1268:
1450:
2127:
1584:. The complete expansion of the steam now occurs across multiple cylinders, with the overall temperature drop within each cylinder reduced considerably. By expanding the steam in steps with smaller temperature range (within each cylinder) the condensation and re-evaporation efficiency issue (described above) is reduced. This reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling, increasing the efficiency of the engine. By staging the expansion in multiple cylinders, variations of torque can be reduced. To derive equal work from lower-pressure cylinder requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume. Therefore, the bore, and in rare cases the stroke, are increased in low-pressure cylinders, resulting in larger cylinders.
1964:
speed, therefore they are usually connected to reduction gearing to drive lower speed applications, such as a ship's propeller. In the vast majority of large electric generating stations, turbines are directly connected to generators with no reduction gearing. Typical speeds are 3600 revolutions per minute (RPM) in the United States with 60 Hertz power, and 3000 RPM in Europe and other countries with 50 Hertz electric power systems. In nuclear power applications, the turbines typically run at half these speeds, 1800 RPM and 1500 RPM. A turbine rotor is also only capable of providing power when rotating in one direction. Therefore, a reversing stage or gearbox is usually required where power is required in the opposite direction.
2477:
1023:
1918:
temperature. The aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction. By this means, the simple-expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part-load performance, and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower. However, the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties..
907:
1495:
2519:
942:
1761:
454:
749:
1417:
1992:(in the 1990s about 90% of the world's electric production was by use of steam turbines) however the recent widespread application of large gas turbine units and typical combined cycle power plants has resulted in reduction of this percentage to the 80% regime for steam turbines. In electricity production, the high speed of turbine rotation matches well with the speed of modern electric generators, which are typically direct connected to their driving turbines. In marine service, (pioneered on the
470:
1547:
exhaust pressure. As high-pressure steam is admitted into the working cylinder, much of the high-temperature steam is condensed as water droplets onto the metal surfaces, significantly reducing the steam available for expansive work. When the expanding steam reaches low pressure (especially during the exhaust stroke), the previously deposited water droplets that had just been formed within the cylinder/ports now boil away (re-evaporation) and this steam does no further work in the cylinder.
2500:
784:
1933:
2037:
1746:
1441:, which uses a steam jet usually supplied from the boiler. Injectors became popular in the 1850s but are no longer widely used, except in applications such as steam locomotives. It is the pressurization of the water that circulates through the steam boiler that allows the water to be raised to temperatures well above 100 °C (212 °F) boiling point of water at one atmospheric pressure, and by that means to increase the efficiency of the steam cycle.
933:. Many of these vehicles were acquired by enthusiasts for preservation, and numerous examples are still in existence. In the 1960s, the air pollution problems in California gave rise to a brief period of interest in developing and studying steam-powered vehicles as a possible means of reducing the pollution. Apart from interest by steam enthusiasts, the occasional replica vehicle, and experimental technology, no steam vehicles are in production at present.
2253:
1803:" or rather, shortening the admission event; this in turn proportionately lengthens the expansion period. However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods which should ideally always be kept fairly constant; if the exhaust event is too brief, the totality of the exhaust steam cannot evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression (
490:
1972:
446:
2359:, who also advised Watt on experimental procedures. Watt was also aware of the change in the boiling point of water with pressure. Otherwise, the improvements to the engine itself were more mechanical in nature. The thermodynamic concepts of the Rankine cycle did give engineers the understanding needed to calculate efficiency which aided the development of modern high-pressure and -temperature boilers and the steam turbine.
1998:), steam turbines with reduction gearing (although the Turbinia has direct turbines to propellers with no reduction gearbox) dominated large ship propulsion throughout the late 20th century, being more efficient (and requiring far less maintenance) than reciprocating steam engines. In recent decades, reciprocating Diesel engines, and gas turbines, have almost entirely supplanted steam propulsion for marine applications.
2273:
provide a practical heat/power conversion system. The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop with some of the heat added being converted to work and the waste heat being removed in a condenser. The
Rankine cycle is used in virtually all steam power production applications. In the 1990s, Rankine steam cycles generated about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all
2402:(94 pounds) of coal. The best examples of Newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million, but most were closer to 5 million. Watt's original low-pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million, but averaged about 17. This was a three-fold improvement over the average Newcomen design. Early Watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million.
768:
workings at depths originally impractical using traditional means, and for providing reusable water for driving waterwheels at factories sited away from a suitable "head". Water that passed over the wheel was pumped up into a storage reservoir above the wheel. In 1780 James
Pickard patented the use of a flywheel and crankshaft to provide rotative motion from an improved Newcomen engine.
2323:) processes in the theoretical Carnot cycle. In this cycle, a pump is used to pressurize the working fluid which is received from the condenser as a liquid not as a gas. Pumping the working fluid in liquid form during the cycle requires a small fraction of the energy to transport it compared to the energy needed to compress the working fluid in gaseous form in a compressor (as in the
2033:, but were not repeated. Elsewhere, notably in the United States, more advanced designs with electric transmission were built experimentally, but not reproduced. It was found that steam turbines were not ideally suited to the railroad environment and these locomotives failed to oust the classic reciprocating steam unit in the way that modern diesel and electric traction has done.
1476:
Exhibition in 1862. The steam engine indicator traces on paper the pressure in the cylinder throughout the cycle, which can be used to spot various problems and calculate developed horsepower. It was routinely used by engineers, mechanics and insurance inspectors. The engine indicator can also be used on internal combustion engines. See image of indicator diagram below (in
1522:
whenever there was a speed change. As a consequence, engines equipped only with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed, such as cotton spinning. The governor was improved over time and coupled with variable steam cut off, good speed control in response to changes in load was attainable near the end of the 19th century.
1653:
1681:. Y-S-T engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders, one at each end of the engine. This allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced, resulting in a smoother, faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration. This made the four-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners (such as the
1959:(static discs) fixed to the turbine casing. The rotors have a propeller-like arrangement of blades at the outer edge. Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion. The stator consists of a similar, but fixed, series of blades that serve to redirect the steam flow onto the next rotor stage. A steam turbine often exhausts into a
1591:) engines expanded the steam in two stages. The pairs may be duplicated or the work of the large low-pressure cylinder can be split with one high-pressure cylinder exhausting into one or the other, giving a three-cylinder layout where cylinder and piston diameter are about the same, making the reciprocating masses easier to balance.
1401:), is then pumped back up to pressure and sent back to the boiler. A dry-type cooling tower is similar to an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water is costly. Waste heat can also be ejected by evaporative (wet) cooling towers, which use a secondary external water circuit that evaporates some of flow to the air.
864:
applications. Thereafter, technological developments and improvements in manufacturing techniques (partly brought about by the adoption of the steam engine as a power source) resulted in the design of more efficient engines that could be smaller, faster, or more powerful, depending on the intended application.
1896:
1628:), the pistons worked in the same phase driving a common crosshead and crank, again set at 90° as for a two-cylinder engine. With the three-cylinder compound arrangement, the LP cranks were either set at 90° with the HP one at 135° to the other two, or in some cases, all three cranks were set at 120°.
2330:
The working fluid in a
Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may be an "open loop" system, where the exhaust steam is directly released to the atmosphere, and a separate source of water feeding the boiler is supplied. Normally water is
924:
had developed the use of high-pressure steam, around 1800, that mobile steam engines became a practical proposition. The first half of the 19th century saw great progress in steam vehicle design, and by the 1850s it was becoming viable to produce them on a commercial basis. This progress was dampened
847:
The meaning of high pressure, together with an actual value above ambient, depends on the era in which the term was used. For early use of the term Van
Reimsdijk refers to steam being at a sufficiently high pressure that it could be exhausted to atmosphere without reliance on a vacuum to enable it to
3539:
A south Wales town has begun months of celebrations to mark the 200th anniversary of the invention of the steam locomotive. Merthyr Tydfil was the location where, on 21 February 1804, Richard
Trevithick took the world into the railway age when he set one of his high-pressure steam engines on a local
2227:
melts and the steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire. Except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire. The plugs are also too small in area to lower steam pressure significantly, depressurizing the boiler. If they were
2091:
of a conventional reciprocating steam engine. Many such engines have been designed, from the time of James Watt to the present day, but relatively few were actually built and even fewer went into quantity production; see link at bottom of article for more details. The major problem is the difficulty
628:
Reciprocating piston type steam engines were the dominant source of power until the early 20th century. The efficiency of stationary steam engine increased dramatically until about 1922. The highest
Rankine Cycle Efficiency of 91% and combined thermal efficiency of 31% was demonstrated and published
1967:
Steam turbines provide direct rotational force and therefore do not require a linkage mechanism to convert reciprocating to rotary motion. Thus, they produce smoother rotational forces on the output shaft. This contributes to a lower maintenance requirement and less wear on the machinery they power
1351:
In a steam engine, a piston or steam turbine or any other similar device for doing mechanical work takes a supply of steam at high pressure and temperature and gives out a supply of steam at lower pressure and temperature, using as much of the difference in steam energy as possible to do mechanical
2350:
The steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure and knowledge of properties of heat and steam. The
2160:
In more modern times there has been limited use of steam for rocketry – particularly for rocket cars. Steam rocketry works by filling a pressure vessel with hot water at high pressure and opening a valve leading to a suitable nozzle. The drop in pressure immediately boils some of the water and the
1819:
by lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve in such a way as to overlap the port on the admission side, with the effect that the exhaust side remains open for a longer period after cut-off on the admission side has occurred. This expedient has since been generally considered satisfactory for most
1814:
riding on the back of the main slide valve; the latter usually had fixed or limited cutoff. The combined setup gave a fair approximation of the ideal events, at the expense of increased friction and wear, and the mechanism tended to be complicated. The usual compromise solution has been to provide
1537:
In a simple engine, or "single expansion engine" the charge of steam passes through the entire expansion process in an individual cylinder, although a simple engine may have one or more individual cylinders. It is then exhausted directly into the atmosphere or into a condenser. As steam expands in
1475:
The most useful instrument for analyzing the performance of steam engines is the steam engine indicator. Early versions were in use by 1851, but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer
Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London
871:
was developed by
Trevithick and others in the 1810s. It was a compound cycle engine that used high-pressure steam expansively, then condensed the low-pressure steam, making it relatively efficient. The Cornish engine had irregular motion and torque through the cycle, limiting it mainly to pumping.
