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1641:; since about 2000, 3D aerial views are mainly based on digital stereo imaging technologies. One issue related to stereo images is the amount of disk space needed to save such files. Indeed, a stereo image usually requires twice as much space as a normal image. Recently, computer vision scientists tried to find techniques to attack the visual redundancy of stereopairs with the aim to define compressed version of stereopair files. Cartographers generate today stereopairs using computer programs in order to visualise topography in three dimensions. Computerised stereo visualisation applies stereo matching programs. In biology and chemistry, complex molecular structures are often rendered in stereopairs. The same technique can also be applied to any mathematical (or scientific, or engineering) parameter that is a function of two variables, although in these cases it is more common for a three-dimensional effect to be created using a 'distorted' mesh or shading (as if from a distant light source).
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completely relaxed eyes, making no attempt to focus clearly but simply achieving comfortable stereoscopic fusion of the two blurry images by the "look-through" approach, and only then exerting the effort to focus them more clearly, increasing the viewing distance as necessary. Regardless of the approach used or the image medium, for comfortable viewing and stereoscopic accuracy the size and spacing of the images should be such that the corresponding points of very distant objects in the scene are separated by the same distance as the viewer's eyes, but not more; the average interocular distance is about 63 mm. Viewing much more widely separated images is possible, but because the eyes never diverge in normal use it usually requires some previous training and tends to cause eye strain.
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a single 3D image. It generally uses liquid crystal shutter glasses. Each eye's glass contains a liquid crystal layer which has the property of becoming dark when voltage is applied, being otherwise transparent. The glasses are controlled by a timing signal that allows the glasses to alternately darken over one eye, and then the other, in synchronization with the refresh rate of the screen. The main drawback of active shutters is that most 3D videos and movies were shot with simultaneous left and right views, so that it introduces a "time parallax" for anything side-moving: for instance, someone walking at 3.4 mph will be seen 20% too close or 25% too remote in the most current case of a 2x60 Hz projection.
854:. This is done by reflecting the video images through partially reflective mirrors. The real world view is seen through the mirrors' reflective surface. Experimental systems have been used for gaming, where virtual opponents may peek from real windows as a player moves about. This type of system is expected to have wide application in the maintenance of complex systems, as it can give a technician what is effectively "x-ray vision" by combining computer graphics rendering of hidden elements with the technician's natural vision. Additionally, technical data and schematic diagrams may be delivered to this same equipment, eliminating the need to obtain and carry bulky paper documents.
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depends on its color. If one uses a prism foil now with one eye but not on the other eye, then the two seen pictures – depending upon color – are more or less widely separated. The brain produces the spatial impression from this difference. The advantage of this technology consists above all of the fact that one can regard ChromaDepth pictures also without eyeglasses (thus two-dimensional) problem-free (unlike with two-color anaglyph). However the colors are only limitedly selectable, since they contain the depth information of the picture. If one changes the color of an object, then its observed distance will also be changed.
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effect of relief is owing to the simultaneous perception of the two monocular projections, one on each retina. But if it be required to obtain the most faithful resemblances of real objects, shadowing and colouring may properly be employed to heighten the effects. Careful attention would enable an artist to draw and paint the two component pictures, so as to present to the mind of the observer, in the resultant perception, perfect identity with the object represented. Flowers, crystals, busts, vases, instruments of various kinds, &c., might thus be represented so as not to be distinguished by sight from the real objects themselves.
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appear miniaturized. This method is usually easier for freeviewing novices. As an aid to fusion, a fingertip can be placed just below the division between the two images, then slowly brought straight toward the viewer's eyes, keeping the eyes directed at the fingertip; at a certain distance, a fused three-dimensional image should seem to be hovering just above the finger. Alternatively, a piece of paper with a small opening cut into it can be used in a similar manner; when correctly positioned between the image pair and the viewer's eyes, it will seem to frame a small three-dimensional image.
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crossview (“popouts” where an object appears before the focal plane or screen; right image to left eye and vice versa), where parts of the object appear to be physically cropped; imagine a large object extruded through a small window such that its edges are literally cut off. This is a critical, traditional window violation before the window (between a viewer and the screen), and is most disorienting because parts of the popout object seem to be missing, rather than merely hidden as they would be with parallel-viewed objects beyond the window (depth).
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completely motionless—to within a minor fraction of the wavelength of light—during the photographic exposure, and laser light must be used to properly view the results. Most people have never seen a laser-lit transmission hologram. The types of holograms commonly encountered have seriously compromised image quality so that ordinary white light can be used for viewing, and non-holographic intermediate imaging processes are almost always resorted to, as an alternative to using powerful and hazardous pulsed lasers, when living subjects are photographed.
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unnatural and is undesirable, this is called a "window violation." This can best be understood by returning to the analogy of an actual physical window. Therefore, there is a contradiction between two different depth cues: some elements of the image are hidden by the window, so that the window appears closer than these elements, and the same elements of the image appear closer than the window. As such, the stereo window must always be adjusted to avoid window violations to prevent viewer discomfort from conflicting depth cues.
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large lenses or mirrors, the light source must be very close to the eye. A contact lens incorporating one or more semiconductor light sources is the form most commonly proposed. As of 2013, the inclusion of suitable light-beam-scanning means in a contact lens is still very problematic, as is the alternative of embedding a reasonably transparent array of hundreds of thousands (or millions, for HD resolution) of accurately aligned sources of collimated light.
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1062:. Red-cyan filters can be used because our vision processing systems use red and cyan comparisons, as well as blue and yellow, to determine the color and contours of objects. Anaglyph 3D images contain two differently filtered colored images, one for each eye. When viewed through the "color-coded" "anaglyph glasses", each of the two images reaches one eye, revealing an integrated stereoscopic image. The
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background of the image at the infinite. Of course the viewers seated beyond will see the window more remote, but if the image is made in normal conditions, so that the first row viewers see this background at the infinite, the other viewers, seated behind, will also see this background at the infinite, since the parallax of this background is equal to the average human interocular distance.
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stereoscopic technique. For example, it cannot be used to show a stationary object apparently extending into or out of the screen; similarly, objects moving vertically will not be seen as moving in depth. Incidental movement of objects will create spurious artifacts, and these incidental effects will be seen as artificial depth not related to actual depth in the scene.
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796:. Some of the earliest stereoscope views, issued in the 1850s, were on glass. In the early 20th century, 45x107 mm and 6x13 cm glass slides were common formats for amateur stereo photography, especially in Europe. In later years, several film-based formats were in use. The best-known formats for commercially issued stereo views on film are
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of computer image processing. If six axis position sensing (direction and position) is used then wearer may move about within the limitations of the equipment used. Owing to rapid advancements in computer graphics and the continuing miniaturization of video and other equipment these devices are beginning to become available at more reasonable cost.
