2024:
2387:
544:
1526:
2189:
3034:
1965:
999:, and an inscription dating from the period 215â295 records similar arrangements made for a Jewish woman by her husband. It provides for an annual rose-adornment of the tomb by a legally constituted neighborhood or community association, with the solemn injunction "and if they do not deck it with roses each year, they will have to reckon with the justice of God." The formula "he will have to reckon with God" was used only among Jews and Christians in Phrygia, and there is a slighter possibility that the inscription might be Christian. The inscription is among the evidence that Judaism was not isolated from the general religious environment of the Imperial world, since a
1613:
1323:
1260:
710:
883:
2750:
649:
1420:
1011:
2663:
1754:
1170:
265:
2712:, a poem about the Roman calendar, Flora as the divine representative of May speaks of her role in generating flowers from the blood of the dead: "through me glory springs from their wound". Ovid shows how her mythology weaves together themes of "violence, sexuality, pleasure, marriage, and agriculture." The Romans considered May an unpropitious month for weddings, a postponement that contributed to the popularity of June as a bridal month. Each day of the Lemuria in mid-May was a
2555:
417:
2935:
1832:, covers Attis's chest with woollen bands, and after mourning with Agdistis kills herself. Her dying blood is changed into purple violets. The tears of the Mother of the Gods become an almond tree, which signifies the bitterness of death. She then takes the pine tree to her sacred cave, and Agdistis joins her in mourning, begging Jupiter to restore Attis to life. This he cannot permit; but fate allows the body to never decay, the hair to keep growing, and the
2363:. Roman rose festivals, in his view, were of two distinct and mutually exclusive kinds: the celebratory and licentious festivals of spring, and the somber cult of the dead. Transferred from the civilian realm, the old festivals of vegetative deities were celebrated in the Eastern Empire in a spirit of indulgence and luxury that was uniquely out of keeping with the public and Imperial character of other holidays on the
2989:, offerings of flowers before the cult statue of Mary are added to ceremonies of the rosary especially for May; the concept of the rosary as a "crown of roses" complements local traditions of wearing a flower wreath on the head. Latin hymns and litanies from the earliest Christian era name Mary as the "Mystical Rose" and by an array of rose epithets, or as a garden that bore
1558:
celebration varied from place to place, it generally had two phases: joyful revelry like a marriage feast in celebration of the love between
Aphrodite and Adonis, and ritual mourning for his death. Decorations and ritual trappings for the feast, including the dish gardens, were transformed for the funeral or destroyed as offerings: the garlanded couch became the lying-in
2888:, and roses for martyrs; of these, the imagery of the violet has no biblical precedent. In a passage influenced by Vergilian imagery, Ambrose enjoins young women who are virgins to "Let the rose of modesty and the lily of the spirit flourish in your gardens, and let banks of violets drink from the spring that is watered by the sacred blood." In the description of
2442:. In the later Empire, it had become assimilated into the "holy week" of Attis, occurring on the day when the tree rested at the Temple of the Magna Mater. As a pivotal point in the cycle of death/chaos and (re)birth/order, the day brought together noise rituals of wind and percussion instruments from different traditions, the clamor of the
1996:, that is, the sun going down beneath the earth at seed-time; but Dionysus begins to sprout according to the conditions of the power which, while young, is hidden beneath the earth, yet produces fine fruits, and is an ally of the power in the blossom symbolized by Attis, and of the cutting of the ripened corn symbolized by Adonis.
1742:, a euphemism in Imperial-era medical and Christian writing for "placed within the vagina". Nana becomes pregnant, enraging her father. He locks her away as damaged goods, and starves her. She is kept alive by fruits and other vegetarian food provided by the Mother of the Gods. When the infant is born, Sangarius orders that it be
1812:: that he will be preserved from harm only if he avoids the bonds of marriage. Both the Mother of the Gods and Agdistis crash the party, and Agdistis spreads frenzy and madness among the convivial guests. In a detail that appears only in a vexed passage in the Christian source, the daughter of a concubine to a man named
304:, to be "in the roses and violets" meant experiencing carefree pleasure. Floral wreaths and garlands "mark the wearers as celebrants and likely serve as an expression of the beauty and brevity of life itself." Roses and violets were the most popular flowers at Rome for wreaths, which were sometimes given as gifts.
