear on judicial appointments and has been the main curator of the president's list of Supreme Court candidates.
12405:
10366:, Justice Stevens observed that the case involved "the first such appointment of an Article III judge in nearly a half century." 544 U.S. 942 (2005), Stevens, J., concurring in denial of
9732:
1599:
17681:
14091:
10840:
8036:
5907:
Chief Justice Roberts refused to testify before the Senate Judiciary Committee in April 2023, reasserting his desire for the Supreme Court to continue to monitor itself despite mounting
416:
over a narrow range of cases, specifically "all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party." The court holds the power of
24758:
11539:
6435:
wrote that the federal courts, and especially the Supreme Court, have excessive power. Suja A. Thomas argues the Supreme Court has taken most of the constitutionally-defined power from
5610:
4463:
3097:
3057:
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3352:, the court of which he was briefly a member before joining the Supreme Court. The status of a retired justice is analogous to that of a circuit or district court judge who has taken
3010:
1629:
as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee. It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas's ethics. President
12374:
11836:
5740:
After recording recent high approval ratings in the late 1980s around 66% approval, the court's ratings have declined to an average of around 40% between mid-2021 and February 2024.
20329:
17051:
17017:
16854:
8263:
its Lochner line of cases, substantive due process became the basis for protecting personal rights such as the right of privacy, the right to maintain intimate family relationships.
5799:
Ethical controversies have grown with reports of justices (and their close family members) accepting expensive gifts, travel, business deals, and speaking fees without oversight or
2056:
2011:
on elderly judges, but the actual purpose was widely understood as an effort to "pack" the court with justices who would support Roosevelt's New Deal. The plan, usually called the "
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Some Court decisions have been criticized for injecting the court into the political arena, and deciding questions that are the purview of the elected branches of government. The
18671:
UC Berkeley law professor Goodwin Liu described the decision as 'utterly lacking in any legal principle" and added that the court was "remarkably unashamed to say so explicitly.'
15792:
6742:
In addition to leaks, the Court has sometimes mistakenly released opinions before they are ready to be published. On June 26, 2024, the Court inadvertently posted an opinion for
6535:
explicitly grants "powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."
5253:
The Supreme Court cannot directly enforce its rulings; instead, it relies on respect for the Constitution and for the law for adherence to its judgments. One notable instance of
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Furman v. Georgia β¦ Rehnquist dissents from the Supreme Court conclusion that many state laws on capital punishment are capricious and arbitrary and therefore unconstitutional.
6630:' facilitates the court making decisions in secret without knowing how each Justice came to their decision. In 2024, after comparing the analysis of shadow-docket decisions to
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But there is no guarantee that when the decision comes, it will end the matter. It may just set the stage for the next legal wrangle over compliance with the Court's decision.
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the ballot), then the risks that come with an anti-democratic status-quo of the current court will outweigh the dangers that come from court reform (including court packing).
4671:, regardless of which party initiated the lawsuit in the trial court. For example, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the state and against an individual, as in
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The court's decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey reaffirmed the court holding of Roe. That is the precedent of the court and settled, in terms of the holding of the court.
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and extended till they became not less serious sources of animosity and discord than injurious impediments to the intercourse between the different parts of the Confederacy.
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However, others argue that the court is too protective of some individual rights, particularly those of people accused of crimes or in detention. For example, Chief Justice
5803:
from cases that present conflicts of interest. Spousal income and connections to cases has been redacted from the Justices' ethical disclosure forms while justices, such as
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stated lifelong tenure has "produced a critical time lag, with the Supreme Court institutionally almost always behind the times." Proposals to solve these problems include
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Gonzales v. Carhartβin which the Supreme Court narrowly upheld a federal ban on the late-term abortion procedure opponents call "partial birth abortion"βto be settled law.
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4965:, the official series of books in which the final version of the court's opinions appears. About a year after the preliminary prints are issued, a final bound volume of
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led to analysts calling the court the most conservative since the 1930s as well as calls for an expansion in the court's size to fix what some saw as an imbalance, with
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751:, a remnant of British tradition, and instead issuing a single majority opinion. Also during Marshall's tenure, although beyond the court's control, the impeachment and
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115:
19193:. The reason given is: Should have more recent books, as older books might be out of date and not contain the latest thinking, information and analysis about the court.
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24, 1909, stands out in the annals of the U.S. Supreme Court. On that day, the court announced a verdict after holding the first and only criminal trial in its history.
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Critics have accused the Court of "slow-walking" important cases relating to former President Donald Trump in order to benefit his election chances in the face of the
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2081:
483:, appoints a new justice. Each justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before the court. When in the majority, the chief justice decides who writes the
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11684:
He was raised in the Catholic Church and confirmed in the Catholic Church as an adolescent, but he has been attending Episcopal services for the past 15 or so years."
6608:, received scrutiny as political based on the controversial justifications used by the five conservative justices to elevate a fellow conservative to the presidency.
6402:
The United States Constitution is very difficult to amend: other countries allow for constitutional changes via referendum or with a supermajority in the legislature.
6316:(1973) as an example of liberal judicial activism. In its decision, the court legalized abortion on the basis of a "right to privacy" that they found inherent in the
5844:
President Biden proposed term limits for justices, an enforceable ethics code, and elimination of "immunity for crimes a former president committed while in office".
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justices may require as they convene alone, such as answering the door of their conference room, serving beverages and transmitting orders of the court to the clerk.
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the chiefs. During Roberts's first decade as chief, the Court was the most conservative in more than a half-century and likely the most conservative since the 1930s.
8494:
casesβAdkins in particularβevince an expansive view of the judicial role inconsistent with what I believe to be the appropriately more limited vision of the Framers.
6702:, granting the petition on a Saturday, receiving briefs on Sunday, holding oral arguments on Monday, and issuing the final opinion on Tuesday. Author Sonja West, of
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3292:, the court is composed of six justices appointed by Republican presidents and three appointed by Democratic presidents. It is popularly accepted that Chief Justice
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that which has the superior obligation and validity ought, of course, to be preferred; or, in other words, the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute."
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3356:, and eligibility of a Supreme Court justice to assume retired status (rather than simply resign from the bench) is governed by the same age and service criteria.
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for itself thanks in part to the influence of legal elites and companies that prefer judges over juries as well as the inability of the jury to defend its power.
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who said, "the Constitution, on this hypothesis, is a mere thing of wax in the hands of the judiciary, which they may twist and shape into any form they please."
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that the decision should prompt the court to reconsider all of the court's past substantive due process decisions. Due process rights claimed to be at risk are:
5074:. In court documents, legal periodicals and other legal media, case citations generally contain cites from each of the three reporters; for example, citation to
4775:
Resolving an important question of federal law, or to expressly review a decision of a lower court that conflicts directly with a previous decision of the court.
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veterans. Samuel Alito is the only veteran currently serving on the court. Retired justices Stephen Breyer and Anthony Kennedy also served in the U.S. military.
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bolstered arguments to reform the process. A second byproduct has been an increase in justices staying on the Court past their ability to adequately contribute.
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10013:, the landmark abortion-legalization decision, and his comments about the 'Hobby Lobby' decision allowing employers to refuse to provide birth-control coverage.
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introduced the Judiciary Act of 2021, a bill to expand the Supreme Court from nine to 13 seats. It met divided views within the party, and Speaker of the House
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to study possible reforms to the Supreme Court. The commission's December 2021 final report discussed but took no position on expanding the size of the court.
1569:, including justices of the Supreme Court. This clause is one example of the system of checks and balances inherent in the Constitution. The president has the
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WIPO International Patent Case Management Judicial Guide: United States. 2022. SSRN Electronic Journal. P.S. Menell, A.A. Schmitt. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4106648.
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attempted to expand the court in 1937. His proposal envisioned the appointment of one additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70
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in 1955. Once the committee reports out the nomination, the full Senate considers it. Rejections are relatively uncommon; the Senate has explicitly rejected
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of the country, rather than religious, ethnic, or gender diversity. Racial, ethnic, and gender diversity in the court increased in the late 20th century.
1839:
adopted eight articles of impeachment against him; however, he was acquitted by the Senate, and remained in office until his death in 1811. Two justices,
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Although Senate rules do not necessarily allow a negative or tied vote in committee to block a nomination, prior to 2017 a nomination could be blocked by
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Last week, in a 7 to 2 decision, the court refused for the first time to give retroactive effect to a great Bill of Rights decisionβMapp v. Ohio (1961).
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Because justices have indefinite tenure, timing of vacancies can be unpredictable. Sometimes they arise in quick succession, as in September 1971, when
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The Brown decision of 1954, desegregating the schools of 17 states and the District of Columbia, awakened the nation to the court's new claim to power.
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United States v. Shipp stands out in the history of the Supreme Court as an anomaly. It remains the only time the Court has conducted a criminal trial.
11911:
4233:. The resulting proceeding remains the only contempt proceeding and only criminal trial in the court's history. The contempt proceeding arose from the
2937:
Previous positions or offices, judicial or federal government, prior to joining the court (by order of seniority following the Chief Justice) include:
1512:
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1074:
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as associate justices. All six were confirmed by the Senate on September 26, 1789; however, Harrison declined to serve, and Washington later nominated
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1911:
is the only person elected president to have left office after at least one full term without having the opportunity to appoint a justice. Presidents
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1750:"unusual circumstances"; such resolutions are not legally binding but are an expression of Congress's views in the hope of guiding executive action.
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10644:"Supreme court prognosis β Ruth Bader Ginsburg's surgery for pancreatic cancer highlights why US supreme court justices shouldn't serve life terms"
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on the Gorsuch nomination, citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy, and the Republican majority's prior refusal to take up President
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6139:, some experts expressed concern that this may be the beginning of a rollback of individual rights that had been previously established under the
1880:, which was the second longest timespan between vacancies in the court's history. On average a new justice joins the court about every two years.
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held constitutional almost every modern procedure before and after the a jury deliberation that has eliminated or reduced jury authority. (75-77)
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6303:. This criticism is leveled by those who believe the court should not interpret the law in any way besides through the lens of past precedent or
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The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37, mainly along party lines; Democrats supported the resolution 48β4, and Republicans opposed it 33β0.
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4890:". However, this practice has become passΓ© as the Court now posts electronic copies of the opinions on its website as they are being announced.
3853:
Located across First Street from the United States Capitol at One First Street NE and Maryland Avenue, the building is open to the public from 9
1721:, the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days (2.2 months), while the median is 71 days (2.3 months).
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of four justices in 1789. The court lacked a home of its own and had little prestige, a situation not helped by the era's highest-profile case,
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she's 'deeply troubled' by Gorsuch's 'extreme conservative perspective on women's health', citing his 'inability' to state a clear position on
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argued that one benefit of lifetime tenure was that, "nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office."
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Democratic presidents sometimes appointed conservatives. As a result, "... between 1790 and early 2010 there were only two decisions that the
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6634:, Matt Ford called this trend of secrecy "increasingly troubling", arguing the court's power comes entirely from persuasion and explanation.
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as activism on the part of the court's conservative majority because the court failed to respect past precedent, eschewing the principle of
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See also Arthur D. Hellman, "Reining in the Supreme Court: Are Term Limits the Answer?", in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington, eds.,
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As of 2024, associate justices receive a yearly salary of $ 298,500 and the chief justice is paid $ 312,200 per year. Once a justice meets
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6044:(1857) decision that said people of African descent could not be U.S. citizens or enjoy constitutionally protected rights and privileges,
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1705:, Stanton died on December 24, prior to taking the prescribed oaths. He is not, therefore, considered to have been a member of the court.
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15143:"Has the Supreme Court become just another political branch? Public perceptions of court approval and legitimacy in a post- Dobbs world"
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Neil Gorsuch was raised Catholic, but attends an Episcopalian church. It is unclear if he considers himself a Catholic or a Protestant.
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5710:. The continued consolidation of power by the court and, as a result of its rulings, the Republican Party, has sparked debate over when
1992:. This returned the number of justices to nine (where it has since remained), and allowed Grant to immediately appoint two more judges.
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13499:("The circuit justice, however, shall have precedence over all the circuit judges and shall preside at any session which he attends.").
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17843:(First Simon & Schuster hardcover ed.). New York London ; Toronto ; Sydney ; New Delhi: Simon & Schuster.
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to fill the vacancy. This led the Republican majority to change the rules and eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations.
1402:, remains especially controversial with debate ongoing over the rightful winner and whether or not the ruling should set a precedent.
116:
https://web.archive.org/web/20081023193212/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-scotus23-2008oct23%2C0%2C1693757.story
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5144:. For opinions or orders that have not yet been published in the preliminary print, the volume and page numbers may be replaced with
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6588:", whereby a criminal defendant can be prosecuted in state court as well as federal court on separate charges for the same offense.
6334:(2022), ending the recognition of abortion access as a constitutional right and returning the issue of abortion back to the states.
5815:
including free vacations valued at as much as $ 500,000. In 2024, Justices Alito and Thomas refused calls to recuse themselves from
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historic decision marked the end of the "separate but equal" β¦ and served as a catalyst for the expanding civil rights movement...
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Supreme Court decisions can be purposefully overturned by constitutional amendment, something that has happened on six occasions:
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to the appropriate U.S. Court of Appeals for a final decision there. This has only occurred once in U.S. history, in the case of
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2012:
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But Brandeis's dissent contains one of the most famous formulations in American law: that the states should be free to serve as
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5922: (1776) establishes that the justices hold their office during good behavior. Thus far only one justice (Associate Justice
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Court Building, the delivery of the decision to the media has historically been done via paper copies in what was known as the "
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Many critics saw the Bush v. Gore decision as an example of the judiciary improperly injecting itself into a political dispute"
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16293:"Ocasio-Cortez Introduces Articles of Impeachment Against Justice Thomas and Justice Alito | Representative Ocasio-Cortez"
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United States and a State; and all actions or proceedings by a State against the citizens of another State or against aliens."
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Comiskey, Michael (2008). "The Supreme Court Appointment Process: Lessons from Filling the Rehnquist and O'Connor Vacancies".
3838:, various meeting spaces, and auxiliary services including a gymnasium. The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the
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Finally many scholars cite the absence of a separate Supreme Court building as evidence that the early Court lacked prestige.
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Resolving a conflict between circuit courts in the interpretation of a federal law or a provision of the federal Constitution
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https://ocasio-cortez.house.gov/media/press-releases/ocasio-cortez-introduces-articles-impeachment-against-justice-thomas-and
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too much power to interfere with state authority. One criticism is that it has allowed the federal government to misuse the
6513:
There has been debate throughout American history about the boundary between federal and state power. While Framers such as
5915:
according to the 1973 Code of Conduct for U.S. judges which is enforced by the Judicial Conduct and Disability Act of 1980.
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giving testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee during the 1993 hearings on her nomination to be an associate justice
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25343:
25175:
25140:
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24154:
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23876:
23849:
23773:
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23211:
23165:
23147:
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22381:
21550:
20250:
19637:
17583:
7151:
7035:
6626:
The court has been criticized for keeping its deliberations hidden from public view. For example, the increasing use of a '
6491:
6263:
6002:
5960:
movement as evidence that the Supreme Court has created a "permanent minority" incapable of being defeated democratically.
5787:
of hypocrisy, as they were instrumental in blocking the nomination of Merrick, but then rushing through the appointment of
5378:
3932:
3799:
2798:
2478:
2072:, ensure the court has "a greater diversity of views", and make confirmation of new justices less politically contentious.
2007:
months and refused retirement, up to a maximum bench of 15 justices. The proposal was ostensibly to ease the burden of the
1420:
935:
707:
456:
417:
19047:
Tomkins, Adam (2002). "In Defence of the Political Constitution". United Kingdom: 22 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 157.
18578:
18252:
18179:
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10733:
4207:
Congress is authorized by Article III of the federal Constitution to regulate the Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction.
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3348:
of the lower court and with the consent of the retired justice. In recent years, Justice Souter has frequently sat on the
2801:
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25909:
25897:
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25592:
25083:
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24238:
24134:
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22884:
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22590:
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17651:
16132:
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10500:
9898:
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7458:
New York's Legal Landmarks: A Guide to Legal Edifices, Institutions, Lore, History, and Curiosities on the City's Streets
7295:
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6214:
5887:
include fundraising done by the Justices from corporations and wealthy donors apparently seeking access to the justices.
4302:
3085:
1693:
1577:
In modern times, the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from the press and advocacy groups, which
1154:
1149:
38:
18426:
18115:"The Federalist Papers/No. 45 The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered"
16307:
12006:
11266:
10297:
10026:
9755:
9533:
7734:
6527:
that their then-proposed Constitution would not infringe on the power of state governments, others argue that expansive
6038:
Some of the most notable historical decisions that were criticized for failing to protect individual rights include the
5687:
The following are some of the criticisms and controversies about the Court that are not discussed in previous sections.
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25708:
25703:
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20458:
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19788:
16257:
15621:
15387:
14153:
14138:
13874:
13647:
13581:
13562:
13547:
13491:
13223:
13205:
13190:
13175:
13160:
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12917:
12233:
10103:
9813:
His renunciation of capital punishment in the lethal injection case, Baze v. Rees, was likewise low key and undramatic.
6788:
6677:
that has original jurisdiction on constitutional claims brought by persons or political institutions; for example, the
6567:, have also criticized the court, saying it has misused the Fourteenth Amendment to undermine state authority. Justice
6199:
4404:
4317:), and "final judgments or decrees rendered by the highest court of a State in which a decision could be had" (through
4102:
3968:
1300:
1011:
448:
348:
18839:
18214:
16978:
16414:"FACT SHEET: President Biden Announces Bold Plan to Reform the Supreme Court and Ensure No President Is Above the Law"
15532:
15141:
Levendusky, Matthew; Patterson, Shawn; Margolis, Michele; Pasek, Josh; Winneg, Kenneth; Jamieson, Kathleen H. (2024).
13389:
10863:
9032:
8350:
7720:, (1796), wherein it overturned a state law that conflicted with a treaty between the United States and Great Britain.
7251:
2892:. In recent years the historical situation has reversed, as most recent justices have been either Catholic or Jewish.
1581:
senators to confirm or to reject a nominee depending on whether their track record aligns with the group's views. The
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of 1801 which would have reduced the size of the court to five members upon its next vacancy (as federal judges have
889:
711:
405:
306:
143:
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18988:
16586:
12625:
12329:
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8427:
5912:
3613:
1701:. Although confirmed by the Senate on December 20, 1869, and duly commissioned as an associate justice by President
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would "be good for democracy", and 50% of voters stated they would watch Court proceedings if they were televised.
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2756:
2692:
2616:
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2016:
1900:
1899:) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term. Andrew Johnson, who became president after the
1049:
900:
59:
16567:
16455:
15996:
11696:
8996:
5585:
Several current Supreme Court justices have also clerked in the federal courts of appeals: John Roberts for Judge
4686:
The court also hears questions submitted to it by appeals courts themselves via a process known as certification.
2800:
2799:
1692:
Once the Senate confirms a nomination, the president must prepare and sign a commission, to which the Seal of the
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19696:
17966:
The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
17937:
The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
17908:
The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
17755:
16651:
15421:
15010:
13971:
13869:
11965:
11628:
11136:
8213:
A People's History of the Supreme Court: The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution
6222:
5759:
5536:
4272:
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3341:
2903:
1827:. The Framers of the Constitution chose good behavior tenure to limit the power to remove justices and to ensure
1024:
94:
18932:
16877:
13360:
11879:
11296:
8737:
7703:
The court's prestige has been hard-won. In the early 1800s, Chief Justice John Marshall made the court respected
5099:
4420:
are sometimes directed to the circuit justice. In the past, circuit justices also sometimes granted motions for
3695:
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20258:
19768:
19119:"Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts orders investigation into 'egregious' leak of draft abortion opinion"
18355:
13934:
9958:
7826:
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7059:
5214:
4992:: 21 volumes (565β585 for 2011β2017 terms, three two-part volumes each), plus part 1 of volume 586 (2018 term).
4740:
4438:
4383:
4143:
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3659:
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1718:
1558:
1489:
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1193:
865:
622:
607:
472:
289:
109:
https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-ethics-code-conflicts-clarence-thomas-64d393ceb6f05402d762dca06f0f4187
14614:
12569:
11350:
10711:
Brian Opeskin, "Models of Judicial Tenure: Reconsidering Life Limits, Age Limits and Term Limits for Judges",
6571:, in arguing for allowing the states to operate without federal interference, suggested that states should be
5396:
of the Supreme Court and other federal courts over certain topics and cases: this is suggested by language in
3778:
For the most part, the day-to-day activities of the justices are governed by rules of protocol based upon the
3268:
833:
Courts (1864β1910) interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution and developed the doctrine of
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25409:
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25318:
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9727:
7163:
6998:
6415:
wrote in 2008 that the court has declined in relevance in other constitutional courts. He cites factors like
6103:
5828:
5233:
Since the founding of the republic, there has been a tension between the practice of judicial review and the
4234:
4168:
4097:
1676:
in 2005. The Senate may also fail to act on a nomination, which expires at the end of the session. President
1274:
975:
721:
21444:
18529:
17596:'An activist court is a court that makes a decision you don't like.' - Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy
11901:
6275:
6014:
3312:, and Barrett, appointed by Republican presidents, compose the court's conservative wing, and that Justices
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11325:
6226:
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5812:
4713:
4442:
Maryland and Virginia, the states surrounding the District of Columbia), and since it was established, the
4346:
4294:
3847:
3822:
3272:
Balance of the US Supreme Court since 2020, shaded by party of the nominating president: Blue represents a
2040:
930:
869:
726:
521:
247:
235:
14585:
14500:
14276:
14027:
13684:
13128:"Discretionary Gatekeeping: The Supreme Court's Management of Its Original Jurisdiction Docket Since 1961"
11477:"Op-Ed: Battling over Neil Gorsuch is beside the point: The Supreme Court needs an institutional overhaul"
10061:
7395:
6716:
and should therefore be treated as expeditiously, but the Court seems to be taking the opposite approach.
5140:
is 410 U.S. 113 (1973), which means the case was decided in 1973 and appears on page 113 of volume 410 of
4733:. Two other original jurisdiction cases involve colonial era borders and rights under navigable waters in
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52:
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22037:
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20324:
20125:
19667:
18814:"In the shadows: Why the Supreme Court's lack of transparency may cost it in the long run | CNN Politics"
18398:
17253:
Chief Justice Taney stating in his opinion that: ' no rights which the white man was bound to respect...'
17235:
15881:
13910:"Opinion: The Supreme Court Decisions on Guns and Abortion Relied Heavily on History. But Whose History?"
11214:
11161:
10152:
8249:
8168:(page 115)... Grier maintained that Congress has plenary power to limit the federal courts' jurisdiction.
7946:
7851:
7839:
More than 200 years after the high court ruled, the decision in that landmark case continues to resonate.
7780:
6901:
6473:
6436:
6351:
4067:
3953:
3345:
1957:
1388:
1105:
556:
401:
18891:
16568:"'Operation Higher Court': Inside the religious right's efforts to wine and dine Supreme Court justices"
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9384:
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23226:
22647:
22491:
22481:
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22157:
22102:
21992:
19783:
19689:
19429:
The Shadow Docket: How the Supreme Court Uses Stealth Rulings to Amass Power and Undermine The Republic
19402:
18120:
the States will retain, under the proposed Constitution, a very extensive portion of active sovereignty
16133:"Justice Neil Gorsuch's property sale to prominent lawyer raises more ethical questions | CNN Politics"
15500:
Democracy in One Book or Less: How It Works, Why It Doesn't, and Why Fixing It is Easier Than You Think
15302:
Democracy in One Book or Less: How It Works, Why It Doesn't, and Why Fixing It Is Easier Than You Think
11449:
Democracy in One Book or Less: How It Works, Why It Doesn't, and Why Fixing It Is Easier Than You Think
10694:, "Mandatory Retirement for Supreme Court Justices", in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington, eds.,
8626:
8589:
8198:
respect," has ensured his place in historyβnot as a brilliant jurist, but as among the most insensitive
7785:
7680:
4282:
3226:
2028:
1550:
1054:
440:
102:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/12/08/schenck-supreme-court-influence-judiciary-committee/
17990:
17719:
17296:
11771:
5221:
stated that the authority to interpret the law was the particular province of the courts, part of the
4717:, parties in an action at law in which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction may request that a
2577:
1656:
25397:
24703:
24508:
24503:
24065:
23519:
23298:
23160:
22731:
22526:
22436:
22401:
22376:
22341:
22311:
22137:
22112:
22087:
22032:
22002:
21084:
20413:
20268:
20135:
18547:
15272:
8834:
7099:
6572:
6355:, which banned racial segregation in public schools was also criticized as activist by conservatives
5749:
5493:
5425:
5173:
2217:
1965:
1782:
has been critical of justices who stayed in office despite medical deterioration based on longevity.
1342:
1330:
894:
18057:
14943:
13509:
11940:
11934:
10121:
8662:
8581:
5823:, who was not listed on his ethics form when reporting a profit of between $ 250,000 and $ 500,000.
3166:
There have been six foreign-born justices in the court's history: James Wilson (1789β1798), born in
25510:
24890:
24860:
24855:
24845:
24611:
24567:
24408:
24169:
23955:
23819:
23633:
23573:
23253:
22994:
22684:
22531:
22431:
22321:
22281:
22152:
22092:
22057:
22012:
21016:
20818:
20421:
18960:
18615:
17810:
17443:
16391:
14306:
13021:
12709:
12293:"Chief Justice Roberts' recent votes raise doubts about 'conservative revolution' on Supreme Court"
9481:
8073:
7430:
7075:
5833:
5283:. More recently, many feared that President Nixon would refuse to comply with the court's order in
5136:
is used to "pinpoint" to a specific page number within the opinion. For instance, the citation for
4902:
4335:
4326:
3839:
3179:
2817:
The court currently has five male and four female justices. Among the nine justices, there are two
1849:
1467:
1372:
1336:
409:
19626:
Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control for the United States Supreme Court
19017:
12493:
9454:
8970:
8808:
8773:
8702:
25004:
24740:
24498:
23465:
23308:
23115:
22856:
22541:
22496:
22416:
22391:
22366:
22331:
22097:
22022:
22017:
22007:
21948:
21268:
21256:
20950:
20944:
20842:
19244:
19238:
18427:"U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito's Nomination to the Supreme Court"
13962:
took place over three days and lasted over six hours, covering several issues; the arguments for
13441:. And "Injunction, writ of" was removed from the index. Compare 445 U.S. 1064 with 493 U.S. 1172.
12735:
Sandra Day O'Connor: How the first woman on the Supreme Court became its most influential justice
11564:
10836:
10699:
10679:
9829:
9687:
9683:
9349:
9069:
8543:
8512:
8031:
7340:
7303:
7259:
7083:
6945:
6580:
6416:
6279:
6207:
6157:
6140:
6018:
5671:
5238:
4760:. If it is granted, the case proceeds to the briefing stage; otherwise, the case ends. Except in
4138:
4092:
3648:
2051:
did not bring it to the floor for a vote. Shortly after taking office in January 2021, President
1883:
Despite the variability, all but four presidents have been able to appoint at least one justice.
1868:
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1435:
1137:
1096:
1040:
979:
834:
635:
17503:
17230:
13283:
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8217:
8211:
6505:
which weakened the power of executive branch agencies to interpret their congressional mandate.
5407:(1869), although it rejected Congress' power to dictate how particular cases must be decided in
3404:
26002:
25456:
24806:
24616:
24596:
24398:
24253:
24048:
23995:
23980:
23824:
23512:
23303:
22504:
22459:
22411:
22386:
22361:
22316:
22306:
22296:
22213:
22082:
22027:
21330:
21262:
21134:
20812:
20602:
19621:
19220:
15997:"Jamie Raskin: How to Force Justices Alito and Thomas to Recuse Themselves in the Jan. 6 Cases"
15569:
14868:
14314:
14210:
13967:
13419:
Supreme Court Rule 23 (1989) (titled "Stays"; moved from Rule 44), published at 493 U.S. 1097,
12988:
11741:
11600:
10435:
9194:
9124:
7509:"Dates of Supreme Court decisions and arguments, United States Reports volumes 2β107 (1791β82)"
7234:
to exclude suits against states that are brought by persons who are not citizens of that state.
7067:
7013:
6837:
6744:
6040:
5950:
5711:
5520:
5449:
5409:
5393:
5313:
5285:
5276:
5048:
4907:
4887:
4788:"; currently, all justices except for Justices Alito and Gorsuch participate in the cert pool.
4735:
4238:
4229:
4163:
3994:
3834:, and is clad in marble. The building includes the courtroom, justices' chambers, an extensive
3530:
3485:
3425:
3135:
3123:
2352:
1884:
1820:
1324:
1248:
1034:
983:
845:
809:
621:
The Supreme Court held its inaugural session from February 2 through February 10, 1790, at the
425:
393:
19561:
19450:. New York ; London ; Toronto ; Sydney ; New Delhi: Simon & Schuster.
17529:
17504:"THE HIGHER LAW BACKGROUND OF THE PRIVILEGES OR IMMUNITIES CLAUSE OF THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT"
14684:
14678:
14544:
14538:
11814:
10946:
10573:
10331:
10323:
9571:
8381:
8305:
8141:
4705:, a case to determine whether a parcel of land belonged to the United States or to Texas, and
4254:
In all other cases, the court has only appellate jurisdiction, including the ability to issue
1641:'s death was the second. Unlike the Fortas filibuster, only Democratic senators voted against
487:; otherwise, the most senior justice in the majority assigns the task of writing the opinion.
25655:
25338:
24453:
24010:
23975:
23970:
23913:
23896:
23626:
23050:
22575:
22546:
22521:
22451:
22406:
22346:
22291:
22117:
22042:
21408:
21158:
21065:
21010:
20980:
20968:
20890:
20598:
20345:
20145:
20140:
20120:
20110:
19877:
19793:
19475:
Nine black robes: inside the Supreme Court's drive to the right and the historic consequences
19388:
18658:
18031:
17420:
17274:
16624:
13995:
13667:
12832:
12030:"Ketanji Brown Jackson's Historic Rise Leaves Just One Military Veteran on the Supreme Court"
11052:
10395:
9652:
8887:
8464:"Responses of Judge John G. Roberts, Jr. to the Written Questions of Senator Joseph R. Biden"
8346:
7508:
7168:
6821:
6523:
6069:
5626:
5039:, which are a single set of interlinked opinions that take up the entire 126th volume of the
4961:
4707:
4480:
3771:
3321:
3253:
3245:
3106:
3079:
2931:
2826:
2734:
2032:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1948:
1933:
1828:
1791:
1783:
1015:
853:
760:
732:
571:
525:
444:
327:
22639:
18462:"Editorial Observer; Brandeis's Views on States' Rights, and Ice-Making, Have New Relevance"
17134:
16712:"The Supreme Court says it is adopting a code of ethics, but it has no means of enforcement"
16620:"The Supreme Court says it is adopting a code of ethics, but it has no means of enforcement"
16456:"The Supreme Court rules that state officials can engage in a little corruption, as a treat"
16354:
14900:
14211:"Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October Term, 2012 β March 26 through June 13, 2013"
13834:
13797:
13796:
11733:
9790:
7575:
6600:
decision, in which the Supreme Court intervened in the 2000 presidential election, awarding
4772:
Correcting an egregious departure from the accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings
1790:
for justices, as proposed by Levinson and Sabato and a mandatory retirement age proposed by
125:
26064:
26007:
25135:
25009:
24900:
24278:
23710:
23690:
23638:
23588:
23529:
23460:
22471:
22356:
22286:
21164:
21109:
21102:
21046:
21004:
20630:
20390:
20171:
19971:
15154:
14646:"'Shall Not be Construed': Reversal of Supreme Court Decisions by Constitutional Amendment"
13606:
13093:
12660:
12174:
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11241:"Some Democrats Want to Make the Supreme Court Bigger. Here's the History of Court Packing"
10920:"Ocasio-Cortez Introduces Articles of Impeachment Against Justice Thomas and Justice Alito"
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10231:
9648:"A new era for the Supreme Court: the transformative potential of a shift in even one seat"
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Shugerman, Jed. "A Six-Three Rule: Reviving Consensus and Deference on the Supreme Court".
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1014:, giving a broader reading to the powers of the federal government to facilitate President
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720:) and making several important constitutional rulings that gave shape and substance to the
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19510:"A General Approach for Predicting the Behavior of the Supreme Court of the United States"
14907:"The Liberal Tradition of the Supreme Court Clerkship: Its Rise, Fall, and Reincarnation?"
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11297:"Analysis: The Supreme Court hasn't been this conservative since the 1930s | CNN Politics"
11184:
7947:"Decisions of the Supreme Court β Historic Decrees Issued in One Hundred and Eleven Years"
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4449:
As of September 28, 2022, the allotment of the justices among the circuits is as follows:
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The court lacked its own building until 1935. From 1791 to 1801, it met in Philadelphia's
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16785:"Analysis: Why the Supreme Court says ethics controversies are just a 'misunderstanding'"
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16370:"Joe Biden: My plan to reform the Supreme Court and ensure no president is above the law"
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15712:"Supreme Court Justice Sotomayor's staff prodded colleges and libraries to buy her books"
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12175:"Split definitive: How party polarization turned the Supreme Court into a partisan court"
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The Coming of the Nixon Court: The 1972 Term and the Transformation of Constitutional Law
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4412:. Each justice also decides routine procedural requests, such as for extensions of time.
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991:
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857:
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691:
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439:, the composition and procedures of the Supreme Court were originally established by the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
19018:"Our Canadian Republic β Do we display too much deference to authority β¦ or not enough?"
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10110:. If two justices are commissioned on the same date, then the oldest one has precedence.
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5082:, 585 U.S. 50, 130 S. Ct. 876, 175 L. Ed. 2d 753 (2010), with "S. Ct." representing the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Substantive due process has also been the primary vehicle used by the Supreme Court to
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16096:"How the US supreme court could be a key election issue: 'They've grown too powerful'"
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14115:"Court will resume opinion announcements from the bench, but won't provide live audio"
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9929:"Frequently Asked Questions: General Information β Supreme Court of the United States"
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4675:. If the defendant is convicted, and his conviction then is affirmed on appeal in the
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15474:"We Don't Talk About Leonard: The Man Behind the Right's Supreme Court Supermajority"
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Courtiers of the Marble Palace: The Rise and Influence of the Supreme Court Law Clerk
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12494:"Supreme Court's Roberts turns court to the right as Barrett emerges as a key player"
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11383:"Is the Supreme Court confirmation process irreparably broken? Some senators say yes"
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branches is severely weakened. In contrast, various other countries have a dedicated
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form of order; however, the justice may elect to write an opinion, referred to as an
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The Rehnquist Court (1986β2005) was known for its revival of judicial enforcement of
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19137:"SCOTUS appears to post opinion allowing Idaho to offer emergency medical abortions"
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Kaplan, Joshua; Elliot, Justin; Murphy, Brett; Mierjeski, Alex (November 13, 2023).
15085:"The Supreme Court's gerrymandering decision reveals a profound threat to democracy"
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12921:
11837:"Biden's court pick Ketanji Brown Jackson has navigated a path few Black women have"
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4986:: 569 volumes, covering cases through June 13, 2013 (part of the October 2012 term).