775:
described a two-cylinder high-pressure steam engine. The invention was published in his major work "Theatri
Machinarum Hydraulicarum". The engine used two heavy pistons to provide motion to a water pump. Each piston was raised by the steam pressure and returned to its original position by gravity.
2272:
The
Rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine. The cycle is an arrangement of components as is typically used for simple power production, and uses the phase change of water (boiling water producing steam, condensing exhaust steam, producing liquid water)) to
2215:
traditionally used a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of a boiler. One end of the lever carried a weight or spring that restrained the valve against steam pressure. Early valves could be adjusted by engine drivers, leading to many accidents when a driver fastened the valve down to
1963:
that provides a vacuum. The stages of a steam turbine are typically arranged to extract the maximum potential work from a specific velocity and pressure of steam, giving rise to a series of variably sized high- and low-pressure stages. Turbines are only efficient if they rotate at relatively high
886:
Early builders of stationary steam engines considered that horizontal cylinders would be subject to excessive wear. Their engines were therefore arranged with the piston axis in vertical position. In time the horizontal arrangement became more popular, allowing compact, but powerful engines to be
2451:
In practice, a reciprocating steam engine cycle exhausting the steam to atmosphere will typically have an efficiency (including the boiler) in the range of 1–10%. However, with the addition of a condenser, Corliss valves, multiple expansion, and high steam pressure/temperature, it may be greatly
1856:
Before the exhaust phase is quite complete, the exhaust side of the valve closes, shutting a portion of the exhaust steam inside the cylinder. This determines the compression phase where a cushion of steam is formed against which the piston does work whilst its velocity is rapidly decreasing; it
1550:
There are practical limits on the expansion ratio of a steam engine cylinder, as increasing cylinder surface area tends to exacerbate the cylinder condensation and re-evaporation issues. This negates the theoretical advantages associated with a high ratio of expansion in an individual cylinder.
1546:
The dominant efficiency loss in reciprocating steam engines is cylinder condensation and re-evaporation. The steam cylinder and adjacent metal parts/ports operate at a temperature about halfway between the steam admission saturation temperature and the saturation temperature corresponding to the
1214:
The widely used reciprocating engine typically consisted of a cast-iron cylinder, piston, connecting rod and beam or a crank and flywheel, and miscellaneous linkages. Steam was alternately supplied and exhausted by one or more valves. Speed control was either automatic, using a governor, or by a
968:
exhausted steam into successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions, with double- and triple-expansion engines being common, especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the
2443:
One principal advantage the Rankine cycle holds over others is that during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump, the working fluid being in its liquid phase at this point. By condensing the fluid, the work required by the pump consumes only 1% to 3% of the
2103:
By the 1840s, it was clear that the concept had inherent problems and rotary engines were treated with some derision in the technical press. However, the arrival of electricity on the scene, and the obvious advantages of driving a dynamo directly from a high-speed engine, led to something of a
1631:
The adoption of compounding was common for industrial units, for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880; it was not universally popular in railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated. This is partly due to the harsh railway operating environment and
1408:
in which cold water from the river is injected into the exhaust steam from the engine. Cooling water and condensate mix. While this was also applied for sea-going vessels, generally after only a few days of operation the boiler would become coated with deposited salt, reducing performance and
1917:
Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam, whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring the working
1672:
respectively. These engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter. These cylinders are designed to divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage. As with the double-expansion engine, if space is at a premium, then two smaller cylinders may be used for the
1521:
were building. The governor could not actually hold a set speed, because it would assume a new constant speed in response to load changes. The governor was able to handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler. Also, there was a tendency for oscillation
767:
around 1712. It improved on Savery's steam pump, using a piston as proposed by Papin. Newcomen's engine was relatively inefficient, and mostly used for pumping water. It worked by creating a partial vacuum by condensing steam under a piston within a cylinder. It was employed for draining mine
863:
in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam; Trevithick obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802, and Evans had made several working models before then. These were much more powerful for a given cylinder size than previous engines and could be made small enough for transport
1233:
to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point, and various mechanisms to increase the draft for fireboxes. When coal is used, a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin (bunker) to the firebox.
637:
resulted in the gradual replacement of steam engines in commercial usage. Steam turbines replaced reciprocating engines in power generation, due to lower cost, higher operating speed, and higher efficiency. Note that small scale steam turbines are much less efficient than large ones.
2216:
allow greater steam pressure and more power from the engine. The more recent type of safety valve uses an adjustable spring-loaded valve, which is locked such that operators may not tamper with its adjustment unless a seal is illegally broken. This arrangement is considerably safer.
898:, the committee said that "no one invention since Watt's time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam engine". In addition to using 30% less steam, it provided more uniform speed due to variable steam cut off, making it well suited to manufacturing, especially cotton spinning.
3194:
Nuvolari, A; Verspagen, Bart; Tunzelmann, Nicholas (2003). "The Diffusion of the Steam Engine in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Applied Evolutionary Economics and the Knowledge-based Economy" (Document). Eindhoven, The Netherlands: Eindhoven Centre for Innovation Studies (ECIS).
1317:
Fire-tube boilers were the main type used for early high-pressure steam (typical steam locomotive practice), but they were to a large extent displaced by more economical water tube boilers in the late 19th century for marine propulsion and large stationary applications.
603:
is considered the inventor of the first commercially used steam powered device, a steam pump that used steam pressure operating directly on the water. The first commercially successful engine that could transmit continuous power to a machine was developed in 1712 by
1161:
starting in the late part of the 19th century. Steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines (for outputs above several hundred horsepower), have fewer moving parts, and provide rotary power directly instead of through a
1166:
system or similar means. Steam turbines virtually replaced reciprocating engines in electricity generating stations early in the 20th century, where their efficiency, higher speed appropriate to generator service, and smooth rotation were advantages. Today most
925:
by legislation which limited or prohibited the use of steam-powered vehicles on roads. Improvements in vehicle technology continued from the 1860s to the 1920s. Steam road vehicles were used for many applications. In the 20th century, the rapid development of
2409:, in which heat is moved from a high-temperature reservoir to one at a low temperature, and the efficiency depends on the temperature difference. For the greatest efficiency, steam engines should be operated at the highest steam temperature possible (
612:
made a critical improvement in 1764, by removing spent steam to a separate vessel for condensation, greatly improving the amount of work obtained per unit of fuel consumed. By the 19th century, stationary steam engines powered the factories of the
720:. It used condensing steam to create a vacuum which raised water from below and then used steam pressure to raise it higher. Small engines were effective though larger models were problematic. They had a very limited lift height and were prone to
1412:
Evaporated water cannot be used for subsequent purposes (other than rain somewhere), whereas river water can be re-used. In all cases, the steam plant boiler feed water, which must be kept pure, is kept separate from the cooling water or air.
1171:
is provided by steam turbines. In the United States, 90% of the electric power is produced in this way using a variety of heat sources. Steam turbines were extensively applied for propulsion of large ships throughout most of the 20th century.
1312:
Hot gas is passed through tubes immersed in water, the same water also circulates in a water jacket surrounding the firebox and, in high-output locomotive boilers, also passes through tubes in the firebox itself (thermic syphons and security
2187:) can and have in the past caused great loss of life. While variations in standards may exist in different countries, stringent legal, testing, training, care with manufacture, operation and certification is applied to ensure safety.
1624:). When the double-expansion group is duplicated, producing a four-cylinder compound, the individual pistons within the group are usually balanced at 180°, the groups being set at 90° to each other. In one case (the first type of
1069:. The design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its efficiency. Trevithick visited the Newcastle area later in 1804 and the
1242:
The heat required for boiling the water and raising the temperature of the steam can be derived from various sources, most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space (e.g.,
2210:
Steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high; one may be adjusted by the user, the second is typically designed as an ultimate fail-safe. Such
1699:
The image in this section shows an animation of a triple-expansion engine. The steam travels through the engine from left to right. The valve chest for each of the cylinders is to the left of the corresponding cylinder.
2062:
to direct steam into and out of the cylinder. Instead of valves, the entire cylinder rocks, or oscillates, such that one or more holes in the cylinder line up with holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting
838:
Watt developed his engine further, modifying it to provide a rotary motion suitable for driving machinery. This enabled factories to be sited away from rivers, and accelerated the pace of the Industrial Revolution.
1542:
and results in steam entering the cylinder at high temperature and leaving at lower temperature. This causes a cycle of heating and cooling of the cylinder with every stroke, which is a source of inefficiency.
676:
during the first century AD. In the following centuries, the few steam-powered engines known were, like the aeolipile, essentially experimental devices used by inventors to demonstrate the properties of steam.
3063:"LXXII. An engine for raising water by fire; being on improvement of saver'y construction, to render it capable of working itself, invented by Mr. De Moura of Portugal, F. R. S. Described by Mr. J. Smeaton".
1186:
Although the reciprocating steam engine is no longer in widespread commercial use, various companies are exploring or exploiting the potential of the engine as an alternative to internal combustion engines.
1355:
These "motor units" are often called 'steam engines' in their own right. Engines using compressed air or other gases differ from steam engines only in details that depend on the nature of the gas although
2448:, for instance, have turbine entry temperatures approaching 1500 °C. Nonetheless, the efficiencies of actual large steam cycles and large modern simple cycle gas turbines are fairly well matched.
1656:
An animation of a simplified triple-expansion engine. High-pressure steam (red) enters from the boiler and passes through the engine, exhausting as low-pressure steam (blue), usually to a condenser.
1383:
to avoid the weight and bulk of condensers. Some of the released steam is vented up the chimney so as to increase the draw on the fire, which greatly increases engine power, but reduces efficiency.
2476:
1776:(counterflow), entering and exhausting from the same end of the cylinder. The complete engine cycle occupies one rotation of the crank and two piston strokes; the cycle also comprises four
1848:
profiled so as to give ideal events; most of these gears never succeeded outside of the stationary marketplace due to various other issues including leakage and more delicate mechanisms.
2444:
turbine (or reciprocating engine) power and contributes to a much higher efficiency for a real cycle. The benefit of this is lost somewhat due to the lower heat addition temperature.
2933:
1857:
moreover obviates the pressure and temperature shock, which would otherwise be caused by the sudden admission of the high-pressure steam at the beginning of the following cycle.
2327:). The cycle of a reciprocating steam engine differs from that of turbines because of condensation and re-evaporation occurring in the cylinder or in the steam inlet passages.