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for human vision: (1) the mismatch between convergence and accommodation, caused by the difference between an object's perceived position in front of or behind the display or screen and the real origin of that light; and (2) possible crosstalk between the eyes, caused by imperfect image separation in some methods of stereoscopy.
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classes of displays: those that use head-tracking to ensure that each of the viewer's two eyes sees a different image on the screen, and those that display multiple views so that the display does not need to know where the viewers' eyes are directed. Examples of autostereoscopic displays technology include
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If a scene is viewed through a window the entire scene would normally be behind the window (assuming parallel view, with left images being seen by the left eye and vice versa). If the scene is distant, it would be some distance behind the window; if it is nearby, it would appear to be just beyond the
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The concept of the stereo window is always important, since the window is the stereoscopic image of the external boundaries of left and right views constituting the stereoscopic image. If any object, which is cut off by lateral sides of the window, is placed in front of it, an effect results that is
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with polarized filters. For projection, a silver screen is used so that polarization is preserved. On most passive displays every other row of pixels is polarized for one eye or the other. This method is also known as being interlaced. The viewer wears low-cost eyeglasses which also contain a pair of
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To avoid eyestrain and distortion, each of the two 2D images should be presented to the viewer so that any object at infinite distance is perceived by the eye as being straight ahead, the viewer's eyes being neither crossed nor diverging. When the picture contains no object at infinite distance, such
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do not have this limitation. Just as it is not possible to recreate a full 3-dimensional sound field with just two stereophonic speakers, it is an overstatement to call dual 2D images "3D". The accurate term "stereoscopic" is more cumbersome than the common misnomer "3D", which has been entrenched by
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Stereoscopy creates the illusion of three-dimensional depth from a pair of two-dimensional images. Human vision, including the perception of depth, is a complex process, which only begins with the acquisition of visual information taken in through the eyes; much processing ensues within the brain, as
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The images can be cropped creatively to create a stereo window that is not necessarily rectangular or lying on a flat plane perpendicular to the viewer's line of sight. The edges of the stereo frame can be straight or curved and, when viewed in 3D, can flow toward or away from the viewer and through
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For general-purpose stereo photography, where the goal is to duplicate natural human vision and give a visual impression as close as possible to actually being there, the correct baseline (distance between where the right and left images are taken) would be the same as the distance between the eyes.
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Although the original photographic processes have proven impractical for general use, the combination of computer-generated holograms (CGH) and optoelectronic holographic displays, both under development for many years, has the potential to transform the half-century-old pipe dream of holographic 3D
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A shutter system works by openly presenting the image intended for the left eye while blocking the right eye's view, then presenting the right-eye image while blocking the left eye, and repeating this so rapidly that the interruptions do not interfere with the perceived fusion of the two images into
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display. Head-mounted displays may also be coupled with head-tracking devices, allowing the user to "look around" the virtual world by moving their head, eliminating the need for a separate controller. Performing this update quickly enough to avoid inducing nausea in the user requires a great amount
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The parallel viewing method uses an image pair with the left-eye image on the left and the right-eye image on the right. The fused three-dimensional image appears larger and more distant than the two actual images, making it possible to convincingly simulate a life-size scene. The viewer attempts to
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determines the minimum image disparity they can perceive as depth. It is believed that approximately 12% of people are unable to properly see 3D images, due to a variety of medical conditions. According to another experiment up to 30% of people have very weak stereoscopic vision preventing them from
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On the contrary, in the case of projection on a much larger screen, it is much better to set the window in front of the screen (it is called "floating window"), for instance so that it is viewed about two meters away by the viewers sit in the first row. Therefore, these people will normally see the
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displays provide multiple views of the same scene, rather than just two. Each view is visible from a different range of positions in front of the display. This allows the viewer to move left-right in front of the display and see the correct view from any position. The technology includes two broad
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of the eye. The user sees what appears to be a conventional display floating in space in front of them. For true stereoscopy, each eye must be provided with its own discrete display. To produce a virtual display that occupies a usefully large visual angle but does not involve the use of relatively
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The advantages of side-by-side viewers is the lack of diminution of brightness, allowing the presentation of images at very high resolution and in full spectrum color, simplicity in creation, and little or no additional image processing is required. Under some circumstances, such as when a pair of
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of depth. Because all points in the image produced by stereoscopy focus at the same plane regardless of their depth in the original scene, the second cue, focus, is not duplicated and therefore the illusion of depth is incomplete. There are also mainly two effects of stereoscopy that are unnatural
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The ability to create realistic 3D images from a pair of cameras at roughly human-height gives researchers increased insight as to the nature of the landscapes being viewed. In environments without hazy atmospheres or familiar landmarks, humans rely on stereoscopic clues to judge distance. Single
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In the 19th century, it was realized that stereoscopic images provided an opportunity for people to experience places and things far away, and many tour sets were produced, and books were published allowing people to learn about geography, science, history, and other subjects. Such uses continued
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The entire scene, including the window, can be moved backwards or forwards in depth, by horizontally sliding the left and right eye views relative to each other. Moving either or both images away from the center will bring the whole scene away from the viewer, whereas moving either or both images
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The cross-eyed viewing method swaps the left and right eye images so that they will be correctly seen cross-eyed, the left eye viewing the image on the right and vice versa. The fused three-dimensional image appears to be smaller and closer than the actual images, so that large objects and scenes
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about all axes and a very wide viewing angle. The eye differentially focuses objects at different distances and subject detail is preserved down to the microscopic level. The effect is exactly like looking through a window. Unfortunately, this "pure" form requires the subject to be laser-lit and
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Autostereoscopic display technologies use optical components in the display, rather than worn by the user, to enable each eye to see a different image. Because headgear is not required, it is also called "glasses-free 3D". The optics split the images directionally into the viewer's eyes, so the
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However, there are situations in which it might be desirable to use a longer or shorter baseline. The factors to consider include the viewing method to be used and the goal in taking the picture. The concept of baseline also applies to other branches of stereography, such as stereo drawings and
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For the purposes of illustration I have employed only outline figures, for had either shading or colouring been introduced it might be supposed that the effect was wholly or in part due to these circumstances, whereas by leaving them out of consideration no room is left to doubt that the entire
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The
Pulfrich effect is based on the phenomenon of the human eye processing images more slowly when there is less light, as when looking through a dark lens. Because the Pulfrich effect depends on motion in a particular direction to instigate the illusion of depth, it is not useful as a general
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The ChromaDepth procedure of
American Paper Optics is based on the fact that with a prism, colors are separated by varying degrees. The ChromaDepth eyeglasses contain special view foils, which consist of microscopically small prisms. This causes the image to be translated a certain amount that
693:. Simple freeviewing therefore cannot accurately reproduce the physiological depth cues of the real-world viewing experience. Different individuals may experience differing degrees of ease and comfort in achieving fusion and good focus, as well as differing tendencies to eye fatigue or strain.