1092:' guild. The gravediggers were to kindle a tombside fire each year for the Rosalia, and other contexts suggest that the wreaths themselves might be burnt as offerings. A distinctive collocation that occurs a few times in Macedonian commemoration is an inscription prescribing the Rosalia accompanied by a
2011:
saw divine metamorphosis as a "flowing of life" between vegetal and human existence. When violent death interrupts the creative potential of life, it is expressed "in some other form: plant, fruit, flower". Eliade related the violets of Attis and the roses and anemones of Adonis to legends of flowers
1729:
with pure wine. Necessity in time drives the thirsty
Agdistis to drink, veins sucking up the torpor-inducing liquid. The trap is sprung: a noose, woven from hair, suspends Agdistis by the genitals, and the struggle to break free causes a self-castration. From the blood springs a pomegranate tree, its
664:
Conversely, roses in a funerary context can allude to festive banqueting, since Roman families met at burial sites on several occasions throughout the year for libations and a shared meal that celebrated both the cherished memory of the beloved dead and the continuity of life through the family line.
570:, and in epitaphs most often of girls. In Imperial-era Greek epitaphs, the death of an unmarried girl is compared to a budding rose cut down in spring; a young woman buried in her wedding clothes is "like a rose in a garden"; an eight-year-old boy is like the rose that is "the beautiful flower of the
1572:
The iconography of
Aphrodite and Adonis as a couple is often hard to distinguish in Greek art from that of Dionysus and Ariadne. In contrast to Greek depictions of the couple enjoying the luxury and delight of love, Roman paintings and sarcophagi almost always frame their love at the moment of loss,
1932:
Although scholars have become less inclined to view Attis within the rigid schema of "dying and rising vegetation god", the vegetal cycle remains integral to the funerary nature of his rites. The pine tree and pine cones were introduced to the iconography of Attis for their cult significance during
1557:
from "seeds planted in shallow soil, which sprang up quickly and withered quickly", compressing the cycle of life and death. The festival, often nocturnal, was not a part of the official state calendar of holidays, and as a private rite seems like the
Rosalia to have had no fixed date. Although the
235:
Flowers were traditional symbols of rejuvenation, rebirth, and memory, with the red and purple of roses and violets felt to evoke the color of blood as a form of propitiation. Their blooming period framed the season of spring, with roses the last of the flowers to bloom and violets the earliest. As
3024:
was said to consume nothing but spiced wine, and wept "fragrant tears of blood" which she called her roses; when these dried on her cheeks overnight, they were gathered and kept in a box. The omen of her death was the opening of roses on a mystical rosebush, and when she was buried the bag of rose
1240:
and "opening up", but despite its importance in early Athens, many aspects elude certainty. It was primarily a celebration of opening the new wine from the previous fall's vintage. On the first day, "Dionysus" entered borne by a wheeled "ship" in a public procession, and was taken to the private
956:
of the Roman Empire. In 95 AD, a bequest was made for a burial society to ensure the annual commemoration of an individual named Titus
Praxias. In addition to a graveside communal meal and cash gifts to members, 12 denarii were to be allocated for adorning the tomb with roses. The obligations of
2676:
Although the month opened with the revelry of Flora, in mid-May the Romans observed the three-day
Lemuria for propitiating the wandering dead. The season of roses thus coincided with traditional Roman festivals pertaining to blooming and dying. The demand for flowers and perfumes for festal and
1314:
The priestess of
Thessalonica who bequeathed a tract of vineyard for the maintenance of her memory required each Dionysian initiate who attended to wear a rose wreath. In a Dionysian context, wine, roses, and the color red are trappings of violence and funerals as well as amorous pursuits and
379:'s mother upset that the rose harvest was insufficient to fill her order for the wedding; the suppliers compensated by sending 4,000 narcissus instead of the 2,000 she requested. While flowers were a part of Roman weddings, the bridegroom was more likely than the bride to wear a flower crown;
2848:
within a classically inspired wreath of lilies and roses, wheat stalks, grapes on the vine, and olive branches: the circular shape represents eternity, and the vegetation the four seasons. In the
Christian imagination, the blood-death-flower pattern is often transferred from the young men of
2703:, carries a basket of roses on his left arm while holding a single flower in his right hand to smell. In other pictorial calendars, the Rose King or related imagery of the rose festival often substitutes for or replaces the traditional emblem of Mercury and his rites to represent May.