894:, patented in 1849, which was a four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff. When Corliss was given the
740:
in the Philosophical Transactions published in 1751. It continued to be manufactured until the late 18th century. At least one engine was still known to be operating in 1820.
2420:
levels for the working fluid, the temperature range over which the cycle can operate is small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 °C (the
1636:(particularly in Britain, where compounding was never common and not employed after 1930). However, although never in the majority, it was popular in many other countries.
1409:
increasing the risk of a boiler explosion. Starting about 1834, the use of surface condensers on ships eliminated fouling of the boilers, and improved engine efficiency.
233:
1795:
The simplest valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction. Many however have a reversing
1673:
low-pressure stage. Multiple-expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged inline, but various other formations were used. In the late 19th century, the
1433:
Most steam boilers have a means to supply water whilst at pressure, so that they may be run continuously. Utility and industrial boilers commonly use multi-stage
852:, p. 22 states that Watt's condensing engines were known, at the time, as low pressure compared to high pressure, non-condensing engines of the same period.
2379:
The efficiency of an engine cycle can be calculated by dividing the energy output of mechanical work that the engine produces by the energy put into the engine.
432:
2107:
Of the few designs that were manufactured in quantity, those of the Hult Brothers Rotary Steam Engine Company of Stockholm, Sweden, and the spherical engine of
815:'s improved version of Newcomen's. Newcomen's and Watt's early engines were "atmospheric". They were powered by air pressure pushing a piston into the partial
595:
As noted, steam-driven devices such as the aeolipile were known in the first century AD, and there were a few other uses recorded in the 16th century. In 1606
3721:
929:
technology led to the demise of the steam engine as a source of propulsion of vehicles on a commercial basis, with relatively few remaining in use beyond the
4766:
1620:
With two-cylinder compounds used in railway work, the pistons are connected to the cranks as with a two-cylinder simple at 90° out of phase with each other (
4353:
2470:
in which the waste heat is used for heating a lower boiling point working fluid or as a heat source for district heating via saturated low-pressure steam.
2223:
may be present in the crown of the boiler's firebox. If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the
5728:
1660:
It is a logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency. The result is the
2749:
1707:, the expansion engine dominated marine applications, where high vessel speed was not essential. It was, however, superseded by the British invention
1007:
As the development of steam engines progressed through the 18th century, various attempts were made to apply them to road and railway use. In 1784,
1015:
inventor, built a model steam road locomotive. An early working model of a steam rail locomotive was designed and constructed by steamboat pioneer
263:
2518:
2386:
was its "duty". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier
2067:). These engines are mainly used in toys and models because of their simplicity, but have also been used in full-size working engines, mainly on
5481:
2351:
experimental measurements made by Watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser. Watt independently discovered
1696:, by far the largest number of identical ships ever built. Over 2700 ships were built, in the United States, from a British original design.
1810:
In the 1840s and 1850s, there were attempts to overcome this problem by means of various patent valve gears with a separate, variable cutoff
969:
weight of coal carried. Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of the
2332:
3496:
2625:
1321:
Many boilers raise the temperature of the steam after it has left that part of the boiler where it is in contact with the water. Known as
2941:
1049:
and, on 21 February 1804, the world's first railway journey took place as Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the
1046:
425:
223:
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3793:
1881:
comprising the ports and the cylinder ends (not part of the piston-swept volume) before the steam begins to exert effort on the piston.
804:
238:
1424:
uses a jet of steam to force water into the boiler. Injectors are inefficient but simple enough to be suitable for use on locomotives.
1019:
in the United States probably during the 1780s or 1790s. His steam locomotive used interior bladed wheels guided by rails or tracks.
4759:
3197:(Paper to be presented at 50th Annual North American Meetings of the Regional Science Association International 20–22 November 2003)
2311:
begins to resemble the Carnot cycle. The main difference is that heat addition (in the boiler) and rejection (in the condenser) are
1726:
of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine.
2499:
1703:
Land-based steam engines could exhaust their steam to atmosphere, as feed water was usually readily available. Prior to and during
1517:
was adopted by James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt's partner Boulton saw one on the equipment of a flour mill
6036:
5721:
5641:
1207:
in fixed buildings may have the boiler and engine in separate buildings some distance apart. For portable or mobile use, such as
1267:
981:
gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines, with merchant shipping relying increasingly upon
5514:
4586:
2331:
the fluid of choice due to its favourable properties, such as non-toxic and unreactive chemistry, abundance, low cost, and its
2025:
were manufactured. Some non-condensing direct-drive locomotives did meet with some success for long haul freight operations in
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passing through a high-pressure engine, its temperature drops because no heat is being added to the system; this is known as
1386:
Sometimes the waste heat from the engine is useful itself, and in those cases, very high overall efficiency can be obtained.
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Watt's patent prevented others from making high pressure and compound engines. Shortly after Watt's patent expired in 1800,
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received patents in 1606 for 50 steam-powered inventions, including a water pump for draining inundated mines. Frenchman
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The first experimental road-going steam-powered vehicles were built in the late 18th century, but it was not until after
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3475:"Nation Park Service Steam Locomotive article with photo of Fitch Steam model and dates of construction as 1780–1790"
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etc. will achieve efficiency in the mid 40% range, with the most efficient units approaching 50% thermal efficiency.
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which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually "shortening the
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either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion, with generators providing auxiliary power, or else employ
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The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present
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A method to lessen the magnitude of energy loss to a very long cylinder was invented in 1804 by British engineer
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Landes refers to Thurston's definition of an engine and Thurston's calling Newcomen's the "first true engine".
2260:. 1) Feedwater pump 2) Boiler or steam generator 3) Turbine or engine 4) Condenser; where
2096:; the resulting leakage made them very inefficient. Lack of expansive working, or any means of control of the
2058:
An oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require
1692:. It is noted, however, that triple-expansion reciprocating steam engines were used to drive the World War II
5535:
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introduced an improvement of Savery's construction "to render it capable of working itself", as described by
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17:
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1780:– admission, expansion, exhaust, compression. These events are controlled by valves often working inside a
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For safety reasons, nearly all steam engines are equipped with mechanisms to monitor the boiler, such as a
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buildup of sediment and scale which cause local hot spots, especially in riverboats using dirty feed water
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in north-east England became the leading centre for experimentation and development of steam locomotives.
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3326:"The Pictorial History of Steam Power" J.T. Van Reimsdijk and Kenneth Brown, Octopus Books Limited 1989,
2455:
A modern, large electrical power station (producing several hundred megawatts of electrical output) with
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The efficiency of a Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid. Without the pressure reaching
2387:
2014:
650:
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1873:, it has been found advantageous since the late 1830s to advance the admission phase, giving the valve
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limit of stainless steel) and condenser temperatures are around 30 °C. This gives a theoretical
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plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an
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1437:; however, other types are used. Another means of supplying lower-pressure boiler feed water is an
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The first commercially successful engine that could transmit continuous power to a machine was the
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Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United States 1790–1865
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Steam locomotives continued to be manufactured until the late twentieth century in places such as
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4096:"Remarks on the Duty of the Steam Engines employed in the Mines of Cornwall at different periods"
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as a cold sink. The condensers are cooled by water flow from oceans, rivers, lakes, and often by
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Engines equipped with a condenser are a separate type than those that exhaust to the atmosphere.
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41:"Steam machine" and "Steam-powered" redirect here. For the video game distribution service, see
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As of 2023, large reciprocating piston steam engines are still being manufactured in Germany.
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so that admission occurs a little before the end of the exhaust stroke in order to fill the
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which evaporate water to provide cooling energy removal. The resulting condensed hot water (
1333:'. It avoids the steam condensing in the engine cylinders, and gives a significantly higher
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Creating the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations of 1867–1914 and Their Lasting Impact
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rotates due to the steam escaping from the arms. No practical use was made of this effect.
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opened in 1830 making exclusive use of steam power for both passenger and freight trains.
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Trevithick continued his own experiments using a trio of locomotives, concluding with the
8:
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revival in interest in the 1880s and 1890s, and a few designs had some limited success..
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3129:. Collected Papers of Rhys Jenkins, Former Senior Examiner in the British Patent Office.
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4205:] (in French). Translated by Carpenter, George W. Camden Miniature Steam Services.
4151:
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adjacent to the cylinder; the valves distribute the steam by opening and closing steam
1772:
In most reciprocating piston engines, the steam reverses its direction of flow at each
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showing the four events in a double piston stroke. See: Monitoring and control (above)
1616:: The cylinders are arranged in a V (usually at a 90° angle) and drive a common crank.
1379:
The simplest cold sink is to vent the steam to the environment. This is often used on
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stationary engine. This was the common mill engine of the mid 19th century. Note the
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Cornish engines were used in mines and for water supply until the late 19th century.
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A Brief History of the Age of Steam: From the First Engine to the Boats and Railways
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pressure vessel failure of the boiler due to inadequate construction or maintenance.
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improved. Historically into the range of 10–20%, and very rarely slightly higher.
1576:
in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a
1114:. This was the first public steam railway in the world and then in 1829, he built
748:
449:
A model of a beam engine featuring James Watt's parallel linkage for double action
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The first commercial steam-powered device was a water pump, developed in 1698 by
693:
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patented his invention of the first steam-powered water pump for draining mines.
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powering textile machinery. One advantage of Savery's engine was its low cost.
5979:
5922:
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4899:
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3878:"Stirling | Internal Combustion Engine | Cylinder (Engine) | Free 30-day Trial"
3522:
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2123:. They were eventually replaced in these niche applications by steam turbines.
1825:
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The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry and Invention
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to regulate the speed of the engine without the need for human interference.
1405:
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1215:
manual valve. The cylinder casting contained steam supply and exhaust ports.
1152:
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1002:
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964:
Near the end of the 19th century, compound engines came into widespread use.
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as "steam engines". The essential feature of steam engines is that they are
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4068:"GEOTHERMAL BINARY CYCLE POWER PLANT PRINCIPLES, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE"
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4496:. The International Scientific Series. New York: D. Appleton and Company.
3675:
1664:. Such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as
1157:
The final major evolution of the steam engine design was the use of steam
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any larger, the volume of escaping steam would itself endanger the crew.
2126:
1941:
1932:
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1462:
1230:
1226:
729:
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1953:(rotating discs) mounted on a drive shaft, alternating with a series of
1080:
in 1808. Only four years later, the successful twin-cylinder locomotive
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insufficient water in the boiler causing overheating and vessel failure
2120:
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of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and
2088:
2059:
2036:
1895:
1841:
1789:
1506:
1373:
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609:
544:
as just described, although some authorities have also referred to the
520:. The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a
153:
104:
4436:
Robinson, Eric H. (March 1974). "The Early Diffusion of Steam Power".