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The principal disadvantage of side-by-side viewers is that large image displays are not practical and resolution is limited by the lesser of the display medium or human eye. This is because as the dimensions of an image are increased, either the viewing apparatus or viewer themselves must move
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Prismatic, self-masking glasses are now being used by some cross-eyed-view advocates. These reduce the degree of convergence required and allow large images to be displayed. However, any viewing aid that uses prisms, mirrors or lenses to assist fusion or focus is simply a type of stereoscope,
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In freeview parallel method or glasses/stereoscope-assisted 3D viewing, “window violations” may refer to subjects that are cropped beyond the focal plane or screen (as if looking at part of a large object that fills a narrow window). However, most window violations refer to objects viewed in
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The stereoscope is essentially an instrument in which two photographs of the same object, taken from slightly different angles, are simultaneously presented, one to each eye. A simple stereoscope is limited in the size of the image that may be used. A more complex stereoscope uses a pair of
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the images with the eyes substantially parallel, as if looking at the actual scene. This can be difficult with normal vision because eye focus and binocular convergence are habitually coordinated. One approach to decoupling the two functions is to view the image pair extremely close up with
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When images taken with such a baseline are viewed using a viewing method that duplicates the conditions under which the picture is taken, then the result would be an image much the same as that which would be seen at the site the photo was taken. This could be described as "ortho stereo."
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created some impressive stereograms in his exploration in a variety of optical illusions. Other stereo artists include Zoe Beloff, Christopher
Schneberger, Rebecca Hackemann, William Kentridge, and Jim Naughten. Red-and-cyan anaglyph stereoscopic images have also been painted by hand.
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Therefore, the location of the window versus the whole of the image must be adjusted so that most of the image is seen beyond the window. In the case of viewing on a 3D TV set, it is easier to place the window in front of the image, and to let the window in the plane of the screen.
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window. An object smaller than the window itself could even go through the window and appear partially or completely in front of it. The same applies to a part of a larger object that is smaller than the window. The goal of setting the stereo window is to duplicate this effect.
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This technique uses specific wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the right eye, and different wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the left eye. Eyeglasses which filter out the very specific wavelengths allow the wearer to see a full color 3D image. It is also known as
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are situated 1.5m above the ground surface, and are separated by 30 cm, with 1 degree of toe-in. This allows the image pairs to be made into scientifically useful stereoscopic images, which can be viewed as stereograms, anaglyphs, or processed into 3D computer images.
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Stereoscopic viewing is achieved by placing an image pair one above one another. Special viewers are made for over/under format that tilt the right eyesight slightly up and the left eyesight slightly down. The most common one with mirrors is the View Magic. Another with
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system has also used an improved version of this technology In June 2012 the Omega 3D/Panavision 3D system was discontinued by DPVO Theatrical, who marketed it on behalf of
Panavision, citing "challenging global economic and 3D market conditions".
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television into a reality; so far, however, the large amount of calculation required to generate just one detailed hologram, and the huge bandwidth required to transmit a stream of them, have confined this technology to the research laboratory.
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it strives to make sense of the raw information. One of the functions that occur within the brain as it interprets what the eyes see is assessing the relative distances of objects from the viewer, and the depth dimension of those objects. The
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In stereo photography window adjustments is accomplished by shifting/cropping the images, in other forms of stereoscopy such as drawings and computer generated images the window is built into the design of the images as they are generated.
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Some objects can be seen in front of the window, as far as they do not reach the lateral sides of the window. But these objects cannot be seen as too close, since there is always a limit of the parallax range for comfortable viewing.
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Contributions to the
Physiology of Vision.—Part the First. On some remarkable, and hitherto unobserved, Phenomena of Binocular Vision. By CHARLES WHEATSTONE, F.R.S., Professor of Experimental Philosophy in King's College, London.
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Stereoscopically fusing two separate images without the aid of mirrors or prisms while simultaneously keeping them in sharp focus without the aid of suitable viewing lenses inevitably requires an unnatural combination of eye
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images to the viewer. The left image is presented to the left eye and the right image is presented to the right eye. When viewed, the human brain perceives the images as a single 3D view, giving the viewer the perception of
1298:, meaning that the 3D image is viewed without the use of special glasses and different aspects are seen when it is viewed from positions that differ either horizontally or vertically. This is achieved by using an array of
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There are two categories of 3D viewer technology, active and passive. Active viewers have electronics which interact with a display. Passive viewers filter constant streams of binocular input to the appropriate eye.
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Wheatstone originally used his stereoscope (a rather bulky device) with drawings because photography was not yet available, yet his original paper seems to foresee the development of a realistic imaging method:
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Other technologies have been developed to project light dots in the air above a device. An infrared laser is focused on the destination in space, generating a small bubble of plasma which emits visible light.
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Beausoleil, Raymond G.; Brug, Jim; Fiorentino, Marco; Vo, Sonny; Tran, Tho; Peng, Zhen; Fattal, David (March 2013). "A multi-directional backlight for a wide-angle, glasses-free three-dimensional display".
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proportionately further away from it in order to view it comfortably. Moving closer to an image in order to see more detail would only be possible with viewing equipment that adjusted to the difference.
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many decades of unquestioned misuse. Although most stereoscopic displays do not qualify as real 3D display, all real 3D displays are also stereoscopic displays because they meet the lower criteria also.
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opposite polarizing filters. As each filter only passes light which is similarly polarized and blocks the opposite polarized light, each eye only sees one of the images, and the effect is achieved.
762:-like devices, allowing the use of larger images that can present more detailed information in a wider field of view. One can buy historical stereoscopes such as Holmes stereoscopes as antiques.
386:. The most notable difference is that, in the case of "3D" displays, the observer's head and eye movement do not change the information received about the 3-dimensional objects being viewed.
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Anaglyph 3D is the name given to the stereoscopic 3D effect achieved by means of encoding each eye's image using filters of different (usually chromatically opposite) colors, typically
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camera viewpoints are therefore more difficult to interpret. Multiple camera stereoscopic systems like the Pancam address this problem with uncrewed space exploration.
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displays with magnifying lenses, one for each eye. The technology can be used to show stereo films, images or games, but it can also be used to create a
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the scene. These designed stereo frames can help emphasize certain elements in the stereo image or can be an artistic component of the stereo image.