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2868:. Historically, most justices have been Protestants, including 36 Episcopalians, 19
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17530:"A Distinction with a Difference: Rights, Privileges, and the Fourteenth Amendment"
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15878:"Justice Obscured: Supreme court justices earn quarter-million in cash on the side"
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15162:
15059:"The Supreme Court's new voting rights decision is a love letter to gerrymandering"
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12516:"Sandra Day O'Connor, first woman on the Supreme Court, withdraws from public life"
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which made public possession of guns a protected right under the Second Amendment,
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In 1906, the court asserted its original jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for
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over acts of Congress, including specifying itself as the supreme expositor of the
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239:
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A court which is final and unreviewable needs more careful scrutiny than any other
16392:"Biden calls for term limits, enforceable ethics rules for Supreme Court justices"
15743:"Opinion: Why Supreme Court justices should not be signing $ 2 million book deals"
15472:
Kroll, Andy; Bernstein, Andrea; Marritz, Ilya; Sweitzer, Nate (October 11, 2023).
14781:
Sorcerers' Apprentices: 100 Years of Law Clerks at the United States Supreme Court
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Supreme Court Rule 44 (1980 revised) (titled "Stays"), published at 445 U.S. 985,
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Deciding to Leave: The Politics of Retirement from the United States Supreme Court
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one in living memory, based on an analysis of four sets of political science data.
7776:"The People's Vote: 100 Documents that Shaped America β Marbury v. Madison (1803)"
508:
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16341:"Move-On petition to impeach Justice Clarence Thomas gets 1.4 million signatures"
16030:"Samuel Alito's refusal to recuse himself in Trump v US is another ethics breach"
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Opinions are also collected and published in two unofficial, parallel reporters:
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Judiciary Act of 1789 and upheld early in the court's history, by its rulings in
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in a classical style sympathetic to the surrounding buildings of the Capitol and
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believed it to be unconstitutional. It was defeated 70β20 in the Senate, and the
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assumes the existence of the office of the chief justice, because it mentions in
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11267:"How FDR lost his brief war on the Supreme Court β National Constitution Center"
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The Supreme Court established its own power to declare laws unconstitutional in
574:. The Supreme Court, the country's highest judicial tribunal, was to sit in the
60:
https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/impeachment/impeachment-chase.htm
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15909:"Justices shield spouses' work from potential conflict of interest disclosures"
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11532:"Senate confirms Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to Supreme Court in historic vote"
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The expansion of a 5β4 conservative majority to a 6β3 supermajority during the
2008:
1976:
1953:
1892:
1873:
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1638:
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1357:
1340:). It struck down single-sex state schools as a violation of equal protection (
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1224:
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The Warren Court (1953β1969) dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional
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959:
826:
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The Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion
681:
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566:
The 1st United States Congress provided the detailed organization of a federal
512:
The Royal Exchange, New York City, the first meeting place of the Supreme Court
19465:
17444:"LibGuides: Constitutional Law: Reconstruction Era Amendments (XIII, XIV, XV)"
17150:
15648:"McConnell fends off accusations of hypocrisy over holding Supreme Court vote"
15517:
14745:. Stanford University Press. pp. 195, 1, 20, 22, and 22β24 respectively.
11699:. adherents.com. January 31, 2006. Archived from the original on April 5, 2001
10997:
10286:
5926:
in 1804) has ever been impeached, and none has ever been removed from office.
5275:
has made his decision; now let him enforce it!" Some state governments in the
5183:, in which Chief Justice John Marshall outlined the concept of judicial review
1975:, and in an attempt by the Republican Congress to limit the power of Democrat
1686:
424:
for violating a provision of the Constitution. It is also able to strike down
95:
https://illinoislawreview.org/wp-content/ilr-content/articles/2012/2/Stone.pdf
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18750:"Justice Rehnquist Writes on Hayes vs. Tilden, With His Mind on Bush v. Gore"
17995:
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17194:"The Supreme Court Is Fully MAGA-Pilled. The Time for Action Is Now or Never"
17158:
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3344:. Such assignments are formally made by the chief justice, on request of the
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196:
183:
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16067:"Alito says the Supreme Court's fake ethics code allows him to be unethical"
15210:"A majority of Americans no longer trust the Supreme Court. Can it rebuild?"
11351:"Pelosi has "no plans" to bring bill expanding Supreme Court to House floor"
10358:, 387 F.3d 1220 (11th Cir. 2004), which concerned the recess appointment of
7852:"The Constitution in Law: Its Phases Construed by the Federal Supreme Court"
1322:, emphasizing the limits of the Constitution's affirmative grants of power (
849:). The size of the court was last changed in 1869, when it was set at nine.
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17555:"Judicial activism | Definition, Types, Examples, & Facts | Britannica"
16482:"Supreme Court ruling on Indiana mayor is latest to weaken corruption laws"
16436:
16273:"Ocasio-Cortez seeks US House impeachment of Supreme Court's Thomas, Alito"
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15194:
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13998:, in which oral arguments lasted over sixteen hours over four days in 1962.
13836:"Gorsuch, in Sign of Independence, Is Out of Supreme Court's Clerical Pool"
12691:
11111:"Why does the Supreme Court have nine Justices? | Constitution Center"
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The United States Supreme Court lacks term limits or mandatory retirements.
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6073:(1873) that all but undermined civil rights legislation enacted during the
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at oral argument presents his case and answers questions from the justices.
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1507:
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1197:) and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories.
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913:
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358:
18651:"Roe vs. Wade? Bush vs. Gore? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions?"
18114:
17267:"Roe vs. Wade? Bush vs. Gore? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions?"
17010:"Advocate tells lawmakers of 'stealth' efforts to influence Supreme Court"
16548:"Advocate tells lawmakers of 'stealth' efforts to influence Supreme Court"
16516:"A Charity Tied to the Supreme Court Offers Donors Access to the Justices"
15334:
Tyranny of the Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point
13472:"Judging in Chambers: The Powers of a Single Justice of the Supreme Court"
13452:"Judging in Chambers: The Powers of a Single Justice of the Supreme Court"
12367:"Brett Kavanaugh Is Supreme Court's Ideological Median as New Term Begins"
11902:"Influential Judge, Loyal Friend, Conservative Warrior β and D.C. Insider"
8450:
The building is getting its first renovation since its completion in 1935.
7714:
The Supreme Court had first used the power of judicial review in the case
6155:
The right to privacy, including a right to contraceptives. Established in
5279:
also resisted the desegregation of public schools after the 1954 judgment
1708:
Before 1981, the approval process of justices was usually rapid. From the
1177:), and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by
467:, meaning they remain on the court until they die, retire, resign, or are
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19857:
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18866:"PolitiFact β The Supreme Court's 'shadow docket': What you need to know"
18785:"Opinion: The Supreme Court shrouds itself in secrecy. That needs to end"
18053:
18022:
17715:
17387:""Everything is on the table" after Supreme Court rulings: Law professor"
16902:
16840:
16743:"US supreme court announces ethics code amid pressure over gift scandals"
15772:
15570:"Opinion: Sorry, Neil Gorsuch. The Supreme Court Seat Was Already Filled"
15234:
14977:
14863:
13870:"An empirical Assessment of the Supreme Court's use of legal scholarship"
13830:
13792:
12934:
12606:
12249:
11897:
10540:"It's Time to Reshape the Constitution and Make America a Fairer Country"
9605:
9508:"So, who really won? What the Bush v. Gore studies showed | CNN Politics"
8688:
8491:
8490:
I agree that West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish correctly overruled Adkins.
8027:"Justice Stevens on the Death Penalty: A Promise of Fairness Unfulfilled"
7814:
6993:
6467:
6412:
6360:
6312:
6188:, have claimed that protections for interracial marriage, established in
6135:
6119:
5946:
5691:
5543:
5489:
4576:
4133:
3835:
3755:
3317:
3167:
3024:
2907:
2838:
2672:
2444:
1944:
1860:, citing their "widely documented financial and personal entanglements."
1626:
1603:
1591:
1279:
898:), and brought the substantive due process doctrine to its first apogee (
780:
776:
772:
26094:
26047:
17614:, edited by Kermit Hall; article written by Gary McDowell. 1992. p. 454.
17580:"The Associated Press: Justice questions way court nominees are grilled"
16878:"Supreme Court, under pressure, issues ethics code specific to justices"
16811:"The Supreme Court Has Adopted a Conduct Code, but Who Will Enforce It?"
15201:
11005:
10783:
10287:"Supreme Court Appointment Process: Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote"
8548:"What's New in the Legal World? A Growing Campaign to Undo the New Deal"
7619:"The Eleventh Amendment and the Reading of Precise Constitutional Texts"
6165:
The right to privacy with regard to private sexual acts. Established in
5539:
had also become a prerequisite to clerking for a Supreme Court justice.
4640:
Nearly all cases come before the court by way of petitions for writs of
3110:
The first four female justices: O'Connor, Sotomayor, Ginsburg, and Kagan
1903:, was denied the opportunity to appoint a justice by a reduction in the
1266:
The Burger Court (1969β1986) saw a conservative shift. It also expanded
536:
between the legislative and executive departments that delegates to the
26040:
24053:
23859:
23685:
23680:
23598:
21292:
21190:
20618:
20402:
19977:
18989:"The Supreme Court: The most powerful, least busy people in Washington"
17118:
17099:
12939:"Supreme Court Declines to Hear Challenge to Colorado's Marijuana Laws"
12673:
12222:
The company they keep: How partisan divisions came to the Supreme Court
7650:
6335:
6304:
5865:
5838:
5532:
5528:
5501:
5473:
5071:
4896:
4801:
4652:
4642:
4399:
4158:
3662: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3119:
2900:
2857:
2069:
1888:
1864:
1844:
1787:
1622:
1614:
1319:
1188:
1010:
courts (1930β1953), the court gained its own accommodation in 1935 and
792:
53:
https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/Nominations.htm
20443:
13978:"'Obamacare' will rank among the longest Supreme Court arguments ever"
13056:"Chattanooga versus the Supreme Court: The Strange Case of Ed Johnson"
11638:
11140:
10762:; Smith, Steven D. (2006). "(Mis)Understanding Good-Behavior Tenure".
10470:"Obama Won't Appoint Scalia Replacement While Senate Is Out This Week"
10027:"Senate Republicans Deploy 'Nuclear Option' to Clear Path for Gorsuch"
8619:"100 Documents that Shaped America Brown v. Board of Education (1954)"
8248:. Exploring Constitutional Conflicts. October 31, 2009. Archived from
8182:"Sotomayor's Great Legal Mind Long Ago Defeated Race, Gender Nonsense"
5897:
Code of Conduct for Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
4446:. Each associate justice is assigned to one or two judicial circuits.
2091:
There are currently nine justices on the Supreme Court: Chief Justice
1668:
1405:
The Roberts Court (2005βpresent) is regarded as more conservative and
1157:
most guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the states, prominently
706:
Court (1801β1835). Under Marshall, the court established the power of
630:
in 1790, the Supreme Court did so as well. After initially meeting at
25542:
25535:
20998:
20474:
19923:
19589:
The Puzzle of Unanimity: Consensus on the United States Supreme Court
18924:
15907:
Fuchs, Hailey; Gerstein, Josh; Canellos, Peter (September 29, 2022).
15448:"Trump's Judge Whisperer Promised to Take Our Laws Back to the 1930s"
11876:
10833:"How the Federal Courts Are Organized: Can a federal judge be fired?"
10775:
10162:. Arlington, Virginia: Federal Bar Association. pp. 5β9, 76β77.
9160:"William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of Supreme Court, Is Dead at 80"
8432:
7912:
6725:
6657:
6405:
The United States Supreme Court has a politicized nominating process.
4785:
4689:
The Supreme Court relies on the record assembled by lower courts for
3900:
3779:
2877:
2751:
2676:
2052:
1928:
that "the Chief Justice" must preside over impeachment trials of the
1530:
Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States
1309:), but later that the death penalty itself was not unconstitutional (
879:
752:
647:
567:
26179:
26035:
20397:
18356:"Justices Swat Down Texans' Effort to Weaken Species Protection Law"
16308:"AOC's Move on Thomas and Alito Has All the Right Historical Echoes"
16199:"Gorsuch property sale renews calls for Supreme Court ethics reform"
14823:. New York City: Simon & Schuster (published 1998). p. 44.
13471:
13451:
9064:
History of the Court, in Hall, Ely Jr., Grossman, and Wiecek (eds.)
7818:
7634:
5972:
and Mark Joseph Stern criticizing several recent decisions, stating:
5271:, who sided with the Georgia courts, is supposed to have remarked, "
3637:
559:
compromised by sketching only a general outline of the judiciary in
87:
23725:
23675:
22167:
20470:
19302:
19101:"Explainer: The Leak of Supreme Court's Draft Roe v. Wade Reversal"
18090:
18058:"Gridlock in Congress Has Amplified the Power of the Supreme Court"
15357:
12297:
12190:
11416:"Biden Supreme Court study panel unanimously approves final report"
11387:
11355:
7398:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary, United States Senate.
5875:
5832:
decision granted broad immunity to presidents, with Representative
5726:
Public trust in the court peaked in the late 1980s. Since the 2022
5611:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
4836:
3804:
3155:
3098:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
3058:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
2978:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
2958:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
2888:
in 1836, and 1916 saw the appointment of the first Jewish justice,
2881:
2830:
1578:
1566:
1409:
than the Rehnquist Court. Some of its major rulings have concerned
1141:), limited the role of religion in public school, most prominently
1019:
747:
695:(1793), which was reversed within two years by the adoption of the
591:
19526:
17139:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
15596:"Empty Supreme Court seat is being 'stolen' by GOP, senator warns"
14061:
I Dissent: Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases
13798:"A Second Justice Opts Out of a Longtime Custom: The 'Cert. Pool'"
13346:"On the road: The Supreme Court and the history of circuit riding"
12398:"Just How Sharp Was The Supreme Court's Rightward Turn This Term?"
11506:"Op-Ed: Make the Supreme Court bigger, but not the Democrats' way"
10394:. Congressional Research Service (RL31112): CRS-18. Archived from
8104:"Rehnquist Joins Fray on Rulings, Defending Judicial Independence"
5542:
Ten Supreme Court justices previously clerked for other justices:
3199:
3011:
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
2433:
1541:
giving testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee during the
1227:(center-right) in October 2005. The justices (left to right) are:
18579:"Supreme Court agrees to hear 'double jeopardy' case in the fall"
17910:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 75β77, 109.
17360:"Supreme Court decision on Roe v. Wade puts other rights at risk"
17074:"U.S. Senate: Impeachment Trial of Justice Samuel Chase, 1804β05"
16277:
16233:"Supreme Court Gives Trump Substantial Immunity From Prosecution"
11629:"Growing up Italian in Jersey: Alito reflects on ethnic heritage"
7033:(1984, most cited administrative law case, overturned in 2024 by
6605:
6395:
explain why polarization is an issue in the United States court:
6174:
The right to marry an individual of the same sex. Established in
5800:
3159:
2853:
1733:, a president may make temporary appointments to fill vacancies.
490:
On average, the Supreme Court receives about 7,000 petitions for
421:
22243:
21915:
List of presidents of the United States by judicial appointments
18840:"The Supreme Court 'Shadow Docket' | Brennan Center for Justice"
18713:
18503:"Altering 14th Amendment would curb court's activist tendencies"
18131:
15140:
12254:"Judge Jackson's Rulings: Detailed, Methodical and Leaning Left"
8292:
No. 293 Argued: October 29, 30, 1907 β Decided: January 27, 1908
6774:
List of presidents of the United States by judicial appointments
5762:(which elects the President who nominates the justices) and the
5690:
Unlike in most high courts, the United States Supreme Court has
4416:
December 1989. Nevertheless, requests for injunctions under the
3738:
The Roberts Court (since June 2022): Front row (left to right):
1574:
qualifications or otherwise limit who the president can choose.
18892:"The Supreme Court's Silent Rulings Are Increasingly Troubling"
17870:. United States of America: Simon & Schuster. p. 541.
17704:– via University of Chicago Law School β Chicago Unbound.
17297:"The Road to 'Separate But Equal' (U.S. National Park Service)"
17044:"Chief Justice Roberts declines to testify before Senate panel"
15362:"American democracy is cracking. These forces help explain why"
14173:. Cincinnati: South-Western College Publishing. pp. 11β12.
13315:"Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys: 3.3 Mootness"
12656:"Retirement and Death in Office of U.S. Supreme Court Justices"
9688:"Respecting Precedent, or Settled Law, Unless It's Not Settled"
8927:"Roe v. Wade: On Anniversary, Abortion Is out of the Spotlight"
8310:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 245.
6794:
Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States
6710:
Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)
6694:
Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)
5949:
points to the blocking progress of democratizing institutions,
4839:
the respondent's arguments after the respondent has concluded.
4364:, as the supreme courts of some states may do. For example, in
3215:
3191:
2528:
1891:) made an appointment during that presidential term. Likewise,
1347:
1178:
1048:, the court continued to favor government power, upholding the
686:
679:(1789β1801), the court heard few cases; its first decision was
19261:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
17611:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
17135:"The Supreme Court and the Dynamics of Democratic Backsliding"
16258:"AOC Moves to Impeach Supreme Court Justices Thomas and Alito"
14820:
Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World
14680:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
14540:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
11789:
He was the first Roman Catholic to serve on the Supreme Court.
9986:"Sen. Patty Murray will oppose Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court"
9305:"Justices Seem Ready to Tilt More Toward States in Federalism"
9066:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
8136:
5535:
board. By the mid-1970s, clerking previously for a judge in a
5508:-secretary." Most law clerks are recent law school graduates.
5104:
Lawyers use an abbreviated format to cite cases, in the form "
4394:. Congress has specifically authorized one justice to issue a
3470:
2792:
26070:
22669:
21608:
Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts
18027:"The Supreme Court's Conservatives Have Asserted Their Power"
17720:"Barry Goldwater, Conservative and Individualist, Dies at 89"
15471:
14028:"Supreme Court gives lawyers 2 minutes with no interruptions"
9195:"The Rehnquist Court and Its Imperiled States' Rights Legacy"
6926:
6759:
Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts
5463:
Lists of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
5293:. Nixon ultimately complied with the Supreme Court's ruling.
4955:
The court's opinions are published in three stages. First, a
3175:
2035:
having appointed 14 of the 18 justices immediately preceding
702:
The court's power and prestige grew substantially during the
19361:
17968:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 92β93.
15502:(First ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins. p. 334.
14466:. New York City: Oxford University Press. pp. 117β118.
13007:
13005:
13003:
10809:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center.
10254:"The Stakes of the 2016 Election Just Got Much, Much Higher"
6799:
6681:, which can declare a law unconstitutional when challenged.
6480:
New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen
5791:, even though both vacancies occurred close to an election.
5754:
United States Electoral College Β§ Impacts and reception
5217:. In explaining the power of judicial review, Chief Justice
4271:
The court's appellate jurisdiction consists of appeals from
3239:
Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices
3122:. Diversity concerns focused on geography, to represent all
3114:
For much of the court's history, every justice was a man of
2724:
1697:
importance of the oath taking is underscored by the case of
1523:
19587:
Corley, Pamela C.; Steigerwalt, Amy; Ward, Artemus (2013).
16845:"Supreme Court's New Ethics Code Is Toothless, Experts Say"
16808:
15940:"What to know about the Supreme Court and ethical concerns"
15816:"Why Justice Scalia was staying for free at a Texas resort"
14169:
Pepall, Lynne; Richards, Daniel L.; Norman, George (1999).
10696:
Reforming the Court: Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices
10676:
Reforming the Court: Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices
7890:
5623:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
5177:
Inscription on the wall of the Supreme Court Building from
4718:
4421:
549:
338:
19155:"What Overruling Chevron Could Mean for Environmental Law"
18086:"The conservative Supreme Court is just getting warmed up"
16979:"Supreme Court Ethics Reform | Brennan Center for Justice"
16973:
16971:
16969:
16678:"The Supreme Court's code of conduct is a good first step"
15533:"This Supreme Court Was Designed to Kill Climate Policies"
14501:"The Supreme Court Was Never Meant to Be Kings and Queens"
13994:
The longest modern-day oral arguments were in the case of
12774:. US Senator John McCain. October 24, 2009. Archived from
10328:
Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
9229:"Inmates Who Follow Satanism and Wicca Find Unlikely Ally"
8728:
Mattox, William R. Jr; Trinko, Katrina (August 17, 2009).
8011:
Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
6728:
or inadvertently released before they are published. Such
6556:
suggests debate over the Commerce Clause continues today.
5578:, Brett Kavanaugh also for Kennedy, Amy Coney Barrett for
5013:
was also decided in the same opinion; by a similar logic,
4695:
the question of how the law applies to the facts presented
4679:, when he petitions for cert the name of the case becomes
2096:
30, 2022, after being confirmed by the Senate on April 7.
2082:
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
1887:
died a month after taking office, although his successor (
801:
Court (1836β1864) made several important rulings, such as
19571:
Uncertain Justice: The Roberts Court and the Constitution
18956:"Poll Shows Public Support for Cameras at the High Court"
17939:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 105.
16869:
16355:"Clarence Thomas must be removed from the Supreme Court!"
15269:
15239:"Approval Rating for Supreme Court Hits Just 44% in Poll"
14171:
Industrial Organization: Contemporary Theory and Practice
13000:
11666:
10948:
John Marshall Harlan: Great Dissenter of the Warren Court
10473:
7423:"February 2, 1790: Supreme Court Holds Inaugural Session"
6239:, Thomas has received little support for this viewpoint.
5783:
years, Democrats have accused Republican leaders such as
5698:
rules, increased gerrymandering, weakened voting rights,
3782:
of justices. The chief justice always ranks first in the
3584:
3579:
3547:
3518:
3513:
3481:
3458:
3453:
3421:
3092:
United States District Court for the District of Columbia
2773:
2742:
2709:
2668:
2633:
2596:
2561:
2524:
2489:
2452:
2417:
2380:
2345:
2308:
2273:
2236:
2201:
2164:
1590:
in 1925, who sought to quell concerns about his links to
938:, current home of the Supreme Court, which opened in 1935
19448:
The Supermajority: How the Supreme Court Divided America
17841:
The supermajority: how the Supreme Court divided America
15847:"Scalia Took Dozens of Trips Funded by Private Sponsors"
15422:"Kavanaugh Fourth Justice Picked By Unpopular President"
15388:"Analysis | The minoritarian third of the Supreme Court"
14082:"Why Aren't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again?"
12396:
Thomson-DeVeaux, Amelia; Bronner, Laura (July 5, 2022).
11571:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States.
11326:"The Supreme Court is the most conservative in 90 years"
11030:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States.
7484:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States.
7372:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States.
6764:
List of courts which publish audio or video of arguments
2731:
19281:
Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch
17863:
17601:
16966:
14463:
Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch
13935:"It's a Fact: Supreme Court Errors Aren't Hard to Find"
13673: (1794), in which the Court conducted a jury trial.
13241:"Confronting a PCA: Finding a Path Around a Brick Wall"
10499:
Ziblatt, Daniel; Levitsky, Steven (September 5, 2023).
9532:
Babington, Charles; Baker, Peter (September 30, 2005).
8050:
practice to help build the Court into a coequal branch.
6477:
in recognizing abortion is not a constitutional right,
5223:
duty of the judicial department to say what the law is.
5132:
is the year in which the case was decided. Optionally,
5100:
Case citation Β§ Supreme Court of the United States
2015:", failed in Congress after members of Roosevelt's own
1895:
died 16 months after taking office, but his successor (
19711:
19646:
The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court
19215:
Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States
18113:
16432:"Something Has Gone Deeply Wrong at the Supreme Court"
14869:"A Sign of the Court's Polarization: Choice of Clerks"
14533:
Mendelson, Wallace (1992). "Separation of Powers". In
14403:. The Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from
13538:
13214:
12805:. Supreme Court of the United States. March 18, 2010.
12395:
12063:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court Historical Society.
10228:"The passionate intensity of the confirmation process"
10062:"U.S. Senate: Supreme Court Nominations, Present-1789"
8303:
8142:"The Court vs. Congress: Prayer, Busing, and Abortion"
6299:
The Supreme Court has been criticized for engaging in
6184:
Some experts such as Melissa Murray, law professor at
5895:
On November 13, 2023, the court issued its first-ever
5570:, John Roberts for William Rehnquist, Elena Kagan for
3225:
Since 1789, about one-third of the justices have been
3072:
United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
2813:
Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States
1303:, ruling first that most applications were defective (
590:
nominated the following people to serve on the court:
586:
Immediately after signing the act into law, President
26024:
19605:
The Oath: The Obama White House and The Supreme Court
19503:
18838:
Black, Harry Isaiah; Bannon, Alicia (July 19, 2022).
18301:
legislative right of any State within its own limits.
17354:
17352:
17323:"Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions"
17192:
Lithwick, Dahlia; Stern, Mark Joseph (July 3, 2024).
16876:
Barnes, Robert; Marimow, Ann E. (November 13, 2023).
15906:
14002:"Oral arguments on health reform longest in 45 years"
12353:
justice, defining the court's new ideological center.
11736:
The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited
9756:"Justices to Decide if State Gun Laws Violate Rights"
9610:"Court Under Roberts Is Most Conservative in Decades"
6806:
List of landmark court decisions in the United States
6719:
6531:
is good and consistent with the Framers' wishes. The
5591:
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
5063:
United States Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers' Edition
4756:
permits four of the nine justices to grant a writ of
4325:
can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court if (a) the
3808:
From the 1860s until the 1930s, the court sat in the
3017:
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
2991:
United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey
2113:
1328:) and the force of its restrictions on those powers (
18925:"Public Says Televising Court Is Good for Democracy"
14586:"Supreme Court hears case of United States v. Nixon"
14253:. Supreme Court of the United States. Archived from
14168:
13867:
11936:
Storm Center: The Supreme Court in American Politics
11813:. Supreme Court of the United States. Archived from
10894:"Impeachment Trial of Justice Samuel Chase, 1804β05"
9830:"Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape"
8582:"Justice Black Dies at 85; Served on Court 34 Years"
7573:
7132:
New York State Rifle and Pistol Association v. Bruen
5859:
Something Has Gone Deeply Wrong at the Supreme Court
5639:
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
5631:
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
5603:
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
5500:
were the first Supreme Court justices to use recent
5128:
is the page number on which the opinion begins, and
4699:
situations where the court has original jurisdiction
4631:
Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States
4241:
in Chattanooga, Tennessee the evening after Justice
3044:
United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
2997:
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
2657:
1617:
once debate had begun in the full Senate. President
1594:, and the modern practice of questioning began with
471:
and removed from office. When a vacancy occurs, the
19221:
The Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States
18637:
revealed the worst of just about everyone involved.
18505:. University of Texas School of Law. Archived from
18394:"The Commerce Clause; The Expanding Economic Vista"
17801:"For a Less Politicized Supreme Court, Look Abroad"
17470:"The Self-Fulfilling Prophecies of Clarence Thomas"
17100:"The U.S. Supreme Court and Democratic Backsliding"
16566:Canellos, Peter S.; Gerstein, Josh (July 8, 2022).
16131:Sneed, Jessica Schneider,Tierney (April 25, 2023).
14944:"For a Less Politicized Supreme Court, Look Abroad"
14373:"For lawyers, the Supreme Court bar is vanity trip"
14340:Glazer, Eric M.; Zachary, Michael (February 1997).
13430:. Also available at the Supreme Court's website at
13401:
Historical Rules of the Supreme Court, 1980 revised
13399:. Also available at the Supreme Court's website at
13094:"United States v. Shipp (U.S. Supreme Court, 1909)"
12997: (Supreme Court of the United States 1906).
12743:
Rookie on the Bench: The Role of the Junior Justice
12653:
11939:(6th ed.). W.W. Norton & Company. p.
11895:
11663:"What is Neil Gorsuch's religion? It's complicated"
9572:"In Steps Big and Small, Supreme Court Moved Right"
8351:"Opinion for the Court, Arver v. U.S. 245 U.S. 366"
6373:was criticized for expanding upon the precedent in
6194:(1967), may also be at risk. Other experts such as
5841:petition asking Congress to remove Justice Thomas.
5488:The first law clerk was hired by Associate Justice
4291:
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
724:between the federal government and states, notably
46:
https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/institution.aspx
21970:
19431:. New York, NY: Basic Books, Hachette Book Group.
19217:, 5 vols., Detroit Macmillan Reference USA, 2008
18714:CQ Transcriptions (Senator Kohl) (July 14, 2009).
18318:"The Bill of Rights β Creation and Reconstruction"
17349:
16173:"It's Neil Gorsuch's Turn for a Financial Scandal"
15777:"Justices Disclose Privately Paid Trips and Gifts"
15439:
14905:; I. Scott Messinger; Michael Jo (November 2009).
14867:
13958:See the arguments on the constitutionality of the
13321:. Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law.
12654:Stolzenberg, Ross M.; Lindgren, James (May 2010).
11185:"February 5, 1937: FDR Unveils Court Packing Plan"
9899:"Qualifications To Become A Supreme Court Justice"
8799:"The Supreme Court: Now Comes the Sixth Amendment"
7576:"Seriatim: The Supreme Court Before John Marshall"
6221:referred to it as 'legal fiction,' preferring the
5165:discuss cases and write opinions during recesses.
5093:
3411:
3138:became the first female justice in 1981. In 1986,
2585:
2369:
2225:
1075:West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
583:twice a year in their assigned judicial district.
21419:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States
19279:Hall, Kermit L.; McGuire, Kevin T., eds. (2005).
19012:
18084:Gerstein, Josh; Ward, Alexander (June 30, 2022).
17991:"The Supreme Court's Shock-and-Awe Judicial Coup"
16271:Warburton, Moira; Brice, Makini (July 10, 2024).
15814:Berman, Mark; Markon, Jerry (February 17, 2016).
14460:Hall, Kermit L.; McGuire, Kevin T., eds. (2005).
14307:"How to Cite Cases: U.S. Supreme Court Decisions"
13238:
11993:
11991:
11900:; Savage, Charlie; Protess, Ben (July 15, 2018).
11559:
11557:
9374:
9033:"Supreme Court Justice Rehnquist's Key Decisions"
7460:. New York: Attorney Street Editions. p. 7.
6769:List of pending United States Supreme Court cases
6533:Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
4809:and understand the credibility of amicus briefs.
3537:
1565:) of the United States Senate, to appoint public
1200:
759:from 1804 to 1805 helped cement the principle of
504:History of the Supreme Court of the United States
26190:
24754:Native American recognition in the United States
19520:(4). Social Science Research Network: e0174698.
19494:, "Constrain the Court β Without Crippling It",
16565:
16556:, December 8, 2022. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
16256:Robinson, Kimberly Strawbridge (July 11, 2024).
12460:"How to rein in partisan Supreme Court justices"
12185:(1). University of Chicago Law School: 301β365.
11653:
10436:"National Relations Board v. Noel Canning et al"
9377:"Retire the 'Ginsburg rule' β The 'Roe' recital"
7296:"Essays on Article III: Judicial Vesting Clause"
6591:
5885:Supreme Court Historical Society's controversies
5880:facts have time to be challenged and uncovered.
5864:Other criticisms of the Court include weakening
3608:Supreme Court of the United States Β§ Ethics
3430:
2837:). One of the justices was born to at least one
1406:
1290:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
19504:Katz, Daniel Martin; Bommarito, Michael James;
19283:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press.
18387:
18385:
18312:
16944:"The Supreme Court's new ethics code is a joke"
16907:"The Supreme Court's Self-Excusing Ethics Code"
15710:Slodysko, Bryan; Tucker, Eric (July 11, 2023).
15324:
14972:
14970:
14734:
14732:
14730:
14728:
14726:
13543:
13541:
13319:Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys
13219:
13217:
12797:
12795:
12793:
12766:
12764:
12762:
12760:
12758:
12212:
11877:Is Supreme Court in need of regional diversity?
10498:
9636:
8461:
7514:. Library, Supreme Court of the United States.
7364:
7362:
6885:(1942, federal regulation of economic activity)
6133:overturned nearly 50 years of precedent set by
5010:Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education
4377:
4339:, or (b) the district court of appeal issued a
3556:
2681:
2605:
2533:
2513:
2461:
2389:
2297:
2153:
1939:The size of the court was first altered by the
1852:filed Articles of Impeachment against justices
1811:The interior of the United States Supreme Court
1398:, which ended the electoral recount during the
885:Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States
561:Article Three of the United States Constitution
437:Article Three of the United States Constitution
81:https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1257
74:https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1254
19477:. New York, NY: William Morrow & Company.
19356:Supreme Court Historical Society 1976 Yearbook
18606:
18604:
16270:
15985:
15709:
15117:"Justices Sotomayor and Kagan must retire now"
13868:Petherbridge, Lee; Schwartz, David L. (2012).
13481:, 76 U. Cinn. L. Rev. 1159, 1163 n. 25 (2008).
13049:
13047:
12168:
12166:
12164:
12127:Harris, Allison P.; Sen, Maya (May 11, 2019).
11988:
11805:
11803:
11801:
11799:
11797:
11554:
10896:. Washington, D.C.: Senate Historical Office.
10530:
10528:
10526:
9791:"Justice Stevens Renounces Capital Punishment"
9531:
9116:
9027:
9025:
6973:(1971, religious activities in public schools)
6370:Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
5682:
5652:
5076:Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
3190:(1889β1910), born to American missionaries in
2441:
1756:National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning
1480:Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
1012:changed its interpretation of the Constitution
25151:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
23335:
22979:
22655:
22229:
21956:
21932:
21460:
20429:
19697:
17191:
16875:
16514:Becker, Jo; Tate, Julie (December 30, 2022).
15622:"The History of 'Stolen' Supreme Court Seats"
15295:
15293:
15233:
14858:
14856:
14854:
14852:
14455:
14453:
14451:
14339:
12593:Alzheimer's disease, needed her care at home.
12330:"How Kavanaugh will change the Supreme Court"
11896:Shane, Scott; Eder, Steve; Ruiz, Rebecca R.;
11732:Segal, Jeffrey A.; Spaeth, Harold J. (2002).
9505:
9433:
9368:
9331:
9151:
7983:
7981:
7941:
7939:
7252:"Essays on Article III: Good Behavior Clause"
7188:
6857:(1896, separate but equal treatment of races)
6538:The court has been criticized for giving the
5813:failed to disclose many large financial gifts
4725:remains the only case in which the court has
4188:
1223:Justices of the Supreme Court with President
22993:
20330:Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court
18424:
18382:
18271:
18233:
18198:
18159:
18083:
16156:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
15813:
15673:"Can America's Supreme Court police itself?"
14967:
14723:
14709:"United States v. Klein, 80 U.S. 128 (1871)"
13676:
12847:
12821:
12790:
12755:
11066:National Archives and Records Administration
10758:
10718:
10596:
10378:
10376:
10024:
9598:
9363:were free to be gay without being criminals.
9255:
9082:
8924:
8727:
7359:
7124:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
6736:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
6462:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
6130:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
5743:
5420:United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.
5213:(1803), consummating the American system of
4437:A circuit justice may sit as a judge on the
1448:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
860:Courts (1910β1930), the court held that the
22921:Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals
19278:
19006:
18837:
18782:
18741:
18707:
18676:
18642:
18601:
18521:
18491:
18453:
18418:
18347:
18306:
18125:
18105:
17708:
17643:
17314:
17258:
17219:
15875:
14771:
14583:
14459:
14342:"Joining the Bar of the U.S. Supreme Court"
13599:"Instructions in Supreme Court Jury Trials"
13461:, 76 U. Cinn. L. Rev. 1159, 1168β70 (2008).