3900:
3898:
1453:
Richard's indicator instrument of 1875. See: Indicator diagram (below)
5927:
5917:
5849:
5844:
5295:
5280:
4676:
4257:. Vol. 2: Steam Power. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
3117:. Cambridge: The Newcomen Society at the Cambridge University Press.
2897:
2615:
2150:
2131:
2021:
set with propulsion provided by electric motors. A limited number of
1326:
1062:
661:
549:
494:
163:
84:
2428:
of about 63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42% for a modern
1971:
1688:), but this was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration-free
540:
force for work. The term "steam engine" is most commonly applied to
489:
5184:
4411:
3895:
3115:
Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times
2510:
2297:
2064:
1994:
1976:
1910:
1438:
1421:
1222:
1041:
The first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built by
1012:
824:
537:
109:
4549:
3782:, p. 123, 'The Steam Engine Indicator' Stillman, Paul (1851).
2413:), and release the waste heat at the lowest temperature possible.
1913:
at the top. High-pressure steam enters, red, and exhausts, yellow.
445:
5807:
4292:. Cambridge; NY: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
3251:
Duty comparison was based on a carefully conducted trial in 1778.
2491:
2436:) is why the Rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in
2278:
2179:
that contain a great deal of potential energy. Steam escapes and
1796:
1158:
831:
had to be large because the only usable force acting on them was
158:
4744:
4560:
Video of the 1900 steam engine aboard paddle steamer Unterwalden
4114:"A review of gas turbine engine with inter-stage turbine burner"
3969:. Chicago: Farm Implement News Company. 1928. pp. 108–109 .
3967:
The Tractor Field Book: With Power Farm Equipment Specifications
3748:
The Coming of the Comet: The Rise and Fall of the Paddle Steamer
1711:
where speed was required, for instance in warships, such as the
1203:, and the "motor unit", referred to itself as a "steam engine".
660:
As noted, one recorded rudimentary steam-powered engine was the
5300:
5037:
4564:
4270:. Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
3973:
3677:
Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research
3375:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. xvi.
3044:
2680:
This model was built by Samuel Pemberton between 1880 and 1890.
2399:
2026:
1196:
816:
581:
521:
3393:
The American Car since 1775, Pub. L. Scott. Baily, 1971, p. 18
1190:
4819:
4266:
A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930
4255:
A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930
3302:. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
2184:
1066:
1034:
513:
3909:. Penrhyn, UK: Atlantic Transport Publishers. pp. 2–3.
2175:
Steam engines possess boilers and other components that are
2161:
steam leaves through a nozzle, creating a propulsive force.
1468:
Many engines, stationary and mobile, are also fitted with a
3206:
3193:
2993:
2778:(6th ed.). USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. p. 405.
2224:
2115:
to drive lighting dynamos on their locomotives, and by the
1195:
There are two fundamental components of a steam plant: the
708:
in 1679, and first used a piston to raise weights in 1690.
4351:
Payton, Philip (2004). "Trevithick, Richard (1771–1833)".
4236:
Power from Steam: A history of the stationary steam engine
3571:(reprint of 1923 ed.). Lewes, UK: the Book Guild Ltd.
2919:, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science,
2848:
2303:
The Rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical
1840:
gears had separate admission and exhaust valves driven by
4381:
Thermodynamics of the Steam-engine and Other Heat-engines
3704:
3702:
3652:, pp. 495–96 Description of the Colt portable engine
3526:
3396:
3371:
Dickinson, Henry W; Titley, Arthur (1934). "Chronology".
3065:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
2799:
Energy resources: occurrence, production, conversion, use
2750:"The History and Future of High Efficiency Steam Engines"
1788:
communicating with the cylinder end(s) and are driven by
485:
of engine was built in 1942–1950 and operated until 1988.
4515:
3860:
3858:
3761:
2315:(constant pressure) processes in the Rankine cycle and
3699:
2979:. Valencia: Universidad de Valencia. pp. 443–54.
2432:. This low turbine entry temperature (compared with a
1255:
and a few full scale cases, the heat source can be an
1221:
Other components are often present; pumps (such as an
4429:
Watt's Perfect Engine: Steam and the Age of Invention
3855:
3497:"Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive | Rhagor"
3442:
3440:
3420:
3408:
3223:. London: B. Steill, Paternoster-Row. pp. 23–24.
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3132:
3096:
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2206:
escape of steam from pipework/boiler causing scalding
2047:
568:
can refer to either complete steam plants (including
4112:
Yin, Feijia; Rao, Arvind Gangoli (1 February 2020).
3687:
3598:
Baureihe 52.80 – Die rekonstruierte Kriegslokomotive
3144:
2713:
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
2466:
It is also possible to capture the waste heat using
2100:, is also a serious problem with many such designs.
1865:
The above effects are further enhanced by providing
1304:
Water is passed through tubes surrounded by hot gas.
4550:
Animated engines – Illustrates a variety of engines
2956:
1820:purposes and makes possible the use of the simpler
1288:that contain water to be boiled, and features that
4308:
4263:
4100:Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers
3437:
3156:
3091:
2827:(7th ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill. pp. 29–24.
2710:
2256:Flow diagram of the four main devices used in the
625:, and steam locomotives operated on the railways.
4422:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 818–850.
3944:"Valves and Steamchest - Advanced Steam Traction"
3351:, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 74,
2763:(8): 24–25 – via engineersaustralia.org.au.
2355:, which was confirmed by the original discoverer
2167:'s carriage was powered by an aeolipile in 1679.
1607:: The cylinders are end to end, driving a common
560:cycle used to analyze this process is called the
27:Engine that uses steam to perform mechanical work
6049:
4075:Orkustofnun (Islandic National Energy Authority)
3985:
3852:Basic Mechanical Engineering by Mohan Sen p. 266
3018:Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics
2307:because, when an efficient turbine is used, the
4177:Society and Economy in Modern Britain 1700–1850
3463:. London: Frederick Warne and Co. pp. 7–9.
3426:
3370:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
2717:(4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000.
1360:has been used in steam engines without change.
875:
3722:"Fossil Energy: How Turbine Power Plants Work"
3586:. The Hamlyn Publishing Group. pp. 24–30.
3581:
2405:No heat engine can be more efficient than the
2119:for driving dynamos on board the ships of the
2111:are notable. Tower's engines were used by the
1884:
629:in 1921 and 1928. Advances in the design of
5736:
5722:
4760:
4580:
3996:. London: Virtue and Company. pp. 61–63.
3904:
3545:
2917:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering
2268:=work. Most of the heat is rejected as waste.
2079:It is possible to use a mechanism based on a
1639:
1389:Steam engines in stationary power plants use
528:. This pushing force can be transformed by a
426:
4357:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
4311:An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology
4261:
3931:Dreadnought Gunnery at the Battle of Jutland
3779:
3373:Richard Trevithick, the engineer and the man
3282:
3268:. University of Chicago Press. p. 185.
3248:
2626:Steam power during the Industrial Revolution
2343:. Low boiling hydrocarbons can be used in a
4493:A History of the Growth of the Steam-engine
4011:. London: Charles Griffin. pp. 56–108.
3616:
3430:New England Manufacturers and Manufactories
2382:The historical measure of a steam engine's
1860:
1594:Two-cylinder compounds can be arranged as:
1191:Components and accessories of steam engines
811:'s early engines used half as much coal as
5729:
5715:
4767:
4753:
4587:
4573:
4262:Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991).
3819:A History of Control Engineering 1800–1930
3714:
3575:
3560:
3032:
1368:As with all heat engines, the majority of
910:Steam powered road-locomotive from England
890:The acme of the horizontal engine was the
433:
419:
4482:A Descriptive History of the Steam Engine
4238:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4137:
3207:Nuvolari, Verspagen & Tunzelmann 2003
2900:(1st century BC), published 17, June, 08
2885:
1756:with concave, almost D-shaped, underside.
1444:
1346:
776:The two pistons shared a common four-way
4555:Howstuffworks – "How Steam Engines Work"
4522:The Steam Turbine: The Rede Lecture 1911
4489:
4435:
4194:
3979:
3259:
3257:
3218:
2926:
2773:
2747:
2251:
2125:
2035:
1970:
1968:than a comparable reciprocating engine.
1947:A steam turbine consists of one or more
1931:
1894:
1759:
1744:
1675:Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing "system"
1651:
1493:
1448:
1415:
1266:
1021:
940:
905:
842:
782:
747:
488:
468:
452:
444:
6037:Glossary of steam locomotive components
5642:Glossary of steam locomotive components
4426:
4377:
4354:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4223:The Steam-engine and Other Heat-engines
3841:
3816:
3708:
3623:, Oxford University Press, p. 62,
3551:
3349:A Social History of American Technology
3295:
3233:
3112:
2940:. History.rochester.edu. Archived from
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2074:
1734:
1729:
1580:and then enters one or more subsequent
1525:
743:
696:in Italy in 1629. The Spanish inventor
14:
6050:
4478:
4350:
4306:
4284:
4252:
4111:
4066:Parada, Angel Fernando Monroy (2013).
4065:
4006:
3864:
3791:
3767:
3673:
3661:
3649:
3584:The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways
3458:
3446:
3414:
3402:
3181:
3138:
3100:
3050:
2974:
2906:
2157:, although not for direct propulsion.
1988:The main use for steam turbines is in
1175:
780:connected directly to a steam boiler.
584:or turbine machinery alone, as in the
5710:
4748:
4568:
4406:
4397:
4230:
4219:
4173:
3693:
3566:
3343:
3263:
3254:
3150:
3038:
2999:
2938:online history resource, chapter one"
2822:
2795:
2748:Mierisch, Robert Charles (May 2018).
2703:
2375:Engine efficiency § Steam engine
985:, and warships on the steam turbine.
849:
724:. Savery's engine was used in mines,
4102:, Volume 3 (14 January 1840), p. 457
3991:
3664:See description of steam locomotives
3610:
3569:Timothy Hackworth and the Locomotive
3011:
3005:
2896:from "Ten Books on Architecture" by
2825:Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook
2782:
2011:Nuclear-powered ships and submarines
1689:
988:
655:
4472:Rose, Joshua. (1887, reprint 2003)
4329:
3799:. pp. xxv–xxvi. Archived from
3724:. Fossil.energy.gov. Archived from
3499:. Museumwales.ac.uk. Archived from
3433:. volume 1. Van Slyck. p. 198.