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Fay Huang, Reinhard Klette, and
Karsten Scheibe: Panoramic Imaging (Sensor-Line Cameras and Laser Range-Finders). Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 2008
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Traditional stereoscopic photography consists of creating a 3D illusion starting from a pair of 2D images, a stereogram. The easiest way to enhance
2482:(with programs on diskette). In: Daniel F. Merriam (Ed.); Computer Methods in the Geosciences; Pergamon / Elsevier Science, Amsterdam; 321 pp.
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toward the center will move the whole scene toward the viewer. This is possible, for instance, if two projectors are used for this projection.
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Haze or contrast, saturation, and color, greater distance generally being associated with greater haze, desaturation, and a shift toward blue
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Wiggle stereoscopy is an image display technique achieved by quickly alternating display of left and right sides of a stereogram. Found in
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355:(All but the first two of the above cues exist in traditional two-dimensional images, such as paintings, photographs, and television.)
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American
University in Cairo Rare Books and Special Collections Digital Library Underwood & Underwood Egypt Stereoviews Collection
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Integral imaging may not technically be a type of autostereoscopy, as autostereoscopy still refers to the generation of two images.
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and also for entertainment through the production of stereograms. Stereoscopy is useful in viewing images rendered from large multi-
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Although the term "3D" is ubiquitously used, the presentation of dual 2D images is distinctly different from displaying an image in
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Augmented stereoscopic vision is also expected to have applications in surgery, as it allows the combination of radiographic data (
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Head-mounted or wearable glasses may be used to view a see-through image imposed upon the real world view, creating what is called
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A virtual retinal display (VRD), also known as a retinal scan display (RSD) or retinal projector (RP), not to be confused with a "
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well suited for mobile devices (watches, smartphones or tablets) using a multi-directional backlight and allowing a wide full-
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Two
Passiflora caerulea flowers arranged as a stereo image pair for viewing by the cross-eyed viewing method (see Freeviewing)
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Banks, Martin S.; Read, Jenny R.; Allison, Robert S.; Watt, Simon J. (June 2011). "Stereoscopy and the Human Visual System".
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of the same object, with a minor deviation equal or nearly equal to the perspectives that both eyes naturally receive in
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depth perception based on stereo disparity. This nullifies or greatly decreases immersion effects of stereo to them.
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Reinhard Klette (2014). "Concise
Computer Vision" (see Chapter 8 for stereo matching). Springer, London; 429 pp.
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A pair of LC shutter glasses used to view XpanD 3D films. The thick frames conceal the electronics and batteries.
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Volumetric displays use some physical mechanism to display points of light within a volume. Such displays use
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data sets such as are produced by experimental data. Modern industrial three-dimensional photography may use
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consists of a multi-station viewing apparatus and sets of stereo slides. Patented by A. Fuhrmann around 1890.
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open-source plotting library. The stereoscopic effect allows for seeing the otherwise hidden 3D structure.
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Willke, Mark A.; Zakowski, Ron (March–April 1996). "A Close Look into the
Realist Macro Stereo System".
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1983:"Compatible Video Coding of Stereoscopic Sequences using MPEG-2's Scalability and Interlaced Structure"
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To present stereoscopic pictures, two images are projected superimposed onto the same screen through
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from two images using a computer by correlating the pixels in the left and right images. Solving the
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display viewing geometry requires limited head positions that will achieve the stereoscopic effect.
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Extracting 3D Polyhedral Building Models from Aerial Images using a Featureless and Direct Approach
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to detect and record three-dimensional information. The three-dimensional depth information can be
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Vertical position (objects closer to the horizon in the scene tend to be perceived as farther away)
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3D shapes in these autostereograms, one must overcome the normally automatic coordination between
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Stereoscopic viewing may be artificially created by the viewer's brain, as demonstrated with the
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Difference in projections of a vertical line in stereoscopy according to distance between left
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Pocket stereoscope with original test image. Used by military to examine stereoscopic pairs of
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Some stereoscopes are designed for viewing transparent photographs on film or glass, known as
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in the brain is to provide the eyes of the viewer with two different images, representing two
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with a separate video source displayed in front of each eye to achieve a stereoscopic effect
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images is presented for freeviewing, no device or additional optical equipment is needed.
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SMPTE 2nd Annual International Conference on Stereoscopic 3D for Media and Entertainment
2155:
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Cross-eyed stereography of an artistic depiction of the solar system and nearby galaxies
635:
as a horizon or a cloud, the pictures should be spaced correspondingly closer together.
317:
that the brain uses to gauge relative distances and depth in a perceived scene include:
3760:
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3514:
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2247:. SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal. Vol. 121. New York, NY, USA: IEEE. pp. 2–31.
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127:
66:
59:
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Ortis, Alessandro; Rundo, Francesco; Di Giore, Giuseppe; Battiato, Sebastiano (2013).
1893:
197:
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2976:
2790:
2780:
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2581:
2558:
2519:
Simmons, Gordon (March–April 1996). "Clarence G. Henning: The Man Behind the Macro".
2499:
2483:
2451:
2417:
2298:
2293:
Horibuchi, S. (1994). Salvador Dalí: the stereo pair artist. In Horibuchi, S. (Ed.),
2276:
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2175:
2167:
2091:
2073:
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2016:
1968:
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of the brain fuses this into perception of a three dimensional scene or composition.
851:
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1948:"Understanding Requirements for High-Quality 3D Video: A Test in Stereo Perception"
1880:
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920:"3D viewer" redirects here. For Microsoft Store app bundled with Windows 10, see
884:
728:
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Freeviewing is viewing a side-by-side image pair without using a viewing device.
531:
460:
277:
185:
Stereoscopic image of 772 College Street (formerly Johnson Street) in Macon, Ga,
2608:
1506:
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depth. However, the 3D effect lacks proper focal depth, which gives rise to the
3274:
3222:
3117:
2848:
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2658:
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Durham Visualization Laboratory stereoscopic imaging methods and software tools
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1637:
Stereopair photographs provided a way for 3-dimensional (3D) visualisations of
1511:
1475:
1315:
992:
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31:
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Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
2343:
3794:
3175:
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2687:
Museum exhibition on the history of stereographs and stereoscopes (1850–1930)
2629:
2171:
2077:
2069:
1463:
1063:
1028:
804:, introduced in 1939 and still in production. For amateur stereo slides, the
711:
An autostereogram is a single-image stereogram (SIS), designed to create the
515:
Saul Davis (act. 1860s–1870s), New Suspension Bridge, Niagara Falls, Canada,
2659:
University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections Stereocard Collection
2372:
1454:
While stereoscopic images have typically been used for amusement, including
1310:
typically forms its own image of the scene without assistance from a larger
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3122:
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2179:
2127:
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International Stereoscopic Union, 2006, "Stereoscopy", Numbers 65–72, p.18
565:
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2981:
2913:
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Integral imaging is a technique for producing 3D displays which are both
1215:
1049:
801:
752:
724:
618:
603:
270:
2576:
Scott B. Steinman, Barbara A. Steinman and Ralph Philip Garzia. (2000).