13432:Historical Rules of the Supreme Court, 1989
13239:Brannock, Steven; Weinzierl, Sarah (2003).
13044:
12831:. docstoc. October 24, 2009. Archived from
12161:
11932:
11794:
11731:
10632:
10562:
10523:
10501:"How American Democracy Fell So Far Behind"
10122:"Facts about Supreme Court oath ceremonies"
9869:"Essays on Article II: Appointments Clause"
9439:
9293:
9220:
9186:
9022:
8989:
8953:
8918:
8827:
8791:
8756:
8721:
8681:
8645:
8611:
8574:
8536:
8499:
8455:
8373:
8304:Bodenhamer, David J.; James W. Ely (1993).
8268:
7813:
6346:that usually guides the court's decisions.
6328:was overturned nearly fifty years later by
5940:Democratic backsliding in the United States
5504:graduates as clerks, rather than hiring "a
5384:Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
5195:accepted the notion of judicial review; in
4382:The United States is divided into thirteen
3602:Federal judge salaries in the United States
3528:
3490:
3468:
3402:
2922:, Sonia Sotomayor and Clarence Thomas from
2647:
2575:
2503:
2431:
2359:
2287:
2245:
2215:
2141:
1621:'s nomination of sitting associate justice
1433:), voting rights and federal preclearance (
447:. The court consists of nine justices: the
23349:
23342:
23328:
22986:
22972:
22662:
22648:
22236:
22222:
21963:
21949:
21467:
21453:
20436:
20422:
19704:
19690:
19385:The Supreme Court in United States History
19303:The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation
19040:
18747:
18527:
17857:
16740:
16513:
16027:
15290:
14849:
14810:
14777:
14673:Vile, John R. (1992). "Court curbing". In
14653:University of North Carolina School of Law
14570:by Horace Greeley (1873), p. 106; also in
14448:
14243:
13960:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
13929:
12564:
12218:
12172:
10804:
10568:
9824:
9788:
9566:
9479:
9402:
9299:
9226:
9192:
9157:
9122:
8238:
8173:
8130:
8098:
8092:
8055:
8018:
7978:
7936:
7884:
7844:
7807:
7768:
7723:
7669:
7567:
7474:
6957:(1966, rights of those detained by police)
6784:Lists of United States Supreme Court cases
6724:Sometimes draft opinions are deliberately
6386:
6110:should be limited to sovereign territory.
5647:U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
4195:
4181:
2930:did not; she received her Juris Doctor at
2723:
2317:
2173:
1350:as violations of substantive due process (
24764:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
22821:Judge Advocate General's Corps, Air Force
22670:United States Military Judicial Authority
19569:Tribe, Laurence H.; Matz, Joshua (2014).
19568:
19543:
19525:
18986:
18682:
18610:
18528:Hornberger, Jacob C. (November 1, 2005).
17117:
17038:
16938:
16587:"The Oily Truth About This Supreme Court"
16450:
16061:
15356:
15184:
15166:
15111:
15082:
15053:
14982:"U.S. Court Is Now Guiding Fewer Nations"
14584:Brokaw, Tom; Stern, Carl (July 8, 1974).
14532:
14132:
12681:
12488:
12144:
12126:
12103:
12058:
11926:
11320:
10944:
10574:"New Focus on the Effects of Life Tenure"
10373:
10284:
9858:
9818:
9782:
9747:
9676:
9560:
9534:"Roberts Confirmed as 17th Chief Justice"
9525:
8297:
8216:. United States: Penguin Books. pp.
7396:"Supreme Court Nominations: presentβ1789"
6800:Selected landmark Supreme Court decisions
6622:List of United States Supreme Court leaks
6376:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
6310:Conservatives often cite the decision in
5933:
5826:The criticism intensified after the 2024
5467:Each Supreme Court justice hires several
5080:Citizens United v. Federal Election Com'n
4266:
3722:Learn how and when to remove this message
1524:Nomination, confirmation, and appointment
428:for violating either the Constitution or
144:Learn how and when to remove this message
26209:Courts and tribunals established in 1789
26204:1789 establishments in the United States
19789:Cert. dismissed as improvidently granted
19472:
18863:
18808:
18716:"Key Excerpt: Sotomayor on Bush v. Gore"
18239:
17679:
17649:
17528:Aceves, William J. (September 9, 2019).
17410:
16779:
16479:
16305:
16255:
15741:Gerber, Scott Douglas (April 23, 2021).
14498:
14203:
14112:
13966:were 90 minutes long; oral arguments in
13122:
13011:
12427:Williams, Ryan C. (September 19, 2021).
12426:
11963:
11291:
11215:"TSHA | Court-Packing Plan of 1937"
10983:
10951:. Oxford University Press. p. 334.
10864:"Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice"
10855:
10724:
10638:
10602:
10285:McMillion, Barry J. (October 19, 2015).
9506:Payson-Denney, Wade (October 31, 2015).
9482:"Why Bush v. Gore Still Matters in 2020"
9337:
9058:
8422:
8416:
7578:. New York University Press. p. 3.
6686:2024 United States presidential election
6611:
6278:by adding descriptive text and removing
6112:
6017:by adding descriptive text and removing
5574:, Neil Gorsuch for both Byron White and
5330:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
5261:ignored the Supreme Court's decision in
5172:
4816:
4210:
3803:
3733:
3627:
3267:
3105:
1806:
1655:
1561:to nominate and, with the confirmation (
1533:
1400:2000 United States presidential election
1218:
941:
929:
675:Under chief justices Jay, Rutledge, and
663:
515:
507:
34:lists the same citations more than once.
24815:List of counties and county equivalents
22862:Military tribunals in the United States
22706:Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ)
20312:Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937
20269:Old Supreme Court Chamber, U.S. Capitol
19445:
19426:
19314:A People's History of the Supreme Court
19046:
18783:Chemerinsky, Erwin (October 17, 2019).
18685:"Two-and-a-Half Cheers for Bush v Gore"
18589:from the original on September 27, 2018
18576:
18558:from the original on September 28, 2018
18497:
18392:Reich, Robert B. (September 13, 1987).
18277:
18204:
18165:
18111:
17864:Woodward, Bob; Scott Armstrong (1979).
17835:
17416:"Justice Thomas and Loving v. Virginia"
17384:
17007:
16709:
16584:
16126:
16124:
15838:
15691:from the original on September 21, 2023
15646:Levine, Marianne (September 22, 2020).
15530:
15360:; Morse, Clara Ence (August 18, 2023).
14738:
13975:
13773:from the original on September 30, 2007
13682:
13526:from the original on September 28, 2022
13053:
12882:
12880:
12702:
12457:
12358:
12027:
11966:"Clarence Thomas' Supreme Court legacy"
11626:
11160:. University of Houston. Archived from
10805:Garnett, Richard W.; Strauss, David A.
10511:from the original on September 20, 2023
10385:"Recess Appointments of Federal Judges"
9983:
9842:from the original on September 13, 2019
9158:Greenhouse, Linda (September 4, 2005).
8867:
8480:from the original on September 30, 2015
8386:. Transaction Publishers. p. 146.
8278:. Cornell University Law School. 1908.
8203:
8061:
7613:
7562:A People's History of the Supreme Court
7506:
7194:"When Did the Constitution Become Law?"
7140:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard
6679:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
5968:published an op-ed on July 3, 2024, by
5953:in wealth and power, and empowering an
5381:, superseding the limitations given in
5168:
4743:states upstream of navigable waters in
4663:Case names before the court are styled
3861:pm weekdays but closed on weekends and
2972:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
2906:: Neil Gorsuch, Ketanji Brown Jackson,
1549:Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the
1187:). At the same time, the court limited
16:Highest court of jurisdiction in the US
26191:
21480:federal judiciary of the United States
20767:
19643:
19602:
19403:The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court
19061:
19059:
19057:
19028:from the original on November 11, 2009
18695:from the original on February 25, 2016
18683:McConnell, Michael W. (June 1, 2001).
18648:
18530:"Freedom and the Fourteenth Amendment"
18217:from the original on February 15, 2009
18052:
18021:
17963:
17934:
17905:
17884:from the original on November 18, 2020
17867:The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court
17780:from the original on February 17, 2021
17714:
17527:
17501:
17320:
17264:
17225:
16989:from the original on December 22, 2022
16954:from the original on November 15, 2023
16901:
16857:from the original on November 14, 2023
16839:
16821:from the original on November 14, 2023
16761:from the original on November 13, 2023
16722:from the original on November 13, 2023
16658:from the original on November 13, 2023
16632:from the original on November 13, 2023
16230:
16089:
16087:
15991:
15844:
15795:from the original on February 13, 2020
15771:
15740:
15722:from the original on November 13, 2023
15645:
15593:
15107:
15105:
15035:from the original on February 17, 2021
14976:
14862:
14837:from the original on November 18, 2020
14625:from the original on November 25, 2016
14592:from the original on February 21, 2019
14480:from the original on November 17, 2020
14401:"How The Court Works; Library Support"
14370:
14187:. Supreme Court of the United States.
14177:
14034:from the original on November 20, 2022
13984:from the original on November 16, 2011
13925:
13923:
13907:
13903:
13901:
13899:
13897:
13829:
13811:from the original on December 11, 2008
13791:
13571:Adequate and independent state grounds
13142:from the original on February 17, 2022
12933:
12631:from the original on February 17, 2021
12582:from the original on November 25, 2020
12533:important cases, is now fully retired.
12327:
12305:from the original on November 18, 2020
12248:
11764:
11593:
11500:
11471:
11413:
11117:from the original on December 14, 2021
10965:from the original on November 16, 2023
10656:from the original on September 6, 2013
10608:"Appointees Who Really Govern America"
10534:
10448:from the original on December 12, 2020
10382:
10303:from the original on December 28, 2015
10266:from the original on February 14, 2016
10150:
9873:The Heritage Guide To The Constitution
9803:from the original on December 11, 2008
9753:
9682:
9642:
9604:
9408:
8751:permissible under the First Amendment.
8520:from the original on December 19, 2013
8508:"All the News That's Fit to Subsidize"
8505:
8462:Justice Roberts (September 21, 2005).
8400:from the original on February 20, 2021
8379:
8324:from the original on November 18, 2020
8024:
7868:from the original on December 17, 2020
7819:"Why Marbury V. Madison Still Matters"
7693:from the original on November 26, 2020
7455:
7333:"Essays on Article III: Supreme Court"
6584:, the Court examined the doctrine of "
6210:grounds than substantive due process.
3364:Retired justices of the Supreme Court
3030:Solicitor General of the United States
2100:Current justices of the Supreme Court
1904:
1724:
1602:Supreme Court nominees, most recently
1477:), and the Bill of Rights, such as in
1065:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
390:federal judiciary of the United States
23323:
22967:
22944:Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
22916:Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals
22701:United States Constitution, Article I
22643:
22217:
21944:
21931:
21448:
20766:
20456:
20417:
20131:Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837
19887:
19685:
19264:. New York: Oxford University Press.
18953:
18649:Savage, David G. (October 23, 2008).
18459:
18437:from the original on October 19, 2008
18391:
18366:from the original on January 12, 2012
18255:from the original on February 3, 2010
18182:from the original on October 27, 2009
17988:
17899:
17798:
17750:
17696:from the original on December 4, 2020
17467:
17265:Savage, David G. (October 23, 2008).
17173:from the original on January 30, 2023
17020:from the original on February 9, 2023
16367:
16170:
16130:
16093:
15937:
15564:
15445:
15419:
15273:"Supreme Court : Approval Polls"
15005:
14941:
14816:
14778:Weiden, David; Ward, Artemus (2006).
14759:from the original on November 7, 2020
14008:from the original on February 4, 2014
13999:
13976:Christy, Andrew (November 15, 2011).
13908:Larsen, Allison Orr (July 26, 2022).
13763:"Justice Alito Joins Cert Pool Party"
13760:
13727:
13685:"Special Juries in the Supreme Court"
13596:
13343:
13284:"Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989)"
12741:, Harper Collins, 2005, p. 105. Also
12470:from the original on February 8, 2023
12439:from the original on February 8, 2023
12408:from the original on February 9, 2023
12377:from the original on October 30, 2021
12364:
12342:from the original on December 7, 2020
12219:Baum, Lawrence; Devins, Neal (2019).
12173:Devins, Neal; Baum, Lawrence (2017).
12146:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051617-090650
12105:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051317-125141
12085:
12067:from the original on October 10, 2022
11964:de Vogue, Ariane (October 22, 2016).
11660:
11637:. Trenton, New Jersey. Archived from
11247:from the original on February 1, 2021
11182:
11151:
11091:from the original on November 3, 2020
11084:. U.S. Courts Library β 8th Circuit.
11034:from the original on December 7, 2020
10861:
10736:from the original on January 11, 2010
10480:from the original on December 3, 2020
10119:
10068:from the original on December 9, 2020
9959:"United States Senate. "Nominations""
9735:from the original on January 25, 2010
9660:from the original on February 2, 2019
9544:from the original on January 16, 2010
9277:from the original on October 14, 2008
9123:Greenhouse, Linda (January 8, 2009).
8687:
8596:from the original on October 15, 2009
8542:
8276:"Adair v. United States 208 U.S. 161"
8209:
8179:
8062:Suddath, Claire (December 19, 2008).
7963:from the original on December 5, 2020
7931:Hunter's Lessee, 1 Wheat. 304 (1816).
7908:"Dissenting opinions in Bush v. Gore"
7817:; McKean, David (February 21, 2009).
7729:
7539:
7488:from the original on December 5, 2020
7437:from the original on December 3, 2020
7420:
7402:from the original on December 9, 2020
7376:from the original on December 7, 2020
7208:from the original on October 26, 2020
6217:against state and local governments.
5847:Yale professor of constitutional law
5750:United States Senate Β§ Criticism
4914:
4311:District of Columbia Court of Appeals
3368:
2806:
2104:
1753:The Supreme Court's 2014 decision in
1125:must be roughly equal in population (
1084:restricted the pro-government trend.
766:
494:each year, but only grants about 80.
26077:
22800:Judge Advocate General's Corps, Navy
22784:Marine Corps Judge Advocate Division
22763:Judge Advocate General's Corps, Army
22748:Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG)
19573:. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
19257:
19175:
19065:
18889:
18864:Jacobson, Louis (October 18, 2021).
18532:. The Future of Freedom Foundation.
18353:
18205:Madison, James (February 16, 1788).
17623:
17097:
17008:Marimow, Ann E. (December 8, 2022).
16741:Pilkington, Ed (November 13, 2023).
16507:
16380:from the original on August 1, 2024.
16196:
16121:
15919:from the original on October 5, 2022
15857:from the original on January 7, 2021
15497:
15385:
15299:
15207:
14798:from the original on January 1, 2016
14672:
14321:from the original on August 22, 2012
14287:from the original on August 22, 2012
14191:from the original on January 8, 2019
13683:Shelfer, Lochlan F. (October 2013).
13629:from the original on August 18, 2013
12877:
12604:
12290:
12061:"In Celebration of Armed Forces Day"
12009:from the original on August 20, 2016
11779:from the original on August 24, 2017
11627:DeMarco, Megan (February 14, 2008).
11446:
11428:from the original on October 8, 2022
11195:from the original on August 15, 2011
10874:from the original on August 27, 2009
10330:. Oxford University Press. pp.
10321:
10039:from the original on October 2, 2018
10025:Flegenheimer, Matt (April 6, 2017).
9879:from the original on August 22, 2020
9864:
9789:Greenhouse, Linda (April 18, 2008).
9620:from the original on August 24, 2021
9480:MacDougall, Ian (November 1, 2020).
9261:
9227:Greenhouse, Linda (March 22, 2005).
9100:from the original on August 24, 2017
8925:O'Connor, Karen (January 22, 2009).
8307:The Bill of Rights in modern America
8180:Ifill, Sherrilyn A. (May 27, 2009).
8039:from the original on August 14, 2020
7752:from the original on August 14, 2020
7675:
7347:from the original on August 22, 2020
7310:from the original on August 22, 2020
7266:from the original on August 22, 2020
7242:
7240:
7152:Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
7036:Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
6508:
6492:Kennedy v. Bremerton School District
6246:
6242:
5985:
5981:
5438:Humphrey's Executor v. United States
5379:Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
5150:
4918:
3800:United States Supreme Court Building
3671:"Supreme Court of the United States"
3660:adding citations to reliable sources
3631:
3232:
1988:, a Republican, signed into law the
1918:
18:
22926:Court of Military Commission Review
22911:Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals
19054:
18626:from the original on April 11, 2009
18331:from the original on April 16, 2009
18278:Madison, James (January 22, 1788).
18166:Madison, James (January 25, 1788).
17760:and conservative judicial activism"
17652:"The judges war: an issue of power"
17333:from the original on April 13, 2010
17132:
16710:Sherman, Mark (November 13, 2023).
16402:from the original on July 31, 2024.
16084:
15753:from the original on March 26, 2023
15619:
15594:Cahill, Petra (November 11, 2016).
15237:; Kopicki, Allison (June 7, 2012).
15102:
15015:and conservative judicial activism"
14683:. Oxford University Press. p.
14543:. Oxford University Press. p.
14348:. Florida Bar Journal. p. 63.
14231:from the original on March 31, 2021
14094:from the original on March 25, 2017
14079:
14063:, Malaysia: Beacon Press, pp. 256,
13920:
13894:
13325:from the original on April 27, 2017
13263:from the original on August 4, 2016
13104:from the original on April 27, 2017
13070:from the original on April 27, 2017
13054:Hindley, Meredith (November 2014).
13028:from the original on April 27, 2017
12809:from the original on March 22, 2010
12040:from the original on April 15, 2022
12028:Preston, Matthew (April 15, 2022).
11857:from the original on April 30, 2021
11273:from the original on March 29, 2021
10862:Appel, Jacob M. (August 22, 2009).
10813:from the original on April 29, 2022
10383:Fisher, Louis (September 5, 2001).
10207:from the original on April 15, 2010
9998:from the original on April 10, 2017
9766:from the original on April 23, 2018
9582:from the original on April 17, 2009
9375:Justice Sotomayor (July 16, 2009).
9239:from the original on March 26, 2014
9193:Greenhouse, Linda (June 12, 2005).
8937:from the original on March 26, 2009
8764:"The Law: The Retroactivity Riddle"
8282:from the original on April 24, 2012
7829:from the original on August 2, 2009
6978:New York Times Co. v. United States
6922:Abington School District v. Schempp
6905:(1954, school segregation of races)
6147:wrote in his concurring opinion in
6143:principle, in part because Justice
5721:
4796:The Court also relies on and cites
4791:
4673:State of Arizona v. Ernesto Miranda
4303:Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands
4217:original and exclusive jurisdiction
3334:
3086:United States Sentencing Commission
2864:considers himself a Catholic or an
2086:
1293:) and campaign finance regulation (
1150:Abington School District v. Schempp
888:), upheld the constitutionality of
641:
540:established the parameters for the
13:
26199:Supreme Court of the United States
26073:Supreme Court of the United States
22263:Supreme Court of the United States
21427:
20747:
20457:
20446:Supreme Court of the United States
19713:Supreme Court of the United States
19419:
19362:Supreme Court Historical Society.
19241:'s Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court
19068:"SCOTUS Is Slow-Walking for Trump"
18003:from the original on June 30, 2022
17732:from the original on March 7, 2013
17682:"What Judge Bork Should Have Said"
17441:
17321:Savage, David G. (July 13, 2008).
16480:Jouvenal, Justin (June 26, 2024).
16245:from the original on July 1, 2024.
15968:
15888:from the original on July 12, 2017
15845:Lipton, Eric (February 26, 2016).
15826:from the original on June 24, 2017
15531:Aronoff, Kate (October 14, 2020).
15251:from the original on June 16, 2019
14882:from the original on July 13, 2012
14437:from the original on June 26, 2022
14431:Supreme Court of the United States
14371:Gresko, Jessica (March 24, 2013).
14352:from the original on April 5, 2014
13875:Northwestern University Law Review
13709:from the original on June 30, 2017
13517:Supreme Court of the United States
13510:"Miscellaneous Order (09/28/2022)"
13312:
13091:
12898:from the original on June 24, 2023
12861:. October 24, 2009. Archived from
12548:(University Press of Kansas 1999)
12522:from the original on June 30, 2022
12365:Roche, Darragh (October 5, 2021).
12328:Roeder, Oliver (October 6, 2018).
12133:Annual Review of Political Science
12092:Annual Review of Political Science
12086:Hasen, Richard L. (May 11, 2019).
11976:from the original on April 2, 2017
11914:from the original on July 16, 2018
11811:"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)"
11673:from the original on June 25, 2017
11594:Walthr, Matthew (April 21, 2014).
11575:from the original on July 21, 2011
11529:
11395:from the original on June 25, 2022
11363:from the original on June 25, 2022
10986:PS: Political Science and Politics
10926:from the original on July 10, 2024
10584:from the original on July 26, 2010
10225:
10201:Supreme Court of the United States
10177:from the original on June 22, 2022
10151:Satola, James W. (December 2017).
9965:from the original on April 7, 2019
9754:Barnes, Robert (October 1, 2009).
9170:from the original on April 2, 2015
8997:"Time to Rethink Buckley v. Valeo"
8984:principle of 'affirmative action'β¦
8915:(University Press of Kansas; 2016)
8822:can no longer be regarded as law.'
8558:from the original on March 7, 2013
7657:from the original on July 16, 2019
7574:Scott Douglas Gerber, ed. (1998).
7521:from the original on July 23, 2011
7421:Hodak, George (February 1, 2011).
7337:Heritage Guide to the Constitution
7328:
7300:Heritage Guide to the Constitution
7293:
7256:Heritage Guide to the Constitution
7246:
6913:(1962, state-sponsored prayers in
6789:Models of judicial decision making
6720:Leaks and inadvertent publications
6206:actually relied more heavily upon
6200:South Texas College of Law Houston
5890:
5641:, and Amy Coney Barrett for Judge
1273:s right to privacy to strike down
449:chief justice of the United States
378:Supreme Court of the United States
349:Chief Justice of the United States
161:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
26225:
24160:Director of National Intelligence
18968:from the original on July 5, 2010
18577:Vazquez, Maegan (June 28, 2018).
18472:from the original on May 11, 2011
18425:FDCH e-Media (January 10, 2006).
18406:from the original on May 12, 2011
18290:from the original on July 9, 2009
18178:. No. 44 (quote: 8th para).
18143:from the original on July 9, 2009
17767:University of Illinois Law Review
17658:from the original on May 13, 2011
17243:from the original on May 12, 2011
17098:Keck, Thomas M. (February 2024).
16009:from the original on May 29, 2024
15386:Bump, Philip (December 2, 2021).
15083:Beauchamp, Zack (June 27, 2019).
15022:University of Illinois Law Review
13742:from the original on June 2, 2009
13730:"Roberts Dips Toe into Cert Pool"
13294:from the original on June 2, 2018
12951:from the original on May 31, 2017
12458:Lazarus, Simon (March 23, 2022).
12059:Shurtleff, Kathy (May 12, 2021).
11740:. Cambridge Univ. Press. p.
11616:– via The ANNOTICO Reports.
11542:from the original on May 15, 2022
11414:Kruzel, John (December 7, 2021).
10620:from the original on May 12, 2011
10550:from the original on May 31, 2010
10132:from the original on May 17, 2022
9939:from the original on July 8, 2023
9909:from the original on July 8, 2023
9700:from the original on May 11, 2011
9315:from the original on May 11, 2011
9135:from the original on May 12, 2011
9043:from the original on May 25, 2010
9007:from the original on May 11, 2011
8845:from the original on May 11, 2011
8506:Lipsky, Seth (October 22, 2009).
8440:from the original on June 5, 2009
8345:
8158:from the original on May 11, 2011
8114:from the original on May 11, 2011
7995:. October 2, 2000. Archived from
7592:from the original on May 11, 2011
7237:
6779:List of supreme courts by country
6563:, such as constitutional scholar
6499:separating church and state, and
6117:Protestors in support of keeping
5920:Constitution of the United States
4635:
4323:Florida District Courts of Appeal
2884:. The first Catholic justice was
1386:s restrictions on abortion laws (
671:, chief justice from 1801 to 1835
88:https://ssrn.com/abstract=1282265
26171:
26154:
26137:
26120:
26103:
26086:
26058:
26046:
26034:
24316:Government Accountability Office
23049:
22714:
22166:
22133:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
20396:
20384:
20374:
20373:
20274:Old Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol
19750:
19350:Skifos, Catherine Hetos (1976).
19180:
19147:
19129:
19111:
19093:
18980:
18947:
18935:from the original on May 1, 2011
18917:
18883:
18857:
18831:
18802:
18776:
18689:University of Chicago Law Review
18570:
18540:
18460:Cohen, Adam (December 7, 2003).
18133:Alexander Hamilton (aka Publius)
18077:
18046:
18015:
17982:
17957:
17928:
17829:
17792:
17744:
17673:
17617:
17572:
17547:
17521:
17495:
17461:
17435:
17404:
17385:Stanton, Andrew (July 2, 2023).
17378:
17289:
17185:
17126:
17091:
17066:
17054:from the original on May 6, 2023
17032:
17001:
16932:
16895:
16833:
16802:
16773:
16734:
16703:
16670:
16644:
16612:
16578:
16559:
16541:
16473:
16444:
16424:
16406:
16384:
16361:
16347:
16333:
16306:Hartmann, Thom (July 12, 2024).
16299:
16285:
16264:
16249:
16224:
16190:
16164:
16055:
16021:
15962:
15950:from the original on May 5, 2023
15931:
15900:
15876:O'Brien, Reity (June 20, 2014).
15869:
15807:
15765:
15734:
15703:
15665:
15639:
15613:
15587:
15558:
15524:
15491:
15465:
15413:
15379:
15350:
15318:
15263:
15227:
15134:
15076:
15047:
14999:
14935:
14894:
14701:
14666:
14643:
14637:
14607:
14577:
14561:
14526:
14499:Hartmann, Thom (June 27, 2024).
14492:
14419:
14393:
14364:
14333:
14299:
14269:
14162:
14147:
14106:
14073:
14046:
14020:
13952:
13861:
13849:from the original on May 2, 2017
13823:
13785:
13754:
13728:Mauro, Tony (October 21, 2005).
13721:
13641:
13590:
13575:
13556:
13502:
13484:
13464:
13444:
13413:
13382:
13337:
13306:
13275:
13232:
13199:
13184:
13169:
13154:
13116:
13085:
12980:
12963:
12927:
12910:
12859:Supreme Court Historical Society
12747:Journal of Supreme Court History
12727:
12647:
12598:
12558:
12538:
12508:
12482:
12451:
12420:
12389:
12321:
12291:Betz, Bradford (March 2, 2019).
12284:
12272:from the original on May 3, 2023
12242:
12120:
12088:"Polarization and the Judiciary"
12079:
12052:
12021:
11957:
11889:
11869:
11829:
11758:
11725:
11689:
11661:Burke, Daniel (March 22, 2017).
11620:
11587:
11523:
11494:
11465:
11440:
11407:
11375:
11343:
11314:
11285:
11259:
11233:
11221:from the original on May 6, 2021
11207:
11176:
11145:
11129:
11103:
11071:
11046:
11020:
10977:
10938:
10912:
10900:from the original on May 3, 2022
10886:
10825:
10798:
10752:
10705:
10685:
10668:
9205:from the original on May 5, 2011
8807:. April 16, 1965. Archived from
8383:The Supreme Court's Constitution
8357:from the original on May 1, 2011
8064:"A Brief History of Impeachment"
6648:
6251:
5990:
5660:Vanderbilt University Law School
5471:to review petitions for writ of
5257:came in 1832, when the state of
5086:, and "L. Ed." representing the
4923:
4812:
3899:
3636:
3529:
3469:
3403:
2648:
2576:
2504:
2432:
2360:
2288:
2216:
2142:
1901:assassination of Abraham Lincoln
1742:was not subsequently confirmed.
1050:internment of Japanese Americans
994:, who opposed New Deal policies.
954:. Members include Chief Justice
404:cases that turn on questions of
166:
23:
22890:Guantanamo military commissions
22630:(federal and state, all levels)
20361:United States Solicitor General
20088:Justices who served in Congress
19352:"The Supreme Court Gets a Home"
19171:
18890:Ford, Matt (January 25, 2024).
16585:Aronoff, Kate (June 18, 2024).
16028:Pilkington, Ed (May 31, 2024).
15420:Price, Greg (October 6, 2018).
14574:(2001) by Robert Vincent Remini
13974:was given a two-hour argument.
13012:Curriden, Mark (June 2, 2009).
11697:"Religion of the Supreme Court"
10492:
10462:
10428:
10419:
10348:
10315:
10278:
10246:
10219:
10189:
10144:
10113:
10097:
10080:
10054:
10018:
9984:Brunner, Jim (March 24, 2017).
9977:
9951:
9921:
9891:
9715:
9499:
9473:
9340:"The Court's Gay Rights Legacy"
9125:"The Chief Justice on the Spot"
8969:. July 10, 1978. Archived from
8905:
8861:
8772:. June 18, 1965. Archived from
8661:. July 15, 1966. Archived from
8339:
7708:
7607:
7554:
7533:
7500:
7449:
6929:readings and recitation of the
6668:British constitutional scholar
6223:Privileges or Immunities Clause
5523:, was hired in 1948 by Justice
5094:Citations to published opinions
4434:granting permission to appeal.
3882:
3647:needs additional citations for
3622:Article III of the Constitution
3342:United States Courts of Appeals
3262:Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court
1971:At the behest of Chief Justice
1543:2005 hearings on his nomination
1025:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
907:
813:, which helped precipitate the
455:, and the justices meet at the
25959:Separation of church and state
24175:National Reconnaissance Office
24118:President of the United States
22906:Army Court of Criminal Appeals
21971:Supreme Courts of the Americas
20290:Article III, U.S. Constitution
18987:Millhiser, Ian (May 3, 2024).
17989:Klein, Naomi (June 30, 2022).
17650:Buchanan, Pat (July 6, 2005).
17582:. June 5, 2010. Archived from
16231:Levien, Simon (July 1, 2024).
16171:Stieb, Matt (April 25, 2023).
16094:Smith, David (June 15, 2024).
15208:Gass, Henry (April 24, 2024).
14916:. p. 1749. Archived from
14427:"The Court and Its Procedures"
14277:"Supreme Court Research Guide"
14113:Amy Howe (December 12, 2022).
14000:Bobic, Igor (March 26, 2012).
11068:, retrieved September 12, 2017
10945:Yarbrough, Tinsley E. (1992).
10294:Congressional Research Service
10120:Mears, Bill (August 6, 2010).
8653:"Essay: In defense of privacy"
8625:. May 17, 1954. Archived from
8411:District of Columbia. (p. 146)
8025:Slater, Dan (April 18, 2008).
7414:
7388:
7322:
7287:
7278:
7220:
7182:
7060:District of Columbia v. Heller
6215:incorporate the Bill of Rights
5918:Article III, Section I of the
5670:, professor of history at the
5519:. The first African-American,
5248:
3284:Following the confirmation of
1930:President of the United States
1926:Article I, Section 3, Clause 6
1719:Congressional Research Service
1518:
1201:Burger, Rehnquist, and Roberts
1194:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
538:1787 Constitutional Convention
420:, the ability to invalidate a
1:
23036:Bill (United States Congress)
21495:All Supreme Court nominations
20259:Royal Exchange, New York City
20141:Judicial Circuits Act of 1866
19662:McCloskey, Robert G. (2005).
19591:. Stanford University Press.
19258:Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992).
19066:West, Sonja (March 1, 2024).
18954:Mauro, Tony (March 9, 2010).
18748:Adam Cohen (March 21, 2004).
18354:Gold, Scott (June 14, 2005).
17624:Litt, David (July 24, 2022).
17468:Robin, Corey (July 9, 2022).
17133:Huq, Aziz Z. (January 2022).
17112:(2). Rochester, NY: 197β218.
16197:Wang, Amy B. (May 11, 2023).
15938:Jones, Dustin (May 5, 2023).
15214:The Christian Science Monitor
14942:Quinn, Colm (March 8, 2024).
14385:. pp. 2A. Archived from
11028:"The Court as an Institution"
10322:Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992).
9728:The Christian Science Monitor
9445:"The Winner in Bush v. Gore?"
9409:Kamiya, Gary (July 5, 2001).
8428:"Supreme Court gets makeover"
7507:Ashmore, Anne (August 2006).
7370:"The Court as an Institution"
7176:
7164:Trump v. United States (2024)
7047:(2000, presidential election)
6688:. The Court is considering a
6592:Ruling on political questions
5911:. Lower courts, by contrast,
5871:William & Mary Law School
5456:
5035:). A more unusual example is
4169:Common good constitutionalism
3793:
3589:27 years, 331 days
3523:18 years, 263 days
3463:30 years, 163 days
2845:'s father was born in Italy.
2349:18 years, 233 days
2277:32 years, 333 days
2205:18 years, 357 days
2075:
1651:nomination of Merrick Garland
1093:segregation in public schools
901:Adkins v. Children's Hospital
128:to identify unique citations.
24321:Government Publishing Office
23789:Technological and industrial
22591:United States Virgin Islands
21880:G. H. W. Bush
21815:G. H. W. Bush
21566:G. H. W. Bush
20307:Code of Conduct for Justices
19497:The New York Review of Books
19427:Vladeck, Stephen I. (2023).
16368:Biden, Joe (July 29, 2024).
15446:Green, Jamal (May 7, 2019).
13761:Mauro, Tony (July 4, 2006).
13344:Glick, Joshua (April 2003).
13014:"A Supreme Case of Contempt"
12570:"An Invisible Chief Justice"
11191:. American Bar Association.
11054:Federal Judiciary Act (1789)
8931:U.S. News & World Report
8730:"Teach the Bible? Of course"
8623:U.S. News & World Report
8186:U.S. News & World Report
8140:; Randall K. Miller (1989).
7781:U.S. News & World Report
6981:(1971, freedom of the press)
6965:(1967, interracial marriage)
6941:(1963, right to an attorney)
6712:is of similar importance to
5625:, Brett Kavanaugh for Judge
5023:but also three other cases:
4973:. The individual volumes of
4464:District of Columbia Circuit
4424:in criminal cases, writs of
4378:Justices as circuit justices
4295:Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
3758:. Back row (left to right):
3614:age and service requirements
2713:3 years, 329 days
2637:5 years, 350 days
2565:7 years, 163 days
2493:14 years, 44 days
2421:15 years, 43 days
2039:. In April 2021, during the
634:, the court established its
7:
25793:Women's reproductive health
24759:Federally recognized tribes
24622:Public utilities commission
24526:Public Health Service Corps
24429:Code of Federal Regulations
24311:Congressional Budget Office
24165:Central Intelligence Agency
24071:Water supply and sanitation
23498:Declaration of Independence
22628:Courts of the United States
20325:Impeachment of Samuel Chase
20264:Old City Hall, Philadelphia
20126:Seventh Circuit Act of 1807
19742:Nomination and confirmation
19668:University of Chicago Press
19331:Rehnquist, William (1987).
18399:The New York Times Magazine
17799:Quinn, Colm (May 4, 2022).