2962:
2153:represents the use of steam by the
2071:where their compactness is valued.
1869:: as was later discovered with the
1587:Double-expansion (usually known as
1554:
24:
5494:National Museum of Scotland engine
4725:Timeline of heat engine technology
4390:
3242:
2048:Oscillating cylinder steam engines
2023:steam turbine railroad locomotives
1921:
795:The next major step occurred when
711:
25:
6094:
4774:
4543:
4485:. London: J. Knight and H. Lacey.
4046:Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame
3556:. Cannwood Press. pp. 18–19.
2194:over-pressurisation of the boiler
2054:Oscillating cylinder steam engine
2042:oscillating cylinder steam engine
2031:express passenger work in Britain
1792:, of which there are many types.
1601:: The cylinders are side by side.
1146:
1120:which was entered in and won the
936:
405:Outline of prehistoric technology
317:History of electrical engineering
5676:List of steam technology patents
4594:
4510:Pictorial History of Steam Power
4220:Ewing, Sir James Alfred (1894).
3821:. London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd.
3523:"Steam train anniversary begins"
3236:Theatri Machinarum Hydraulicarum
2729:"Who Invented the Steam Engine?"
2581:List of steam technology patents
2517:
2509:bicycle by John van de Riet, in
2498:
2475:
1532:
1271:An industrial boiler used for a
1211:, the two are mounted together.
1126:Liverpool and Manchester Railway
1037:"Northern" type steam locomotive
901:
4490:Thurston, Robert Henry (1878).
4438:The Journal of Economic History
4105:
4088:
4059:
4034:
4015:
4000:
3958:
3936:
3923:
3870:
3846:
3835:
3810:
3785:
3740:
3667:
3655:
3643:
3590:
3515:
3489:
3467:
3452:
3387:
3364:
3337:
3320:
3227:
3212:
3187:
3106:
3056:
2968:
2683:
1909:are controlled by the rotating
1679:marine triple-expansion engines
1376:at relatively low temperature.
1295:The two most common types are:
1112:Stockton and Darlington Railway
827:of expanding steam. The engine
370:Timeline of historic inventions
5661:Murdoch's model steam carriage
5647:History of steam road vehicles
4378:Peabody, Cecil Hobart (1893).
4336:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
4226:. Cambridge: University Press.
4139:10.1016/j.paerosci.2020.100695
4118:Progress in Aerospace Sciences
3596:Michael Reimer, Dirk Endisch:
2936:The growth of the steam engine
2934:"University of Rochester, NY,
2879:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2867:
2841:
2816:
2767:
2741:
2721:
2674:
2561:History of steam road vehicles
2231:
2138:
2087:in place of the cylinders and
1851:
1632:limited space afforded by the
1340:
1290:transfer the heat to the water
1237:
916:History of steam road vehicles
47:Steam machine (disambiguation)
13:
1:
5588:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
4384:. New York: Wiley & Sons.
3750:, Seaforth Publishing, 2012,
3461:Our Home Railways, volume one
3012:Lira, Carl T. (21 May 2013).
2776:Steam Power Plant Engineering
2696:
2528:with steam-powered water pump
2362:
2294:William John Macquorn Rankine
1582:lower-pressure (LP) cylinders
1428:
1404:River boats initially used a
803:of Newcomen's engine, with a
564:. In general usage, the term
347:History of nuclear technology
34:. For the steam turbine, see
5311:Return connecting rod engine
4508:Van Riemsdijk, J. T. (1980)
4431:. Columbia University Press.
4371:UK public library membership
4009:Manual of Marine Engineering
3905:van Riemsdijk, John (1994).
3238:. Leipzig: Christoph Zunkel.
2977:Mas alla de la Leyenda Negra
2339:is the working fluid in the
1465:to monitor the water level.
1363:
1292:as effectively as possible.
1251:, furnace). In the case of
876:Horizontal stationary engine
704:did some useful work on the
698:Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
597:Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
493:A steam ploughing engine by
332:History of materials science
312:History of computer hardware
269:Arab Agricultural Revolution
184:Fourth Industrial Revolution
144:Second Industrial Revolution
30:For the railway engine, see
7:
5235:Condensing steam locomotive
4525:(1st ed.), Cambridge:
3477:. Nps.gov. 14 February 2002
3221:History of the Steam Engine
3020:. Michigan State University
2802:. Birkhäuser. p. 190.
2533:
2190:Failure modes may include:
2017:, where the steam drives a
2015:turbo-electric transmission
1885:Uniflow (or unaflow) engine
1670:quadruple-expansion engines
1578:high-pressure (HP) cylinder
1483:
1347:§ Types of motor units
979:internal combustion engines
949:on the 1907 oceangoing tug
651:History of the steam engine
635:internal combustion engines
554:external combustion engines
548:and devices such as Hero's
169:Third Industrial Revolution
134:First Industrial Revolution
10:
6099:
5542:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
4527:Cambridge University Press
2894:: Chapter VI (paragraph 2)
2796:Wiser, Wendell H. (2000).
2438:combined-cycle gas turbine
2372:
2366:
2241:
2235:
2142:
2051:
1925:
1888:
1871:internal combustion engine
1738:
1645:
1640:Multiple-expansion engines
1558:
1487:
1344:
1277:
1262:
1253:model or toy steam engines
1179:
1150:
992:
957:
927:internal combustion engine
913:
887:fitted in smaller spaces.
879:
648:
644:
40:
29:
6029:
6009:
5988:
5962:
5936:
5905:
5884:
5863:
5837:
5830:
5790:
5754:
5745:
5634:
5605:
5578:
5559:
5548:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
5513:
5466:
5419:
5410:
5377:
5358:
5349:
5268:
5225:
5217:Single- and double-acting
5197:
5167:
5119:
5091:
5045:
5036:
4952:
4880:
4827:
4818:
4782:
4733:
4720:
4702:
4602:
4450:10.1017/S002205070007964X
4253:Hunter, Louis C. (1985).
4195:Chapelon, André (2000) .
3219:Galloway, Elajah (1828).
2975:Garcia, Nicholas (2007).
2486:No.1744 at Weybourne nr.
2398:delivered by burning one
2170:
2155:rocket-reaction principle
1662:multiple-expansion engine
1503:Boulton & Watt engine
1182:Advanced steam technology
670:Hellenistic mathematician
617:. Steam engines replaced
380:Complete list by category
5387:Newcomen Memorial Engine
4517:Charles Algernon Parsons
4180:. Taylor & Francis.
4166:
4027:24 November 2019 at the
3780:Hunter & Bryant 1991
3540:iron master's tram rails
3427:Van Slyck, J.D. (1879).
3249:Hunter & Bryant 1991
2667:
2430:coal-fired power station
2390:. Duty is the number of
2333:thermodynamic properties
2081:pistonless rotary engine
1861:Lead in the valve timing
1280:Boiler (steam generator)
1257:electric heating element
1205:Stationary steam engines
684:device was described by
524:back and forth inside a
375:Technological revolution
322:History of manufacturing
307:History of communication
302:History of biotechnology
6063:18th-century inventions
5691:Timeline of steam power
5686:Stationary steam engine
5569:Woolf's compound engine
5476:Soho Manufactory engine
5331:Steeple compound engine
4998:straight line mechanism
4479:Stuart, Robert (1824).
4419:Encyclopædia Britannica
4333:Power Plant Engineering
4174:Brown, Richard (2002).
4042:"William J. M. Rankine"
3982:, pp. 56–72, 120-.
3582:Hamilton Ellis (1968).
3264:Rosen, William (2012).
3234:Leupold, Jacob (1725).
3113:Jenkins, Ryhs (1971) .
2774:Gebhardt, G.F. (1928).
2656:Timeline of steam power
2556:Geared steam locomotive
2482:A steam locomotive – a
1713:dreadnought battleships
1273:stationary steam engine
882:Stationary steam engine
734:Bento de Moura Portugal
728:and supplying water to
590:stationary steam engine
572:etc.), such as railway
128:Proto-industrialization
6001:steam-powered aircraft
5831:Transport applications
5696:Water-returning engine
5670:Lean's Engine Reporter
5443:Chacewater Mine engine
5316:Six-column beam engine
4398:Crump, Thomas (2007).
4363:10.1093/ref:odnb/27723
4198:La locomotive à vapeur
3794:"The Engine Indicator"
3674:Jerome, Harry (1934).
3567:Young, Robert (2000).
3552:Garnett, A.F. (2005).
3296:Thomson, Ross (2009).
3077:10.1098/rstl.1751.0073
3002:, pp. 15, 16, 33.
2566:Lean's Engine Reporter
2269:
2135:
2044:
2040:Operation of a simple
1990:electricity generation
1985:
1944:
1914:
1769:
1757:
1657:
1510:
1454:
1445:Monitoring and control
1425:
1275:
1038:
955:
911:
823:steam, instead of the
799:developed (1763–1775)
792:
756:
580:, or may refer to the
497:
486:
466:
463:Stott Park Bobbin Mill
450:
337:History of measurement
297:History of agriculture
264:Medieval Islamic world
174:Digital transformation
45:. For other uses, see
5536:London Steam Carriage
4667:Steam (reciprocating)
4427:Marsden, Ben (2004).
4315:. London: Routledge.
3792:Walter, John (2008).
3459:Gordon, W.J. (1910).
2576:List of steam museums
2341:mercury vapor turbine
2255:
2129:
2113:Great Eastern Railway
2039:
1974:
1935:
1898:
1763:
1748:
1655:
1648:Compound steam engine
1561:Compound steam engine
1497:
1452:
1419:
1345:Further information:
1270:
1229:of vaporisation, and
1025:
944:
909:
848:perform useful work.
843:High-pressure engines
786:
755:'s steam engine, 1720
751:
615:Industrial Revolution
542:reciprocating engines
492:
472:
456:
448:
400:Outline of technology
291:By type of technology
218:By historical regions
206:Emerging technologies
66:By technological eras
58:History of technology
5975:steam tank (wheeled)
5970:Steam tank (tracked)
5482:Bradley Works engine
5306:Reciprocating engine
5129:Babcock & Wilcox
4972:Centrifugal governor
4474:Modern Steam Engines
4413:"Steam Engine"
4307:McNeil, Ian (1990).