1781:
The exceptionally beautiful Attis grows up favored by the Mother of the Gods and by
Agdistis, who is his constant companion. Under the influence of wine, Attis reveals that his accomplishments as a hunter are owing to divine favorâan explanation for why wine is religiously prohibited
910:
marking a birthday, marriage, or other anniversary of the emperor or his family). The three-day
Rosalia was among the occasions observed by a group of hymnodes, a male choir organized for celebrating Imperial cult, as recorded in a Greek inscription on an early 2nd-century altar. The
36:
3193:. Eventually, Pentecost itself took on the name of "Rose Sunday" as the two became conflated and customs were transferred from to the other. The custom of scattering roses for Pentecost spread and has continued to the modern era, as reflected in contemporary feast names such as the
1979:
Attis is the symbol of the blossoms which appear early in the spring, and fall off before the complete fertilization; whence they further attributed castration to him, from the fruits not having attained to seminal perfection: but Adonis was the symbol of the cutting of the perfect
644:
writes of the "bloody splendor" of roses in the meadow from which Proserpina will be abducted to the underworld, with hyacinths and violets contributing to the lush flora. Roses and the ominous presence of thorns may intimate bloodshed and mortality even in the discourse of love.
2505:
is usually translated as "purification", lustral ceremonies should perhaps be regarded as realignments and restorations of good order: "lustration is another word for maintaining, creating or restoring boundary lines between the centric order and the ex-centric disorder". The
1463:
and her father. The delusional lust was a punishment from Aphrodite, whom Myrrha had slighted. The girl deceived her father with darkness and a disguise, but when he learned who she really was, his rage transformed her human identity and she became the fragrance-producing
4511:, pp. 80â81. Some Jewish wedding practices, including the wearing of rose crowns by the bridegroom or bride, were also compatible with or assimilated from Imperial society in general; Michael L. Satlow, "Slipping toward Sacrament: Jews, Christians, and Marriage," in
1600:, literary works set at a Rosaliaâwhether intended for performance at the actual occasion, or only using the occasion as a fictional settingâtake the "lament for Adonis" as their theme. Shared language for the Roman festival of Rosalia and the floral aspects of the
5319:, translated by Lysa Hochroth (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), pp. 51, 90, 123, 164. Scholars are divided as to whether the full program of observances was put in place under Claudius, or gradually expanded until the time of Antoninus Pius: Gary Forsythe,
2831:
of spring; let the year be in flower before its time, and let nature submit to the holy day. For you also, earth, owe wreaths to the martyrâs tomb. But the holy glory of the doorway to the heavens encircles him, flowering with the twin wreaths of war and peace.