17626:"A Court Without Precedent"
17236:The New York Times Magazine
15882:Center for Public Integrity
14588:. NBC Universal Media LLC.
12404:. Graphics by Elena MejΓa.
12228:. Oxford University Press.
8716:American people to recite.'
8592:(UPI). September 25, 1971.
8380:Siegan, Bernard H. (1987).
7230:. This was narrowed by the
7017:(1974, executive privilege)
6902:Brown v. Board of Education
6833:(1824, interstate commerce)
6752:
6690:Presidential immunity claim
6663:
6474:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
6437:juries in the United States
6352:Brown v. Board of Education
6338:criticized the decision in
5908:
5683:Criticism and controversies
5653:Politicization of the court
5515:, hired in 1944 by Justice
5511:The first female clerk was
5369:(1970) β overturned by the
5357:(1937) β overturned by the
5345:(1875) β overturned by the
5333:(1895) β overturned by the
5317:(1857) β overturned by the
5305:(1793) β overturned by the
5281:Brown v. Board of Education
4996:As of March 2012, the
4846:
4739:, and water rights between
4063:Right to keep and bear arms
3607:
3288:in 2020 after the death of
3118:descent, and almost always
2777:2 years, 82 days
1637:to the seat left vacant by
1392:). The court's decision in
1389:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
1131:). It recognized a general
1106:Brown v. Board of Education
936:U.S. Supreme Court Building
316:
10:
26230:
24971:Red states and blue states
24876:City commission government
24871:Councilβmanager government
22837:Coast Guard Legal Division
21919:Supreme Court demographics
19748:
19664:The American Supreme Court
19607:. New York: Anchor books.
18771:power, not legal analysis.
17680:Sunstein, Carl R. (1991).
17448:libguides.law.illinois.edu
14572:The Life of Andrew Jackson
14283:. Georgetown Law Library.
13477:November 16, 2023, at the
13457:November 16, 2023, at the
12518:. CNBC. October 22, 2018.
11933:O'Brien, David M. (2003).
10807:"Article III, Section One"
10197:"Justices 1789 to Present"
8873:"The Antitrust Revolution"
8590:United Press International
6803:
6615:
5937:
5747:
5460:
5426:Dames & Moore v. Regan
5394:restricts the jurisdiction
5243:Section 1 of Article Three
5097:
5019:actually decided not only
4873:Concurring in the judgment
4721:determine issues of fact.
4646:, commonly referred to as
4628:
4624:
4293:(through certiorari), the
4283:certiorari before judgment
4073:Criminal procedural rights
3797:
3605:
3599:
3236:
2848:At least six justices are
2810:
2079:
2029:presidency of Donald Trump
2021:Senate Judiciary Committee
1583:Senate Judiciary Committee
1551:United States Constitution
1527:
1299:). It also wavered on the
1204:
1175:right to appointed counsel
1118:Green v. County School Bd.
1055:Korematsu v. United States
911:
770:
645:
532:It was while debating the
501:
497:
25980:
25806:
25679:
25611:
25264:
25260:
25251:
25199:
25064:
25055:
24951:
24922:
24899:
24838:
24805:
24796:
24739:
24727:Comparison of governments
24702:
24665:
24642:
24558:
24538:
24469:
24407:
24329:
24252:
24110:
24101:
24097:
24088:
23810:
23801:
23746:
23706:Post-Cold War (1991β2008)
23547:drafting and ratification
23520:Articles of Confederation
23433:
23367:
23358:
23184:
23161:Law School Admission Test
23146:
23124:
23069:
23058:
23047:
23001:
22934:
22898:
22877:
22870:
22849:
22829:
22813:
22792:
22776:
22755:
22746:
22732:Manual for Courts-Martial
22723:
22712:
22693:
22675:
22620:
22599:
22555:
22272:
22252:
22175:
22164:
21976:
21938:
21933:Links to related articles
21912:
21849:Appointment controversies
21848:
21770:F. D. Roosevelt
21599:
21521:F. D. Roosevelt
21486:
21425:
20775:
20762:
20745:
20465:
20452:
20369:
20282:
20243:
20154:
20136:Tenth Circuit Act of 1863
20101:
20093:Burial places of justices
20029:
19914:
19886:
19816:
19759:
19719:
19446:Waldman, Michael (2023).
19189:This section needs to be
19022:Literary Review of Canada
18548:"Gamble v. United States"
18249:No. 22 (quote: 4th para)"
18211:No. 56 (quote: 6th para)"
17502:Thomas, Clarence (1989).
17151:10.1177/00027162211061124
14739:Peppers, Todd C. (2006).
13597:James, Robert A. (1998).
12745:by Clare Cushman (2008).
12614:. SUNY Press. p. 9.
11717:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
11154:"The New Deal in Decline"
11060:November 5, 2020, at the
10998:10.1017/S1049096508080542
10839:. fjc.gov. Archived from
9723:"A Bad Day for Democracy"
9338:Lindenberger, Michael A.
8961:"Bakke Wins, Quotas Lose"
8144:. Duke University Press.
7742:by James MacGregor Burns)
7117:tribal reservation rights
7103:(2020, discrimination on
7100:Bostock v. Clayton County
7095:(2015, same-sex marriage)
7079:(2013, same-sex marriage)
6643:televising Court hearings
6573:laboratories of democracy
6383:applies to corporations.
5794:
5744:Composition and selection
5494:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
5029:Westover v. United States
4932:This section needs to be
4656:and the non-mover is the
4384:circuit courts of appeals
4347:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
3595:
3552:San Francisco, California
3379:
3376:
3373:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2112:
2109:
1767:
1606:, nominated by President
1343:United States v. Virginia
1331:Seminole Tribe v. Florida
1191:suits by public figures (
950:in 1937, photographed by
895:Selective Draft Law Cases
878:), grappled with the new
727:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
364:
354:
347:
333:
322:
312:
302:
285:
246:
230:
212:
178:
174:
165:
160:
25746:Prescription drug prices
24866:Mayorβcouncil government
24856:Coterminous municipality
24846:Consolidated city-county
24612:Agriculture commissioner
24262:House of Representatives
24170:National Security Agency
23820:Contiguous United States
22995:Law of the United States
22685:Law of the United States
22581:Northern Mariana Islands
21487:Supreme Court candidates
20391:United States portal
20335:Supreme Court in fiction
19644:Toobin, Jeffrey (2007).
19603:Toobin, Jeffrey (2013).
18961:The National Law Journal
18118:– via Wikisource.
17964:Thomas, Suja A. (2016).
17935:Thomas, Suja A. (2016).
17906:Thomas, Suja A. (2016).
14030:. CNN. October 3, 2019.
13972:the Pentagon papers case
13970:lasted three hours; and
13022:American Bar Association
12179:The Supreme Court Review
11882:August 14, 2020, at the
11596:"Sam Alito: A Civil Man"
10362:Concurring in denial of
10230:. Jurist. Archived from
10064:. United States Senate.
7564:, p. 101 (Penguin 2006).
7431:American Bar Association
7076:United States v. Windsor
7071:(2010, campaign finance)
7025:(1976, campaign finance)
6849:(1883, civil rights law)
6495:which both weakened the
6422:
5951:increasing the disparity
5834:Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
5605:, Elena Kagan for Judge
5537:federal court of appeals
5289:(1974) to surrender the
4336:Florida Star v. B. J. F.
4327:Supreme Court of Florida
4273:federal courts of appeal
4144:Political process theory
3842:, but maintains its own
3840:Architect of the Capitol
3380:Tenure (active service)
2860:. It is unclear whether
2045:House of Representatives
2043:, some Democrats in the
1850:Alexandria Ocasia-Cortez
1837:House of Representatives
1816:Article Three, Section 1
1745:No U.S. president since
1667:Not every Supreme Court
1468:United States v. Windsor
1373:Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
1337:City of Boerne v. Flores
1283:) but divided deeply on
26214:National supreme courts
25831:Criticism of government
25176:Social welfare programs
24769:State-recognized tribes
23754:Outline of U.S. history
23466:Continental Association
22850:Non-judicial punishment
22245:Highest judicial bodies
21855:L. B. Johnson
21790:L. B. Johnson
21541:L. B. Johnson
19648:. New York: Doubleday.
19622:Greenburg, Jan Crawford
19473:Biskupic, Joan (2023).
19245:Congressional Quarterly
19239:Congressional Quarterly
19236:and Elder Witt (1997).
18213:. Independent Journal.
18139:. Independent Journal.
18112:Madison, James (1789).
17609:"Judicial activism" in
14004:. Talking Points Memo.
12829:"Visiting-Capitol-Hill"
12710:"Judicial Compensation"
12003:Smithsonian Institution
11772:Encyclopædia Britannica
10837:Federal Judicial Center
10732:. Independent Journal.
10730:"The Federalist No. 78"
10700:Carolina Academic Press
10680:Carolina Academic Press
10392:CRS Report for Congress
9875:. Heritage Foundation.
9094:The Wall Street Journal
9070:Oxford University Press
8513:The Wall Street Journal
8032:The Wall Street Journal
7681:"Don't Do It, Justices"
7456:Pigott, Robert (2014).
7341:The Heritage Foundation
7304:The Heritage Foundation
7260:The Heritage Foundation
7192:; Seidman, Guy (2001).
7084:Shelby County v. Holder
6946:Griswold v. Connecticut
6933:in U.S. public schools)
6817:(1803, judicial review)
6581:Gamble v. United States
6417:American exceptionalism
6387:Outdated and an outlier
6280:less pertinent examples
6208:Equal Protection Clause
6158:Griswold v. Connecticut
6141:substantive due process
6019:less pertinent examples
5732:ruling that overturned
5672:University of Cambridge
5429:(1981), and notably in
5359:Twenty-fourth Amendment
5159:
4982:Final bound volumes of
4729:a jury, in this case a
4430:, and applications for
4139:Substantive due process
3296:and associate justices
2457:New York City, New York
2385:New York City, New York
2057:presidential commission
1869:John Marshall Harlan II
1682:John Marshall Harlan II
1680:'s first nomination of
1596:John Marshall Harlan II
1138:Griswold v. Connecticut
1097:Equal Protection Clause
1041:United States v. Butler
868:some guarantees of the
835:substantive due process
524:, before moving to the
426:presidential directives
218:; 235 years ago
25893:Environmental movement
25736:Health insurance costs
25631:Educational attainment
25156:Federal Reserve System
25114:Science and technology
24617:Insurance commissioner
24155:Intelligence Community
23850:minor outlying islands
23613:Civil rights movement
21489:and nomination results
21432:
20752:
20251:Supreme Court Building
18614:(September 23, 2007).
17686:Connecticut Law Review
16985:. September 24, 2019.
15971:"Friends of the Court"
15168:10.1126/sciadv.adk9590
14980:(September 17, 2008).
14317:University Libraries.
14315:University of Maryland
13968:United States v. Nixon
13795:(September 25, 2008).
12989:United States v. Shipp
12605:Ward, Artemus (2003).
11601:The American Spectator
11295:(September 26, 2020).
11183:Hodak, George (2007).
10713:Oxford J Legal Studies
10572:(September 10, 2007).
10538:(September 26, 2007).
9090:"A Supreme Revelation"
8347:White, Edward Douglass
8246:"Liberty of Contract?"
7784:. 2003. Archived from
7294:Pushaw, Robert J. Jr.
7228:Article III, Section 2
7068:Citizens United v. FEC
7014:United States v. Nixon
6838:Dred Scott v. Sandford
6825:(1819, implied powers)
6745:Moyle v. United States
6229:. However, outside of
6225:for incorporating the
6124:
6054:under the doctrine of
5979:
5934:Democratic backsliding
5829:Trump v. United States
5712:democratic backsliding
5521:William T. Coleman Jr.
5450:United States v. Nixon
5410:United States v. Klein
5371:Twenty-sixth Amendment
5314:Dred Scott v. Sandford
5286:United States v. Nixon
5184:
5124:is the volume number,
5084:Supreme Court Reporter
5049:Supreme Court Reporter
4908:United States v. Alcoa
4888:Running of the Interns
4825:
4736:New Jersey v. Delaware
4703:United States v. Texas
4693:and deals solely with
4267:Appellate jurisdiction
4230:United States v. Shipp
4215:The Supreme Court has
4164:Strict constructionism
4068:Right to trial by jury
4058:Freedom of association
3817:
3775:
3486:Melrose, Massachusetts
3426:Sacramento, California
3281:
3150:was joined in 2009 by
3111:
1979:, Congress passed the
1885:William Henry Harrison
1812:
1729:When the Senate is in
1664:
1546:
1325:United States v. Lopez
1263:
1035:United States v. Darby
995:
984:James Clark McReynolds
939:
846:Adair v. United States
810:Dred Scott v. Sandford
672:
594:for chief justice and
529:
513:
457:Supreme Court Building
394:appellate jurisdiction
124:Please consider using
25719:Immigrant health care
25234:Transportation safety
25229:Transportation policy
25219:Public transportation
24289:President pro tempore
24145:Executive departments
23914:National Park Service
23569:Territorial evolution
22123:Saint Kitts and Nevis
21639:J. Q. Adams
21602:judicial appointments
21431:
20751:
20599:Edward Douglass White
20346:United States Reports
20295:original jurisdiction
20179:Reporter of Decisions
20146:Judiciary Act of 1869
20121:Judiciary Act of 1802
20116:Judiciary Act of 1801
20111:Judiciary Act of 1789
19878:Ketanji Brown Jackson
19794:Grant, vacate, remand
19784:Cert. before judgment
19508:(January 19, 2017) .
19389:Little, Brown and Co.
19387:(3 volumes). Boston:
19226:June 5, 2017, at the
18844:www.brennancenter.org
18812:(September 1, 2021).
18282:The Federalist Papers
18243:(December 14, 1787).
17421:The Volokh Conspiracy
16983:www.brennancenter.org
16942:(November 14, 2023).
16905:(November 21, 2023).
16843:(November 14, 2023).
16783:(November 14, 2023).
16628:. November 13, 2023.
16625:Associated Press News
15679:. September 7, 2023.
15332:(2023). "Chapter 6".
15304:. Ecco. p. 345.
14914:Vanderbilt Law Review
14866:(September 7, 2010).
14817:Chace, James (2007).
14568:The American Conflict
14218:United States Reports
13996:California v. Arizona
13659:Georgia v. Brailsford
13437:May 10, 2023, at the
13426:May 11, 2023, at the
13406:May 10, 2023, at the
13395:May 11, 2023, at the
13366:on September 25, 2018
12855:"How The Court Works"
12568:(September 9, 2010).
12252:(February 25, 2022).
11451:. Ecco. p. 352.
11079:"Judges on Horseback"
10843:on September 15, 2012
10153:"Mr. Justice Stanton"
9653:The American Prospect
9443:(December 18, 2000).
9267:"Casing John Roberts"
9003:. November 12, 1998.
8835:"Guilt and Mr. Meese"
8546:(December 14, 2004).
8210:Irons, Peter (2006).
7906:(December 13, 2000).
7861:. February 27, 1893.
7798:With his decision in
7788:on September 20, 2003
7735:"Black Robe Politics"
7429:. Chicago, Illinois:
7330:Watson, Bradley C. S.
7198:Notre Dame Law Review
7169:Presidential immunity
7087:(2013, voting rights)
6989:(1972, contraception)
6949:(1965, contraception)
6822:McCulloch v. Maryland
6616:Further information:
6612:Secretive proceedings
6524:The Federalist Papers
6116:
6070:Slaughter-House Cases
5974:
5676:Vanderbilt Law Review
5566:, Stephen Breyer for
5461:Further information:
5176:
5098:Further information:
5033:California v. Stewart
4971:Reporter of Decisions
4962:United States Reports
4820:
4723:Georgia v. Brailsford
4714:Georgia v. Brailsford
4708:Virginia v. Tennessee
4613:Chief Justice Roberts
4517:Chief Justice Roberts
4469:Chief Justice Roberts
4211:Original jurisdiction
3807:
3772:Ketanji Brown Jackson
3737:
3628:Seniority and seating
3600:Further information:
3271:
3254:Judicial Common Space
3214:(1939β1962), born in
3206:(1922β1939), born in
3182:(1793β1806), born in
3174:(1790β1799), born in
3116:Northwestern European
3109:
3080:Ketanji Brown Jackson
2918:; plus Samuel Alito,
2735:Ketanji Brown Jackson
2110:Appointed by (party)
1997:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1990:Judiciary Act of 1869
1981:Judicial Circuits Act
1949:Judiciary Act of 1802
1934:Judiciary Act of 1789
1829:judicial independence
1810:
1784:James MacGregor Burns
1694:Department of Justice
1659:
1537:
1222:
1123:legislative districts
1072:was soon repudiated (
1016:Franklin D. Roosevelt
945:
933:
890:military conscription
761:judicial independence
733:McCulloch v. Maryland
667:
572:Judiciary Act of 1789
519:
511:
445:Judiciary Act of 1789
414:original jurisdiction
270:38.89056Β°N 77.00444Β°W
197:38.89056Β°N 77.00444Β°W
37:The reason given is:
25888:Environmental issues
25553:Political ideologies
25452:Indigenous languages
24652:List of legislatures
24449:separation of powers
24150:Independent agencies
24076:World Heritage Sites
23711:September 11 attacks
23634:SpanishβAmerican War
23574:MexicanβAmerican War
23530:Confederation period
23461:Continental Congress
23171:Admission to the bar
23021:Separation of powers
22571:District of Columbia
22274:State supreme courts
22247:in the United States
21890:G. W. Bush
21825:G. W. Bush
21576:G. W. Bush
20631:Charles Evans Hughes
20172:Supreme Court Police
19737:Ideological leanings
19666:(4th ed.). Chicago:
19536:10.2139/ssrn.2463244
19364:"The Court Building"
19243:. Washington, D.C.:
19016:(November 1, 2008).
18448:place β Samuel Alito
15626:Smithsonian Magazine
15568:(February 1, 2017).
15498:Litt, David (2020).
15300:Litt, David (2020).
14407:on February 21, 2014
13933:(October 17, 2017).
13256:: 368β369, 387β390.
13124:McKusick, Vincent L.
12995:203 U.S. 563
12803:"Visiting the Court"
12714:United States Courts
12005:. October 21, 2015.
11569:www.supremecourt.gov
11475:(February 1, 2017).
11447:Litt, David (2020).
11243:. October 17, 2019.
10764:The Yale Law Journal
10642:(February 9, 2009).
10360:William H. Pryor Jr.
10234:on December 18, 2007
9933:www.supremecourt.gov
9731:. January 22, 2010.
9646:(October 10, 2016).
9457:on November 22, 2010
9441:Krauthammer, Charles
8841:. January 31, 1987.
8693:"America's Holy War"
8691:(December 9, 1991).
8252:on November 22, 2009
8076:on December 19, 2008
7956:. February 3, 1901.
7892:Ginsburg, Ruth Bader
7679:(October 24, 2004).
7339:. Washington, D.C.:
7302:. Washington, D.C.:
7258:. Washington, D.C.:
7092:Obergefell v. Hodges
7006:Miller v. California
6938:Gideon v. Wainwright
6875:forced sterilization
6675:constitutional court
6604:the presidency over
6502:West Virginia v. EPA
6497:Establishment Clause
6322:Fourteenth Amendment
6186:N.Y.U. School of Law
6177:Obergefell v. Hodges
5821:a prominent law firm
5354:Breedlove v. Suttles
5347:Nineteenth Amendment
5323:Fourteenth Amendment
5319:Thirteenth Amendment
5264:Worcester v. Georgia
5169:Institutional powers
4861:Opinion of the court
4697:. There are however
4260:writs of prohibition
4243:John Marshall Harlan
4113:Comprehensible rules
4083:Freedom from slavery
4043:Freedom of the press
3987:Government structure
3949:Separation of powers
3893:of the United States
3846:, separate from the
3844:Supreme Court Police
3656:improve this article
3371:Birthdate and place
3340:courts, usually the
3276:president and red a
2107:birthdate and place
1747:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1689:of President Trump.
1474:Obergefell v. Hodges
1458:Massachusetts v. EPA
1170:Gideon v. Wainwright
1101:Fourteenth Amendment
1060:Pledge of Allegiance
1058:) and the mandatory
956:Charles Evans Hughes
872:against the states (
862:Fourteenth Amendment
534:separation of powers
485:opinion of the court
25731:Health care finance
25224:Rail transportation
24990:Imperial presidency
24712:State constitutions
24657:List of legislators
24607:Auditor/Comptroller
24580:Lieutenant governor
24306:Library of Congress
24197:Diplomatic Security
23840:Indian reservations
23503:American Revolution
23111:International Trade
22738:Convening authority
22143:Trinidad and Tobago
21988:Antigua and Barbuda
20615:William Howard Taft
20340:Supreme Court leaks
19806:In-chambers opinion
18752:. Opinion section.
18720:The Washington Post
18661:on October 23, 2008
18616:"Meet the Supremes"
18509:on December 4, 2010
18431:The Washington Post
18286:. New York Packet.
18251:. New York Packet.
18241:Hamilton, Alexander
18176:Independent Journal
18137:"Federalist No. 28"
18023:Gersen, Jeannie Suk
17277:on October 23, 2008
16903:Gersen, Jeannie Suk
16553:The Washington Post
16374:The Washington Post
15820:The Washington Post
15336:. New York: Crown.
15159:2024SciA...10K9590L
14901:William E. Nelson;
14619:The Washington Post
12888:"Calendar Info/Key"
12865:on February 3, 2014
12778:on October 30, 2009
12544:David N. Atkinson,
11999:"The Four Justices"
11842:The Washington Post
11765:Schumacher, Alvin.
10868:The Huffington Post
10760:Prakash, Saikrishna
10726:Hamilton, Alexander
10544:The Huffington Post
10441:. pp. 34, 35.
10259:The Huffington Post
9760:The Washington Post
9538:The Washington Post
9037:The Washington Post
8973:on October 14, 2010
8886:(3). Archived from
8705:on November 2, 2007
8665:on October 13, 2009
8629:on November 6, 2009
8471:The Washington Post
7993:The Washington Post
7746:The Washington Post
7686:The Washington Post
7226:U.S. Constitution,
7030:Chevron v. N.R.D.C.
6986:Eisenstadt v. Baird
6895:Japanese internment
6862:Lochner v. New York
6586:separate sovereigns
6276:improve the article
6198:, law professor at
6106:detainees, arguing
6050:(1896) that upheld
6015:improve the article
5851:wrote an op-ed for
5714:becomes entrenched
5548:Frederick M. Vinson
5531:or a member of the
5432:Goldwater v. Carter
5342:Minor v. Happersett
5335:Sixteenth Amendment
5302:Chisholm v. Georgia
5215:checks and balances
5037:The Telephone Cases
5025:Vignera v. New York
4691:the facts of a case
4677:state supreme court
4392:in-chambers opinion
4367:DeFunis v. Odegaard
4341:per curiam decision
4287:certified questions
4129:Living Constitution
4048:Freedom of assembly
4033:Freedom of religion
3832:Library of Congress
3784:order of precedence
3618:Compensation Clause
3365:
3290:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
3136:Sandra Day O'Connor
2946:Position or office
2821:justices (Justices
2313:Trenton, New Jersey
2101:
1941:Midnight Judges Act
1825:impeachment process
1725:Recess appointments
1661:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
1555:Appointments Clause
1545:to be chief justice
1442:Gonzales v. Carhart
1363:Clinton v. New York
1249:Sandra Day O'Connor
1229:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
992:Willis Van Devanter
964:Benjamin N. Cardozo
840:Lochner v. New York
692:Chisholm v. Georgia
528:in Washington, D.C.
492:writs of certiorari
406:U.S. constitutional
323:Number of positions
275:38.89056; -77.00444
266: /
202:38.89056; -77.00444
193: /
39:DuplicateReferences
25841:affirmative action
25814:Capital punishment
25773:Poverty and health
25768:Physician shortage
25741:Health care prices
25671:Standard of living
25354:standard of living
25161:Financial position
24788:Hawaiian home land
24776:Indian reservation
24749:Tribal sovereignty
24592:Secretary of state
24461:United States Code
24377:Territorial courts
24349:Associate Justices
24234:Inspector generals
23721:War in Afghanistan
23584:Reconstruction era
23451:Stamp Act Congress
23207:Child sexual abuse
23197:Administrative law
23041:United States Code
23003:Constitutional law
22612:Philippine Islands
22053:Dominican Republic
21433:
20769:Associate justices
20753:
20102:Statutes affecting
20044:Associate justices
19838:Associate justices
19732:Court demographics
19492:Tribe, Laurence H.
19383:, Charles (1924).
19298:Harvard Law Review
18929:PublicMind.fdu.edu
18754:The New York Times
18620:The New York Times
18466:The New York Times
18323:The New York Times
18063:The New York Times
17754:(March 26, 2012).
17752:Stone, Geoffrey R.
17725:The New York Times
17559:www.britannica.com
17229:(April 24, 2005).
17119:10.1111/lapo.12237
17042:(April 25, 2023).
16850:The New York Times
16520:The New York Times
16238:The New York Times
16002:The New York Times
15851:The New York Times
15781:The New York Times
15566:Stone, Geoffrey R.
15244:The New York Times
15009:(March 26, 2012).
15007:Stone, Geoffrey R.
14986:The New York Times
14875:The New York Times
14389:on March 23, 2013.
14383:Melbourne, Florida
14346:Volume LXXI, No. 2
14311:lib.guides.umd.edu
14281:law.georgetown.edu
14057:Tushnet, Mark, ed.
13842:The New York Times
13804:The New York Times
13353:Cardozo Law Review
13249:Stetson Law Review
12944:The New York Times
12937:(March 21, 2016).
12835:on August 21, 2016
12674:10.1353/dem.0.0100
12575:The New York Times
12258:The New York Times
12129:"Bias and Judging"
11907:The New York Times
11359:. April 15, 2021.
11152:Mintz, S. (2007).
10613:The New York Times
10578:The New York Times
10160:The Federal Lawyer
10032:The New York Times
9903:The Law Dictionary
9835:The New York Times
9796:The New York Times
9693:The New York Times
9614:The New York Times
9576:The New York Times
9387:on August 22, 2009
9309:The New York Times
9271:The New York Times
9263:Amar, Vikram David
9233:The New York Times
9199:The New York Times
9164:The New York Times
9129:The New York Times
9096:. April 19, 2008.
9001:The New York Times
8839:The New York Times
8740:on August 20, 2009
8586:The New York Times
8552:The New York Times
8426:(March 29, 2005).
8108:The New York Times
8102:(April 10, 1996).
7989:"The Supreme Quiz"
7954:The New York Times
7859:The New York Times
7800:Marbury v. Madison
7543:Georgia Law Review
7482:"Building History"
7232:Eleventh Amendment
7145:affirmative action
7112:McGirt v. Oklahoma
7063:(2008, gun rights)
6962:Loving v. Virginia
6954:Miranda v. Arizona
6882:Wickard v. Filburn
6854:Plessy v. Ferguson
6846:Civil Rights Cases
6814:Marbury v. Madison
6708:, argues that the
6578:More recently, in
6540:federal government
6519:Alexander Hamilton
6318:Due Process Clause
6191:Loving v. Virginia
6125:
6095:Boumediene v. Bush
6075:Reconstruction era
6064:Civil Rights Cases
6057:separate but equal
6047:Plessy v. Ferguson
5776:Federalist Society
5643:Laurence Silberman
5517:William O. Douglas
5444:Steel Seizure Case
5366:Oregon v. Mitchell
5307:Eleventh Amendment
5210:Marbury v. Madison
5201:Alexander Hamilton
5185:
5180:Marbury v. Madison
5016:Miranda v. Arizona
5004:Parents v. Seattle
4915:Published opinions
4826:
4746:Kansas v. Colorado
4681:Miranda v. Arizona
4353:Cohens v. Virginia
4329:declined to grant
4149:Judicial restraint
4108:Right to candidacy
3995:Legislative branch
3891:Constitutional law
3818:
3810:Old Senate Chamber
3776:
3482:September 17, 1939
3363:
3282:
3250:Martin-Quinn score
3222:(now in Austria).
3112:
3084:Vice Chair of the
2807:Court demographics
2743:September 14, 1970
2241:Pin Point, Georgia
2202:September 29, 2005
2125:length of service
2099:
2013:court-packing plan
1841:William O. Douglas
1813:
1796:Alexander Hamilton
1762:pro-forma sessions
1665:
1588:Harlan Fiske Stone
1563:advice and consent
1547:
1411:federal preemption
1285:affirmative action
1264:
1184:Miranda v. Arizona
1081:Steel Seizure Case
1029:Wickard v. Filburn
1022:(most prominently
996:
940:
875:Gitlow v. New York
819:Reconstruction era
815:American Civil War
767:From Taney to Taft
717:Marbury v. Madison
697:Eleventh Amendment
673:
604:Robert H. Harrison
542:national judiciary
530:
514:
477:advice and consent
453:associate justices
398:U.S. federal court
392:. It has ultimate
369:September 29, 2005
286:Composition method
216:March 4, 1789
26022:
26021:
26016:
26015:
25976:
25975:
25972:
25971:
25942:National security
25651:Income inequality
25531:Statue of Liberty
25334:income inequality
25247:
25246:
25239:Trucking industry
25051:
25050:
25047:
25046:
24978:Foreign relations
24966:Electoral College
24947:
24946:
24735:
24734:
24687:District attorney
24534:
24533:
24361:Courts of appeals
24084:
24083:
23797:
23796:
23738:COVID-19 pandemic
23691:Feminist Movement
23537:American frontier
23456:Thirteen Colonies
23317:
23316:
23142:
23141:
23097:
22961:
22960:
22957:
22956:
22845:
22844:
22637:
22636:
22607:Panama Canal Zone
22211:
22210:
21925:
21924:
21740:T. Roosevelt
21442:
21441:
21438:
21437:
20758:
20757:
20711:William Rehnquist
20411:
20410:
20030:Lists of justices
19873:Amy Coney Barrett
19655:978-0-385-51640-2
19614:978-0-307-39071-4
19597:978-0-8047-8472-6
19580:978-0-8050-9909-6
19484:978-0-06-305278-9
19457:978-1-6680-0606-1
19438:978-1-5416-0263-2
19412:978-0-7432-7402-9
19333:The Supreme Court
19290:978-0-19-530917-1
19271:978-0-19-505835-2
19230:(2013 ed.) (PDF).
19210:
19209:
19014:Christopher Moore
18931:. March 9, 2010.
18789:Los Angeles Times
18655:Los Angeles Times
18501:(July 19, 2005).
18360:Los Angeles Times
17975:978-1-316-61803-5
17946:978-1-107-05565-0
17917:978-1-316-61803-5
17877:978-0-7432-7402-9
17850:978-1-6680-0606-1
17414:(June 28, 2022).
17327:Los Angeles Times
17271:Los Angeles Times
16454:(June 26, 2024).
16398:. July 29, 2024.
15775:(June 22, 2016).
15509:978-0-06-287936-3
15343:978-0-593-44307-1
15311:978-0-06-287936-3
15115:(June 10, 2024).
14830:978-0-684-80843-7
14791:978-0-8147-9404-3
14752:978-0-8047-5382-1
14694:978-0-19-505835-2
14554:978-0-19-505835-2
14473:978-0-19-530917-1
14080:Kessler, Robert.
14069:978-0-8070-0036-6
13914:Politico Magazine
13313:Gutman, Jeffrey.
13092:Linder, Douglas.
12621:978-0-7914-5651-4
12566:Greenhouse, Linda
12546:Leaving the Bench
11950:978-0-393-93218-8
11817:on March 20, 2017
11751:978-0-521-78971-4
11565:"Current Members"
11510:Los Angeles Times
11504:(April 4, 2019).
11481:Los Angeles Times
11458:978-0-06-287936-3
11391:. April 2, 2022.
10922:. July 10, 2024.
10728:(June 14, 1788).
10715:2015 35: 627β663.
10640:Levinson, Sanford
10604:Kakutani, Michiko
10570:Greenhouse, Linda
10401:on April 17, 2020
10356:Evans v. Stephens
10341:978-0-19-505835-2
9991:The Seattle Times
9866:McGinnis, John O.
9828:(June 26, 2008).
9826:Greenhouse, Linda
9686:(July 14, 2009).
9608:(July 24, 2010).
9568:Greenhouse, Linda
9411:"Against the Law"
9303:(April 1, 1999).
9301:Greenhouse, Linda
9265:(July 27, 2005).
9039:. June 29, 1972.
8776:on April 23, 2008
8569:federal action...
8393:978-0-88738-671-8
8317:978-0-253-35159-3
8227:978-0-14-303738-5
8100:Greenhouse, Linda
8009:According to the
7999:on April 29, 2011
7740:Packing the Court
7467:978-0-61599-283-9
7157:Chevron deference
7155:(2024, overruled
7052:Lawrence v. Texas
7009:(1973, obscenity)
6970:Lemon v. Kurtzman
6890:Korematsu v. U.S.
6865:(1905, labor law)
6637:A 2007 review of
6509:Federalism debate
6465:which overturned
6457:Amy Coney Barrett
6367:. More recently,
6301:judicial activism
6297:
6296:
6243:Judicial activism
6233:'s commentary in
6168:Lawrence v. Texas
6102:of the rights of
6086:exclusionary rule
6036:
6035:
5982:Individual rights
5958:white nationalist
5789:Amy Coney Barrett
5760:electoral college
5716:single-party rule
5664:J. Michael Luttig
5619:David B. Sentelle
5572:Thurgood Marshall
5564:Robert H. Jackson
5560:William Rehnquist
5552:John Paul Stevens
5525:Felix Frankfurter
5483:bench memorandums
5404:ex parte McCardle
5235:democratic ideals
5197:Federalist No. 78
5151:Supreme Court bar
5066:(simply known as
4969:is issued by the
4953:
4952:
4618:
4617:
4565:Justice Kavanaugh
4541:Justice Kavanaugh
4493:Justice Sotomayor
4362:advisory opinions
4256:writs of mandamus
4225:contempt of court
4205:
4204:
4053:Right to petition
4038:Freedom of speech
4025:Individual rights
3979:Tiers of scrutiny
3954:Individual rights
3760:Amy Coney Barrett
3732:
3731:
3724:
3706:
3593:
3592:
3454:February 18, 1988
3286:Amy Coney Barrett
3246:SegalβCover score
3233:Judicial leanings
3212:Felix Frankfurter
3204:George Sutherland
3142:became the first
3134:justice in 1967.