4203:The Steam Locomotive
4007:Seaton, A E (1918).
3907:Compound Locomotives
3817:Bennett, S. (1979).
3617:Vaclav Smil (2005),
3345:Cowan, Ruth Schwartz
2921:University of Aleppo
2524:British horse-drawn
2292:. It is named after
2075:Rotary steam engines
2007:electrical generator
1936:A rotor of a modern
1901:uniflow steam engine
1891:Uniflow steam engine
1741:Reciprocating engine
1735:Reciprocating piston
1730:Types of motor units
1571:Woolf high-pressure
1526:Engine configuration
1515:centrifugal governor
1499:Centrifugal governor
1478:Types of motor units
892:Corliss steam engine
833:atmospheric pressure
744:Piston steam engines
364:Technology timelines
352:History of transport
95:Neolithic Revolution
5876:fireless locomotive
5023:Sun and planet gear
4736:Thermodynamic cycle
4647:Pistonless (Rotary)
4637:Photo-Carnot engine
4408:Ewing, James Alfred
4330:Nag, P. K. (2002).
4130:2020PrAeS.12100695Y
3992:Bell, A.M. (1950).
3405:, pp. 601–628.
2903:accessed 2009-07-07
2849:"Spilling Products"
2823:Green, Don (1997).
2571:List of steam fairs
2546:Compound locomotive
1569:, who patented his
1540:adiabatic expansion
1372:must be emitted as
1176:Present development
960:Marine steam engine
947:marine steam engine
945:A triple-expansion
801:an improved version
342:History of medicine
234:Indian subcontinent
6073:English inventions
5747:Stationary engines
5523:Richard Trevithick
5121:Water-tube boilers
4935:Gresley conjugated
3770:, pp. 341–43.
3683:. pp. 166–67.
3529:. 21 February 2004
2369:Thermal efficiency
2270:
2165:Ferdinand Verbiest
2136:
2045:
1986:
1945:
1915:
1770:
1758:
1658:
1519:Boulton & Watt
1511:
1455:
1426:
1391:surface condensers
1276:
1245:combustion chamber
1043:Richard Trevithick
1039:
956:
922:Richard Trevithick
912:
857:Richard Trevithick
805:separate condenser
793:
761:atmospheric engine
757:
666:Hero of Alexandria
498:
487:
467:
465:, Cumbria, England
451:
279:Renaissance Europe
6068:Energy conversion
6045:
6044:
6025:
6024:
5826:
5825:
5704:
5703:
5630:
5629:
5509:
5508:
5193:
5192:
5093:Fire-tube boilers
4948:
4947:
4742:
4741:
4369:(Subscription or
4343:978-0-07-043599-5
4322:978-0-415-14792-7
4299:978-0-521-09418-4
4277:978-0-262-08198-6
4245:978-0-521-34356-5
4232:Hills, Richard L.
4212:978-0-9536523-0-3
4187:978-0-203-40252-8
3916:978-0-906899-61-8
3828:978-0-86341-047-5
3806:on 10 March 2012.
3728:on 12 August 2011
3630:978-0-19-516874-7
3358:978-0-19-504606-9
3313:978-0-8018-9141-0
3275:978-0-226-72634-2
3124:978-0-8369-2167-0
3071:: 436–438. 1752.
3014:"The Savery Pump"
2986:978-84-370-6791-9
2892:"De Architectura"
2809:978-0-387-98744-6
2591:Mechanical stoker
2426:Carnot efficiency
2411:superheated steam
2384:energy efficiency
2181:boiler explosions
2094:thermal expansion
1961:surface condenser
1766:Indicator diagram
1677:was used on some
1626:Vauclain compound
1490:Governor (device)
1435:centrifugal pumps
1381:steam locomotives
1331:superheated steam
1300:Water-tube boiler
1209:steam locomotives
1102:George Stephenson
1098:Middleton Railway
1071:colliery railways
1027:Union Pacific 844
989:Steam locomotives
859:and, separately,
722:boiler explosions
656:Early experiments
574:steam locomotives
443:
442:
249:Hellenistic world
244:Maya civilization
16:(Redirected from
6090:
6078:Gas technologies
5871:Steam locomotive
5835:
5834:
5803:pumping stations
5752:
5751:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5708:
5707:
5654:fardier à vapeur
5488:Whitbread Engine
5449:Smethwick Engine
5417:
5416:
5356:
5355:
5175:Feedwater heater
5043:
5042:
4825:
4824:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4746:
4745:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4566:
4565:
4537:
4505:
4486:
4469:
4432:
4423:
4415:
4403:
4385:
4374:
4366:
4347:
4326:
4314:
4303:
4286:Landes, David S.
4281:
4269:
4258:
4249:
4227:
4216:
4191:
4160:
4159:
4141:
4109:
4103:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4072:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4038:
4032:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3940:
3934:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3902:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3853:
3850:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3798:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3614:
3608:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3503:on 15 April 2011
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3341:
3335:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3293:
3280:
3279:
3261:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3089:
3088:
3060:
3054:
3053:, p. 62, Note 2.
3048:
3042:
3041:, pp. 16–20
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2930:
2924:
2910:
2904:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2855:. 5 October 2023
2845:
2839:
2838:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2793:
2780:
2779:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2737:. 19 March 2014.
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2707:
2690:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2521:
2502:
2479:
2440:power stations.
2388:Newcomen designs
2177:pressure vessels
1879:clearance volume
1605:Tandem compounds
1555:Compound engines
1308:Fire-tube boiler
1286:pressure vessels
1090:was used by the
1078:Catch Me Who Can
1057:ironworks, near
995:Steam locomotive
966:Compound engines
931:Second World War
809:Boulton and Watt
726:pumping stations
672:and engineer in
578:portable engines
475:steam locomotive
435:
428:
421:
327:Maritime history
259:Byzantine Empire
54:
53:
32:steam locomotive
21:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6021:
6005:
5984:
5958:
5954:portable engine
5932:
5901:
5892:Traction engine
5880:
5859:
5822:
5786:
5777:portable engine
5762:Winding engines
5741:
5735:
5705:
5700:
5626:
5601:
5574:
5555:
5505:
5462:
5406:
5394:Fairbottom Bobs
5379:Newcomen engine
5373:
5345:
5291:Expansion valve
5264:
5250:Watt's separate
5221:
5189:
5163:
5115:
5087:
5032:
5008:Parallel motion
4944:
4895:Stephenson link
4876:
4814:
4783:Operating cycle
4778:
4773:
4743:
4738:
4729:
4716:
4698:
4598:
4593:
4546:
4541:
4393:
4391:Further reading
4388:
4368:
4344:
4323:
4300:
4278:
4246:
4213:
4188:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4110:
4106:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4077:
4070:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4048:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4029:Wayback Machine
4020:
4016:
4005:
4001:
3990:
3986:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3949:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3903:
3896:
3886:
3884:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3863:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3815:
3811:
3803:
3796:
3790:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3745:
3741:
3731:
3729:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3707:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3680:
3672:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3615:
3611:
3595:
3591:
3580:
3576:
3565:
3561:
3550:
3546:
3532:
3530:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3457:
3453:
3445:
3438:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3342:
3338:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3294:
3283:
3276:
3262:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3232:
3228:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3157:
3153:, pp. 60-.
3149:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3092:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2973:
2969:
2965:, p. 432–.
2961:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2944:on 24 July 2011
2932:
2931:
2927:
2911:
2907:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2881:. 18 July 2007.
2873:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2853:www.spilling.de
2847:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2794:
2783:
2772:
2768:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2661:Traction engine
2601:Salomon de Caus
2536:
2529:
2522:
2513:
2503:
2494:
2480:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2250:
2240:
2234:
2173:
2147:
2141:
2109:Beauchamp Tower
2077:
2056:
2050:
2019:turbo generator
1930:
1924:
1922:Turbine engines
1904:
1899:Animation of a
1893:
1887:
1863:
1854:
1842:trip mechanisms
1812:expansion valve
1743:
1737:
1732:
1650:
1642:
1614:Angle compounds
1599:Cross compounds
1573:compound engine
1563:
1557:
1535:
1528:
1492:
1486:
1447:
1431:
1366:
1349:
1343:
1282:
1265:
1240:
1201:steam generator
1193:
1184:
1178:
1155:
1149:
1143:was produced).
1135:and the former
1122:Rainhill Trials
1095:rack and pinion
1009:William Murdoch
1005:
999:Traction engine
993:Main articles:
991:
975:electric motors
962:
939:
918:
904:
884:
878:
845:
765:Thomas Newcomen
746:
714:
712:Pumping engines
694:Giovanni Branca
692:in 1551 and by
658:
653:
647:
631:electric motors
623:paddle steamers
619:sails for ships
606:Thomas Newcomen
510:mechanical work
439:
410:
409:
395:
393:Article indices
385:
384:
365:
357:
356:
292:
284:
283:
274:Medieval Europe
219:
211:
210:
201:Post-industrial
189:Imagination Age
179:Information Age
139:Standardization
67:
50:
43:Steam (service)
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6096:
6086:
6085:
6083:Piston engines
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6013:
6011:
6010:Miscellaneous:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5992:
5990:
5989:Space and air:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5980:steam catapult
5977:
5972:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5923:steam tricycle
5920:
5915:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5841:
5839:
5832:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5818:cable tramways
5815:
5813:cable railways
5810:
5805:
5800:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5782:marine engines
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5758:
5756:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5734:
5733:
5726:
5719:
5711:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5658:
5644:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5618:
5611:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5591:
5584:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5565:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5545:
5539:
5533:
5519:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5479:
5472:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5452:
5446:
5440:
5432:
5429:Kinneil Engine
5425:
5423:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5401:Elsecar Engine
5398:
5390:
5383:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5364:
5362:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5321:Steeple engine
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5231:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5203:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5180:Feedwater pump
5177:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5125:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5097:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5049:
5047:
5046:Simple boilers
5040:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5028:Watt's linkage
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4977:Connecting rod
4974:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4831:
4829:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4772:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4749:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4689:Thermoacoustic
4686:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4592:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4545:
4544:External links
4542:
4540:
4539:
4513:
4506:
4487:
4476:
4470:
4433:
4424:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4375:
4348:
4342:
4327:
4321:
4304:
4298:
4282:
4276:
4259:
4250:
4244:
4228:
4217:
4211:
4192:
4186:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4104:
4087:
4058:
4033:
4014:
3999:
3984:
3972:
3965:"Backfiring".