2163:
1621:
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402:
use this stereoscopic method to convey images. It was first invented by
3617:
3612:
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2918:
2908:
2883:
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2442:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 8156. pp. 391–399.
2054:"An unusual presentation of optic neuritis and the Pulfrich phenomenon"
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331:
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when the viewer moves left, right, up, down, closer, or farther away.
1322:, producing stereoscopic images that exhibit realistic alterations of
776:
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27:
Technique for creating or enhancing the illusion of depth in an image
2617:
from the University of Louisville Archives & Special Collections
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1323:
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1035:
1024:
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740:
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321:
171:
Stereoscopic image of 787 Orange Street, Addison R. Tinsley house,
2006:"Seeing is believing""; Cinema Technology, Vol 24, No.1 March 2011
1510:
This image, captured on 8 June 2004, is an example of a composite
3701:
3351:
3316:
3112:
3049:
3034:
2696:
1971:. Stereo Photography – The World in 3D. Retrieved 2009-08-21
1459:
1307:
797:
491:
These functions develop in early childhood. Some people who have
1616:
1356:
216:, before 1868. An early depiction of people using a stereoscope.
3335:
2667:
2648:
2480:
Contouring. A Guide to the Analysis and Display of Spatial Data
1569:
1515:
1218:
identical to that which emanated from the original scene, with
892:
212:
A company of ladies looking at stereoscopic views, painting by
154:
2653:
3311:
1269:
1265:
1207:
822:
575:" stereograph published in 1900 by North-Western View Co. of
463:
aims to create meaningful depth information from two images.
374:). The two images are then combined in the brain to give the
1210:
holography, in its original "pure" form of the photographic
1159:
uses parallax barrier autostereoscopy to display a 3D image.
834:
The user typically wears a helmet or glasses with two small
358:
Stereoscopy is the production of the illusion of depth in a
265: 'to look, to see'. Any stereoscopic image is called a
165:; an early stereoscopic card for viewing a scene from nature
3329:
1562:
1558:
1132:. A recent usage of this technique is the openKMQ project.
1059:
646:
607:
363:
2430:
2140:
1055:
862:
835:
2615:
Stereographic Views of Louisville and Beyond, 1850s-1930
2203:"ShortCourses-Stereo Photography-Simulated 3D—Wiggle 3D"
1135:
907:
2578:
Foundations of Binocular Vision: A Clinical perspective
808:
format, introduced in 1947, is by far the most common.
2549:. and 14 contributors. New York: Morgan & Lester.
2051:
1355:
format on the web, online examples are visible in the
1306:, but an X–Y or "fly's eye" array in which each
746:
2545:
Morgan, Willard D.; Lester, Henry M. (October 1954).
1980:
1543:
glasses are recommended to view this image correctly.
681:
excluded by the customary definition of freeviewing.
621:
glasses are recommended to view this image correctly.
130:
103:
76:
2603:
Guide to the Edward R. Frank Stereograph Collection.
2242:
336:
Occlusion - The overlapping of one object by another
3478:
Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology
2058:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
1845:
602:A stereoscopic pair of images (top) and a combined
2032:"OSU ChromaDepth Scientific Visualization Gallery"
1915:
342:Linear perspective (convergence of parallel edges)
136:
116:
89:
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
3771:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays
1790:Welling, William. Photography in America, page 23
945:Functional principle of active shutter 3D systems
526:, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC
339:Subtended visual angle of an object of known size
292:Stereoscopy is distinguished from other types of
3792:
1478:, there are also other uses of this technology.
1369:
2678:Views of California and the West, ca. 1867–1903
1629:, generated by the mpl_stereo extension to the
541:Cardboard stereoscopic disc with photos of the
495:disrupt the development of stereopsis, however
410:who made the first portable 3D viewing device.
231:) is a technique for creating or enhancing the
2731:
2418:"Algorithm for stereoscopic image compression"
2370:
2052:O'Doherty, M; Flitcroft, D I (1 August 2007).
1366:. The technique is also known as "Piku-Piku".
999:
606:that colors one perspective red and the other
3207:
2717:
2433:"Adaptive Compression of Stereoscopic Images"
2315:"Tom Lincoln - Exercises in Three Dimensions"
2297:(pp.9, pp.42). San Francisco: Cadence Books.
1816:
1617:Mathematical, scientific and engineering uses
1357:New-York Public Library stereogram collection
1773:
1771:
973:Functional principle of polarized 3D systems
276:Most stereoscopic methods present a pair of
3425:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display
2611:Brock University Library Digital Repository
2371:Bartiss, OD MD, Michael (25 January 2005).
868:
3336:Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode
3214:
3200:
2724:
2710:
2440:Image Analysis and Processing – ICIAP 2013
1802:
1687:The Logical Approach to Seeing 3D Pictures
1568:The two cameras that make up each rover's
2393:
2270:
2085:
2017:"Exercises in Three Dimensions: About 3D"
1768:
1318:to capture and display the scene as a 4D
1043:
351:Change in size of textured pattern detail
2638:) is being considered for deletion. See
2287:
1620:
1505:
1445:
1373:
1150:
1091:
1084:ChromaDepth glasses with prism-like film
1079:
1034:
968:
940:
906:
898:
883:", is a display technology that draws a
821:
811:
775:
645:
625:
597:
564:
536:
510:
420:
412:
207:
196:
180:
166:
147:
65:
53:
2596:
2116:
2102:
1735:Exercises in Three Dimensions: About 3D
964:
772:Slide viewer § Stereo slide viewer
765:
662:Two methods are available to freeview:
14:
3793:
3221:
3181:Stereoscopic Displays and Applications
2492:
2472:
1721:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1705:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1249:
466:
370:, which adds the first of these cues (
3195:
2705:
1981:Tseng, Belle; Anastassiou, Dimitris.
1876:
1874:
1663:
1336:
1246:content without the need of glasses.
1136:Other display methods without viewers
1069:
3472:Ferroelectric liquid crystal display
2394:Shambaugh, Scott (17 January 2024),
1950:. 3droundabout.com. 19 December 2011
1928:from the original on 12 January 2022
1682:
1680:
1548:
1499:till the mid-20th century, with the
1118:
865:imaging) with the surgeon's vision.