3130:became the first
3128:Thurgood Marshall
3104:
3103:
3066:Amy Coney Barrett
2928:Amy Coney Barrett
2833:justice (Justice
2786:
2785:
2661:Amy Coney Barrett
2597:February 12, 1965
2169:Buffalo, New York
2037:Amy Coney Barrett
1919:Size of the court
1905:size of the court
1878:William Rehnquist
1735:Recess appointees
1685:Neil Gorsuch, an
1678:Dwight Eisenhower
1633:'s nomination of
1619:Lyndon B. Johnson
1463:same-sex marriage
1353:Lawrence v. Texas
1306:Furman v. Georgia
1241:John Paul Stevens
1165:exclusionary rule
1112:Bolling v. Sharpe
1068:). Nevertheless,
988:George Sutherland
632:Independence Hall
588:George Washington
374:
373:
313:Judge term length
307:U.S. Constitution
154:
153:
146:
26221:
26184:
26176:
26175:
26174:
26167:
26159:
26158:
26157:
26150:
26142:
26141:
26140:
26133:
26125:
26124:
26123:
26116:
26108:
26107:
26106:
26099:
26091:
26090:
26089:
26079:
26063:
26062:
26061:
26051:
26050:
26039:
26038:
26030:
25996:
25989:
25876:African American
25758:Health insurance
25646:Household income
25516:National symbols
25447:American English
25420:Federal holidays
25329:household income
25262:
25261:
25258:
25257:
25062:
25061:
25000:Anti-Americanism
24924:Special district
24851:Independent city
24820:County executive
24803:
24802:
24597:Attorney general
24556:
24555:
24545:Federal District
24128:Executive Office
24108:
24107:
24099:
24098:
24095:
24094:
23855:populated places
23835:federal enclaves
23830:federal district
23808:
23807:
23671:American Century
23654:Great Depression
23649:Roaring Twenties
23609:Women's suffrage
23488:Halifax Resolves
23481:Founding Fathers
23476:military history
23441:Pre-colonial era
23365:
23364:
23344:
23337:
23330:
23321:
23320:
23217:Conflict of laws
23091:
23067:
23066:
23053:
22988:
22981:
22974:
22965:
22964:
22875:
22874:
22753:
22752:
22718:
22717:
22680:Military justice
22664:
22657:
22650:
22641:
22640:
22238:
22231:
22224:
22215:
22214:
22170:
21965:
21958:
21951:
21942:
21941:
21929:
21928:
21730:
21722:B. Harrison
21717:
21600:All presidential
21469:
21462:
21455:
21446:
21445:
21421:
21321:
21175:
21113:
21069:
20785:
20764:
20763:
20695:Warren E. Burger
20503:Oliver Ellsworth
20454:
20453:
20444:Justices of the
20438:
20431:
20424:
20415:
20414:
20401:
20400:
20389:
20388:
20387:
20377:
20376:
20353:Lawyers' Edition
19888:Retired justices
19754:
19753:
19706:
19699:
19692:
19683:
19682:
19659:
19638:978-168217-180-6
19618:
19584:
19565:
19547:
19529:
19488:
19469:
19442:
19398:Armstrong, Scott
19377:
19375:
19373:
19368:
19312:, Peter (1999).
19294:
19275:
19205:
19202:
19196:
19184:
19183:
19176:
19166:
19165:
19163:
19161:
19151:
19145:
19144:
19133:
19127:
19126:
19115:
19109:
19108:
19105:Voice of America
19097:
19091:
19090:
19088:
19086:
19063:
19052:
19051:
19044:
19038:
19037:
19035:
19033:
19010:
19004:
19003:
19001:
18999:
18984:
18978:
18977:
18975:
18973:
18951:
18945:
18944:
18942:
18940:
18921:
18915:
18914:
18912:
18910:
18896:The New Republic
18887:
18881:
18880:
18878:
18876:
18861:
18855:
18854:
18852:
18850:
18835:
18829:
18828:
18826:
18824:
18806:
18800:
18799:
18797:
18795:
18780:
18774:
18773:
18767:
18765:
18756:. Archived from
18745:
18739:
18738:
18733:
18731:
18722:. Archived from
18711:
18705:
18704:
18702:
18700:
18680:
18674:
18673:
18668:
18666:
18657:. Archived from
18646:
18640:
18639:
18633:
18631:
18612:Margolick, David
18608:
18599:
18598:
18596:
18594:
18574:
18568:
18567:
18565:
18563:
18544:
18538:
18537:
18525:
18519:
18518:
18516:
18514:
18495:
18489:
18488:
18479:
18477:
18457:
18451:
18450:
18444:
18442:
18422:
18416:
18415:
18413:
18411:
18389:
18380:
18379:
18373:
18371:
18351:
18345:
18344:
18338:
18336:
18310:
18304:
18303:
18297:
18295:
18275:
18269:
18268:
18262:
18260:
18237:
18231:
18230:
18224:
18222:
18202:
18196:
18195:
18189:
18187:
18163:
18157:
18156:
18150:
18148:
18129:
18123:
18122:
18117:
18109:
18103:
18102:
18100:
18098:
18081:
18075:
18074:
18072:
18070:
18056:(July 2, 2022).
18050:
18044:
18043:
18041:
18039:
18025:(July 3, 2022).
18019:
18013:
18012:
18010:
18008:
17986:
17980:
17979:
17961:
17955:
17954:
17932:
17926:
17925:
17903:
17897:
17896:
17891:
17889:
17861:
17855:
17854:
17837:Waldman, Michael
17833:
17827:
17826:
17820:
17818:
17813:on March 2, 2024
17809:. Archived from
17796:
17790:
17789:
17787:
17785:
17779:
17764:
17748:
17742:
17741:
17739:
17737:
17718:(May 29, 1998).
17712:
17706:
17705:
17703:
17701:
17677:
17671:
17670:
17665:
17663:
17654:. Townhall.com.
17647:
17641:
17640:
17638:
17636:
17621:
17615:
17607:See for example
17605:
17599:
17598:
17593:
17591:
17576:
17570:
17569:
17567:
17565:
17551:
17545:
17544:
17542:
17540:
17534:Texas Law Review
17525:
17519:
17518:
17516:
17514:
17499:
17493:
17492:
17490:
17488:
17465:
17459:
17458:
17456:
17454:
17442:Scully, Conrad.
17439:
17433:
17432:
17430:
17428:
17408:
17402:
17401:
17399:
17397:
17382:
17376:
17375:
17373:
17371:
17356:
17347:
17346:
17340:
17338:
17318:
17312:
17311:
17309:
17307:
17293:
17287:
17286:
17284:
17282:
17273:. Archived from
17262:
17256:
17255:
17250:
17248:
17223:
17217:
17216:
17214:
17212:
17189:
17183:
17182:
17180:
17178:
17130:
17124:
17123:
17121:
17105:Law & Policy
17095:
17089:
17088:
17086:
17084:
17070:
17064:
17063:
17061:
17059:
17036:
17030:
17029:
17027:
17025:
17005:
16999:
16998:
16996:
16994:
16975:
16964:
16963:
16961:
16959:
16936:
16930:
16929:
16927:
16925:
16899:
16893:
16892:
16890:
16888:
16873:
16867:
16866:
16864:
16862:
16837:
16831:
16830:
16828:
16826:
16806:
16800:
16799:
16797:
16795:
16777:
16771:
16770:
16768:
16766:
16738:
16732:
16731:
16729:
16727:
16707:
16701:
16700:
16698:
16696:
16674:
16668:
16667:
16665:
16663:
16648:
16642:
16641:
16639:
16637:
16616:
16610:
16609:
16607:
16605:
16591:The New Republic
16582:
16576:
16575:
16563:
16557:
16545:
16539:
16538:
16536:
16534:
16511:
16505:
16504:
16502:
16500:
16477:
16471:
16470:
16468:
16466:
16448:
16442:
16441:
16428:
16422:
16421:
16420:. July 29, 2024.
16410:
16404:
16403:
16388:
16382:
16381:
16365:
16359:
16358:
16351:
16345:
16344:
16343:. July 26, 2024.
16337:
16331:
16330:
16328:
16326:
16312:The New Republic
16303:
16297:
16296:
16295:. July 10, 2024.
16289:
16283:
16282:
16268:
16262:
16261:
16253:
16247:
16246:
16228:
16222:
16221:
16219:
16217:
16194:
16188:
16187:
16185:
16183:
16168:
16162:
16161:
16155:
16147:
16145:
16143:
16128:
16119:
16118:
16116:
16114:
16091:
16082:
16081:
16079:
16077:
16065:(May 29, 2024).
16059:
16053:
16052:
16050:
16048:
16025:
16019:
16018:
16016:
16014:
15995:(May 29, 2024).
15989:
15983:
15982:
15980:
15978:
15969:Kaplan, Joshua.
15966:
15960:
15959:
15957:
15955:
15935:
15929:
15928:
15926:
15924:
15904:
15898:
15897:
15895:
15893:
15873:
15867:
15866:
15864:
15862:
15842:
15836:
15835:
15833:
15831:
15811:
15805:
15804:
15802:
15800:
15769:
15763:
15762:
15760:
15758:
15738:
15732:
15731:
15729:
15727:
15707:
15701:
15700:
15698:
15696:
15669:
15663:
15662:
15660:
15658:
15643:
15637:
15636:
15634:
15632:
15620:Trickey, Erick.
15617:
15611:
15610:
15608:
15606:
15591:
15585:
15584:
15582:
15580:
15562:
15556:
15555:
15553:
15551:
15537:The New Republic
15528:
15522:
15521:
15495:
15489:
15488:
15486:
15484:
15469:
15463:
15462:
15457:
15455:
15443:
15437:
15436:
15434:
15432:
15417:
15411:
15410:
15408:
15406:
15383:
15377:
15376:
15374:
15372:
15354:
15348:
15347:
15326:Levitsky, Steven
15322:
15316:
15315:
15297:
15288:
15287:
15285:
15283:
15267:
15261:
15260:
15258:
15256:
15231:
15225:
15224:
15222:
15220:
15205:
15199:
15198:
15188:
15170:
15153:(10): eadk9590.
15147:Science Advances
15138:
15132:
15131:
15129:
15127:
15109:
15100:
15099:
15097:
15095:
15080:
15074:
15073:
15071:
15069:
15057:(May 23, 2024).
15051:
15045:
15044:
15042:
15040:
15034:
15019:
15003:
14997:
14996:
14994:
14992:
14974:
14965:
14964:
14958:
14956:
14939:
14933:
14932:
14930:
14928:
14923:on July 27, 2010
14922:
14911:
14898:
14892:
14891:
14889:
14887:
14871:
14860:
14847:
14846:
14844:
14842:
14814:
14808:
14807:
14805:
14803:
14775:
14769:
14768:
14766:
14764:
14736:
14721:
14720:
14718:
14716:
14705:
14699:
14698:
14670:
14664:
14663:
14661:
14659:
14650:
14641:
14635:
14634:
14632:
14630:
14611:
14605:
14604:
14599:
14597:
14581:
14575:
14565:
14559:
14558:
14530:
14524:
14523:
14521:
14519:
14505:The New Republic
14496:
14490:
14489:
14487:
14485:
14457:
14446:
14445:
14444:
14442:
14423:
14417:
14416:
14414:
14412:
14397:
14391:
14390:
14368:
14362:
14361:
14359:
14357:
14337:
14331:
14330:
14328:
14326:
14303:
14297:
14296:
14294:
14292:
14273:
14267:
14266:
14264:
14262:
14257:on April 6, 2017
14247:
14241:
14240:
14238:
14236:
14230:
14215:
14207:
14201:
14200:
14198:
14196:
14181:
14175:
14174:
14166:
14160:
14151:
14145:
14136:
14130:
14129:
14127:
14125:
14110:
14104:
14103:
14101:
14099:
14077:
14071:
14050:
14044:
14043:
14041:
14039:
14024:
14018:
14017:
14015:
14013:
13993:
13991:
13989:
13956:
13950:
13949:
13947:
13945:
13931:Gabrielson, Ryan
13927:
13918:
13917:
13905:
13892:
13891:
13865:
13859:
13858:
13856:
13854:
13838:
13827:
13821:
13820:
13818:
13816:
13800:
13789:
13783:
13782:
13780:
13778:
13758:
13752:
13751:
13749:
13747:
13725:
13719:
13718:
13716:
13714:
13690:Yale Law Journal
13680:
13674:
13645:
13639:
13638:
13636:
13634:
13628:
13603:
13594:
13588:
13579:
13573:
13560:
13554:
13545:
13536:
13535:
13533:
13531:
13525:
13514:
13506:
13500:
13498:
13488:
13482:
13468:
13462:
13448:
13442:
13417:
13411:
13386:
13380:
13379:
13373:
13371:
13365:
13359:. Archived from
13350:
13341:
13335:
13334:
13332:
13330:
13310:
13304:
13303:
13301:
13299:
13279:
13273:
13272:
13270:
13268:
13262:
13245:
13236:
13230:
13221:
13212:
13203:
13197:
13188:
13182:
13173:
13167:
13158:
13152:
13151:
13149:
13147:
13132:Maine Law Review
13120:
13114:
13113:
13111:
13109:
13089:
13083:
13082:
13077:
13075:
13051:
13042:
13041:
13035:
13033:
13009:
12998:
12992:
12984:
12978:
12977:
12967:
12961:
12960:
12958:
12956:
12931:
12925:
12924:
12914:
12908:
12907:
12905:
12903:
12892:SupremeCourt.gov
12884:
12875:
12874:
12872:
12870:
12851:
12845:
12844:
12842:
12840:
12825:
12819:
12818:
12816:
12814:
12799:
12788:
12787:
12785:
12783:
12772:"Plan Your Trip"
12768:
12753:
12733:See for example
12731:
12725:
12724:
12722:
12720:
12706:
12700:
12699:
12685:
12651:
12645:
12644:
12638:
12636:
12630:
12613:
12602:
12596:
12595:
12589:
12587:
12562:
12556:
12542:
12536:
12535:
12529:
12527:
12512:
12506:
12505:
12492:(July 6, 2024).
12486:
12480:
12479:
12477:
12475:
12455:
12449:
12448:
12446:
12444:
12424:
12418:
12417:
12415:
12413:
12393:
12387:
12386:
12384:
12382:
12362:
12356:
12355:
12349:
12347:
12325:
12319:
12318:
12312:
12310:
12288:
12282:
12281:
12279:
12277:
12246:
12240:
12239:
12227:
12216:
12210:
12209:
12207:
12205:
12170:
12159:
12158:
12148:
12124:
12118:
12117:
12107:
12083:
12077:
12076:
12074:
12072:
12056:
12050:
12049:
12047:
12045:
12025:
12019:
12018:
12016:
12014:
11995:
11986:
11985:
11983:
11981:
11961:
11955:
11954:
11930:
11924:
11923:
11921:
11919:
11893:
11887:
11873:
11867:
11866:
11864:
11862:
11833:
11827:
11826:
11824:
11822:
11807:
11792:
11791:
11786:
11784:
11767:"Roger B. Taney"
11762:
11756:
11755:
11739:
11729:
11723:
11722:
11716:
11708:
11706:
11704:
11693:
11687:
11686:
11680:
11678:
11657:
11651:
11650:
11648:
11646:
11641:on July 30, 2017
11624:
11618:
11617:
11615:
11613:
11604:. Archived from
11591:
11585:
11584:
11582:
11580:
11561:
11552:
11551:
11549:
11547:
11527:
11521:
11520:
11518:
11516:
11502:Turley, Jonathan
11498:
11492:
11491:
11489:
11487:
11473:Turley, Jonathan
11469:
11463:
11462:
11444:
11438:
11437:
11435:
11433:
11411:
11405:
11404:
11402:
11400:
11379:
11373:
11372:
11370:
11368:
11347:
11341:
11340:
11338:
11336:
11324:(July 5, 2022).
11318:
11312:
11311:
11309:
11307:
11289:
11283:
11282:
11280:
11278:
11263:
11257:
11256:
11254:
11252:
11237:
11231:
11230:
11228:
11226:
11211:
11205:
11204:
11202:
11200:
11180:
11174:
11173:
11171:
11169:
11149:
11143:
11133:
11127:
11126:
11124:
11122:
11107:
11101:
11100:
11098:
11096:
11090:
11083:
11075:
11069:
11050:
11044:
11043:
11041:
11039:
11024:
11018:
11017:
10981:
10975:
10974:
10972:
10970:
10942:
10936:
10935:
10933:
10931:
10916:
10910:
10909:
10907:
10905:
10890:
10884:
10883:
10881:
10879:
10859:
10853:
10852:
10850:
10848:
10829:
10823:
10822:
10820:
10818:
10802:
10796:
10795:
10776:10.2307/20455716
10756:
10750:
10749:
10743:
10741:
10722:
10716:
10709:
10703:
10702:, 2006), p. 415.
10689:
10683:
10682:, 2006), p. 291.
10672:
10666:
10665:
10663:
10661:
10636:
10630:
10629:
10627:
10625:
10606:(July 6, 2009).
10600:
10594:
10593:
10591:
10589:
10566:
10560:
10559:
10557:
10555:
10532:
10521:
10520:
10518:
10516:
10496:
10490:
10489:
10487:
10485:
10466:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10453:
10447:
10440:
10432:
10426:
10423:
10417:
10416:
10408:
10406:
10400:
10389:
10380:
10371:
10352:
10346:
10345:
10319:
10313:
10312:
10310:
10308:
10302:
10291:
10282:
10276:
10275:
10273:
10271:
10250:
10244:
10243:
10241:
10239:
10226:Balkin, Jack M.
10223:
10217:
10216:
10214:
10212:
10193:
10187:
10186:
10184:
10182:
10176:
10157:
10148:
10142:
10141:
10139:
10137:
10117:
10111:
10101:
10095:
10084:
10078:
10077:
10075:
10073:
10058:
10052:
10051:
10046:
10044:
10022:
10016:
10015:
10005:
10003:
9981:
9975:
9974:
9972:
9970:
9955:
9949:
9948:
9946:
9944:
9925:
9919:
9918:
9916:
9914:
9895:
9889:
9888:
9886:
9884:
9862:
9856:
9855:
9849:
9847:
9822:
9816:
9815:
9810:
9808:
9786:
9780:
9779:
9773:
9771:
9751:
9745:
9744:
9742:
9740:
9719:
9713:
9712:
9707:
9705:
9680:
9674:
9673:
9667:
9665:
9640:
9634:
9633:
9627:
9625:
9602:
9596:
9595:
9589:
9587:
9570:(July 1, 2007).
9564:
9558:
9557:
9551:
9549:
9529:
9523:
9522:
9520:
9518:
9503:
9497:
9496:
9494:
9492:
9477:
9471:
9470:
9464:
9462:
9453:. Archived from
9437:
9431:
9430:
9425:
9423:
9406:
9400:
9399:
9394:
9392:
9383:. Archived from
9372:
9366:
9365:
9359:
9357:
9352:on June 29, 2008
9348:. Archived from
9335:
9329:
9328:
9322:
9320:
9297:
9291:
9290:
9284:
9282:
9259:
9253:
9252:
9246:
9244:
9224:
9218:
9217:
9212:
9210:
9190:
9184:
9183:
9177:
9175:
9155:
9149:
9148:
9142:
9140:
9120:
9114:
9113:
9107:
9105:
9086:
9080:
9062:
9056:
9055:
9050:
9048:
9029:
9020:
9019:
9014:
9012:
8993:
8987:
8986:
8980:
8978:
8957:
8951:
8950:
8944:
8942:
8922:
8916:
8909:
8903:
8902:
8900:
8898:
8893:on June 21, 2017
8892:
8877:
8871:(October 2008).
8869:Graglia, Lino A.
8865:
8859:
8858:
8852:
8850:
8831:
8825:
8824:
8818:
8816:
8795:
8789:
8788:
8783:
8781:
8760:
8754:
8753:
8747:
8745:
8736:. Archived from
8725:
8719:
8718:
8712:
8710:
8701:. Archived from
8685:
8679:
8678:
8672:
8670:
8649:
8643:
8642:
8636:
8634:
8615:
8609:
8608:
8603:
8601:
8578:
8572:
8571:
8565:
8563:
8540:
8534:
8533:
8527:
8525:
8503:
8497:
8496:
8487:
8485:
8479:
8468:
8459:
8453:
8452:
8447:
8445:
8420:
8414:
8413:
8407:
8405:
8377:
8371:
8370:
8364:
8362:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8331:
8329:
8301:
8295:
8294:
8289:
8287:
8272:
8266:
8265:
8259:
8257:
8242:
8236:
8235:
8207:
8201:
8200:
8194:
8192:
8177:
8171:
8170:
8165:
8163:
8134:
8128:
8127:
8121:
8119:
8096:
8090:
8089:
8083:
8081:
8072:. Archived from
8059:
8053:
8052:
8046:
8044:
8022:
8016:
8015:
8006:
8004:
7985:
7976:
7975:
7970:
7968:
7962:
7951:
7943:
7934:
7933:
7927:
7925:
7916:. Archived from
7896:Stevens, John P.
7888:
7882:
7881:
7875:
7873:
7867:
7856:
7848:
7842:
7841:
7836:
7834:
7811:
7805:
7804:
7795:
7793:
7772:
7766:
7765:
7759:
7757:
7743:
7738:(book review of
7733:(July 5, 2009).
7727:
7721:
7712:
7706:
7705:
7700:
7698:
7673:
7667:
7666:
7664:
7662:
7629:(8): 1663β1750.
7623:Yale Law Journal
7615:Manning, John F.
7611:
7605:
7604:
7599:
7597:
7571:
7565:
7558:
7552:
7551:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7520:
7513:
7504:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7493:
7478:
7472:
7471:
7453:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7442:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7407:
7392:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7366:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7291:
7285:
7282:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7248:Turley, Jonathan
7244:
7235:
7224:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7186:
7135:(2022, firearms)
7127:(2022, abortion)
7022:Buckley v. Valeo
6830:Gibbons v. Ogden
6379:(1978) that the
6349:The decision in
6331:Dobbs v. Jackson
6292:
6289:
6283:
6255:
6254:
6247:
6236:Timbs v. Indiana
6031:
6028:
6022:
5994:
5993:
5986:
5722:Approval ratings
5701:Dobbs v. Jackson
5696:campaign finance
5627:Walter Stapleton
5599:Leonard I. Garth
5228:Thomas Jefferson
5193:Founding Fathers
5088:Lawyers' Edition
5078:is presented as
5070:), published by
5068:Lawyers' Edition
4948:
4945:
4939:
4927:
4926:
4919:
4792:Written evidence
4596:Eleventh Circuit
4452:
4451:
4439:Court of Appeals
4411:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4093:Equal protection
4078:Right to privacy
4017:Local government
4012:State government
4000:Executive branch
3903:
3887:
3886:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3746:, Chief Justice
3727:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3664:
3640:
3632:
3586:
3581:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3520:
3515:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3483:
3474:
3473:
3460:
3455:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3366:
3362:
3335:Retired justices
3180:William Paterson
3144:Italian-American
3132:African-American
2940:
2939:
2819:African American
2775:
2747:Washington, D.C.
2744:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2727:
2711:
2710:October 27, 2020
2689:
2688:
2687:
2670:
2669:January 28, 1972
2665:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2652:
2635:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2601:Washington, D.C.
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2580:
2563:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2529:Denver, Colorado
2526:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2491:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2436:
2419:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2364:
2347:
2346:January 31, 2006
2325:
2324:
2323:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2275:
2274:October 23, 1991
2253:
2252:
2251:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2220:
2203:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2166:
2165:January 27, 1955
2161:
2160:
2159:
2147:
2146:
2117:
2102:
2098:
2087:Current justices
2017:Democratic Party
2006:
2002:
1986:Ulysses S. Grant
1954:ride the circuit
1897:Millard Fillmore
1876:to the death of
1794:, among others.
1780:Sanford Levinson
1703:Ulysses S. Grant
1699:Edwin M. Stanton
1513:Eighth Amendment
1503:Second Amendment
1385:
1346:), laws against
1312:Gregg v. Georgia
1296:Buckley v. Valeo
1272:
1133:right to privacy
1128:Reynolds v. Sims
739:Gibbons v. Ogden
722:balance of power
642:Early beginnings
576:nation's capital
555:Eventually, the
552:or revise laws.
526:Capitol Building
461:Washington, D.C.
400:cases, and over
343:
340:
292:nomination with
281:
280:
278:
277:
276:
271:
267:
264:
263:
262:
259:
240:Washington, D.C.
234:1 First Street,
226:
224:
219:
208:
207:
205:
204:
203:
198:
194:
191:
190:
189:
186:
170:
158:
157:
149:
142:
138:
135:
129:
126:named references
118:(refs: 318, 362)
111:(refs: 299, 302)
104:(refs: 296, 311)
97:(refs: 244, 335)
90:(refs: 194, 195)
83:(refs: 187, 199)
76:(refs: 183, 198)
69:(refs: 113, 285)
62:(refs: 112, 313)
27:
26:
19:
26229:
26228:
26224:
26223:
26222:
26220:
26219:
26218:
26189:
26188:
26187:
26177:
26172:
26170:
26166:from Wikisource
26160:
26155:
26153:
26143:
26138:
26136:
26126:
26121:
26119:
26109:
26104:
26102:
26098:from Wiktionary
26092:
26087:
26085:
26082:
26078:sister projects
26075:at Knowledge's
26069:
26059:
26057:
26045:
26033:
26025:
26023:
26018:
26017:
26012:
25999:
25992:
25985:
25968:
25954:Opioid epidemic
25871:Native American
25851:intersex rights
25802:
25798:Life expectancy
25788:Medical deserts
25778:Race and health
25675:
25661:Personal income
25607:
25511:National anthem
25344:personal income
25309:Economic issues
25243:
25195:
25043:
24943:
24932:School district
24918:
24901:Minor divisions
24895:
24834:
24792:
24731:
24717:Statutory codes
24698:
24661:
24638:
24548:
24543:
24530:
24465:
24422:civil liberties
24403:
24394:Other tribunals
24373:District courts
24325:
24284:current members
24267:current members
24248:
24182:Law enforcement
24080:
23793:
23742:
23733:Great Recession
23604:Progressive Era
23594:Native genocide
23525:Perpetual Union
23513:Treaty of Paris
23471:United Colonies
23429:
23354:
23348:
23318:
23313:
23212:Civil procedure
23180:
23138:
23120:
23061:
23054:
23045:
23031:Act of Congress
23005:
22997:
22992:
22962:
22953:
22936:
22930:
22894:
22866:
22857:UCMJ Article 15
22841:
22825:
22809:
22788:
22772:
22742:
22719:
22715:
22710:
22689:
22671:
22668:
22638:
22633:
22616:
22595:
22551:
22268:
22248:
22242:
22212:
22207:
22185:Central America
22171:
22162:
21979:
21972:
21969:
21934:
21926:
21921:
21908:
21844:
21728:
21727:Cleveland
21715:
21714:Cleveland
21689:A. Johnson
21601:
21595:
21488:
21482:
21473:
21443:
21434:
21423:
21422:
21416:
21414:
21316:
21257:J. M. Harlan II
21170:
21108:
21064:
20780:
20771:
20754:
20743:
20742:
20647:Harlan F. Stone
20583:Melville Fuller
20551:Salmon P. Chase
20461:
20448:
20442:
20412:
20407:
20395:
20385:
20383:
20379:Other countries
20365:
20278:
20239:
20150:
20103:
20097:
20076:All nominations
20031:
20025:
20014:Rehnquist Court
19936:Ellsworth Court
19910:
19896:Anthony Kennedy
19882:
19868:Brett Kavanaugh
19853:Sonia Sotomayor
19843:Clarence Thomas
19817:Current members
19812:
19755:
19751:
19746:
19715:
19710:
19680:
19656:
19615:
19581:
19485:
19458:
19439:
19422:
19420:Further reading
19417:
19371:
19369:
19366:
19337:Alfred A. Knopf
19291:
19272:
19228:Wayback Machine
19206:
19200:
19197:
19194:
19185:
19181:
19174:
19169:
19159:
19157:
19153:
19152:
19148:
19135:
19134:
19130:
19117:
19116:
19112:
19099:
19098:
19094:
19084:
19082:
19064:
19055:
19045:
19041:
19031:
19029:
19011:
19007:
18997:
18995:
18985:
18981:
18971:
18969:
18952:
18948:
18938:
18936:
18923:
18922:
18918:
18908:
18906:
18888:
18884:
18874:
18872:
18862:
18858:
18848:
18846:
18836:
18832:
18822:
18820:
18807:
18803:
18793:
18791:
18781:
18777:
18763:
18761:
18760:on May 11, 2011
18746:
18742:
18729:
18727:
18726:on May 13, 2011
18712:
18708:
18698:
18696:
18681:
18677:
18664:
18662:
18647:
18643:
18629:
18627:
18609:
18602:
18592:
18590:
18575:
18571:
18561:
18559:
18546:
18545:
18541:
18526:
18522:
18512:
18510:
18496:
18492:
18475:
18473:
18458:
18454:
18440:
18438:
18423:
18419:
18409:
18407:
18390:
18383:
18369:
18367:
18352:
18348:
18334:
18332:
18314:Akhil Reed Amar
18311:
18307:
18293:
18291:
18276:
18272:
18258:
18256:
18238:
18234:
18220:
18218:
18203:
18199:
18185:
18183:
18164:
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18146:
18144:
18130:
18126:
18110:
18106:
18096:
18094:
18082:
18078:
18068:
18066:
18051:
18047:
18037:
18035:
18020:
18016:
18006:
18004:
17987:
17983:
17976:
17962:
17958:
17947:
17933:
17929:
17918:
17904:
17900:
17887:
17885:
17878:
17862:
17858:
17851:
17834:
17830:
17816:
17814:
17797:
17793:
17783:
17781:
17777:
17762:
17758:Citizens United
17749:
17745:
17735:
17733:
17713:
17709:
17699:
17697:
17678:
17674:
17661:
17659:
17648:
17644:
17634:
17632:
17622:
17618:
17606:
17602:
17589:
17587:
17586:on June 5, 2010
17578:
17577:
17573:
17563:
17561:
17553:
17552:
17548:
17538:
17536:
17526:
17522:
17512:
17510:
17500:
17496:
17486:
17484:
17466:
17462:
17452:
17450:
17440:
17436:
17426:
17424:
17409:
17405:
17395:
17393:
17383:
17379:
17369:
17367:
17366:. June 26, 2022
17358:
17357:
17350:
17336:
17334:
17319:
17315:
17305:
17303:
17295:
17294:
17290:
17280:
17278:
17263:
17259:
17246:
17244:
17227:Safire, William
17224:
17220:
17210:
17208:
17190:
17186:
17176:
17174:
17131:
17127:
17096:
17092:
17082:
17080:
17072:
17071:
17067:
17057:
17055:
17040:Totenberg, Nina
17037:
17033:
17023:
17021:
17014:Washington Post
17006:
17002:
16992:
16990:
16977:
16976:
16967:
16957:
16955:
16937:
16933:
16923:
16921:
16900:
16896:
16886:
16884:
16882:Washington Post
16874:
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16834:
16824:
16822:
16807:
16803:
16793:
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16735:
16725:
16723:
16708:
16704:
16694:
16692:
16676:
16675:
16671:
16661:
16659:
16652:"DocumentCloud"
16650:
16649:
16645:
16635:
16633:
16618:
16617:
16613:
16603:
16601:
16583:
16579:
16564:
16560:
16546:
16542:
16532:
16530:
16512:
16508:
16498:
16496:
16486:Washington Post
16478:
16474:
16464:
16462:
16449:
16445:
16440:. July 2, 2024.
16430:
16429:
16425:
16412:
16411:
16407:
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16291:
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16254:
16250:
16229:
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16215:
16213:
16203:Washington Post
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15974:
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15808:
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15796:
15770:
15766:
15756:
15754:
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15723:
15708:
15704:
15694:
15692:
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15670:
15666:
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15644:
15640:
15630:
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15618:
15614:
15604:
15602:
15592:
15588:
15578:
15576:
15563:
15559:
15549:
15547:
15529:
15525:
15510:
15496:
15492:
15482:
15480:
15470:
15466:
15453:
15451:
15444:
15440:
15430:
15428:
15418:
15414:
15404:
15402:
15392:Washington Post
15384:
15380:
15370:
15368:
15366:Washington Post
15355:
15351:
15344:
15330:Ziblatt, Daniel
15323:
15319:
15312:
15298:
15291:
15281:
15279:
15277:FiveThirtyEight
15268:
15264:
15254:
15252:
15232:
15228:
15218:
15216:
15206:
15202:
15139:
15135:
15125:
15123:
15110:
15103:
15093:
15091:
15081:
15077:
15067:
15065:
15052:
15048:
15038:
15036:
15032:
15017:
15013:Citizens United
15004:
15000:
14990:
14988:
14975:
14968:
14954:
14952:
14940:
14936:
14926:
14924:
14920:
14909:
14903:Harvey Rishikof
14899:
14895:
14885:
14883:
14861:
14850:
14840:
14838:
14831:
14815:
14811:
14801:
14799:
14792:
14776:
14772:
14762:
14760:
14753:
14737:
14724:
14714:
14712:
14707:
14706:
14702:
14695:
14675:Hall, Kermit L.
14671:
14667:
14657:
14655:
14648:
14642:
14638:
14628:
14626:
14615:"Nixon Resigns"
14613:
14612:
14608:
14595:
14593:
14582:
14578:
14566:
14562:
14555:
14535:Hall, Kermit L.
14531:
14527:
14517:
14515:
14497:
14493:
14483:
14481:
14474:
14458:
14449:
14440:
14438:
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14410:
14408:
14399:
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14369:
14365:
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14324:
14322:
14305:
14304:
14300:
14290:
14288:
14275:
14274:
14270:
14260:
14258:
14249:
14248:
14244:
14234:
14232:
14228:
14213:
14209:
14208:
14204:
14194:
14192:
14185:"Bound Volumes"
14183:
14182:
14178:
14167:
14163:
14152:
14148:
14137:
14133:
14123:
14121:
14111:
14107:
14097:
14095:
14078:
14074:
14051:
14047:
14037:
14035:
14026:
14025:
14021:
14011:
14009:
13987:
13985:
13957:
13953:
13943:
13941:
13928:
13921:
13906:
13895:
13882:(3): 995β1032.
13866:
13862:
13852:
13850:
13833:(May 1, 2017).
13828:
13824:
13814:
13812:
13790:
13786:
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13722:
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13710:
13681:
13677:
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13595:
13591:
13580:
13576:
13561:
13557:
13546:
13539:
13529:
13527:
13523:
13512:
13508:
13507:
13503:
13490:
13489:
13485:
13479:Wayback Machine
13469:
13465:
13459:Wayback Machine
13449:
13445:
13439:Wayback Machine
13428:Wayback Machine
13418:
13414:
13408:Wayback Machine
13397:Wayback Machine
13387:
13383:
13369:
13367:
13363:
13348:
13342:
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13185:
13174:
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13155:
13145:
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13107:
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13052:
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13001:
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12969:
12968:
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12952:
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12899:
12886:
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12878:
12868:
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12838:
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12827:
12826:
12822:
12812:
12810:
12801:
12800:
12791:
12781:
12779:
12770:
12769:
12756:
12732:
12728:
12718:
12716:
12708:
12707:
12703:
12652:
12648:
12634:
12632:
12628:
12622:
12611:
12603:
12599:
12585:
12583:
12563:
12559:
12543:
12539:
12525:
12523:
12514:
12513:
12509:
12490:Totenberg, Nina
12487:
12483:
12473:
12471:
12456:
12452:
12442:
12440:
12425:
12421:
12411:
12409:
12402:FiveThirtyEight
12394:
12390:
12380:
12378:
12363:
12359:
12345:
12343:
12335:FiveThirtyEight
12326:
12322:
12308:
12306:
12289:
12285:
12275:
12273:
12247:
12243:
12236:
12225:
12217:
12213:
12203:
12201:
12171:
12162:
12125:
12121:
12084:
12080:
12070:
12068:
12057:
12053:
12043:
12041:
12026:
12022:
12012:
12010:
11997:
11996:
11989:
11979:
11977:
11962:
11958:
11951:
11931:
11927:
11917:
11915:
11894:
11890:
11884:Wayback Machine
11874:
11870:
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11834:
11830:
11820:
11818:
11809:
11808:
11795:
11782:
11780:
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11759:
11752:
11730:
11726:
11710:
11709:
11702:
11700:
11695:
11694:
11690:
11676:
11674:
11658:
11654:
11644:
11642:
11625:
11621:
11611:
11609:
11608:on May 22, 2017
11592:
11588:
11578:
11576:
11563:
11562:
11555:
11545:
11543:
11530:Cathey, Libby.