3957:
3935:
3929:Brooks, John.
3922:
3915:
3894:
3869:
3867:, p. 445.
3854:
3845:
3834:
3827:
3809:
3784:
3772:
3760:
3739:
3713:
3711:, p. 384.
3698:
3696:, p. 248.
3686:
3666:
3654:
3642:
3629:
3609:
3589:
3574:
3559:
3544:
3514:
3488:
3466:
3451:
3436:
3419:
3417:, p. 601.
3407:
3395:
3386:
3363:
3357:
3336:
3319:
3312:
3281:
3274:
3253:
3241:
3226:
3211:
3199:
3186:
3155:
3143:
3141:, p. 101.
3131:
3123:
3105:
3090:
3055:
3043:
3031:
3004:
2992:
2985:
2967:
2955:
2925:
2913:Ahmad Y Hassan
2905:
2884:
2866:
2840:
2833:
2815:
2808:
2781:
2766:
2740:
2720:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2682:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2641:Steam tricycle
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:Steam aircraft
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2514:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2481:
2474:
2367:Main article:
2364:
2361:
2244:Thermodynamics
2236:Main article:
2233:
2230:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2172:
2169:
2143:Main article:
2140:
2137:
2076:
2073:
2052:Main article:
2049:
2046:
2001:Virtually all
1926:Main article:
1923:
1920:
1889:Main article:
1886:
1883:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1739:Main article:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1690:turbine engine
1646:Main article:
1641:
1638:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1609:connecting rod
1602:
1559:Main article:
1556:
1553:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1488:Main article:
1485:
1482:
1459:pressure gauge
1446:
1443:
1430:
1427:
1395:cooling towers
1370:primary energy
1365:
1362:
1358:compressed air
1342:
1339:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1278:Main article:
1264:
1261:
1239:
1236:
1192:
1189:
1180:Main article:
1177:
1174:
1169:electric power
1164:connecting rod
1151:Main article:
1148:
1147:Steam turbines
1145:
1141:DR Class 52.80
1088:Matthew Murray
1059:Merthyr Tydfil
1047:United Kingdom
990:
987:
983:diesel engines
958:Main article:
938:
937:Marine engines
935:
914:Main article:
903:
900:
880:Main article:
877:
874:
869:Cornish engine
844:
841:
791:pumping engine
763:, invented by
745:
742:
713:
710:
706:steam digester
680:A rudimentary
657:
654:
649:Main article:
646:
643:
530:connecting rod
508:that performs
441:
440:
438:
437:
430:
423:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
402:
396:
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
377:
372:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
224:Ancient Africa
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
203:
197:
196:
192:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
123:
122:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
82:
76:
75:
73:Pre-industrial
68:
65:
64:
61:
60:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6095:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6058:Steam engines
6056:
6055:
6053:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5987:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5937:Construction:
5935:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5898:
5897:steam tractor
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5798:Power station
5796:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5772:steam donkeys
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5739:
5732:
5727:
5725:
5720:
5718:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5529:Puffing Devil
5526:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5515:High-pressure
5512:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5468:Rotative beam
5465:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5368:Savery Engine
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5341:Working fluid
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5186:
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5178:
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5172:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5018:Rotative beam
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:hypocycloidal
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4776:Steam engines
4770:
4765:
4763:
4758:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4737:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4695:
4694:Manson engine
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4672:Steam turbine
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4607:Carnot engine
4605:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4590:
4585:
4583:
4578:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4444:(1): 91–107.
4443:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4383:
4382:
4376:
4372:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4268:
4267:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4022:Steam Rockets
4018:
4010:
4003:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3980:Chapelon 2000
3976:
3968:
3961:
3946:. 3 June 2017
3945:
3939:
3932:
3926:
3918:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3899:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3866:
3861:
3859:
3849:
3843:
3838:
3830:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3776:
3769:
3764:
3757:
3756:1-4738-1328-X
3753:
3749:
3746:Nick Robins,
3743:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3695:
3690:
3679:
3678:
3670:
3663:
3658:
3651:
3646:
3632:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3613:
3607:
3606:3-7654-7101-1
3603:
3599:
3593:
3585:
3578:
3570:
3563:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3476:
3470:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3423:
3416:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3333:
3332:0-7064-0976-0
3329:
3323:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3258:
3250:
3245:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3190:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3152:
3147:
3140:
3135:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3047:
3040:
3035:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2959:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2929:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2893:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2836:
2834:0-07-049841-5
2830:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:Steam turbine
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:Steam tractor
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2507:steam-powered
2501:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2418:supercritical
2414:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2296:, a Scottish
2295:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:Rankine cycle
2254:
2249:
2248:Heat transfer
2245:
2239:
2238:Rankine cycle
2229:
2226:
2222:
2221:fusible plugs
2217:
2214:
2213:safety valves
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2085:Wankel engine
2082:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:nuclear power
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1984:-powered ship
1983:
1982:steam turbine
1979:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1938:steam turbine
1934:
1929:
1928:Steam turbine
1919:
1912:
1908:
1907:poppet valves
1902:
1897:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1836:, and later,
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1751:
1750:Double acting
1747:
1742:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:steam turbine
1706:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1694:Liberty ships
1691:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1634:loading gauge
1629:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1533:Simple engine
1530:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1406:jet condenser
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1313:circulators).
1311:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1183:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1153:Steam turbine
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1003:Steam tractor
1000:
996:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:steam turbine
967:
961:
954:
953:
948:
943:
934:
932:
928:
923:
917:
908:
902:Road vehicles
899:
897:
896:Rumford Medal
893:
888:
883:
873:
870:
865:
862:
858:
853:
851:
840:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:generated by
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
790:
785:
781:
779:
774:
773:Jacob Leupold
769:
766:
762:
754:
753:Jacob Leupold
750:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
718:Thomas Savery
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:Ottoman Egypt
687:
683:
682:steam turbine
678:
675:
671:
667:
664:described by
663:
652:
642:
639:
636:
632:
626:
624:
620:
616:
611:
607:
602:
601:Thomas Savery
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:Rankine cycle
559:
558:thermodynamic
555:
551:
547:
546:steam turbine
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
518:working fluid
515:
511:
507:
503:
496:
491:
484:
480:
476:
471:
464:
460:
455:
447:
436:
431:
429:
424:
422:
417:
416:
414:
413:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
394:
389:
388:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
361:
360:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
288:
287:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
239:Ancient China
237:
235:
232:
230:
229:Ancient Egypt
227:
225:
222:
221:
215:
214:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
194:
193:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
129:
125:
124:
120:
119:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
90:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
63:
62:
59:
56:
55:
52:
48:
44:
37:
36:steam turbine
33:
19:
18:Steam-powered
5996:Steam rocket
5949:steam shovel
5944:Steam roller
5885:Agriculture:
5767:rolling mill
5740:applications
5738:Steam engine
5737:
5681:Modern steam
5668:
5653:
5615:Porter-Allen
5594:
5528:
5455:
5435:
5392:
5326:Safety valve
5255:"Pickle-pot"
5149:Thimble tube
4775:
4707:Beale number
4666:
4662:Split-single
4596:Heat engines
4520:
4509:
4492:
4481:
4473:
4441:
4437:
4428:
4417:
4399:
4380:
4352:
4332:
4310:
4289:
4265:
4254:
4235:
4222:
4202:
4197:
4176:
4121:
4117:
4107:
4099:
4090:
4078:. Retrieved
4074:
4061:
4049:. Retrieved
4045:
4036:
4017:
4008:
4002:
3993:
3987:
3975:
3966:
3960:
3948:. Retrieved
3938:
3930:
3925:
3906:
3885:. Retrieved
3881:
3872:
3848:
3842:Bennett 1979
3837:
3818:
3812:
3801:the original
3787:
3775:
3763:
3747:
3742:
3732:25 September
3730:. Retrieved
3726:the original
3716:
3709:Peabody 1893
3689:
3676:
3669:
3657:
3645:
3634:, retrieved
3619:
3612:
3600:, GeraMond,
3597:
3592:
3583:
3577:
3568:
3562:
3554:Steel Wheels
3553:
3547:
3538:
3531:. Retrieved
3517:
3505:. Retrieved
3501:the original
3491:
3479:. Retrieved
3469:
3460:
3454:
3429:
3422:
3410:
3398:
3389:
3372:
3366:
3348:
3339:
3322:
3298:
3265:
3244:
3235:
3229:
3220:
3214:
3209:, p. 4.
3202:
3189:
3146:
3134:
3114:
3108:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3046:
3034:
3022:. Retrieved
3017:
3007:
2995:
2976:
2970:
2958:
2946:. Retrieved
2942:the original
2935:
2928:
2916:
2908:
2891:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2857:. Retrieved
2852:
2843:
2824:
2818:
2798:
2775:
2769:
2760:
2757:EHA Magazine
2756:
2743:
2734:Live Science
2732:
2723:
2712:
2705:
2685:
2676:
2651:Still engine
2631:Steam shovel
2596:James Rumsey
2484:GNR N2 Class
2468:cogeneration
2465:
2457:steam reheat
2454:
2450:
2446:Gas turbines
2442:
2415:
2407:Carnot cycle
2404:
2381:
2378:
2357:Joseph Black
2349:
2345:binary cycle
2329:
2325:Carnot cycle
2305:Carnot cycle
2302:
2290:power plants
2271:
2265:
2261:
2218:
2209:
2189:
2174:
2163:
2159:
2148:
2145:Steam rocket
2106:
2102:
2083:such as the
2078:
2057:
2000:
1993:
1987:
1980:– the first
1975:
1966:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1940:, used in a
1916:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1838:poppet valve
1816:
1809:
1804:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1722:
1717:ocean liners
1702:
1698:
1683:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1643:
1630:
1621:
1619:
1613:
1604:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1567:Arthur Woolf
1564:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1529:
1512:
1477:
1474:
1467:
1456:
1432:
1411:
1403:
1398:
1388:
1385:
1378:
1367:
1354:
1350:
1323:superheating
1320:
1316:
1294:
1284:Boilers are
1283:
1241:
1231:superheaters
1220:
1217:
1213:
1194:
1185:
1156:
1137:East Germany
1130:
1115:
1105:
1081:
1075:
1055:Pen-y-darren
1040:
1006:
963:
951:
919:
889:
885:
866:
861:Oliver Evans
854:
846:
837:
813:John Smeaton
794:
778:rotary valve
770:
758:
738:John Smeaton
730:water wheels
715:
679:
659:
640:
627:
594:
566:steam engine
565:
502:steam engine
501:
499:
479:East Germany
254:Roman Empire
126:
71:Premodern /
51:
6017:Steam clock
5913:Steam wagon
5855:steam yacht
5412:Watt engine
5212:Oscillating
5168:Boiler feed
5013:Plate chain
4992:Tusi couple
4905:Walschaerts
4790:Atmospheric
4712:West number
4632:Minto wheel
4617:Gas turbine
4094:John Enys,
4080:13 December
4051:13 December
3994:Locomotives
3865:Hunter 1985
3768:Hunter 1985
3758:, Chapter 4
3662:McNeil 1990
3650:Hunter 1985
3447:Payton 2004
3415:Hunter 1985
3403:Hunter 1985
3182:Hunter 1985
3139:Landes 1969
3101:Landes 1969
3051:Landes 1969
2621:Steam crane
2541:Boyle's law
2526:fire engine
2434:gas turbine
2392:foot-pounds
2353:latent heat
2321:temperature
2232:Steam cycle
2183:(typically
2139:Rocket type
1942:power plant
1852:Compression
1830:Walschaerts
1805:"kick back"
1782:steam chest
1754:slide valve
1723:Dreadnought
1705:World War I
1463:sight glass
1341:Motor units
1238:Heat source
1227:latent heat
1139:(where the
1092:edge railed
702:Denis Papin
686:Taqi al-Din
674:Roman Egypt
586:beam engine
506:heat engine
459:mill engine
149:Machine Age
80:Prehistoric
6052:Categories
5791:Continuous
5755:Reversible
5621:Ljungström
5607:High-speed
5500:Lap Engine
5456:Resolution
5360:Precursors
5245:Kirchweger
5207:Locomotive
5154:Three-drum
5134:Field-tube
5101:Locomotive
5083:Lancashire
5003:Link chain
4987:Crankshaft
4954:Mechanisms
4882:Valve gear
4652:Rijke tube
4373:required.)