1302:, with the second day a vulnerable time when the barrier between the world of the living and the dead became permeable, and the shades of the dead could wander the earth. On the third day, the ghosts were driven from the city, and Hermes Chthonios ("Underworld
1839:
Arnobius explicitly states that the rituals performed in honor of Attis in his day reenact aspects of the myth as he has told it, much of which developed only in the Imperial period, in particular the conflict and intersections with Dionysian cult. For the
1864:("Day of Blood") on March 24, the devotees lacerated themselves in a frenzy of mourning, spattering the effigy with the blood craved as "nourishment" by the dead. Some followers may have castrated themselves on this day, as a preliminary to becoming
2598:
and concluded May 3. Flora was a goddess of flowers and blooming, and her festivities were enjoyed with a notable degree of sexual liberty. In the 2nd century AD, Philostratus connects rose garlands with Flora's festival. A Greek epigram from the
1624:(damaged) in his left hand and in his right pomegranates, pine cones, and wheat: his partial nudity shows that he has undergone complete castration, and the bearded head on which he leans is most likely the river god Sangarius or Gallus (from
1885:, "as though we were cutting off the further progress of generation; after this we are fed on milk as though being reborn; that is followed by rejoicings and garlands and as it were a new ascent to the gods." The garlands and rejoicing
921:(a monetary unit) and one loaf for celebrating the Rosalia on the Augustan day, which was the first day of the month called Panemos on the local calendar. On the second of Panemos, the group's priest provided wine, a table setting, one
1103:
Some scholars think that customs of the Rosalia were assimilated into Bacchic festivals of the dead by the Roman military, particularly in Macedonia and Thrace. A Greek inscription of 138 AD records a donation for rose-adornment
5727:. The Gaianum was a track used by Caligula for chariot exercises. Salzman (p. 169) sees the Gaianum as a site alternative to the Phrygianum, access to which would have been obstructed in the 4th century by the construction of
4826:
Neils, "Children and Greek Religion," p. 145; John H. Oakley, "Death and the Child," p. 177; Lesley A. Beaumont, "The Changing Face of Childhood," p. 75; and H.A. Shapiro, "Fathers and Sons, Men and Boys," pp. 89, 103, all in
7524:
This included "the killing of a bear to symbolize the devil who tempted the flesh, of bullocks to symbolize their pride, and of a cockerel to symbolize their lusts; thus, they might live chastely and soberly, and keep a good
2430:, which curved around the body) that were used to punctuate sacral games and ceremonies, funerals, and for signals and timekeeping in the military. The March 23 Tubilustrium coincided in the city of Rome with a procession of
1438:
also came to be regarded as a Rosalia in the Imperial era. In one version of the myth, blood from Aphrodite's foot, pricked by a thorn, dyes the flowers produced from the body of Adonis when he is killed by the boar. In the
688:
to sell for cemetery upkeep or administrative costs. In the 19th to the 21st centuries, a profusion of cut and cultivated flowers was still a characteristic of Italian cemeteries to a degree that distinguished them from
236:
part of both festive and funerary banquets, roses adorned "a strange repast ... of life and death together, considered as two aspects of the same endless, unknown process." In some areas of the Empire, the Rosalia was
287:
In Greece and Rome, wreaths and garlands of flowers and greenery were worn by both men and women for festive occasions. Garlands of roses and violets, combined or singly, adorn erotic scenes, bridal processions, and
2685:. One Roman tomb painting shows vendors displaying floral garlands for sale. Following the Lemuria, Mercury and Maia received a joint sacrifice during a merchants' festival on the Ides of May (the 15th). The
1652:) and Attis. A preliminary festival on March 15 marked the discovery by shepherds or Cybele of the infant Attis among the reeds of a Phrygian river. The continuous ceremonies recommenced March 22 with the
741:
and prescribes a sacrifice to Silvanus on five occasions in the year, among them the Rosalia. Although Silvanus is typically regarded as a deity of the woods and the wild, Vergil describes him as bearing
352:, with roses and violets among its abundant flora, centered on a sacred space for Dionysus. At Rome Venus was a goddess of gardens as well as love and beauty. Venus received roses at her ritual cleansing
811:
often provided funeral benefits for members, and some were formed specifically for that purpose. Benefactors might fund communal meals and rose-days at which members of the college honored the dead. The
1823:
The Mother of the Gods wraps the genitals "in the garment of the dead" and covers them with earth, an aspect of the myth attested in ritual by inscriptions regarding the sacrificial treatment of animal
665:
In Roman tomb painting, red roses often spill bountifully onto light ground. These ageless flowers created a perpetual Rosalia and are an expression of Roman beliefs in the soul's continued existence.