11528:
11524:
11514:
11512:
11499:
11495:
11485:
11483:
11470:
11466:
11459:
11445:
11441:
11431:
11429:
11412:
11408:
11398:
11396:
11381:
11380:
11376:
11366:
11364:
11349:
11348:
11344:
11334:
11332:
11322:Totenberg, Nina
11319:
11315:
11305:
11303:
11290:
11286:
11276:
11274:
11265:
11264:
11260:
11250:
11248:
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11234:
11224:
11222:
11213:
11212:
11208:
11198:
11196:
11181:
11177:
11167:
11165:
11158:Digital History
11150:
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11134:
11130:
11120:
11118:
11109:
11108:
11104:
11094:
11092:
11088:
11081:
11077:
11076:
11072:
11062:Wayback Machine
11051:
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10892:
10891:
10887:
10877:
10875:
10860:
10856:
10846:
10844:
10831:
10830:
10826:
10816:
10814:
10803:
10799:
10757:
10753:
10739:
10737:
10723:
10719:
10710:
10706:
10692:Richard Epstein
10690:
10686:
10673:
10669:
10659:
10657:
10637:
10633:
10623:
10621:
10601:
10597:
10587:
10585:
10567:
10563:
10553:
10551:
10533:
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10497:
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10404:
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10381:
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10342:
10320:
10316:
10306:
10304:
10300:
10289:
10283:
10279:
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10135:
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10098:
10085:
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10060:
10059:
10055:
10042:
10040:
10023:
10019:
10001:
9999:
9982:
9978:
9968:
9966:
9957:
9956:
9952:
9942:
9940:
9927:
9926:
9922:
9912:
9910:
9897:
9896:
9892:
9882:
9880:
9863:
9859:
9845:
9843:
9823:
9819:
9806:
9804:
9787:
9783:
9769:
9767:
9752:
9748:
9738:
9736:
9721:
9720:
9716:
9703:
9701:
9684:Savage, Charlie
9681:
9677:
9663:
9661:
9644:Caplan, Lincoln
9641:
9637:
9623:
9621:
9603:
9599:
9585:
9583:
9565:
9561:
9547:
9545:
9530:
9526:
9516:
9514:
9504:
9500:
9490:
9488:
9478:
9474:
9460:
9458:
9438:
9434:
9421:
9419:
9407:
9403:
9390:
9388:
9373:
9369:
9355:
9353:
9336:
9332:
9318:
9316:
9298:
9294:
9280:
9278:
9260:
9256:
9242:
9240:
9225:
9221:
9208:
9206:
9191:
9187:
9173:
9171:
9156:
9152:
9138:
9136:
9121:
9117:
9103:
9101:
9088:
9087:
9083:
9063:
9059:
9046:
9044:
9031:
9030:
9023:
9010:
9008:
8995:
8994:
8990:
8976:
8974:
8959:
8958:
8954:
8940:
8938:
8923:
8919:
8911:Earl M. Maltz,
8910:
8906:
8896:
8894:
8890:
8875:
8866:
8862:
8848:
8846:
8833:
8832:
8828:
8814:
8812:
8811:on May 28, 2010
8797:
8796:
8792:
8779:
8777:
8762:
8761:
8757:
8743:
8741:
8726:
8722:
8708:
8706:
8686:
8682:
8668:
8666:
8651:
8650:
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8632:
8630:
8617:
8616:
8612:
8599:
8597:
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8579:
8575:
8561:
8559:
8541:
8537:
8523:
8521:
8504:
8500:
8483:
8481:
8477:
8466:
8460:
8456:
8443:
8441:
8421:
8417:
8403:
8401:
8394:
8378:
8374:
8360:
8358:
8344:
8340:
8327:
8325:
8318:
8302:
8298:
8285:
8283:
8274:
8273:
8269:
8255:
8253:
8244:
8243:
8239:
8228:
8208:
8204:
8190:
8188:
8178:
8174:
8161:
8159:
8152:
8135:
8131:
8117:
8115:
8097:
8093:
8079:
8077:
8060:
8056:
8042:
8040:
8023:
8019:
8002:
8000:
7987:
7986:
7979:
7966:
7964:
7960:
7949:
7945:
7944:
7937:
7923:
7921:
7920:on May 25, 2010
7904:Breyer, Stephen
7889:
7885:
7871:
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6910:Engel v. Vitale
6841:(1857, slavery)
6808:
6802:
6755:
6722:
6692:as part of the
6666:
6651:
6624:
6614:
6594:
6554:Robert B. Reich
6544:Commerce Clause
6511:
6486:Carson v. Makin
6453:Brett Kavanaugh
6428:Michael Waldman
6425:
6389:
6381:First Amendment
6365:Barry Goldwater
6293:
6287:
6284:
6273:
6256:
6252:
6245:
6219:Clarence Thomas
6145:Clarence Thomas
6084:criticized the
6032:
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6023:
6012:
5995:
5991:
5984:
5970:Dahlia Lithwick
5942:
5936:
5909:ethics scandals
5893:
5891:Code of Conduct
5849:Akhil Reed Amar
5809:Clarence Thomas
5797:
5785:Mitch McConnell
5756:
5748:Main articles:
5746:
5724:
5692:lifetime tenure
5685:
5668:David J. Garrow
5655:
5576:Anthony Kennedy
5568:Arthur Goldberg
5465:
5459:
5321:(1865) and the
5291:Watergate tapes
5255:nonacquiescence
5251:
5189:judicial review
5171:
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5056:(now a part of
5052:, published by
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4608:Federal Circuit
4589:Justice Gorsuch
4553:Justice Barrett
4548:Seventh Circuit
4481:Justice Jackson
4444:Federal Circuit
4403:
4380:
4269:
4213:
4201:
4007:Judicial branch
3933:Judicial review
3892:
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3768:Brett Kavanaugh
3744:Clarence Thomas
3740:Sonia Sotomayor
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3514:October 9, 1990
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3415:Anthony Kennedy
3413:
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3328:FiveThirtyEight
3241:
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3220:Austria-Hungary
3210:, England; and
3208:Buckinghamshire
3152:Sonia Sotomayor
3095:
3089:
3052:Brett Kavanaugh
3014:
3005:Sonia Sotomayor
2994:
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2966:Clarence Thomas
2920:Brett Kavanaugh
2850:Roman Catholics
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2065:Jonathan Turley
2004:
2000:
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1854:Clarence Thomas
1835:, in 1804. The
1792:Richard Epstein
1770:
1727:
1557:, empowers the
1553:, known as the
1532:
1526:
1521:
1485:First Amendment
1421:civil procedure
1416:Wyeth v. Levine
1383:
1368:school vouchers
1270:
1257:Clarence Thomas
1253:Anthony Kennedy
1217:
1211:Rehnquist Court
1205:Main articles:
1203:
1144:Engel v. Vitale
1091:. It held that
1089:civil liberties
928:
912:Main articles:
910:
804:Sheldon v. Sill
795:
771:Main articles:
769:
708:judicial review
662:
656:Ellsworth Court
646:Main articles:
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24387:list of judges
24384:
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21457:
21449:
21440:
21439:
21436:
21435:
21426:
21424:
21415:
21413:
21412:
21411:(2022βpresent)
21406:
21405:(2020βpresent)
21400:
21399:(2018βpresent)
21394:
21393:(2017βpresent)
21388:
21387:(2010βpresent)
21382:
21381:(2009βpresent)
21376:
21375:(2006βpresent)
21370:
21364:
21358:
21357:(1991βpresent)
21352:
21346:
21340:
21334:
21328:
21322:
21314:
21308:
21302:
21296:
21290:
21284:
21278:
21272:
21266:
21260:
21254:
21248:
21242:
21236:
21230:
21224:
21218:
21212:
21206:
21200:
21194:
21188:
21182:
21176:
21168:
21162:
21156:
21150:
21144:
21138:
21132:
21126:
21120:
21114:
21106:
21100:
21094:
21088:
21082:
21076:
21070:
21062:
21056:
21050:
21044:
21038:
21032:
21026:
21020:
21014:
21008:
21002:
20996:
20990:
20984:
20978:
20972:
20966:
20960:
20954:
20948:
20942:
20936:
20930:
20924:
20918:
20912:
20906:
20900:
20894:
20888:
20882:
20876:
20870:
20864:
20858:
20852:
20846:
20840:
20834:
20828:
20822:
20816:
20810:
20804:
20798:
20792:
20786:
20777:
20776:
20773:
20772:
20760:
20759:
20756:
20755:
20746:
20744:
20741:
20740:
20724:
20708:
20692:
20676:
20663:Fred M. Vinson
20660:
20644:
20628:
20612:
20596:
20580:
20567:Morrison Waite
20564:
20548:
20535:Roger B. Taney
20532:
20516:
20500:
20484:
20467:
20466:
20463:
20462:
20459:Chief justices
20450:
20449:
20441:
20440:
20433:
20426:
20418:
20409:
20408:
20406:
20405:
20403:Law portal
20393:
20381:
20370:
20367:
20366:
20364:
20363:
20358:
20357:
20356:
20342:
20337:
20332:
20327:
20322:
20314:
20309:
20304:
20299:
20298:
20297:
20286:
20284:
20280:
20279:
20277:
20276:
20271:
20266:
20261:
20254:
20253:
20247:
20245:
20241:
20240:
20238:
20237:
20236:
20235:
20230:
20225:
20220:
20215:
20210:
20205:
20200:
20195:
20181:
20176:
20175:
20174:
20164:
20158:
20156:
20152:
20151:
20149:
20148:
20143:
20138:
20133:
20128:
20123:
20118:
20113:
20107:
20105:
20099:
20098:
20096:
20095:
20090:
20085:
20084:
20083:
20073:
20072:
20071:
20069:time in office
20066:
20061:
20056:
20046:
20041:
20039:Chief justices
20035:
20033:
20027:
20026:
20024:
20023:
20022:(2005βpresent)
20017:
20011:
20005:
19999:
19993:
19987:
19981:
19975:
19969:
19963:
19957:
19951:
19945:
19942:Marshall Court
19939:
19933:
19930:Rutledge Court
19927:
19920:
19918:
19912:
19911:
19909:
19908:
19906:Stephen Breyer
19903:
19898:
19892:
19890:
19884:
19883:
19881:
19880:
19875:
19870:
19865:
19860:
19855:
19850:
19845:
19833:
19832:
19820:
19818:
19814:
19813:
19811:
19810:
19809:
19808:
19798:
19797:
19796:
19791:
19786:
19774:
19765:
19763:
19757:
19756:
19749:
19747:
19745:
19744:
19739:
19734:
19729:
19727:Lists of cases
19723:
19721:
19717:
19716:
19709:
19708:
19701:
19694:
19686:
19679:
19678:
19660:
19654:
19641:
19619:
19613:
19600:
19585:
19579:
19566:
19506:Blackman, Josh
19501:
19489:
19483:
19470:
19456:
19443:
19437:
19423:
19421:
19418:
19416:
19415:
19391:
19378:
19359:
19348:
19329:
19307:
19300:Assn. (2000).
19295:
19289:
19276:
19270:
19255:
19234:Biskupic, Joan
19231:
19218:
19211:
19208:
19207:
19188:
19186:
19179:
19173:
19170:
19168:
19167:
19146:
19128:
19125:. May 3, 2022.
19110:
19107:. May 4, 2022.
19092:
19053:
19039:
19005:
18979:
18946:
18916:
18882:
18856:
18830:
18810:Biskupic, Joan
18801:
18775:
18740:
18706:
18675:
18641:
18600:
18569:
18539:
18520:
18490:
18452:
18417:
18381:
18346:
18305:
18270:
18247:The Federalist
18232:
18209:The Federalist
18197:
18170:The Federalist
18158:
18124:
18104:
18076:
18045:
18014:
17981:
17974:
17956:
17945:
17927:
17916:
17898:
17876:
17856:
17849:
17828:
17806:Foreign Policy
17791:
17773:(2): 485β500.
17743:
17707:
17672:
17642:
17616:
17600:
17571:
17546:
17520:
17494:
17474:The New Yorker
17460:
17434:
17412:Blackman, Josh
17403:
17377:
17348:
17313:
17288:
17257:
17218:
17184:
17125:
17090:
17078:www.senate.gov
17065:
17031:
17000:
16965:
16940:Millhiser, Ian
16931:
16911:The New Yorker
16894:
16868:
16832:
16801:
16781:Biskupic, Joan
16772:
16733:
16702:
16669:
16643:
16611:
16577:
16558:
16540:
16506:
16472:
16452:Millhiser, Ian
16443:
16423:
16418:Whitehouse.gov
16405:
16383:
16360:
16346:
16332:
16298:
16284:
16263:
16248:
16223:
16189:
16163:
16120:
16083:
16063:Millhiser, Ian
16054:
16020:
15984:
15961:
15930:
15899:
15868:
15837:
15806:
15764:
15733:
15702:
15664:
15638:
15612:
15586:
15557:
15523:
15508:
15490:
15464:
15438:
15412:
15378:
15349:
15342:
15317:
15310:
15289:
15262:
15226:
15200:
15133:
15113:Millhiser, Ian
15101:
15075:
15055:Millhiser, Ian
15046:
15028:(2): 485β500.
14998:
14966:
14949:Foreign Policy
14934:
14893:
14848:
14829:
14809:
14790:
14770:
14751:
14722:
14700:
14693:
14665:
14644:Orth, John V.
14636:
14606:
14576:
14560:
14553:
14525:
14491:
14472:
14447:
14418:
14392:
14363:
14332:
14298:
14268:
14242:
14202:
14176:
14161:
14154:28 U.S.C.
14146:
14139:28 U.S.C.
14131:
14105:
14072:
14045:
14019:
13951:
13919:
13893:
13860:
13822:
13784:
13753:
13720:
13697:(1): 208β252.
13675:
13648:28 U.S.C.
13640:
13589:
13582:28 U.S.C.
13574:
13563:28 U.S.C.
13555:
13548:28 U.S.C.
13537:
13501:
13483:
13470:Daniel Gonen,
13463:
13450:Daniel Gonen,
13443:
13412:
13381:
13336:
13305:
13274:
13231:
13224:28 U.S.C.
13213:
13206:28 U.S.C.
13198:
13191:28 U.S.C.
13183:
13176:28 U.S.C.
13168:
13161:28 U.S.C.
13153:
13115:
13084:
13043:
12999:
12979:
12975:Β§ 1251(b)
12962:
12926:
12922:Β§ 1251(a)
12909:
12876:
12846:
12820:
12789:
12754:
12726:
12701:
12668:(2): 269β298.
12646:
12620:
12597:
12557:
12537:
12507:
12481:
12450:
12419:
12388:
12357:
12320:
12283:
12241:
12235:978-0190278052
12234:
12211:
12191:10.1086/691096
12160:
12139:(1): 241β259.
12119:
12098:(1): 261β276.
12078:
12051:
12020:
11987:
11956:
11949:
11925:
11910:. p. A1.
11888:
11886:(May 1, 2010).
11875:Mark Sherman,
11868:
11828:
11793:
11757:
11750:
11724:
11688:
11652:
11619:
11586:
11553:
11522:
11493:
11464:
11457:
11439:
11406:
11374:
11342:
11313:
11293:Biskupic, Joan
11284:
11258:
11232:
11206:
11189:ABAjournal.com
11175:
11164:on May 5, 2008
11144:
11128:
11102:
11070:
11045:
11019:
10992:(2): 355β358.
10976:
10957:
10937:
10911:
10885:
10854:
10824:
10797:
10770:(1): 159β169.
10751:
10717:
10704:
10684:
10667:
10652:. Manchester.
10631:
10595:
10561:
10522:
10491:
10461:
10427:
10418:
10372:
10347:
10340:
10324:"Appendix Two"
10314:
10277:
10245:
10218:
10188:
10143:
10112:
10104:28 U.S.C.
10096:
10079:
10053:
10017:
9976:
9950:
9920:
9890:
9857:
9817:
9781:
9746:
9714:
9675:
9635:
9597:
9559:
9524:
9498:
9472:
9432:
9401:
9367:
9330:
9292:
9254:
9219:
9185:
9150:
9115:
9081:
9057:
9021:
8988:
8952:
8917:
8904:
8860:
8826:
8790:
8755:
8720:
8680:
8644:
8610:
8573:
8535:
8498:
8454:
8424:Biskupic, Joan
8415:
8392:
8372:
8338:
8316:
8296:
8267:
8237:
8226:
8202:
8172:
8150:
8129:
8091:
8054:
8017:
7977:
7935:
7883:
7843:
7806:
7767:
7731:Rosen, Jeffrey
7722:
7717:Ware v. Hylton
7707:
7668:
7606:
7584:
7566:
7560:Irons, Peter.
7553:
7532:
7499:
7473:
7466:
7448:
7427:abajournal.com
7413:
7387:
7358:
7321:
7286:
7277:
7236:
7219:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7172:
7160:
7148:
7136:
7128:
7120:
7108:
7096:
7088:
7080:
7072:
7064:
7056:
7055:(2003, sodomy)
7048:
7040:
7026:
7018:
7010:
7002:
6990:
6982:
6974:
6966:
6958:
6950:
6942:
6934:
6918:
6915:public schools
6906:
6898:
6886:
6878:
6873:(1927, upheld
6866:
6858:
6850:
6842:
6834:
6826:
6818:
6809:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6754:
6751:
6721:
6718:
6665:
6662:
6650:
6647:
6639:Jeffrey Toobin
6613:
6610:
6602:George W. Bush
6593:
6590:
6561:states' rights
6510:
6507:
6424:
6421:
6410:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6392:Foreign Policy
6388:
6385:
6295:
6294:
6259:
6257:
6250:
6244:
6241:
6227:Bill of Rights
6202:, argued that
6182:
6181:
6172:
6163:
6100:too protective
6088:, and Justice
6034:
6033:
5998:
5996:
5989:
5983:
5980:
5938:Main article:
5935:
5932:
5892:
5889:
5796:
5793:
5774:Moreover, the
5745:
5742:
5723:
5720:
5684:
5681:
5654:
5651:
5607:Abner J. Mikva
5587:Henry Friendly
5580:Antonin Scalia
5556:Wiley Rutledge
5498:Louis Brandeis
5481:them, prepare
5458:
5455:
5375:
5374:
5362:
5350:
5338:
5326:
5310:
5269:Andrew Jackson
5250:
5247:
5239:egalitarianism
5170:
5167:
5161:
5158:
5152:
5149:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5095:
5092:
4994:
4993:
4987:
4951:
4950:
4931:
4929:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4883:
4882:
4876:
4870:
4864:
4848:
4845:
4822:Seth P. Waxman
4814:
4811:
4793:
4790:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4637:
4636:Case selection
4634:
4629:Main article:
4626:
4623:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4601:Justice Thomas
4598:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4560:Eighth Circuit
4556:
4555:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4512:Fourth Circuit
4508:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4488:Second Circuit
4484:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4432:writs of error
4409:Β§ 2101(f)
4379:
4376:
4268:
4265:
4248:special master
4212:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3896:
3895:
3884:
3881:
3848:Capitol Police
3798:Main article:
3795:
3792:
3730:
3729:
3644:
3642:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3582:
3580:August 3, 1994
3577:
3574:
3571:
3554:
3541:Stephen Breyer
3535:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3488:
3475:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3428:
3409:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3336:
3333:
3237:Main article:
3234:
3231:
3196:Ottoman Empire
3140:Antonin Scalia
3102:
3101:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2890:Louis Brandeis
2811:Main article:
2808:
2805:
2791:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2749:
2728:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2679:
2654:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2603:
2582:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2562:April 10, 2017
2559:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2531:
2510:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2490:August 7, 2010
2487:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2459:
2453:April 28, 1960
2438:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2418:August 8, 2009
2415:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2387:
2366:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2315:
2294:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2243:
2222:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2171:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2088:
2085:
2077:
2074:
2055:established a
2041:117th Congress
1977:Andrew Johnson
1920:
1917:
1893:Zachary Taylor
1874:Harry Blackmun
1769:
1766:
1726:
1723:
1639:Antonin Scalia
1528:Main article:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1453:climate change
1358:line-item veto
1261:Stephen Breyer
1237:Antonin Scalia
1225:George W. Bush
1202:
1199:
960:Louis Brandeis
909:
906:
870:Bill of Rights
768:
765:
682:West v. Barnes
660:Marshall Court
652:Rutledge Court
643:
640:
638:at City Hall.
623:Royal Exchange
618:in his place.
612:John Blair Jr.
502:Main article:
499:
496:
463:Justices have
412:. It also has
372:
371:
366:
362:
361:
356:
352:
351:
345:
344:
335:
331:
330:
324:
320:
319:
314:
310:
309:
304:
300:
299:
287:
283:
282:
250:
244:
243:
232:
228:
227:
214:
210:
209:
176:
175:
172:
171:
163:
162:
152:
151:
134:September 2024
121:
120:
113:
106:
99:
92:
85:
78:
71:
64:
57:
50:
48:(refs: 7, 116)
36:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
26226:
26215:
26212:
26210:
26207:
26205:
26202:
26200:
26197:
26196:
26194:
26183:from Wikidata
26182:
26181:
26169:
26165:
26164:
26152:
26148:
26147:
26135:
26132:from Wikinews
26131:
26130:
26118:
26114:
26113:
26101:
26097:
26096:
26084:
26083:
26080:
26074:
26066:
26065:United States
26056:
26054:
26049:
26044:
26042:
26037:
26032:
26031:
26028:
26009:
26006:
26004:
26001:
26000:
25995:
25991:
25988:
25984:
25983:
25979:
25965:
25962:
25960:
25957:
25955:
25952:
25948:
25945:
25944:
25943:
25940:
25936:
25933:
25932:
25931:
25928:
25926:
25923:
25921:
25918:
25916:
25913:
25911:
25908:
25906:
25903:
25899:
25896:
25894:
25891:
25890:
25889:
25886:
25884:
25883:Energy policy
25881:
25877:
25874:
25872:
25869:
25867:
25864:
25862:
25859:
25857:
25854:
25852:
25849:
25847:
25844:
25842:
25839:
25838:
25837:
25834:
25832:
25829:
25825:
25824:incarceration
25822:
25821:
25820:
25817:
25815:
25812:
25811:
25809:
25805:
25799:
25796:
25794:
25791:
25789:
25786:
25784:
25781:
25779:
25776:
25774:
25771:
25769:
25766:
25764:
25761:
25759:
25756:
25754:
25751:
25747:
25744:
25742:
25739:
25737:
25734:
25733:
25732:
25729:
25725:
25722:
25720:
25717:
25715:
25712:
25710:
25709:Prenatal care
25707:
25705:
25704:Birth control
25702:
25700:
25697:
25696:
25695:
25692:
25690:
25687:
25686:
25684:
25682:
25678:
25672:
25669:
25667:
25664:
25662:
25659:
25657:
25654:
25652:
25649:
25647:
25644:
25642:
25641:Homeownership
25639:
25637:
25634:
25632:
25629:
25627:
25624:
25622:
25619:
25618:
25616:
25614:
25610:
25604:
25601:
25599:
25596:
25594:
25591:
25589:
25586:
25584:
25581:
25579:
25576:
25574:
25571:
25569:
25566:
25564:
25561:
25559:
25556:
25554:
25551:
25549:
25546:
25544:
25541:
25537:
25534:
25532:
25529:
25527:
25524:
25522:
25519:
25518:
25517:
25514:
25512:
25509:
25507:
25504:
25502:
25499:
25495:
25492:
25490:
25487:
25485:
25482:
25480:
25477:
25475:
25472:
25471:
25470:
25467:
25465:
25462:
25458:
25455:
25453:
25450:
25448:
25445:
25444:
25443:
25440:
25438:
25435:
25433:
25430:
25428:
25425:
25421:
25418:
25417:
25416:
25413:
25411:
25408:
25404:
25401:
25400:
25399:
25396:
25394:
25391:
25389:
25386:
25382:
25379:
25377:
25374:
25373:
25372:
25369:
25365:
25364:working class
25362:
25360:
25357:
25355:
25352:
25350:
25347:
25345:
25342:
25340:
25337:
25335:
25332:
25330:
25327:
25325:
25324:homeownership
25322:
25320:
25317:
25315:
25312:
25311:
25310:
25307:
25305:
25302:
25300:
25297:
25295:
25292:
25290:
25287:
25285:
25282:
25280:
25277:
25275:
25272:
25271:
25269:
25267:
25263:
25259:
25256:
25254:
25250:
25240:
25237:
25235:
25232:
25230:
25227:
25225:
25222:
25220:
25217:
25215:
25212:
25210:
25207:
25206:
25204:
25202:
25198:
25192:
25189:
25187:
25184:
25182:
25179:
25177:
25174:
25172:
25169:
25167:
25164:
25162:
25159:
25157:
25154:
25152:
25149:
25147:
25144:
25142:
25139:
25137:
25134:
25130:
25127:
25125:
25122:
25120:
25117:
25115:
25112:
25110:
25107:
25105:
25104:Manufacturing
25102:
25100:
25097:
25095:
25092:
25090:
25087:
25085:
25082:
25080:
25077:
25075:
25072:
25071:
25070:
25067:
25066:
25063:
25060:
25058:
25054:
25040:
25037:
25033:
25032:Third parties
25030:
25028:
25025:
25023:
25020:
25019:
25018:
25015:
25011:
25008:
25006:
25003:
25001:
24998:
24997:
24996:
24993:
24991:
24988:
24984:
24981:
24980:
24979:
24976:
24972:
24969:
24967:
24964:
24963:
24962:
24959:
24957:
24954:
24953:
24950:
24938:
24935:
24934:
24933:
24930:
24929:
24927:
24925:
24921:
24915:
24912:
24910:
24907:
24906:
24904:
24902:
24898:
24892:
24889:
24887:
24884:
24882:
24879:
24877:
24874:
24872:
24869:
24867:
24864:
24862:
24859:
24857:
24854:
24852:
24849:
24847:
24844:
24843:
24841:
24837:
24831:
24828:
24826:
24823:
24821:
24818:
24816:
24813:
24812:
24810:
24808:
24804:
24801:
24799:
24795:
24789:
24786:
24782:
24779:
24778:
24777:
24774:
24770:
24767:
24765:
24762:
24760:
24757:
24756:
24755:
24752:
24750:
24747:
24746:
24744:
24742:
24738:
24728:
24725:
24723:
24720:
24718:
24715:
24713:
24710:
24709:
24707:
24705:
24701:
24693:
24690:
24689:
24688:
24685:
24681:
24678:
24677:
24676:
24673:
24672:
24670:
24668:
24664:
24658:
24655:
24653:
24650:
24649:
24647:
24645:
24641:
24633:
24630:
24629:
24628:
24625:
24623:
24620:
24618:
24615:
24613:
24610:
24608:
24605:
24603:
24600:
24598:
24595:
24593:
24590:
24586:
24583:
24582:
24581:
24578:
24574:
24571:
24570:
24569:
24566:
24565:
24563:
24561:
24557:
24554:
24552:
24546:
24541:
24537:
24527:
24524:
24522:
24519:
24515:
24512:
24510:
24507:
24505:
24502:
24500:
24497:
24495:
24492:
24490:
24487:
24485:
24482:
24481:
24480:
24477:
24476:
24474:
24472:
24468:
24462:
24459:
24455:
24452:
24450:
24447:
24445:
24442:
24440:
24437:
24436:
24435:
24432:
24430:
24427:
24423:
24420:
24419:
24418:
24415:
24414:
24412:
24410:
24406:
24400:
24399:U.S. attorney
24397:
24395:
24392:
24388:
24385:
24383:
24380:
24379:
24378:
24374:
24371:
24367:
24364:
24363:
24362:
24359:
24355:
24352:
24350:
24347:
24345:
24344:Chief Justice
24342:
24341:
24340:
24339:Supreme Court
24337:
24336:
24334:
24332:
24328:
24322:
24319:
24317:
24314:
24312:
24309:
24307:
24304:
24302:
24299:
24295:
24292:
24290:
24287:
24285:
24282:
24281:
24280:
24277:
24273:
24270:
24268:
24265:
24264:
24263:
24260:
24259:
24257:
24255:
24251:
24245:
24244:Public policy
24242:
24240:
24239:Civil service
24237:
24235:
24232:
24228:
24225:
24223:
24220:
24218:
24215:
24213:
24210:
24208:
24205:
24203:
24200:
24198:
24195:
24193:
24190:
24188:
24185:
24184:
24183:
24180:
24176:
24173:
24171:
24168:
24166:
24163:
24161:
24158:
24157:
24156:
24153:
24151:
24148:
24146:
24143:
24141:
24138:
24136:
24133:
24129:
24126:
24124:
24121:
24120:
24119:
24116:
24115:
24113:
24109:
24106:
24104:
24100:
24096:
24093:
24091:
24087:
24077:
24074:
24072:
24069:
24067:
24064:
24060:
24057:
24055:
24052:
24050:
24047:
24045:
24042:
24040:
24037:
24035:
24032:
24030:
24027:
24025:
24022:
24021:
24020:
24016:
24012:
24009:
24007:
24004:
24002:
23999:
23997:
23994:
23992:
23989:
23987:
23984:
23982:
23979:
23977:
23974:
23972:
23969:
23967:
23964:
23962:
23959:
23957:
23954:
23952:
23949:
23947:
23944:
23942:
23939:
23937:
23934:
23932:
23929:
23928:
23927:
23924:
23920:
23917:
23916:
23915:
23912:
23908:
23907:Sierra Nevada
23905:
23903:
23900:
23898:
23895:
23893:
23890:
23888:
23885:
23884:
23883:
23880:
23878:
23875:
23873:
23870:
23868:
23865:
23861:
23858:
23856:
23853:
23851:
23848:
23846:
23845:insular zones
23843:
23841:
23838:
23836:
23833:
23831:
23828:
23826:
23823:
23821:
23818:
23817:
23816:
23813:
23812:
23809:
23806:
23804:
23800:
23790:
23787:
23785:
23782:
23780:
23777:
23775:
23772:
23770:
23767:
23765:
23762:
23760:
23757:
23755:
23752:
23751:
23749:
23745:
23739:
23736:
23734:
23731:
23727:
23724:
23722:
23719:
23718:
23717:
23716:War on Terror
23714:
23712:
23709:
23707:
23704:
23702:
23699:
23697:
23696:LGBT Movement
23694:
23692:
23689:
23687:
23684:
23682:
23679:
23677:
23674:
23672:
23669:
23665:
23662:
23661:
23660:
23657:
23655:
23652:
23650:
23647:
23645:
23642:
23640:
23637:
23635:
23632:
23628:
23625:
23623:
23620:
23618:
23615:
23614:
23612:
23610:
23607:
23605:
23602:
23600:
23597:
23595:
23592:
23590:
23587:
23585:
23582:
23580:
23577:
23575:
23572:
23570:
23567:
23565:
23562:
23560:
23557:
23553:
23550:
23548:
23545:
23544:
23543:
23540:
23538:
23535:
23531:
23528:
23526:
23523:
23522:
23521:
23518:
23514:
23511:
23509:
23506:
23505:
23504:
23501:
23499:
23496:
23494:
23491:
23489:
23486:
23482:
23479:
23477:
23474:
23472:
23469:
23467:
23464:
23462:
23459:
23457:
23454:
23452:
23449:
23448:
23447:
23444:
23442:
23439:
23438:
23436:
23432:
23426:
23423:
23421:
23418:
23416:
23413:
23411:
23408:
23406:
23403:
23401:
23398:
23396:
23393:
23391:
23388:
23386:
23383:
23381:
23378:
23376:
23373:
23372:
23370:
23366:
23363:
23361:
23357:
23352:
23351:United States
23345:
23340:
23338:
23333:
23331:
23326:
23325:
23322:
23310:
23307:
23305:
23302:
23300:
23297:
23295:
23292:
23290:
23287:
23284:
23280:
23277:
23275:
23272:
23270:
23267:
23265:
23262:
23260:
23257:
23255:
23252:
23248:
23245:
23244:
23243:
23240:
23238:
23235:
23233:
23230:
23228:
23225:
23223:
23220:
23218:
23215:
23213:
23210:
23208:
23205:
23203:
23202:Child custody
23200:
23198:
23195:
23193:
23190:
23189:
23187:
23183:
23177:
23174:
23172:
23169:
23167:
23164:
23162:
23159:
23157:
23154:
23153:
23151:
23149:
23145:
23135:
23134:State supreme
23132:
23131:
23129:
23127:
23123:
23117:
23114:
23112:
23109:
23107:
23104:
23102:
23099:
23095:
23090:
23087:
23085:
23082:
23080:
23077:
23076:
23074:
23072:
23068:
23065:
23063:
23062:United States
23060:Courts of the
23057:
23052:
23042:
23039:
23037:
23034:
23032:
23029:
23027:
23024:
23022:
23019:
23017:
23014:
23013:
23011:
23009:
23004:
23000:
22996:
22989:
22984:
22982:
22977:
22975:
22970:
22969:
22966:
22950:
22949:Supreme Court
22947:
22945:
22942:
22941:
22939:
22935:Discretionary
22933:
22927:
22924:
22922:
22919:
22917:
22914:
22912:
22909:
22907:
22904:
22903:
22901:
22897:
22891:
22888:
22886:
22883:
22882:
22880:
22876:
22873:
22871:Court systems
22869:
22863:
22860:
22858:
22855:
22854:
22852:
22848:
22838:
22835:
22834:
22832:
22828:
22822:
22819:
22818:
22816:
22812:
22805:
22801:
22798:
22797:
22795:
22791:
22785:
22782:
22781:
22779:
22775:
22768:
22764:
22761:
22760:
22758:
22754:
22751:
22749:
22745:
22739:
22736:
22734:
22733:
22729:
22728:
22726:
22722:
22707:
22704:
22702:
22699:
22698:
22696:
22692:
22686:
22683:
22681:
22678:
22677:
22674:
22665:
22660:
22658:
22653:
22651:
22646:
22645:
22642:
22629:
22626:
22625:
22623:
22621:Complete list
22619:
22613:
22610:
22608:
22605:
22604:
22602:
22598:
22592:
22589:
22587:
22584:
22582:
22579:
22577:
22574:
22572:
22569:
22567:
22564:
22563:
22561:
22558:
22554:
22548:
22545:
22543:
22540:
22538:
22537:West Virginia
22535:
22533:
22530:
22528:
22525:
22523:
22520:
22518:
22515:
22511:
22508:
22506:
22503:
22502:
22500:
22498:
22495:
22493:
22490:
22488:
22485:
22483:
22480:
22478:
22475:
22473:
22470:
22466:
22463:
22461:
22458:
22457:
22455:
22453:
22450:
22448:
22445:
22443:
22440:
22438:
22435:
22433:
22430:
22428:
22425:
22423:
22422:New Hampshire
22420:
22418:
22415:
22413:
22410:
22408:
22405:
22403:
22400:
22398:
22395:
22393:
22390:
22388:
22385:
22383:
22382:Massachusetts
22380:
22378:
22375:
22373:
22370:
22368:
22365:
22363:
22360:
22358:
22355:
22353:
22350:
22348:
22345:
22343:
22340:
22338:
22335:
22333:
22330:
22328:
22325:
22323:
22320:
22318:
22315:
22313:
22310:
22308:
22305:
22303:
22300:
22298:
22295:
22293:
22290:
22288:
22285:
22283:
22280:
22279:
22277:
22275:
22271:
22265:
22264:
22260:
22259:
22257:
22255:
22251:
22246:
22239:
22234:
22232:
22227:
22225:
22220:
22219:
22216:
22204:
22203:
22202:South America
22199:
22197:
22195:
22193:
22191:
22188:
22186:
22183:
22181:
22180:North America
22178:
22177:
22174:
22169:
22159:
22156:
22154:
22151:
22149:
22148:United States
22146:
22144:
22141:
22139:
22136:
22134:
22131:
22129:
22126:
22124:
22121:
22119:
22116:
22114:
22111:
22109:
22106:
22104:
22101:
22099:
22096:
22094:
22091:
22089:
22086:
22084:
22081:
22079:
22076:
22074:
22071:
22069:
22066:
22064:
22061:
22059:
22056:
22054:
22051:
22049:
22046:
22044:
22041:
22039:
22036:
22034:
22031:
22029:
22026:
22024:
22021:
22019:
22016:
22014:
22011:
22009:
22006:
22004:
22001:
21999:
21996:
21994:
21991:
21989:
21986:
21985:
21983:
21981:
21975:
21966:
21961:
21959:
21954:
21952:
21947:
21946:
21943:
21937:
21930:
21920:
21916:
21911:
21906:
21903:
21901:
21898:
21896:
21893:
21891:
21888:
21886:
21883:
21881:
21878:
21876:
21873:
21871:
21868:
21866:
21863:
21861:
21858:
21856:
21853:
21851:
21847:
21841:
21838:
21836:
21833:
21831:
21828:
21826:
21823:
21821:
21818:
21816:
21813:
21811:
21808:
21806:
21803:
21801:
21798:
21796:
21793:
21791:
21788:
21786:
21783:
21781:
21778:
21776:
21773:
21771:
21768:
21766:
21763:
21761:
21758:
21756:
21753:
21751:
21748:
21746:
21743:
21741:
21738:
21736:
21733:
21731:
21725:
21723:
21720:
21718:
21712:
21710:
21707:
21705:
21702:
21700:
21697:
21695:
21692:
21690:
21687:
21685:
21682:
21680:
21677:
21675:
21672:
21670:
21667:
21665:
21662:
21660:
21657:
21655:
21652:
21650:
21647:
21645:
21642:
21640:
21637:
21635:
21632:
21630:
21627:
21625:
21622:
21620:
21619:J. Adams
21617:
21615:
21612:
21611:
21610:
21609:
21604:
21598:
21592:
21589:
21587:
21584:
21582:
21579:
21577:
21574:
21572:
21569:
21567:
21564:
21562:
21559:
21557:
21554:
21552:
21549:
21547:
21544:
21542:
21539:
21537:
21534:
21532:
21529:
21527:
21524:
21522:
21519:
21517:
21514:
21512:
21509:
21507:
21504:
21502:
21499:
21498:
21497:
21496:
21491:
21485:
21481:
21477:
21470:
21465:
21463:
21458:
21456:
21451:
21450:
21447:
21430:
21420:
21410:
21407:
21404:
21401:
21398:
21395:
21392:
21389:
21386:
21383:
21380:
21377:
21374:
21371:
21368:
21365:
21362:
21359:
21356:
21353:
21350:
21347:
21344:
21341:
21338:
21335:
21332:
21329:
21326:
21323:
21320:* (1972β1986)
21319:
21315:
21312:
21309:
21306:
21303:
21300:
21297:
21294:
21291:
21288:
21285:
21282:
21279:
21276:
21273:
21270:
21267:
21264:
21261:
21258:
21255:
21252:
21249:
21246:
21243:
21240:
21237:
21234:
21231:
21228:
21225:
21222:
21219:
21216:
21213:
21210:
21207:
21204:
21201:
21198:
21195:
21192:
21189:
21186:
21183:
21180:
21177:
21174:* (1925β1941)
21173:
21169:
21166:
21163:
21160:
21157:
21154:
21151:
21148:
21145:
21142:
21139:
21136:
21133:
21130:
21127:
21124:
21121:
21118:
21115:
21112:* (1910β1916)
21111:
21107:
21104:
21101:
21098:
21095:
21092:
21089:
21086:
21083:
21080:
21077:
21074:
21071:
21068:* (1894β1910)
21067:
21063:
21060:
21057:
21054:
21051:
21048:
21045:
21042:
21039:
21036:
21033:
21030:
21027:
21024:
21021:
21018:
21015:
21012:
21009:
21006:
21003:
21000:
20997:
20994:
20991:
20988:
20985:
20982:
20979:
20976:
20973:
20970:
20967:
20964:
20961:
20958:
20955:
20952:
20949:
20946:
20943:
20940:
20937:
20934:
20931:
20928:
20925:
20922:
20919:
20916:
20913:
20910:
20907:
20904:
20901:
20898:
20895:
20892:
20889:
20886:
20883:
20880:
20877:
20874:
20871:
20868:
20865:
20862:
20859:
20856:
20853:
20850:
20847:
20844:
20841:
20838:
20835:
20832:
20829:
20826:
20823:
20820:
20817:
20814:
20811:
20808:
20805:
20802:
20799:
20796:
20793:
20790:
20787:
20784:* (1790β1791)
20783:
20779:
20778:
20774:
20770:
20765:
20761:
20750:
20738:
20737:
20732:
20728:
20725:
20722:
20721:
20716:
20712:
20709:
20706:
20705:
20700:
20696:
20693:
20690:
20689:
20684:
20680:
20677:
20674:
20673:
20668:
20664:
20661:
20658:
20657:
20652:
20648:
20645:
20642:
20641:
20636:
20632:
20629:
20626:
20625:
20620:
20616:
20613:
20610:
20609:
20604:
20600:
20597:
20594:
20593:
20588:
20584:
20581:
20578:
20577:
20572:
20568:
20565:
20562:
20561:
20556:
20552:
20549:
20546:
20545:
20540:
20536:
20533:
20530:
20529:
20524:
20520:
20519:John Marshall
20517:
20514:
20513:
20508:
20504:
20501:
20498:
20497:
20492:
20488:
20487:John Rutledge
20485:
20482:
20481:
20476:
20472:
20469:
20468:
20464:
20460:
20455:
20451:
20447:
20439:
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20404:
20399:
20394:
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20382:
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20328:
20326:
20323:
20321:
20319:
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20310:
20308:
20305:
20303:
20302:Camera policy
20300:
20296:
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20288:
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20275:
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20260:
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20234:
20231:
20229:
20226:
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20221:
20219:
20216:
20214:
20211:
20209:
20206:
20204:
20201:
20199:
20196:
20194:
20193:Chief Justice
20190:
20187:
20186:
20185:
20182:
20180:
20177:
20173:
20170:
20169:
20168:
20165:
20163:
20160:
20159:
20157:
20155:Functionaries
20153:
20147:
20144:
20142:
20139:
20137:
20134:
20132:
20129:
20127:
20124:
20122:
20119:
20117:
20114:
20112:
20109:
20108:
20106:
20100:
20094:
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20082:
20079:
20078:
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20062:
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20051:
20050:
20047:
20045:
20042:
20040:
20037:
20036:
20034:
20028:
20021:
20020:Roberts Court
20018:
20015:
20012:
20009:
20006:
20003:
20000:
19997:
19994:
19991:
19988:
19985:
19982:
19979:
19976:
19973:
19970:
19967:
19964:
19961:
19958:
19955:
19952:
19949:
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19943:
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19937:
19934:
19931:
19928:
19925:
19922:
19921:
19919:
19917:
19913:
19907:
19904:
19902:
19899:
19897:
19894:
19893:
19891:
19889:
19885:
19879:
19876:
19874:
19871:
19869:
19866:
19864:
19861:
19859:
19856:
19854:
19851:
19849:
19846:
19844:
19841:
19839:
19835:
19834:
19831:
19828:
19826:
19825:Chief justice
19822:
19821:
19819:
19815:
19807:
19804:
19803:
19802:
19801:Shadow docket
19799:
19795:
19792:
19790:
19787:
19785:
19782:
19781:
19780:
19779:
19775:
19773:
19771:
19770:Amicus curiae
19767:
19766:
19764:
19762:
19758:
19743:
19740:
19738:
19735:
19733:
19730:
19728:
19725:
19724:
19722:
19718:
19714:
19707:
19702:
19700:
19695:
19693:
19688:
19687:
19684:
19677:
19676:0-226-55682-4
19673:
19669:
19665:
19661:
19657:
19651:
19647:
19642:
19639:
19635:
19631:
19630:Penguin Press
19627:
19623:
19620:
19616:
19610:
19606:
19601:
19598:
19594:
19590:
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19572:
19567:
19563:
19559:
19555:
19551:
19546:
19541:
19537:
19533:
19528:
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19519:
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19511:
19507:
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19499:
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19476:
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19467:
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19444:
19440:
19434:
19430:
19425:
19424:
19413:
19409:
19405:
19404:
19399:
19395:
19394:Woodward, Bob
19392:
19390:
19386:
19382:
19379:
19365:
19360:
19357:
19353:
19349:
19346:
19345:0-375-40943-2
19342:
19338:
19334:
19330:
19327:
19326:0-670-87006-4
19323:
19319:
19315:
19311:
19308:
19305:
19304:
19299:
19296:
19292:
19286:
19282:
19277:
19273:
19267:
19263:
19262:
19256:
19254:
19253:1-56802-130-5
19250:
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19240:
19235:
19232:
19229:
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19216:
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19204:
19201:February 2024
19192:
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18957:
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18886:
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18790:
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18779:
18772:
18759:
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18744:
18737:
18725:
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18710:
18694:
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18672:
18660:
18656:
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18645:
18638:
18625:
18621:
18617:
18613:
18607:
18605:
18593:September 28,
18588:
18584:
18580:
18573:
18562:September 28,
18557:
18553:
18549:
18543:
18536:
18531:
18524:
18508:
18504:
18500:
18499:Graglia, Lino
18494:
18487:
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18471:
18467:
18463:
18456:
18449:
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18092:
18087:
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18065:
18064:
18059:
18055:
18049:
18034:
18033:
18028:
18024:
18018:
18002:
17998:
17997:
17996:The Intercept
17992:
17985:
17977:
17971:
17967:
17960:
17953:
17948:
17942:
17938:
17931:
17924:
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17913:
17909:
17902:
17895:
17883:
17879:
17873:
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17860:
17852:
17846:
17842:
17838:
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17825:
17812:
17808:
17807:
17802:
17795:
17776:
17772:
17768:
17761:
17759:
17753:
17747:
17731:
17727:
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17721:
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17711:
17695:
17691:
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17683:
17676:
17669:
17657:
17653:
17646:
17631:
17627:
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17613:
17612:
17604:
17597:
17585:
17581:
17575:
17560:
17556:
17550:
17535:
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17524:
17509:
17505:
17498:
17483:
17479:
17475:
17471:
17464:
17449:
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17423:
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17413:
17407:
17392:
17388:
17381:
17365:
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17332:
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17324:
17317:
17302:
17298:
17292:
17276:
17272:
17268:
17261:
17254:
17242:
17238:
17237:
17232:
17231:"Dog Whistle"
17228:
17222:
17207:
17203:
17199:
17195:
17188:
17172:
17168:
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17160:
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16752:
16748:
16744:
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16721:
16717:
16713:
16706:
16691:
16687:
16683:
16682:The Economist
16679:
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16631:
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16621:
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16252:
16244:
16240:
16239:
16234:
16227:
16212:
16208:
16204:
16200:
16193:
16178:
16177:Intelligencer
16174:
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16097:
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16058:
16043:
16039:
16035:
16031:
16024:
16008:
16004:
16003:
15998:
15994:
15993:Raskin, Jamie
15988:
15972:
15965:
15949:
15945:
15941:
15934:
15918:
15914:
15910:
15903:
15887:
15883:
15879:
15872:
15861:September 15,
15856:
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15821:
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15810:
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15782:
15778:
15774:
15768:
15752:
15748:
15744:
15737:
15721:
15717:
15713:
15706:
15695:September 21,
15690:
15686:
15682:
15678:
15677:The Economist
15674:
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15649:
15642:
15627:
15623:
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15601:
15597:
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15575:
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15546:
15542:
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15534:
15527:
15519:
15515:
15511:
15505:
15501:
15494:
15479:
15475:
15468:
15461:
15449:
15442:
15431:September 21,
15427:
15423:
15416:
15405:September 22,
15401:
15397:
15393:
15389:
15382:
15371:September 20,
15367:
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14876:
14870:
14865:
14859:
14857:
14855:
14853:
14836:
14832:
14826:
14822:
14821:
14813:
14797:
14793:
14787:
14784:. NYU Press.
14783:
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14556:
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14529:
14514:
14510:
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14436:
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14384:
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14379:
14378:Florida Today
14374:
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14336:
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14116:
14109:
14093:
14089:
14088:
14083:
14076:
14070:
14066:
14062:
14058:
14054:
14053:See generally
14049:
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14023:
14007:
14003:
13997:
13983:
13979:
13973:
13969:
13965:
13961:
13955:
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13924:
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13911:
13904:
13902:
13900:
13898:
13889:
13885:
13881:
13877:
13876:
13871:
13864:
13848:
13844:
13843:
13837:
13832:
13826:
13810:
13806:
13805:
13799:
13794:
13788:
13772:
13768:
13764:
13757:
13741:
13737:
13736:
13731:
13724:
13708:
13704:
13700:
13696:
13692:
13691:
13686:
13679:
13672:
13669:
13665:
13661:
13660:
13656:
13653:
13649:
13644:
13625:
13621:
13617:
13613:
13609:
13608:
13607:The Green Bag
13600:
13593:
13587:
13583:
13578:
13572:
13568:
13564:
13559:
13553:
13549:
13544:
13542:
13530:September 28,
13522:
13518:
13511:
13505:
13497:
13493:
13487:
13480:
13476:
13473:
13467:
13460:
13456:
13453:
13447:
13440:
13436:
13433:
13429:
13425:
13422:
13416:
13409:
13405:
13402:
13398:
13394:
13391:
13385:
13378:
13370:September 24,
13362:
13358:
13354:
13347:
13340:
13324:
13320:
13316:
13309:
13293:
13289:
13285:
13278:
13259:
13255:
13251:
13250:
13242:
13235:
13229:
13225:
13220:
13218:
13211:
13207:
13202:
13196:
13192:
13187:
13181:
13177:
13172:
13166:
13162:
13157:
13141:
13137:
13133:
13129:
13125:
13119:
13103:
13099:
13098:Famous Trials
13095:
13088:
13081:
13069:
13065:
13061:
13057:
13050:
13048:
13040:
13027:
13023:
13019:
13015:
13008:
13006:
13004:
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12991:
12990:
12983:
12976:
12972:
12966:
12950:
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12940:
12936:
12930:
12923:
12919:
12913:
12897:
12893:
12889:
12883:
12881:
12864:
12860:
12856:
12850:
12834:
12830:
12824:
12808:
12804:
12798:
12796:
12794:
12777:
12773:
12767:
12765:
12763:
12761:
12759:
12752:(3): 282β296.
12751:
12748:
12744:
12740:
12739:Joan Biskupic
12736:
12730:
12715:
12711:
12705:
12698:
12693:
12689:
12684:
12679:
12675:
12671:
12667:
12663:
12662:
12657:
12650:
12643:
12627:
12623:
12617:
12610:
12609:
12601:
12594:
12581:
12577:
12576:
12571:
12567:
12561:
12555:
12554:0-7006-0946-6
12551:
12547:
12541:
12534:
12521:
12517:
12511:
12504:
12499:
12495:
12491:
12485:
12469:
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12407:
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12089:
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12066:
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12039:
12035:
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12024:
12008:
12004:
12000:
11994:
11992:
11975:
11971:
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11960:
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11929:
11913:
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11558:
11541:
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11503:
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11482:
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11468:
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11450:
11443:
11427:
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11390:
11389:
11384:
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11362:
11358:
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11327:
11323:
11317:
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11186:
11179:
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11142:
11138:
11132:
11116:
11112:
11106:
11087:
11080:
11074:
11067:
11063:
11059:
11056:
11055:
11049:
11033:
11029:
11023:
11015:
11011:
11007:
11003:
10999:
10995:
10991:
10987:
10980:
10964:
10960:
10958:0-19-506090-3
10954:
10950:
10949:
10941:
10925:
10921:
10915:
10899:
10895:
10889:
10873:
10869:
10865:
10858:
10842:
10838:
10834:
10828:
10812:
10808:
10801:
10793:
10789:
10785:
10781:
10777:
10773:
10769:
10765:
10761:
10755:
10748:
10735:
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10727:
10721:
10714:
10708:
10701:
10697:
10693:
10688:
10681:
10677:
10671:
10655:
10651:
10650:
10645:
10641:
10635:
10619:
10615:
10614:
10609:
10605:
10599:
10583:
10579:
10575:
10571:
10565:
10549:
10545:
10541:
10537:
10536:Sabato, Larry
10531:
10529:
10527:
10515:September 20,
10510:
10506:
10502:
10495:
10479:
10475:
10471:
10465:
10444:
10437:
10431:
10422:
10415:
10413:
10397:
10393:
10386:
10379:
10377:
10369:
10365:
10361:
10357:
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10343:
10337:
10333:
10329:
10325:
10318:
10299:
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10281:
10265:
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10260:
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10206:
10202:
10198:
10192:
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10169:
10165:
10161:
10154:
10147:
10131:
10127:
10123:
10116:
10109:
10105:
10100:
10093:
10089:
10088:5 U.S.C.
10083:
10067:
10063:
10057:
10050:
10038:
10034:
10033:
10028:
10021:
10014:
10012:
9997:
9993:
9992:
9987:
9980:
9964:
9960:
9954:
9938:
9934:
9930:
9924:
9908:
9904:
9900:
9894:
9878:
9874:
9870:
9867:
9861:
9854:
9841:
9837:
9836:
9831:
9827:
9821:
9814:
9802:
9798:
9797:
9792:
9785:
9778:
9765:
9761:
9757:
9750:
9734:
9730:
9729:
9724:
9718:
9711:
9699:
9695:
9694:
9689:
9685:
9679:
9672:
9659:
9655:
9654:
9649:
9645:
9639:
9632:
9619:
9615:
9611:
9607:
9601:
9594:
9581:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9563:
9556:
9543:
9539:
9535:
9528:
9513:
9509:
9502:
9487:
9483:
9476:
9469:
9456:
9452:
9451:
9446:
9442:
9436:
9429:
9418:
9417:
9412:
9405:
9398:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9371:
9364:
9351:
9347:
9346:
9341:
9334:
9327:
9314:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9296:
9289:
9276:
9272:
9268:
9264:
9258:
9251:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9223:
9216:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9189:
9182:
9169:
9165:
9161:
9154:
9147:
9134:
9130:
9126:
9119:
9112:
9099:
9095:
9091:
9085:
9079:
9078:0-19-505835-6
9075:
9071:
9067:
9061:
9054:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9028:
9026:
9018:
9006:
9002:
8998:
8992:
8985:
8972:
8968:
8967:
8962:
8956:
8949:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8921:
8914:
8908:
8889:
8885:
8881:
8874:
8870:
8864:
8857:
8844:
8840:
8836:
8830:
8823:
8810:
8806:
8805:
8800:
8794:
8787:
8775:
8771:
8770:
8765:
8759:
8752:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8724:
8717:
8704:
8700:
8699:
8694:
8690:
8684:
8677:
8664:
8660:
8659:
8654:
8648:
8641:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8614:
8607:
8595:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8577:
8570:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8539:
8532:
8519:
8515:
8514:
8509:
8502:
8495:
8493:
8476:
8472:
8465:
8458:
8451:
8439:
8435:
8434:
8429:
8425:
8419:
8412:
8399:
8395:
8389:
8385:
8384:
8376:
8369:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8342:
8335:
8323:
8319:
8313:
8309:
8308:
8300:
8293:
8281:
8277:
8271:
8264:
8251:
8247:
8241:
8234:
8229:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8214:
8206:
8199:
8187:
8183:
8176:
8169:
8157:
8153:
8151:0-8223-0968-8
8147:
8143:
8139:
8138:Edward Keynes
8133:
8126:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8095:
8088:
8075:
8071:
8070:
8065:
8058:
8051:
8038:
8034:
8033:
8028:
8021:
8014:
8012:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7984:
7982:
7974:
7959:
7955:
7948:
7942:
7940:
7932:
7919:
7915:
7914:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7900:Souter, David
7897:
7893:
7887:
7880:
7864:
7860:
7853:
7847:
7840:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7810:
7803:
7801:
7787:
7783:
7782:
7777:
7771:
7764:
7751:
7747:
7741:
7736:
7732:
7726:
7719:
7718:
7711:
7704:
7692:
7688:
7687:
7682:
7678:
7677:Epps, Garrett
7672:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7610:
7603:
7591:
7587:
7585:0-8147-3114-7
7581:
7577:
7570:
7563:
7557:
7549:
7545:
7544:
7536:
7517:
7510:
7503:
7487:
7483:
7477:
7469:
7463:
7459:
7452:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7417:
7401:
7397:
7391:
7375:
7371:
7365:
7363:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7331:
7325:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7290:
7281:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7243:
7241:
7233:
7229:
7223:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7185:
7181:
7170:
7166:
7165:
7161:
7158:
7154:
7153:
7149:
7146:
7142:
7141:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7121:
7118:
7114:
7113:
7109:
7106:
7102:
7101:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7065:
7062:
7061:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7032:
7031:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7003:
7000:
6996:
6995:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6935:
6932:
6931:Lord's Prayer
6928:
6924:
6923:
6919:
6916:
6912:
6911:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6899:
6896:
6892:
6891:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6879:
6876:
6872:
6871:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6811:
6810:
6807:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6731:
6727:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6700:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6671:
6661:
6659:
6655:
6654:Ian Millhiser
6649:Too few cases
6646:
6644:
6640:
6635:
6633:
6629:
6628:shadow docket
6623:
6619:
6618:Shadow docket
6609:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6589:
6587:
6583:
6582:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6565:Kevin Gutzman
6562:
6559:Advocates of
6557:
6555:
6550:
6549:John Marshall
6545:
6541:
6536:
6534:
6530:
6529:federal power
6526:
6525:
6520:
6516:
6515:James Madison
6506:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6494:
6493:
6488:
6487:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6475:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6429:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6407:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6393:
6384:
6382:
6378:
6377:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6353:
6347:
6345:
6344:Stare decisis
6341:
6337:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6308:
6306:
6302:
6291:
6281:
6277:
6271:
6269:
6265:
6260:This section
6258:
6249:
6248:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6196:Josh Blackman
6193:
6192:
6187:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6137:
6132:
6131:
6122:
6121:
6115:
6111:
6109:
6108:habeas corpus
6105:
6101:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6082:Warren Burger
6078:
6076:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6058:
6053:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6042:
6030:
6020:
6016:
6010:
6008:
6004:
5999:This section
5997:
5988:
5987:
5978:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5955:authoritarian
5952:
5948:
5941:
5931:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5888:
5886:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5780:
5777:
5772:
5770:
5769:minority rule
5765:
5761:
5755:
5751:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5693:
5688:
5680:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5635:Alex Kozinski
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5464:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5421:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5405:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5372:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5331:
5327:
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5320:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5273:John Marshall
5270:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5256:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5229:
5224:
5220:
5219:John Marshall
5216:
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5205:
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5198:
5194:
5190:
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4990:Slip opinions
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4823:
4819:
4813:Oral argument
4810:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4798:amicus briefs
4789:
4787:
4783:
4782:circuit split
4774:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4762:death penalty
4759:
4755:
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4609:
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4599:
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4594:
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4590:
4587:
4585:
4584:Tenth Circuit
4582:
4581:
4578:
4577:Justice Kagan
4575:
4573:
4572:Ninth Circuit
4570:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4536:Sixth Circuit
4534:
4533:
4530:
4529:Justice Alito
4527:
4525:
4524:Fifth Circuit
4522:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4505:Justice Alito
4503:
4501:
4500:Third Circuit
4498:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4476:First Circuit
4474:
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4462:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4427:habeas corpus
4423:
4419:
4418:All Writs Act
4413:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4385:
4375:
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4130:
4127:
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4125:
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4120:
4119:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:Voting rights
4101:
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4089:
4086:
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4079:
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4008:
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4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3974:Equal footing
3972:
3970:
3969:Republicanism
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
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3889:
3888:
3880:
3864:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3823:Old City Hall
3815:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
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3749:
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3726:
3723:
3715:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673: β
3672:
3668:
3667:Find sources:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3645:This section
3643:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3625:
3623:
3619:
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3609:
3603:
3588:
3585:June 30, 2022
3583:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3519:June 29, 2009
3517:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3495:
3494:G. H. W. Bush
3489:
3487:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3459:July 31, 2018
3457:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3422:July 23, 1936
3416:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3374:Appointed by
3367:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3354:senior status
3351:
3350:First Circuit
3347:
3343:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
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3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3227:U.S. military
3223:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3184:County Antrim
3181:
3177:
3173:
3172:James Iredell
3169:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3108:
3099:
3096:Judge of the
3093:
3090:Judge of the
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3083:
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3078:
3077:
3073:
3070:Judge of the
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3056:Judge of the
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3042:Judge of the
3041:
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3036:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3015:Judge of the
3012:
3009:Judge of the
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2995:Judge of the
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2976:Judge of the
2973:
2970:Chair of the
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2956:Judge of the
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2898:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2870:Presbyterians
2867:
2863:
2859:
2856:, and one is
2855:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2843:Justice Alito
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
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2790:
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2779:
2774:June 30, 2022
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2381:June 25, 1954
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2309:April 1, 1950
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2250:
2249:G. H. W. Bush
2244:
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2237:June 23, 1948
2234:
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2097:
2094:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2070:swing justice
2066:
2060:
2058:
2054:
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2046:
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2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:seven in 1807
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
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1801:Federalist 78
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1776:
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1758:
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1743:
1741:
1740:John Rutledge
1736:
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1674:Harriet Miers
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1608:Ronald Reagan
1605:
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1572:
1571:plenary power
1568:
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1454:
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1449:
1444:
1443:
1439:), abortion (
1438:
1437:
1436:Shelby County
1432:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1407:controversial
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1366:) but upheld
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1308:
1307:
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1301:death penalty
1298:
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1281:
1276:
1275:abortion laws
1269:
1262:
1258:
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1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1215:Roberts Court
1212:
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1095:violates the
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1021:
1017:
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1005:
1001:
993:
989:
985:
981:
980:Pierce Butler
977:
976:Four Horsemen
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:Erich Salomon
949:
944:
937:
932:
927:
923:
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903:
902:
897:
896:
891:
887:
886:
881:
877:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
847:
842:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:
806:
805:
800:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:
743:
741:
740:
735:
734:
729:
728:
723:
719:
718:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
693:
688:
684:
683:
678:
670:
669:John Marshall
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
639:
637:
633:
629:
624:
619:
617:
616:James Iredell
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:John Rutledge
593:
589:
584:
582:
581:circuit court
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
546:James Madison
543:
539:
535:
527:
523:
518:
510:
505:
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493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
430:statutory law
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:highest court
383:
379:
370:
367:
363:
360:
357:
353:
350:
346:
342:
336:
332:
329:
325:
321:
318:
315:
311:
308:
305:
303:Authorized by
301:
298:
295:
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288:
284:
279:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
215:
211:
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145:
137:
127:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65:
61:
58:
55:(refs: 8, 84)
54:
51:
47:
44:
43:
40:
35:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
26178:
26161:
26144:
26127:
26115:from Commons
26110:
26093:
26072:
25925:Human rights
25905:Gun politics
25856:Islamophobia
25846:antisemitism
25714:Hospice care
25656:Middle class
25636:Homelessness
25613:Social class
25573:Social class
25437:Human rights
25427:Homelessness
25339:middle class
25304:Demographics
25279:Architecture
25186:Unemployment
25166:Labor unions
24914:Town meeting
24891:City council
24886:City manager
24627:State police
24489:Marine Corps
24479:Armed Forces
24454:civil rights
24434:Constitution
24338:
24006:Southwestern
24001:Southeastern
23991:Northwestern
23986:Northeastern
23951:Mid-Atlantic
23941:Great Plains
23659:World War II
23542:Constitution
23446:Colonial era
23425:2008βpresent
23264:Human rights
23185:Types of law
23126:State courts
23078:
23026:Civil rights
22948:
22777:Marine Corps
22730:
22492:South Dakota
22482:Rhode Island
22477:Pennsylvania
22447:North Dakota
22262:
22261:
22200:
22147:
21606:
21493:
21418:
21117:Van Devanter
21005:J. M. Harlan
20734:
20731:2005βpresent
20727:John Roberts
20718:
20702:
20686:
20670:
20654:
20638:
20622:
20606:
20590:
20574:
20558:
20542:
20526:
20510:
20494:
20478:
20445:
20351:
20344:
20317:
20081:unsuccessful
20049:All justices
20032:and nominees
20008:Burger Court
20002:Warren Court
19996:Vinson Court
19984:Hughes Court
19966:Fuller Court
19901:David Souter
19863:Neil Gorsuch
19848:Samuel Alito
19836:
19830:John Roberts
19823:
19777:
19769:
19712:
19663:
19645:
19628:. New York:
19625:
19604:
19588:
19570:
19517:
19513:
19495:
19474:
19447:
19428:
19401:
19384:
19372:February 13,
19370:. Retrieved
19355:
19335:. New York:
19332:
19318:Viking Press
19316:. New York:
19313:
19301:
19280:
19260:
19237:
19214:
19198:
19190:
19172:Bibliography
19158:. Retrieved
19149:
19140:
19131:
19122:
19113:
19104:
19095:
19083:. Retrieved
19071:
19049:Bush v. Gore
19048:
19042:
19030:. Retrieved
19021:
19008:
18996:. Retrieved
18992:
18982:
18972:December 18,
18970:. Retrieved
18959:
18949:
18939:December 14,
18937:. Retrieved
18928:
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4757:
4754:rule of four
4751:
4744:
4734:
4731:special jury
4722:
4712:
4706:
4702:
4688:
4685:
4680:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4619:
4448:
4436:
4425:
4414:
4388:
4381:
4371:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4345:
4334:
4330:
4318:
4314:
4306:
4298:
4276:
4270:
4253:
4228:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4006:
3883:Jurisdiction
3852:
3828:Cass Gilbert
3819:
3814:U.S. Capitol
3788:
3777:
3764:Neil Gorsuch
3752:Samuel Alito
3748:John Roberts
3718:
3712:January 2019
3709:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3666:
3654:Please help
3649:verification
3646:
3611:
3478:David Souter
3358:
3338:
3326:
3283:
3261:
3258:
3242:
3224:
3188:David Brewer
3170:, Scotland;
3165:
3154:, the first
3113:
3100:(2021β2022)
3074:(2017β2020)
3060:(2006β2018)
3046:(2006β2017)
3038:Neil Gorsuch
3032:(2009β2010)
3019:(1998β2009)
2999:(1990β2006)
2986:Samuel Alito
2980:(1990β1991)
2960:(2003β2005)
2952:John Roberts
2936:
2912:John Roberts
2897:Juris Doctor
2894:
2866:Episcopalian
2862:Neil Gorsuch
2847:
2816:
2787:
2730:
2656:
2584:
2517:Neil Gorsuch
2512:
2440:
2368:
2301:Samuel Alito
2296:
2224:
2157:John Roberts
2152:
2123:Start date /
2093:John Roberts
2090:
2061:
2049:Nancy Pelosi
2026:
1994:
1970:
1962:nine in 1837
1938:
1922:
1913:James Monroe
1909:Jimmy Carter
1882:
1862:
1858:Samuel Alito
1833:Samuel Chase
1814:
1799:
1775:Larry Sabato
1771:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1728:
1707:
1691:
1666:
1647:Barack Obama
1635:Neil Gorsuch
1631:Donald Trump
1612:
1576:
1548:
1539:John Roberts
1508:Baze v. Rees
1506:
1488:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1456:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1424:
1414:
1404:
1395:Bush v. Gore
1393:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1361:
1351:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1310:
1304:
1294:
1288:
1278:
1267:
1265:
1245:John Roberts
1233:David Souter
1207:Burger Court
1192:
1182:
1168:
1160:Mapp v. Ohio
1158:
1155:incorporated
1148:
1142:
1136:
1126:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1053:
1046:World War II
1039:
1033:
1023:
997:
972:Owen Roberts
968:Harlan Stone
948:Hughes Court
926:Warren Court
922:Vinson Court
914:Hughes Court
908:New Deal era
899:
893:
883:
873:
866:incorporated
851:
844:
838:
808:
802:
796:
785:Fuller Court
757:Samuel Chase
746:
744:
737:
731:
725:
715:
712:Constitution
701:
690:
680:
674:
628:Philadelphia
620:
608:James Wilson
585:
570:through the
565:
554:
531:
489:
443:through the
441:1st Congress
434:
381:
377:
375:
359:John Roberts
339:supremecourt
297:confirmation
290:Presidential
155:
140:
131:
33:
26095:Definitions
25930:Immigration
25861:LGBT rights
25763:Food safety
25598:Video games
25191:Wall Street
25171:Public debt
25074:Agriculture
25010:nationalism
24722:Uniform act
24644:Legislative
24551:Territorial
24509:Coast Guard
24504:Space Force
24254:Legislative
24049:Red (South)
24039:Mississippi
23961:New England
23897:Appalachian
23867:Earthquakes
23764:Discoveries
23759:Demographic
23701:Vietnam War
23644:World War I
23639:Imperialism
23589:Indian Wars
23564:War of 1812
23176:Reading law
23008:legislation
22830:Coast Guard
22586:Puerto Rico
22557:Territorial
22397:Mississippi
22312:Connecticut
22128:Saint Lucia
22063:El Salvador
21369:(1994β2022)
21363:(1993β2020)
21351:(1990β2009)
21345:(1988β2018)
21339:(1986β2016)
21333:(1981β2006)
21327:(1975β2010)
21313:(1972β1987)
21307:(1970β1994)
21301:(1967β1991)
21299:T. Marshall
21295:(1965β1969)
21289:(1962β1965)
21283:(1962β1993)
21277:(1958β1981)
21271:(1957β1962)
21265:(1956β1990)
21259:(1955β1971)
21253:(1949β1956)
21247:(1949β1967)
21241:(1945β1958)
21235:(1943β1949)
21233:W. Rutledge
21229:(1941β1954)
21223:(1941β1942)
21217:(1940β1949)
21211:(1939β1975)
21205:(1939β1962)
21203:Frankfurter
21199:(1938β1957)
21193:(1937β1971)
21187:(1932β1938)
21181:(1930β1945)
21167:(1923β1930)
21161:(1923β1939)
21155:(1922β1938)
21149:(1916β1922)
21143:(1916β1939)
21137:(1914β1941)
21131:(1912β1922)
21125:(1911β1916)
21119:(1911β1937)
21105:(1910β1914)
21099:(1906β1910)
21093:(1903β1922)
21087:(1902β1932)
21081:(1898β1925)
21075:(1896β1909)
21061:(1893β1895)
21055:(1892β1903)
21049:(1891β1906)
21043:(1890β1910)
21037:(1888β1893)
21031:(1882β1893)
21025:(1882β1902)
21019:(1881β1889)
21013:(1881β1887)
21007:(1877β1911)
21001:(1873β1882)
20995:(1870β1892)
20989:(1870β1880)
20983:(1863β1897)
20977:(1862β1877)
20971:(1862β1890)
20965:(1862β1881)
20959:(1858β1881)
20953:(1853β1861)
20947:(1851β1857)
20941:(1846β1870)
20935:(1845β1851)
20929:(1845β1872)
20923:(1842β1860)
20917:(1838β1852)
20911:(1837β1865)
20905:(1836β1841)
20899:(1835β1867)
20893:(1830β1844)
20887:(1829β1861)
20881:(1826β1828)
20875:(1823β1843)
20869:(1812β1845)
20863:(1811β1835)
20857:(1807β1826)
20851:(1807β1823)
20845:(1804β1834)
20839:(1800β1804)
20833:(1798β1829)
20827:(1796β1811)
20821:(1793β1806)
20815:(1792β1793)
20809:(1790β1799)
20803:(1790β1795)
20797:(1789β1798)
20791:(1790β1810)
20782:J. Rutledge
20679:Earl Warren
20016:(1986β2005)
20010:(1969β1986)
20004:(1953β1969)
19998:(1946β1953)
19992:(1941β1946)
19990:Stone Court
19986:(1930β1941)
19980:(1921β1930)
19974:(1910β1921)
19972:White Court
19968:(1888β1910)
19962:(1874β1888)
19960:Waite Court
19956:(1864β1873)
19954:Chase Court
19950:(1836β1864)
19948:Taney Court
19944:(1801β1835)
19938:(1796β1800)
19926:(1789β1795)
19858:Elena Kagan
19306:, 17th ed.