471:Anatomically, there are 3 levels of
3546:Light-emitting electrochemical cell
2219:
1474:and pictures, posters and books of
1279:
1230:In 2013, a Silicon Valley company,
747:Stereoscope and stereographic cards
24:
3745:Large-screen television technology
2692:Two stereoscopic selfies from 1890
2570:
2544:
2200:
2029:
1883:. Greg Erker. Retrieved 2009-08-21
1881:How To Freeview Stereo (3D) Images
1871:
1846:Dornaika, F.; Hammoudi, K (2009).
1822:
1808:
1605:in the diagnosis and treatment of
1561:in 2003 to explore the surface of
1140:
1103:
1027:uses this principle. The Omega 3D/
1017:wavelength multiplex visualization
936:
780:A View-Master Model E of the 1950s
482:Fusion (binocular 'single' vision)
25:
3822:
3419:Organic light-emitting transistor
2642:to help reach a consensus. ›
2609:Niagara Falls Stereo Cards RG 541
2591:
2531:
2518:
1749:, J. M. Rolfe and K. J. Staples,
1677:
696:
499:treatment can be used to improve
3782:Comparison of display technology
1580:
1534:
1503:producing cards into the 1960s.
1400:
1395:computer generated stereo images
1099:with openKMQ plastics extensions
911:RealD circular polarized glasses
612:
475:required to view stereo images:
258: 'firm, solid' and
3413:Electroluminescent Quantum Dots
2821:Vergence-accommodation conflict
2512:
2424:
2410:
2387:
2364:
2336:
2321:
2307:
2236:
2213:
2194:
2134:
2045:
2023:
2009:
2000:
1974:
1969:How to View Photos on This Site
1962:
1940:
1908:
1886:
1839:
1830:
1793:
1671:"The Kaiser (Emperor) Panorama"
572:The early bird catches the worm
560:
524:Department of Image Collections
425:Brewster-type stereoscope, 1870
287:Vergence-Accommodation Conflict
3484:Laser-powered phosphor display
1784:
1756:
1740:
1728:
1712:
1696:
654:
13:
1:
3750:Optimum HDTV viewing distance
3740:History of display technology
3628:Computer-generated holography
2987:Stereo photography techniques
2627:
2126:. 8 June 2012. Archived from
1763:Exercises in Three Dimensions
1656:
1384:Stereo photography techniques
1370:Stereo photography techniques
1203:Computer-generated holography
1192:
915:
546:
522:, albumen print stereograph,
516:
417:Wheatstone mirror stereoscope
406:in 1838, and improved by Sir
307:
186:
172:
158:
124:- animation for eye distance
3330:Organic light-emitting diode
3324:Light-emitting diode display
2997:Stereoscopic depth rendition
2448:10.1007/978-3-642-41181-6_40
1725:, on Perseus Digital Library
1709:, on Perseus Digital Library
1493:
554:Jewish Museum of Switzerland
7:
2373:"Convergence Insufficiency"
1917:"Daily Telegraph Newspaper"
1857:Machine Vision Applications
1644:
1097:KMQ stereo prismatic viewer
1006:Interference filter systems
1000:Interference filter systems
891:picture) directly onto the
552:, in the collection of the
10:
3827:
3540:Vacuum fluorescent display
3264:Electroluminescent display
2331:The Stereoscope in America
1859:. Vol. Proc. IAPR/MVA
1751:Cambridge University Press
1532:Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech.
1514:generated from the stereo
1381:
1340:
1283:
1253:
1196:
1144:
1107:
1073:
1047:
1003:
991:filters or presented on a
976:
959:
948:
919:
872:
815:
800:, introduced in 1931, and
769:
750:
700:
650:Printable cross eye viewer
44:
29:
3779:
3727:
3689:
3648:
3593:
3497:
3396:
3387:Liquid crystal on silicon
3291:
3238:
3229:
3168:
3088:
3020:
3012:Stereoscopic video coding
3007:Stereoscopic spectroscopy
2942:
2829:
2771:Convergence insufficiency
2743:
2397:scottshambaugh/mpl_stereo
2333:, accessed 21 March 2009.
931:
296:that display an image in
3578:Fourteen-segment display
3381:Digital Light Processing
3108:Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D
3045:3D-enabled mobile phones
3002:Stereoscopic rangefinder
2839:Active shutter 3D system
2640:templates for discussion
2621:
2478:David F. Watson (1992).
2344:"Pancam technical brief"
2220:DrT (25 February 2008).
2070:10.1136/jnnp.2006.094771
1468:stereoscopic video games
1234:, started manufacturing
951:Active shutter 3D system
869:Virtual retinal displays
235:in an image by means of
40:stereographic projection
3584:Sixteen-segment display
3270:Rear-projection display
3080:Virtual reality headset
3075:Stereoscopic video game
2924:Virtual retinal display
2580:. McGraw-Hill Medical.
2328:University of Virginia
1723:A Greek-English Lexicon
1707:A Greek-English Lexicon
1555:Mars Exploration Rovers
1524:Mars Exploration Rovers
1441:
1378:Modern stereo TV camera
1013:spectral comb filtering
875:Virtual retinal display
479:Simultaneous perception
439:Stereoscopy is used in
3431:Field-emission display
3346:Liquid-crystal display
2972:Multiview Video Coding
2967:Computer stereo vision
2776:Correspondence problem
1693:. Retrieved 2009-08-21
1689:. www.vision3d.com by
1634:
1545:
1481:
1451:
1379:
1160:
1100:
1085:
1044:Color anaglyph systems
1040:
974:
946:
912:
904:
831:
781:
651:
631:
623:
580:
557:
527:
457:Correspondence problem
437:
426:
418:
404:Sir Charles Wheatstone
217:
205:
194:
192:
178:
145:
138:
118:
91:
63:
3568:Eight-segment display
3562:Seven-segment display
2547:Stereo Realist Manual
1988:. Columbia University
1824:Stereo Realist Manual
1810:Stereo Realist Manual
1624:
1585:Stereogram cards and
1509:
1501:Keystone View Company
1449:
1377:
1212:transmission hologram
1154:
1095:
1083:
1038:
972:
944:
910:
902:
825:
812:Head-mounted displays
779:
707:Random dot stereogram
649:
629:
601:
568:
540:
514:
432:
424:
416:
384:three full dimensions
298:three full dimensions
211:
200:
184:
170:
151:
139:
119:
117:{\displaystyle Z_{R}}
92:
90:{\displaystyle Z_{L}}
69:
57:
3690:Display capabilities
3573:Nine-segment display
3275:Plasma display panel
2864:Head-mounted display
2796:Kinetic depth effect
2682:The Bancroft Library
2597:Archival collections
2224:. Drt3d.blogspot.com
2207:www.shortcourses.com
1691:Optometrists Network
1347:Kinetic depth effect
1236:holographic displays
965:Polarization systems
818:Head-mounted display
792:and commonly called
766:Transparency viewers
579:, digitally restored
388:Holographic displays
128:
101:
74:
3719:See-through display
3623:Holographic display
3301:Quantum dot display
2952:2D to 3D conversion
2904:Specular holography
2899:Polarized 3D system
2816:Stereoscopic acuity
2811:Stereopsis recovery
2555:1954srm..book.....M
2164:10.1038/nature11972
2156:2013Natur.495..348F
1922:The Daily Telegraph
1765:, Tom Lincoln, 2011
1737:, Tom Lincoln, 2011
1456:stereographic cards
1362:25 May 2022 at the
1250:Volumetric displays
1039:Anaglyph 3D glasses
979:Polarized 3D system
922:Microsoft 3D Viewer
731:image. In order to
723:) scene within the
543:synagogue in Geneva
467:Visual requirements
3761:Color Light Output
3755:High Dynamic Range
3557:Dot-matrix display
3552:Lightguide display
3223:Display technology
2934:Wiggle stereoscopy
2929:Volumetric display
2894:Parallax scrolling
2351:Cornell University
2201:Curtin, Dennis P.