1483:
to nurture. When he grew into a beautiful youth, both Aphrodite and Persephoneârepresenting the realms of love and deathâclaimed him. Zeus decreed that Adonis would spend a third of the year with the
1319:(d. ca. 250 AD) as wearing a wreath of roses and a red or purple cloak as he encounters Ariadne, whose sleep is a kind of death from which she is awakened and transformed by the god's love.
5761:
pp. 279 and 288, suggesting also that the tree of the Romans was not entirely an innovation, but a survival or translation of the decorated tree, perhaps an almond, that was part of the
1660:
the college of dendrophores ("tree-bearers") carried a pine tree to which was bound an effigy of Attis, wrapped in "woollen bandages like a corpse" and ornamented with violet wreaths.
5461:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), pp. 90â91. In Pausanias, the impregnating edible is an almond, with the almond tree playing a role later in the version of Arnobius; Gasparro,
1361:(1st century AD), Ariadne's crown is bejeweled with purple and red flowersâviolets, hyacinths, poppies, and "the flower of the blooming rose, made red by blood"âand exerts a positive
252:
of particular deities, and thus lent itself to Jewish and Christian commemoration. Early Christian writers transferred the imagery of garlands and crowns of roses and violets to the
1183:: the sleeping red-gowned Ariadne is surrounded by roses, with the sailing background implying both the departure of Theseus and the advent of Dionysus, foreshadowed by his leopards
2857:(d. ca. 413) as a "tender flower" whose death makes her "a flower in the Church's garland of martyrs": the flow of her purple blood produces purple violets and blood-red crocuses
4142:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971, 1996), pp. 62â63; Regina Gee, "From Corpse to Ancestor: The Role of Tombside Dining in the Transformation of the Body in Ancient Rome," in
2872:(d. 258) described heavenly crowns of flowers for the faithful in the afterlife: lilies for those who did good works, and an additional crown of roses for martyrs. In one early
2566:
In the later Empire, rose festivals became part of the iconography for the month of May. The date would vary locally to accommodate the blooming season. For month allegories in
2349:
Most evidence of the Rosalia from the Empire of the 1stâ3rd centuries points toward festivals of the dead. Soldiers commemorated fallen comrades, and might swear an oath on the
228:. The rose festivals of private associations and clubs are documented by at least forty-one inscriptions in Latin and sixteen in Greek, where the observance is often called a
816:
at Rome celebrated a Violet Day on March 22 and a Rose Day May 11, and these flower festivals are frequent among the occasions observed by dining clubs and burial societies.
2450:
who attended Cybele and Attis, and Roman ceremonies of apotropaic trumpet blasts or the beating of shields by the Salian priests, who were theologically identified with the
1820:, Attis then throws himself under a pine tree, and cuts off his genitals as an offering to Agdistis. He bleeds to death, and from the flux of blood is born a violet flower.
1306:") received sacrifices in the form of pots of grains and seeds. Although the identity of the shades is unclear, typically the restless dead are those who died prematurely.
2965:, who became associated with the month of May, replacing goddesses such as Maia and Flora in the popular imagination. Mary is described in early Christian literature as a
2262:, were constructed around a central altar where daily sacrifices were made, surrounded by the standards planted firmly into the ground and by images of emperors and gods.
2047:, on two dates in May. A.H. Hooey viewed the military rose festival as incorporating traditional spring festivals of vegetative deities. The festival is noted in the
1003:
could be made without accompanying sacrifices at the tomb. Instead of multiple deities, the Jewish husband honoring his wife invoked the divine justice of his own
6473:âa month already largely consumed with the care of the deadâbut in other months its spot on calendars was overwritten by festivals that doubled up on the date.
2088:
of those whose untimely death left them wandering the earth instead of passing into the underworld. The ceremonies of the Lemuria, in the vivid description of
531:, the protagonist Lucius is transformed into an ass, and after a journey of redemption returns to human form by eating roses and becoming an initiate into the
4764:
95 (1993), p. 197ff. Robertson argues that the Anthesteria was not a festival of the dead, and believes those elements have been attributed to it erroneously.