19032:October 23,
18875:February 8,
18870:@politifact
18849:February 8,
18764:October 23,
18730:October 23,
18665:October 23,
18630:October 23,
18513:October 23,
18476:October 30,
18441:October 30,
18410:October 27,
18335:October 24,
18294:October 27,
18259:October 27,
18221:October 27,
18193:discretion.
18186:October 27,
18154:Government.
18147:October 24,
17888:October 29,
17736:October 22,
17700:November 8,
17662:October 23,
17337:October 30,
17301:www.nps.gov
17281:October 23,
17247:October 22,
17177:January 30,
16695:December 2,
15483:October 20,
15454:February 5,
15094:January 30,
14841:October 29,
14763:October 29,
14484:October 29,
14411:February 3,
14356:February 3,
14251:"Sliplists"
14158:Β§ 2109
14012:January 31,
13815:October 17,
13777:October 31,
13767:Legal Times
13746:October 31,
13735:Legal Times
13652:Β§ 1872
13633:February 5,
13586:Β§ 1253
13569:; see also
13567:Β§ 1257
13552:Β§ 1254
13298:October 31,
13228:Β§ 1257
13210:Β§ 1260
13195:Β§ 1258
13180:Β§ 1259
13165:Β§ 1254
13018:ABA Journal
12869:January 31,
12839:October 24,
12782:October 24,
12635:January 31,
12503:impartial.'
12474:February 8,
12443:February 8,
12412:February 8,
12381:October 30,
12071:October 12,
12044:October 12,
11579:October 21,
11199:January 29,
11168:October 27,
10740:October 28,
10660:October 10,
10624:October 27,
10588:October 10,
10554:October 23,
10484:January 25,
10092:Β§ 2902
10011:Roe v. Wade
9846:November 1,
9807:November 1,
9770:November 1,
9739:January 22,
9704:November 1,
9664:February 1,
9624:February 1,
9586:November 1,
9548:November 1,
9461:October 31,
9391:October 31,
9356:October 31,
9319:October 31,
9281:October 31,
9243:October 31,
9209:October 31,
9174:October 31,
9146:amendments.
9139:October 31,
9104:October 31,
9047:October 31,
9011:October 31,
8977:October 31,
8941:October 31,
8897:February 6,
8849:October 31,
8815:October 31,
8780:October 31,
8744:October 31,
8709:October 31,
8669:October 31,
8633:October 31,
8600:October 31,
8562:October 31,
8544:Cohen, Adam
8524:October 31,
8492:Lochner era
8484:October 31,
8444:October 31,
8404:October 31,
8328:October 29,
8286:October 31,
8256:October 31,
8191:October 31,
8162:October 31,
8118:October 31,
8080:October 31,
8043:October 31,
8003:October 31,
7967:October 31,
7924:December 8,
7872:October 31,
7833:October 31,
7792:October 31,
7756:October 31,
7697:October 31,
7596:October 31,
7212:October 23,
6994:Roe v. Wade
6468:Roe v. Wade
6413:Adam Liptak
6361:Robert Bork
6326:Roe v. Wade
6313:Roe v. Wade
6136:Roe v. Wade
6120:Roe v. Wade
6092:criticized
6067:(1883) and
6052:segregation
5947:Aziz Z. Huq
5873:, wrote in
5817:January 6th
5764:U.S. Senate
5734:Roe v. Wade
5544:Byron White
5490:Horace Gray
5249:Constraints
5138:Roe v. Wade
4944:August 2021
4372:Roe v. Wade
4350:(1816) and
4154:Purposivism
4134:Originalism
4098:Citizenship
4088:Due process
3959:Rule of law
3836:law library
3756:Elena Kagan
3346:chief judge
3202:, Turkey);
3186:, Ireland;
3178:, England;
3094:(2013β2021)
3088:(2010β2014)
3025:Elena Kagan
3013:(1992β1998)
2993:(1987β1990)
2974:(1982β1990)
2908:Elena Kagan
2886:Roger Taney
2673:New Orleans
2445:Elena Kagan
2033:Republicans
1966:ten in 1863
1947:), but the
1945:life tenure
1788:term limits
1627:Earl Warren
1625:to succeed
1604:Robert Bork
1592:Wall Street
1519:Composition
1280:Roe v. Wade
1121:) and that
1078:), and the
998:During the
974:, and the "
918:Stone Court
789:White Court
781:Waite Court
777:Chase Court
773:Taney Court
755:of Justice
475:, with the
410:federal law
402:state court
317:Life tenure
273: /
248:Coordinates
213:Established
200: /
26193:Categories
26146:Quotations
25964:Xenophobia
25753:Disability
25694:Healthcare
25603:Visual art
25548:Philosophy
25494:television
25484:newspapers
25474:journalism
25464:Literature
25376:attainment
25027:Republican
25022:Democratic
24995:Ideologies
24956:Corruption
24521:NOAA Corps
24444:preemption
24439:federalism
24054:Rio Grande
23956:Midwestern
23936:West Coast
23931:East Coast
23774:Inventions
23686:Space Race
23681:Korean War
23664:home front
23599:Gilded Age
23156:Law school
23101:Bankruptcy
23016:Federalism
22532:Washington
22432:New Mexico
22427:New Jersey
22302:California
22038:Costa Rica
21780:Eisenhower
21614:Washington
21531:Eisenhower
21476:Presidents
21409:K. Jackson
21227:R. Jackson
21179:O. Roberts
21153:Sutherland
21135:McReynolds
21059:H. Jackson
21029:Blatchford
20849:Livingston
20843:W. Johnson
20831:Washington
20813:T. Johnson
20104:court size
19978:Taft Court
19778:Certiorari
19761:Procedures
19466:1380786442
18552:ScotusBlog
18032:New Yorker
17508:HeinOnline
16815:ProPublica
16216:August 23,
16182:August 23,
16142:August 23,
15923:October 5,
15518:1120147424
15478:ProPublica
14325:August 22,
14291:August 22,
14261:January 1,
14235:January 9,
14195:January 9,
14119:SCOTUSblog
13939:ProPublica
13713:October 2,
13614:(4): 378.
13288:Justia Law
13060:Humanities
12661:Demography
11432:October 8,
10878:August 23,
10368:certiorari
10364:certiorari
9486:ProPublica
8948:privacy...
7177:References
6804:See also:
6521:argued in
6336:David Litt
6305:Textualism
6288:March 2024
6268:irrelevant
6104:Guantanamo
6098:for being
6041:Dred Scott
6027:March 2024
6007:irrelevant
5913:discipline
5866:corruption
5839:moveon.org
5633:and Judge
5617:for Judge
5597:for Judge
5593:, Justice
5533:moot court
5529:law review
5502:law school
5474:certiorari
5469:law clerks
5457:Law clerks
5120:)", where
5072:LexisNexis
4897:status quo
4867:Concurring
4807:fact-check
4802:law review
4758:certiorari
4669:respondent
4665:petitioner
4658:respondent
4653:petitioner
4643:certiorari
4400:certiorari
4331:certiorari
4319:certiorari
4315:certiorari
4307:certiorari
4299:certiorari
4278:certiorari
4239:Ed Johnson
4159:Textualism
3964:Federalism
3941:Principles
3921:Amendments
3869:am to 3:30
3857:am to 4:30
3794:Facilities
3682:newspapers
3606:See also:
3391:Start date
3385:Retirement
3278:Republican
3274:Democratic
3120:Protestant
2932:Notre Dame
2904:law school
2901:Ivy League
2878:Methodists
2874:Unitarians
2858:Protestant
2829:) and one
2321:G. W. Bush
2177:G. W. Bush
2128:Succeeded
2080:See also:
2076:Membership
1995:President
1889:John Tyler
1865:Hugo Black
1845:Abe Fortas
1623:Abe Fortas
1615:filibuster
1378:reaffirmed
1356:) and the
1320:federalism
1189:defamation
1044:). During
958:(center),
882:statutes (
852:Under the
793:Taft Court
451:and eight
328:by statute
261:77Β°00β²16β³W
258:38Β°53β²26β³N
223:1789-03-04
188:77Β°00β²16β³W
185:38Β°53β²26β³N
25947:Terrorism
25724:Rationing
25621:Affluence
25568:Sexuality
25536:Uncle Sam
25442:Languages
25371:Education
25314:affluence
25274:Americana
25201:Transport
25099:Insurance
25089:Companies
25069:By sector
24961:Elections
24602:Treasurer
24560:Executive
24499:Air Force
24471:Uniformed
24294:President
24111:Executive
23882:Mountains
23815:Territory
23803:Geography
23627:1954β1968
23622:1896β1954
23617:1865β1896
23579:Civil War
23420:1991β2008
23415:1980β1991
23410:1964β1980
23405:1945β1964
23400:1917β1945
23395:1865β1917
23390:1849β1865
23385:1815β1849
23380:1789β1815
23375:1776β1789
23368:By period
23247:Procedure
23237:Corporate
23148:Education
22814:Air Force
22724:Standards
22694:Authority
22542:Wisconsin
22497:Tennessee
22456:Oklahoma
22392:Minnesota
22367:Louisiana
22190:Caribbean
22158:Venezuela
22103:Nicaragua
22073:Guatemala
21993:Argentina
21978:Sovereign
21649:Van Buren
21624:Jefferson
21397:Kavanaugh
21379:Sotomayor
21318:Rehnquist
21269:Whittaker
20715:1986β2005
20699:1969β1986
20683:1953β1969
20667:1946β1953
20651:1941β1946
20635:1930β1941
20619:1921β1930
20603:1910β1921
20587:1888β1910
20571:1874β1888
20555:1864β1873
20539:1836β1864
20523:1801β1835
20507:1796β1800
20475:1789β1795
20184:Law clerk
20059:education
19924:Jay Court
19720:The court
19527:1407.6333
19160:March 27,
19080:1091-2339
18904:0028-6583
18370:March 24,
17635:March 18,
17590:March 25,
17564:March 20,
17539:March 27,
17513:March 27,
17487:March 27,
17482:0028-792X
17453:March 27,
17427:March 27,
17396:March 27,
17370:March 20,
17344:territory
17306:March 27,
17206:1091-2339
17167:247499952
17159:0002-7162
17083:March 28,
16919:0028-792X
16755:0261-3077
16690:0013-0613
16599:0028-6583
16528:0362-4331
16494:0190-8286
16320:0028-6583
16211:0190-8286
16108:0261-3077
16042:0261-3077
15789:0362-4331
15757:March 26,
15685:0013-0613
15657:March 27,
15631:March 28,
15605:March 28,
15579:March 28,
15545:0028-6583
15400:0190-8286
15358:Balz, Dan
15219:April 26,
15177:2375-2548
14715:April 20,
14658:April 20,
14513:0028-6583
14098:March 24,
13988:March 31,
13888:0029-3571
13703:0044-0094
13620:1095-5216
13492:28 U.S.C.
13329:April 27,
13267:April 27,
13108:April 27,
13074:April 27,
13032:April 27,
12971:28 U.S.C.
12955:April 27,
12918:28 U.S.C.
12813:March 19,
12464:Brookings
12429:"Opinion"
12346:April 20,
12316:justice."
12309:April 20,
12266:0362-4331
12199:142355294
12155:1094-2939
12114:1094-2939
12034:USA Today
11851:0190-8286
11634:The Times
11335:March 19,
11306:March 20,
11014:154590128
10969:April 12,
10904:April 29,
10847:March 18,
10817:April 29,
10747:security.
10405:August 6,
10168:1080-675X
9777:Heller...
9517:March 18,
9491:March 18,
9381:USA Today
8734:USA Today
8433:USA Today
8361:March 30,
7913:USA Today
7643:0044-0094
7525:April 26,
6552:theorist
6264:excessive
6003:excessive
5492:in 1882.
5398:Section 2
4786:cert pool
4727:empaneled
4405:28 U.S.C.
4313:(through
4305:(through
4297:(through
4275:(through
3780:seniority
3314:Sotomayor
3310:Kavanaugh
3280:president
2852:, one is
2839:immigrant
2835:Sotomayor
2677:Louisiana
2209:Rehnquist
2105:Justice /
2053:Joe Biden
1687:appointee
1610:in 1987.
1567:officials
1559:president
880:antitrust
817:. In the
753:acquittal
677:Ellsworth
648:Jay Court
568:judiciary
522:City Hall
473:president
469:impeached
396:over all
384:) is the
355:Currently
41:detected:
26053:Politics
26003:Category
25699:Abortion
25563:Religion
25521:Columbia
25479:internet
25415:Holidays
25410:Folklore
25381:literacy
25319:eviction
25209:Aviation
25181:Taxation
25136:Currency
25129:by state
25039:Scandals
24909:Township
24667:Judicial
24568:Governor
24331:Judicial
24217:Marshals
24090:Politics
24044:Missouri
24034:Columbia
24029:Colorado
24024:Arkansas
24017:Longest
23996:Southern
23981:Northern
23825:counties
23779:Military
23769:Economic
23747:By topic
23726:Iraq War
23676:Cold War
23434:By event
23269:Juvenile
23242:Criminal
23232:Property
23227:Contract
23192:Abortion
23089:District
22804:Navy JAG
22767:Army JAG
22600:Obsolete
22527:Virginia
22510:criminal
22465:criminal
22437:New York
22412:Nebraska
22402:Missouri
22387:Michigan
22377:Maryland
22362:Kentucky
22342:Illinois
22317:Delaware
22307:Colorado
22297:Arkansas
22138:Suriname
22113:Paraguay
22088:Honduras
22048:Dominica
22033:Colombia
22003:Barbados
21760:Coolidge
21735:McKinley
21704:Garfield
21679:Buchanan
21669:Fillmore
21511:Coolidge
21478:and the
21361:Ginsburg
21331:O'Connor
21305:Blackmun
21287:Goldberg
21281:B. White
21141:Brandeis
21123:J. Lamar
21066:E. White
21035:L. Lamar
21017:Matthews
20957:Clifford
20951:Campbell
20933:Woodbury
20915:McKinley
20873:Thompson
20825:S. Chase
20819:Paterson
20471:John Jay
20257:Former:
20244:Location
19624:(2007).
19554:28403140
19514:PLOS ONE
19400:(1979).
19224:Archived
19123:PBS News
19085:June 18,
19026:Archived
18966:Archived
18933:Archived
18693:Archived
18624:Archived
18587:Archived
18556:Archived
18535:freedom.
18470:Archived
18435:Archived
18404:Archived
18364:Archived
18329:Archived
18316:(1998).
18288:Archived
18253:Archived
18215:Archived
18180:Archived
18141:Archived
18135:(1789).
18091:Politico
18007:June 30,
18001:Archived
17882:Archived
17839:(2023).
17817:March 2,
17775:Archived
17730:Archived
17694:Archived
17656:Archived
17391:Newsweek
17331:Archived
17241:Archived
17171:Archived
17052:Archived
17024:March 2,
17018:Archived
16987:Archived
16952:Archived
16855:Archived
16819:Archived
16759:Archived
16720:Archived
16656:Archived
16630:Archived
16604:June 19,
16572:Politico
16400:Archived
16378:Archived
16325:July 14,
16243:Archived
16152:cite web
16113:June 15,
16007:Archived
15948:Archived
15917:Archived
15913:POLITICO
15892:July 24,
15886:Archived
15855:Archived
15830:July 24,
15824:Archived
15793:Archived
15751:Archived
15747:The Hill
15720:Archived
15689:Archived
15652:Politico
15600:NBC News
15550:June 19,
15426:Newsweek
15255:June 28,
15249:Archived
15195:38457495
15186:10923515
15126:June 19,
15030:Archived
14955:March 2,
14880:Archived
14835:Archived
14796:Archived
14757:Archived
14711:. Justia
14623:Archived
14590:Archived
14478:Archived
14441:June 27,
14435:archived
14350:Archived
14319:Archived
14285:Archived
14226:Archived
14224:. 2018.
14189:Archived
14143:Β§ 1
14124:April 2,
14092:Archived
14032:Archived
14006:Archived
13982:Archived
13847:Archived
13809:Archived
13771:Archived
13740:Archived
13707:Archived
13624:Archived
13521:Archived
13475:Archived
13455:Archived
13435:Archived
13424:Archived
13404:Archived
13393:Archived
13323:Archived
13292:Archived
13258:Archived
13140:Archived
13126:(1993).
13102:Archived
13068:Archived
13026:Archived
12949:Archived
12896:Archived
12807:Archived
12692:20608097
12626:Archived
12580:Archived
12526:June 30,
12520:Archived
12468:Archived
12437:Archived
12433:NBC News
12406:Archived
12375:Archived
12371:Newsweek
12340:Archived
12303:Archived
12298:Fox News
12270:Archived
12065:Archived
12038:Archived
12007:Archived
11974:Archived
11918:July 16,
11912:Archived
11880:Archived
11855:Archived
11777:Archived
11713:cite web
11677:April 7,
11671:Archived
11645:June 15,
11612:June 15,
11573:Archived
11546:April 7,
11540:Archived
11536:ABC News
11426:Archived
11421:The Hill
11399:June 25,
11393:Archived
11388:NBC News
11367:June 25,
11361:Archived
11356:CBS News
11277:April 4,
11271:Archived
11251:April 4,
11245:Archived
11225:April 4,
11219:Archived
11193:Archived
11135:16
11115:Archived
11095:April 4,
11086:Archived
11058:Archived
11032:Archived
11006:20452185
10963:Archived
10930:July 10,
10924:Archived
10898:Archived
10872:Archived
10811:Archived
10792:52212217
10784:20455716
10734:Archived
10654:Archived
10618:Archived
10582:Archived
10548:Archived
10509:Archived
10478:Archived
10452:June 27,
10443:Archived
10412:Resolved
10298:Archived
10264:Archived
10205:Archived
10172:Archived
10130:Archived
10108:Β§ 4
10072:April 8,
10066:Archived
10043:April 7,
10037:Archived
10002:April 9,
9996:Archived
9963:Archived
9937:Archived
9907:Archived
9883:June 19,
9877:Archived
9840:Archived
9801:Archived
9764:Archived
9733:Archived
9698:Archived
9658:Archived
9618:Archived
9580:Archived
9542:Archived
9313:Archived
9275:Archived
9237:Archived
9203:Archived
9168:Archived
9133:Archived
9111:earlier.
9098:Archived
9072:, 1992,
9041:Archived
9005:Archived
8935:Archived
8843:Archived
8594:Archived
8556:Archived
8518:Archived
8475:Archived
8438:Archived
8398:Archived
8355:Archived
8322:Archived
8280:Archived
8156:Archived
8112:Archived
8037:Archived
7958:Archived
7863:Archived
7827:Archived
7823:Newsweek
7750:Archived
7691:Archived
7661:July 16,
7655:Archived
7617:(2004).
7590:Archived
7516:Archived
7486:Archived
7435:Archived
7400:Archived
7374:Archived
7345:Archived
7308:Archived
7264:Archived
7206:Archived
7204:: 1β37.
6999:abortion
6753:See also
6730:releases
6664:Too slow
6569:Brandeis
6270:examples
6009:examples
5876:Politico
5801:recusals
5479:research
5453:(1974).
5423:(1936),
5413:(1871).
5007:, where
4911:(1945).
4903:remanded
4847:Decision
4741:riparian
4458:Justice
4398:pending
4235:lynching
3916:Articles
3908:Overview
3863:holidays
3394:End date
3168:Caskardy
3156:Hispanic
3148:Ginsburg
2943:Justice
2899:from an
2882:Baptists
2880:, and 3
2841:parent:
2831:Hispanic
2717:Ginsburg
2353:O'Connor
2281:Marshall
2136:Present
1823:via the
1821:Congress
1712:through
1494:McDonald
1268:Griswold
1020:New Deal
748:seriatim
704:Marshall
636:chambers
592:John Jay
231:Location
26027:Portals
25987:Outline
25935:illegal
25920:Smoking
25783:Obesity
25666:Poverty
25588:Theater
25578:Society
25432:Housing
25393:Fashion
25349:poverty
25294:Cuisine
25266:Culture
25253:Society
25214:Driving
25141:Exports
25119:Tourism
25079:Banking
25057:Economy
25017:Parties
24861:Charter
24825:Sheriff
24272:Speaker
24140:Cabinet
24103:Federal
24011:Western
23976:Eastern
23971:Central
23966:Pacific
23926:Regions
23877:Islands
23360:History
23279:Privacy
23274:Martial
23084:Appeals
23079:Supreme
22547:Wyoming
22522:Vermont
22407:Montana
22347:Indiana
22327:Georgia
22322:Florida
22292:Arizona
22282:Alabama
22153:Uruguay
22093:Jamaica
22068:Grenada
22058:Ecuador
22013:Bolivia
21998:Bahamas
21885:Clinton
21820:Clinton
21785:Kennedy
21755:Harding
21684:Lincoln
21644:Jackson
21629:Madison
21571:Clinton
21536:Kennedy
21506:Harding
21403:Barrett
21391:Gorsuch
21343:Kennedy
21325:Stevens
21275:Stewart
21263:Brennan
21209:Douglas
21185:Cardozo
21165:Sanford
21079:McKenna
21073:Peckham
20993:Bradley
20903:Barbour
20891:Baldwin
20879:Trimble
20807:Iredell
20789:Cushing
20318:Lochner
20283:Related
20233:Seat 10
20167:Marshal
19916:History
19562:2463244
19545:5389610
19191:updated
19141:npr.org
18342:rights.
18325:: Books
18097:July 3,
18069:July 3,
18038:July 3,
17784:May 13,
17211:July 5,
16716:AP News
16499:July 2,
16465:July 2,
16278:Reuters
16076:June 6,
16047:June 6,
16013:May 29,
15716:AP News
15450:. Slate
15155:Bibcode
15068:May 29,
15039:May 13,
14991:June 7,
14802:May 28,
14677:(ed.).
14537:(ed.).
14518:July 2,
14059:(2008)
13980:. NPR.
13944:July 2,
13138:: 185.
12902:July 6,
12683:3000028
11861:July 8,
11703:July 9,
10332:965β971
10211:May 17,
10181:May 17,
10136:May 17,
9943:July 8,
9913:July 8,
9853:states.
9326:states.
9288:result.
9250:states.
9181:school.
8676:itself.
8218:176β177
7651:4135780
7143:(2023,
7115:(2020,
6997:(1973,
6925:(1963,
6893:(1942,
6606:Al Gore
6320:of the
6180:(2015).
6171:(2003).
5857:titled
5645:of the
5637:of the
5629:of the
5621:of the
5609:of the
5601:of the
5589:of the
5259:Georgia
5060:), and
5021:Miranda
4934:updated
4879:Dissent
4625:Process
4455:Circuit
4333:, e.g.
4309:), the
4301:), the
4289:), the
3928:History
3812:of the
3696:scholar
3560:Clinton
3397:Length
3388:Present
3377:Age at
3369:Justice
3322:Jackson
3306:Gorsuch
3294:Roberts
3256:score.
3124:regions
2926:. Only
2916:Harvard
2827:Jackson
2641:Kennedy
2497:Stevens
2120:Age at
2003:years 6
1669:nominee
1643:cloture
1505:), and
1426:Twombly
1099:of the
1070:Gobitis
557:framers
498:History
479:of the
422:statute
388:in the
334:Website
221: (
26008:Portal
25915:Hunger
25866:racism
25807:Issues
25681:Health
25583:Sports
25543:People
25388:Family
25359:wealth
25284:Cinema
25109:Mining
25094:Energy
24839:Cities
24807:County
24741:Tribal
24279:Senate
24123:powers
24019:rivers
23892:ranges
23860:states
23784:Postal
23294:Sports
23254:Energy
23166:US bar
23106:Claims
22937:review
22899:Appeal
22501:Texas
22472:Oregon
22417:Nevada
22357:Kansas
22332:Hawaii
22287:Alaska
22108:Panama
22098:Mexico
22078:Guyana
22023:Canada
22018:Brazil
22008:Belize
21980:states
21875:Reagan
21870:Carter
21810:Reagan
21805:Carter
21775:Truman
21765:Hoover
21750:Wilson
21709:Arthur
21674:Pierce
21664:Taylor
21634:Monroe
21561:Reagan
21556:Carter
21526:Truman
21516:Hoover
21501:Wilson
21367:Breyer
21355:Thomas
21349:Souter
21337:Scalia
21311:Powell
21293:Fortas
21251:Minton
21239:Burton
21221:Byrnes
21215:Murphy
21159:Butler
21147:Clarke
21129:Pitney
21110:Hughes
21103:Lurton
21085:Holmes
21053:Shiras
21041:Brewer
20987:Strong
20969:Miller
20963:Swayne
20945:Curtis
20927:Nelson
20921:Daniel
20909:Catron
20885:McLean
20861:Duvall
20795:Wilson
20228:Seat 9
20223:Seat 8
20218:Seat 6
20213:Seat 4
20208:Seat 3
20203:Seat 2
20198:Seat 1
19932:(1795)
19674:
19652:
19636:
19611:
19595:
19577:
19560:
19552:
19542:
19481:
19464:
19454:
19435:
19410:
19381:Warren
19343:
19324:
19287:
19268:
19251:
19143:. npr.
19078:
18998:May 4,
18902:
17972:
17943:
17914:
17874:
17847:
17824:court.
17480:
17204:
17165:
17157:
17058:May 6,
16917:
16753:
16688:
16597:
16526:
16492:
16318:
16209:
16106:
16040:
15954:May 5,
15787:
15683:
15543:
15516:
15506:
15398:
15340:
15308:
15193:
15183:
15175:
14962:court.
14827:
14788:
14749:
14691:
14551:
14511:
14470:
14156:
14141:
14067:
13886:
13853:May 2,
13701:
13650:
13618:
13610:. 2d.
13584:
13565:
13550:
13494:
13226:
13208:
13193:
13178:
13163:
12993:,
12973:
12920:
12857:. The
12690:
12680:
12618:
12552:
12276:May 3,
12264:
12232:
12197:
12153:
12112:
12013:May 3,
11980:May 3,
11947:
11849:
11821:May 3,
11783:May 3,
11748:
11455:
11139:
11038:May 6,
11012:
11004:
10955:
10790:
10782:
10338:
10166:
10106:
10090:
9593:small.
9555:court.
9076:
8880:Engage
8390:
8314:
8224:
8148:
8087:count.
7649:
7641:
7582:
7550:: 893.
7464:
6726:leaked
6455:, and
6204:Loving
6162:1965).
6127:After
6090:Scalia
5795:Ethics
5752:, and
5666:said.
5373:(1971)
5361:(1964)
5349:(1920)
5337:(1913)
5325:(1868)
5309:(1795)
5031:, and
4407:
4285:, and
4121:Theory
3876:
3871:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3770:, and
3754:, and
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3596:Salary
3434:Reagan
3320:, and
3298:Thomas
3252:, and
3216:Vienna
3192:Smyrna
3160:Latina
2854:Jewish
2823:Thomas
2781:Breyer
2569:Scalia
2425:Souter
2009:docket
2005:
2001:
1964:, and
1768:Tenure
1731:recess
1710:Truman
1600:twelve
1490:Heller
1376:) and
1348:sodomy
1259:, and
1213:, and
1179:police
1167:) and
1115:, and
1038:, and
1008:Vinson
1006:, and
1000:Hughes
990:, and
924:, and
831:Fuller
829:, and
821:, the
791:, and
736:, and
687:quorum
658:, and
610:, and
481:Senate
435:Under
382:SCOTUS
294:Senate
242:, U.S.
26163:Texts
26112:Media
25994:Index
25819:Crime
25689:Aging
25506:Names
25501:Music
25489:radio
25469:Media
25299:Dance
25289:Crime
25124:Trade
24881:Mayor
24830:Clerk
24798:Local
24540:State
24059:Yukon
23902:Rocky
23887:peaks
23309:Trust
23299:State
23283:State
22878:Trial
22505:civil
22460:civil
22372:Maine
22337:Idaho
22083:Haiti
22028:Chile
21905:Biden
21900:Trump
21895:Obama
21860:Nixon
21840:Biden
21835:Trump
21830:Obama
21795:Nixon
21699:Hayes
21694:Grant
21654:Tyler
21591:Biden
21586:Trump
21581:Obama
21546:Nixon
21385:Kagan
21373:Alito
21245:Clark
21191:Black
21172:Stone
21097:Moody
21047:Brown
21011:Woods
20981:Field
20975:Davis
20939:Grier
20897:Wayne
20867:Story
20837:Moore
20801:Blair
20736:cases
20720:cases
20704:cases
20688:cases
20672:cases
20656:cases
20640:cases
20624:cases
20608:cases
20592:cases
20576:cases
20560:cases
20544:cases
20528:cases
20512:cases
20496:cases
20480:cases
20189:lists
20162:Clerk
20054:court
19772:brief
19522:arXiv
19367:(PDF)
19310:Irons
19072:Slate
18377:said.
17952:time.
17778:(PDF)
17763:(PDF)
17692:: 2.
17198:Slate
17163:S2CID
15033:(PDF)
15018:(PDF)
14921:(PDF)
14910:(PDF)
14649:(PDF)
14229:(PDF)
14214:(PDF)
13666:
13627:(PDF)
13602:(PDF)
13524:(PDF)
13513:(PDF)
13364:(PDF)
13349:(PDF)
13261:(PDF)
13254:XXXII
13244:(PDF)
13066:(6).
12737:, by
12629:(PDF)
12612:(PDF)
12226:(PDF)
12195:S2CID
11137:Stat.
11089:(PDF)
11082:(PDF)
11010:S2CID
11002:JSTOR
10788:S2CID
10780:JSTOR
10446:(PDF)
10439:(PDF)
10399:(PDF)
10388:(PDF)
10301:(PDF)
10290:(PDF)
10175:(PDF)
10156:(PDF)
9416:Salon
8891:(PDF)
8876:(PDF)
8531:farm.
8478:(PDF)
8467:(PDF)
7961:(PDF)
7950:(PDF)
7866:(PDF)
7855:(PDF)
7763:laws.
7647:JSTOR
7519:(PDF)
7512:(PDF)
6927:Bible
6877:laws)
6705:Slate
6423:Power
6340:Dobbs
6149:Dobbs
5965:Slate
5729:Dobbs
5277:South
5108:U.S.
4837:rebut
3703:JSTOR
3689:books
3318:Kagan
3302:Alito
3200:Δ°zmir
3198:(now
3176:Lewes
2914:from
2872:, 10
2763:53β47
2752:Biden
2699:52β48
2685:Trump
2623:50β48
2609:Trump
2551:54β45
2537:Trump
2479:63β37
2465:Obama
2407:68β31
2393:Obama
2335:58β42
2263:52β48
2191:78β22
2133:Start
1973:Chase
1714:Nixon
1579:lobby
1498:Bruen
1430:Iqbal
1384:'
1271:'
1163:(the
1004:Stone
854:White
827:Waite
823:Chase
799:Taney
365:Since
26180:Data
26129:News
25558:Race
25403:list
25398:Flag
24937:list
24781:list
24692:list
24632:list
24585:list
24573:list
24549:and
24494:Navy
24484:Army
24354:list
24066:Time
23946:Gulf
23304:Tort
23289:Race
23094:list
23006:and
22793:Navy
22756:Army
22576:Guam
22517:Utah
22452:Ohio
22352:Iowa
22118:Peru
22043:Cuba
21865:Ford
21800:Ford
21745:Taft
21729:(II)
21659:Polk
21551:Ford
21197:Reed
21023:Gray
20999:Hunt
20855:Todd
20491:1795
20064:seat
19672:ISBN
19650:ISBN
19634:ISBN
19609:ISBN
19593:ISBN
19575:ISBN
19558:SSRN
19550:PMID
19479:ISBN
19462:OCLC
19452:ISBN
19433:ISBN
19408:ISBN
19396:and
19374:2008
19341:ISBN
19322:ISBN
19285:ISBN
19266:ISBN
19249:ISBN
19162:2024
19087:2024
19076:ISSN
19034:2009
19000:2024
18974:2010
18941:2010
18911:2024
18900:ISSN
18877:2023
18851:2023
18825:2023
18796:2023
18766:2009
18732:2009
18701:2016
18667:2009
18632:2009
18595:2018
18564:2018
18515:2009
18478:2009
18443:2009
18412:2009
18372:2012
18337:2009
18296:2009
18261:2009
18228:act.
18223:2009
18188:2009
18149:2009
18099:2022
18071:2022
18040:2022
18009:2022
17970:ISBN
17941:ISBN
17912:ISBN
17890:2020
17872:ISBN
17845:ISBN
17819:2024
17786:2020
17771:2012
17738:2009
17702:2021
17664:2009
17637:2024
17592:2024
17566:2024
17541:2024
17515:2024
17489:2024
17478:ISSN
17455:2024
17429:2024
17398:2024
17372:2024
17339:2009
17308:2024
17283:2009
17249:2009
17213:2024
17202:ISSN
17179:2023
17155:ISSN
17085:2024
17060:2023
17026:2023
16995:2022
16960:2023
16926:2023
16915:ISSN
16889:2023
16863:2023
16827:2023
16796:2023
16767:2023
16751:ISSN
16728:2023
16697:2023
16686:ISSN
16664:2023
16638:2023
16606:2024
16595:ISSN
16535:2022
16524:ISSN
16501:2024
16490:ISSN
16467:2024
16327:2024
16316:ISSN
16218:2024
16207:ISSN
16184:2024
16158:link
16144:2024
16115:2024
16104:ISSN
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