1639:aerial photographs
1635:
1625:A stereogram of a
1546:
1470:, printings using
1452:
1380:
1343:Wiggle stereoscopy
1337:Wiggle stereoscopy
1256:Volumetric display
1242:angle view to see
1179:volumetric display
1161:
1101:
1086:
1070:Chromadepth system
1041:
975:
947:
913:
905:
832:
782:
652:
632:
624:
581:
577:Baraboo, Wisconsin
558:
528:
427:
419:
392:volumetric display
218:
206:
195:
193:
179:
146:
134:
114:
87:
64:
60:aerial photographs
45:For the band, see
38:, and
3811:Binocular rivalry
3788:
3787:
3714:Always-on display
3505:Electromechanical
3493:
3492:
3189:
3188:
3150:Sharp Actius RD3D
3070:Stereo microscope
2977:Parallax scanning
2791:Epipolar geometry
2781:Peripheral vision
2756:Binocular rivalry
2697:STEREOSCOPICTURES
2504:978-1-4471-6319-0
2457:978-3-642-41180-9
2150:(7441): 348–351.
1747:Flight Simulation
1703:στερεός Tufts.edu
1651:Cloud stereoscopy
1603:vision therapists
1549:Space exploration
1544:
1119:Over/under format
852:augmented reality
727:from an external
622:
247:derives from
233:illusion of depth
137:{\displaystyle d}
16:(Redirected from
3818:
3766:Flexible display
3728:Related articles
3608:Autostereoscopic
3307:Electronic paper
3253:Cathode-ray tube
3236:
3235:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3193:
3192:
3135:Nvidia 3D Vision
2889:Parallax barrier
2874:Integral imaging
2786:Depth perception
2766:Chromostereopsis
2761:Binocular vision
2726:
2719:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2566:
2541:
2528:
2506:
2496:
2490:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2437:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2348:
2340:
2334:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2305:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2274:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2130:on 5 March 2009.
2120:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1924:. 13 July 2010.
1919:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1890:
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1753:, 1986, page 134
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1607:binocular vision
1595:ophthalmologists
1539:
1538:
1292:autostereoscopic
1286:Integral imaging
1280:Integral imaging
1175:parallax barrier
617:
616:
593:binocular vision
585:depth perception
551:
548:
521:
518:
501:binocular vision
473:binocular vision
459:in the field of
241:binocular vision
191:
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3671:Slide projector
3661:Movie projector
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3190:
3185:
3164:
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2992:Stereoautograph
2944:
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2879:Lenticular lens
2854:Autostereoscopy
2831:
2825:
2801:Stereoblindness
2739:
2730:
2643:
2624:
2599:
2594:
2573:
2571:Further reading
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2015:
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1896:. Eyecare Trust
1894:"Eyecare Trust"
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1780:Stereoscopy.com
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1476:autostereograms
1444:
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1386:
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1364:Wayback Machine
1349:
1341:Main articles:
1339:
1304:lenticular lens
1288:
1282:
1262:
1254:Main articles:
1252:
1205:
1197:Main articles:
1195:
1171:lenticular lens
1166:Automultiscopic
1149:
1147:Autostereoscopy
1143:
1141:Autostereoscopy
1138:
1128:glasses is the
1121:
1112:
1110:Pulfrich effect
1106:
1104:Pulfrich method
1078:
1072:
1052:
1046:
1008:
1002:
985:
977:Main articles:
967:
962:
953:
939:
937:Shutter systems
934:
925:
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820:
814:
774:
768:
755:
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729:two-dimensional
713:visual illusion
709:
701:Main articles:
699:
657:
611:
563:
549:
532:Van Hare Effect
519:
469:
461:Computer Vision
310:
278:two-dimensional
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3118:MasterImage 3D
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2592:External links
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2112:. 8 June 2012.
2101:
2064:(8): 906–907.
2044:
2030:Bailey, Mike.
2022:
2008:
1999:
1973:
1961:
1939:
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1826:, pp. 377–379.
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1673:. 9 June 2012.
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1528:also available
1512:anaglyph image
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1492:
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1399:
1382:Main article:
1371:
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1312:objective lens
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1145:Main article:
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1021:super-anaglyph
1004:Main article:
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949:Main article:
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887:image (like a
881:Retina Display
873:Main article:
870:
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816:Main article:
813:
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806:Stereo Realist
786:transparencies
770:Main article:
767:
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703:Autostereogram
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697:Autostereogram
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408:David Brewster
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229:stereo imaging
202:Kaiserpanorama
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97:and right eye
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1581:Clinical uses
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1464:3D television
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302:eye movements
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223:(also called
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33:
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3676:Transparency
3649:Static media
3603:Stereoscopic
3602:
3123:Nintendo 3DS
3030:3D camcorder
2945:technologies
2832:technologies
2732:
2633:
2577:
2546:
2537:
2534:Stereo World
2533:
2524:
2521:Stereo World
2520:
2513:Bibliography
2494:
2479:
2474:
2439:
2426:
2412:
2401:, retrieved
2396:
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2366:
2354:. Retrieved
2338:
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2323:
2309:
2294:
2289:
2244:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2215:
2206:
2196:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2128:the original
2118:
2104:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2025:
2011:
2002:
1990:. Retrieved
1976:
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1921:
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1888:
1863:26 September
1861:. Retrieved
1848:
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1823:
1818:
1809:
1804:
1795:
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1742:
1730:
1722:
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1698:
1665:
1636:
1627:trefoil knot
1591:optometrists
1589:are used by
1584:
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1353:animated GIF
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1157:Nintendo 3DS
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679:
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589:perspectives
582:
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561:Side-by-side
529:
505:stereoacuity
490:
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357:
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291:
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220:
219:
190: 1870s
176: 1890s
152:
51:
18:Stereoscopic
3801:Stereoscopy
3640:Fog display
3613:Multiscopic
3530:Fiber-optic
3442:Quantum dot
3155:View-Master
2982:Pseudoscope
2914:Stereoscope
2844:Anaglyph 3D
2733:Stereoscopy
2664:Stereoscopy
2645:Stereoscopy
2628:‹ The
2540:(1): 14–35.