4124:: 100695.
4031:Tecaeromax
3694:Hills 1989
3507:3 November
3481:3 November
3195:p. 3.
3151:Brown 2002
3039:Hills 1989
3000:Hills 1989
2948:3 February
2697:References
2611:Steam boat
2586:Live steam
2488:Sheringham
2461:economizer
2373:See also:
2363:Efficiency
2319:(constant
2317:isothermal
2309:TS diagram
2264:=heat and
2242:See also:
2121:Royal Navy
2089:valve gear
1822:Stephenson
1790:valve gear
1764:Schematic
1507:Lap Engine
1480:section).
1429:Water pump
1399:condensate
1374:waste heat
1335:efficiency
1325:it turns '
1117:The Rocket
1107:Locomotion
1104:built the
1100:. In 1825
1017:John Fitch
850:Ewing 1894
821:condensing
797:James Watt
610:James Watt
538:rotational
154:Atomic Age
105:Bronze Age
100:Copper Age
5963:Military:
5928:steam car
5918:steam bus
5850:steamship
5845:Steamboat
5808:factories
5652:Cugnot's
5595:Salamanca
5296:Hydrolock
5281:Crosshead
5227:Condenser
5063:Egg-ended
4677:Aeolipile
4538:(lecture)
4535:Q19099885
4466:153489574
4156:226624605
4148:0376-0421
3636:3 January
3381:637669420
3085:186208904
2898:Vitruvius
2875:"turbine"
2859:5 October
2616:Steam car
2151:aeolipile
2132:aeolipile
2117:Admiralty
1832:motions.
1797:mechanism
1721:HMS
1622:quartered
1364:Cold sink
1327:wet steam
1083:Salamanca
1065:in south
1063:Abercynon
1053:from the
829:cylinders
771:In 1720,
662:aeolipile
550:aeolipile
164:Space Age
85:Stone Age
6030:See also
5635:See also
5561:Compound
5436:Old Bess
5276:Blowback
5199:Cylinder
5185:Injector
5144:Stirling
5139:Sentinel
5053:Haystack
4967:Cataract
4940:Southern
4930:Caprotti
4805:Compound
4684:Stirling
4612:Fluidyne
4531:Wikidata
4519:(1911),
4502:16507415
4410:(1911).
4288:(1969).
4234:(1989).
4025:Archived
3933:. p. 14.
3347:(1997),
3024:11 April
2963:Nag 2002
2915:(1976).
2551:Cylinder
2534:See also
2511:Dortmund
2313:isobaric
2298:polymath
2065:trunnion
2029:and for
1995:Turbinia
1977:Turbinia
1911:camshaft
1589:compound
1484:Governor
1470:governor
1439:injector
1422:injector
1329:' into '
1223:injector
1159:turbines
1110:for the
1013:Scottish
952:Hercules
825:pressure
526:cylinder
110:Iron Age
5838:Marine:
5351:History
5260:Surface
5078:Cornish
5038:Boilers
4920:Corliss
4857:Corliss
4840:D slide
4810:Uniflow
4800:Cornish
4622:Hot air
4458:2116960
4126:Bibcode
3950:19 June
3533:13 June
3334:, p. 30
2492:Norfolk
2337:Mercury
2287:nuclear
2279:biomass
1956:stators
1834:Corliss
1684:Olympic
1666:triple-
1501:in the
1263:Boilers
1249:firebox
1051:tramway
1045:in the
645:History
570:boilers
516:as its
481:. This
159:Jet Age
115:Ancient
5663:(1784)
5657:(1769)
5623:(1908)
5617:(1862)
5598:(1812)
5590:(1805)
5580:Murray
5571:(1803)
5550:(1804)
5544:(1803)
5538:(1803)
5532:(1801)
5502:(1788)
5496:(1786)
5490:(1785)
5484:(1783)
5478:(1782)
5459:(1781)
5451:(1779)
5445:(1778)
5439:(1777)
5431:(1768)
5403:(1795)
5397:(1760)
5389:(1725)
5370:(1698)
5336:Stroke
5301:Piston
5286:Cutoff
5159:Yarrow
5111:Launch
5106:Scotch
4867:Sleeve
4862:Poppet
4847:Piston
4828:Valves
4820:Valves
4657:Rocket
4642:Piston
4533:
4500:
4464:
4456:
4367:
4340:
4319:
4296:
4274:
4242:
4209:
4184:
4154:
4146:
3913:
3887:21 May
3882:Scribd
3825:
3754:
3627:
3604:
3379:
3355:
3330:
3310:
3272:
3121:
3083:
2983:
2831:
2806:
2400:bushel
2285:, and
2185:BLEVEs
2171:Safety
2098:cutoff
2060:valves
2027:Sweden
1950:rotors
1828:, and
1801:cutoff
1778:events
1774:stroke
1715:, and
1461:and a
1352:work.
1197:boiler
1124:. The
1029:, an "
1001:, and
977:, and
817:vacuum
787:Early
582:piston
522:piston
512:using
195:Future
121:Modern
89:lithic
5906:Road:
5864:Rail:
5269:Other
5073:Flued
5058:Wagon
4982:Crank
4925:Lentz
4915:Baker
4910:Allan
4835:Slide
4462:S2CID
4454:JSTOR
4201:[
4167:Books
4152:S2CID
4071:(PDF)
3804:(PDF)
3797:(PDF)
3681:(PDF)
3081:S2CID
2753:(PDF)
2668:Notes
2422:creep
2275:solar
2219:Lead
2069:ships
1786:ports
1686:class
1505:1788
1133:China
1067:Wales
1035:4-8-4
1031:FEF-3
536:into
534:crank
514:steam
504:is a
495:Kemna
483:class
477:from
461:from
5421:Beam
4962:Beam
4872:Bash
4852:Drop
4795:Watt
4498:OCLC
4338:ISBN
4317:ISBN
4294:ISBN
4272:ISBN
4240:ISBN
4207:ISBN
4182:ISBN
4144:ISSN
4082:2022
4053:2022
3952:2024
3911:ISBN
3889:2020
3823:ISBN
3752:ISBN
3734:2011
3638:2009
3625:ISBN
3602:ISBN
3535:2009
3509:2009
3483:2009
3377:OCLC
3353:ISBN
3328:ISBN
3308:ISBN
3270:ISBN
3119:ISBN
3026:2014
2981:ISBN
2950:2010
2861:2023
2829:ISBN
2804:ISBN
2396:work
2283:coal
2246:and
2225:lead
2149:The
1905:The
1875:lead
1867:lead
1846:cams
1668:and
1513:The
1011:, a
867:The
789:Watt
668:, a
633:and
588:and
576:and
532:and
5240:Jet
5068:Box
4900:Joy
4890:Gab
4627:Jet
4446:doi
4359:doi
4134:doi
4122:121
3527:BBC
3073:doi
2394:of
2130:An
1844:or
1826:Joy
1817:lap
1807:).
1420:An
1199:or
1086:by
1061:to
688:in
621:on
6054::
4529:,
4460:.
4452:.
4442:34
4440:.
4416:.
4150:.
4142:.
4132:.
4120:.
4116:.
4098:,
4073:.
4044:.
3897:^
3880:.
3857:^
3701:^
3537:.
3525:.
3439:^
3306:.
3304:34
3284:^
3256:^
3158:^
3093:^
3079:.
3069:47
3067:.
3016:.
2877:.
2851:.
2784:^
2759:.
2755:.
2731:.
2505:A
2490:,
2459:,
2347:.
2335:.
2300:.
2281:,
2277:,
2009:.
1824:,
1719:.
1337:.
1259:.
1247:,
1033:"
997:,
973:,
835:.
807:.
608:.
592:.
500:A
473:A
457:A
5730:e
5723:t
5716:v
4768:e
4761:t
4754:v
4588:e
4581:t
4574:v
4512:.
4504:.
4468:.
4448::
4402:.
4365:.
4361::
4346:.
4325:.
4302:.
4280:.
4248:.
4215:.
4190:.
4158:.
4136::
4128::
4084:.
4055:.
3954:.
3919:.
3891:.
3831:.
3736:.
3511:.
3485:.
3449:.
3383:.
3316:.
3278:.
3184:.
3127:.
3103:.
3087:.
3075::
3028:.
2989:.
2952:.
2923:.
2863:.
2837:.
2812:.
2761:2
2266:W
2262:Q
2063:(
1903:.
1509:.
434:e
427:t
420:v
91:)
87:(
49:.
38:.
20:)
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