2527:(1): 37–43.
1613:disorders.
1599:orthoptists
1587:vectographs
1541:3D red cyan
1328:perspective
1320:light field
1302:(akin to a
1300:microlenses
1296:multiscopic
1268:instead of
1216:light field
1187:light field
1076:ChromaDepth
1050:Anaglyph 3D
802:View-Master
758:horizontal
753:Stereoscope
725:human brain
717:dimensional
715:of a three-
655:Freeviewing
619:3D red cyan
550: 1860
520: 1869
449:3D scanners
445:dimensional
400:3D displays
294:3D displays
271:stereoscope
245:stereoscopy
243:. The word
221:Stereoscopy
214:Jacob Spoel
162: 1860
3806:3D imaging
3795:Categories
3681:Laser beam
3635:Volumetric
3595:3D display
3535:Nixie tube
3515:Split-flap
3400:generation
3374:Blue Phase
3294:generation
3241:generation
3169:Miscellany
3060:Digital 3D
3055:Blu-ray 3D
2919:Vectograph
2884:Multiscopy
2869:Holography
2859:Bubblegram
2806:Stereopsis
2744:Perception
2737:3D display
2403:17 January
2295:Stereogram
2110:"Glossary"
1657:References
1631:Matplotlib
1260:Bubblegram
1199:Holography
1193:Holography
1189:displays.
1183:holography
1130:KMQ viewer
989:polarizing
983:Vectograph
916:3D viewers
889:television
497:orthoptics
493:strabismus
486:Stereopsis
376:perception
372:stereopsis
360:photograph
332:Stereopsis
308:Background
267:stereogram
237:stereopsis
47:Steriogram
3735:Scan line
3709:DisplayID
3666:Neon sign
3656:Monoscope
3498:Non-video
3259:Jumbotron
2172:1476-4687
2124:"openKMQ"
2078:0022-3050
1812:, p. 375.
1494:Education
1126:prismatic
859:CAT scans
760:periscope
256:(stereos)
36:phonogram
3618:Hologram
3525:Eggcrate
3510:Flip-dot
3456:display
3437:Laser TV
3408:microLED
3338:(AMOLED)
3292:Current
3248:Eidophor
3160:XpanD 3D
3145:RealD 3D
3103:Dolby 3D
3098:AMD HD3D
3091:products
2630:template
2466:13274055
2281:23144596
2180:23518562
2096:17635984
1954:29 March
1932:29 March
1926:Archived
1900:29 March
1645:See also
1472:anaglyph
1460:3D films
1360:Archived
1324:parallax
1316:pinholes
1240:parallax
1232:LEIA Inc
1220:parallax
1025:Dolby 3D
741:vergence
737:focusing
733:perceive
687:vergence
604:anaglyph
322:Vergence
263:(skopeō)
153:View of
3702:CEA-861
3332:(OLED)
3317:Gyricon
3128:New 3DS
3113:Infitec
3089:Notable
3050:4D film
3035:3D film
3021:Product
2830:Display
2632:below (
2551:Bibcode
2379:30 June
2375:. WebMD
2356:30 June
2272:3490636
2228:4 March
2222:"Dr. T"
2188:4424212
2152:Bibcode
2087:2117749
2037:6 March
1308:lenslet
993:display
960:Passive
844:virtual
798:Tru-Vue
669:through
254:στερεός
3586:(SISD)
3480:(TDEL)
3474:(FLCD)
3421:(OLET)
3389:(LCoS)
3348:(LCD)
3326:(LED)
3303:(QLED)
3277:(PDP)
2668:Flickr
2649:Curlie
2635:Curlie
2584:
2563:789470
2561:
2502:
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2464:
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2301:
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2269:
2259:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2144:Nature
2094:
2084:
2076:
1992:8 July
1719:σκοπέω
1570:Pancam
1520:Spirit
1516:Pancam
1270:pixels
1266:voxels
932:Active
893:retina
885:raster
794:slides
261:σκοπέω
155:Boston
34:,
3757:(HDR)
3580:(FSD)
3564:(SSD)
3548:(LEC)
3542:(VFD)
3486:(LPD)
3433:(FED)
3427:(SED)
3398:Next
3383:(DLP)
3312:E Ink
3266:(ELD)
3255:(CRT)
3023:types
2943:Other
2622:Other
2462:S2CID
2436:(PDF)
2347:(PDF)
2184:S2CID
1986:(PDF)
1853:(PDF)
1314:) or
1208:Laser
667:look
398:Most
364:movie
251:
249:Greek
227:, or
3697:EDID
3519:Vane
3465:TMOS
3460:IMoD
3454:MEMS
3281:ALiS
3239:Past
2735:and
2582:ISBN
2559:OCLC
2500:ISBN
2484:ISBN
2452:ISBN
2405:2024
2381:2006
2358:2006
2299:ISBN
2277:PMID
2257:ISBN
2230:2012
2176:PMID
2168:ISSN
2092:PMID
2074:ISSN
2039:2024
1994:2014
1956:2012
1934:2012
1902:2012
1865:2010
1609:and
1601:and
1563:Mars
1559:NASA
1553:The
1442:Uses
1345:and
1326:and
1294:and
1258:and
1201:and
1185:and
1155:The
1060:cyan
1058:and
981:and
861:and
840:OLED
739:and
705:and
689:and
608:cyan
390:and
315:cues
239:for
3369:LED
3362:IPS
3352:TFT
2666:on
2647:at
2444:doi
2267:PMC
2249:doi
2160:doi
2148:495
2082:PMC
2066:doi
1518:on
1482:Art
1056:red
1019:or
1015:or
863:MRI
838:or
836:LCD
828:HMD
826:An
788:or
368:eye
3797::
3357:TN
2680:,
2557:.
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2146:.
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2072:.
2062:78
2060:.
2056:.
1920:.
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1855:.
1770:^
1679:^
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1530:.
1466:,
1462:,
1458:,
1244:3D
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1177:,
1173:,
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743:.
721:3D
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556:.
547:c.
545:,
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362:,
304:.
289:.
283:3D
273:.
187:c.
173:c.
159:c.
157:,
144:.
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3208:t
3201:v
2725:e
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2468:.
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2232:.
2209:.
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2019:.
1996:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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