1933:
the Roman period. A late 1st- or 2nd-century statue of Attis from Athens has him with a basket containing pomegranates, pine cones, and a nosegay of violets.
5119:(Getty Publications, 2001), vol. 2, p. 34; J.P. Massaut, "Mystique rhĂ©nane et humanisme chrĂ©tien d'Eckhart Ă Ărasme. ContinuitĂ©, convergence ou rupture?" in
3017:
3683:(Walter de Gruyter, 2008), pp. 130â134 (on the wine of Dionysus as having a potent fragrance that competes with that of flowers such as roses); Xavier Riu,
566:
Roses had funerary significance in Greece, but were particularly associated with death and entombment among the Romans. In Greece, roses appear on funerary
6624:
1.12.16â33. These identifications probably reflect the influence of Varro, who tended to see a great number of goddesses as ultimately representing Terra.
4498:, p. 79. The inscription deals with legal titles to property, and unlike Christians at this time, Jews held full rights as Roman citizens to own property.
7679:
3174:
was celebrated with drinking among the knights and soldiers, followed by performances which featured the killing of animals that symbolized various sins.
2406:
The Tubilustrium was itself a purification ritual. Attested on calendars for both March 23 and May 23, it was perhaps originally monthly. The lustration
1120:, who were especially devoted to Dionysus. Macedonia was famed for its roses, but nearly all evidence for the Rosalia as such dates to the Roman period.
535:. A festival called the Rhodophoria, preserved in three Greek papyri, is the "rose-bearing" probably for Isis, or may be the Greek name for the Rosalia.
6785:
5952:
1491:
Persephone, and a third on the mortal plane. The theme is similar to Persephone's own year divided between her underworld husband and the world above.
2023:
1506:
and of her lover who dies as the vegetation dies, but comes back to life again." Robert A. Segal analyzed the death of Adonis as the failure of the "
476:(the Roman equivalent of Eros) is tortured in the underworld by goddesses disappointed in love, and the blood from his wounds causes roses to grow.
4460:(Routledge, 2000, 2nd ed.), pp. 209â210 (with a date of 85, presumably a typographical error since the date is noted as the eleventh consulship of
2973:, roses, lilies and violets become the special flowers of Mary. In some Catholic cultures, offerings of flowers are still made to Mary, notably in
2386:
2140:
held May 29 â June 1, presumably in honor of Carna. A civilian inscription records a bequest for rose-adornment "on the Carnaria", interpreted by
574:" ("Loves" or Cupids). As a symbol of both blooming youth and mourning, the rose often marks a death experienced as untimely or premature. In the
3020:
exhaled a fragrance "like a garden full of roses, lilies, violets, poppies and all kinds of fragrant flowers" as he prayed. The bedridden virgin
4409:
p. 108. The identification of Panemos with a modern month name varies throughout the ancient calendars on which it appears; see Alan E. Samuel,
3025:
blood-tears was used as her pillow. Flowers, blood, and relics were interwoven in the imagery of Christian literature from the earliest period.
762:. Since trees are the form of plant life most often emblematic of Silvanus, his connection with flowers is obscure. His female counterparts the
4193:(Walter de Gruyter, 2011), vol. 1, p. 327 (in regard to bequests made to associations, who might use surplus profit to benefit the membership).
3268:
Some authors from the 19th and early-20th centuries speculated that this Rose Sunday was a Christianized form of the originally pagan festival.
1291:
itself is sometimes depicted on the vessel, adorned with a wreath. The following year, the child was given a ceremonial taste of wine from his
785:
When well-to-do people wrote a will and made end-of-life preparations, they might set aside funds for the maintenance of their memory and care
2274:, ceremonies for beginning a campaign, victories, crisis rituals, and Imperial holidays. Among these occasions was the wedding of the emperor
7164:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 222â223; Lorraine Kochanske Stock, "Lords of the Wildwood: The Wild Man, the Green Man, and Robin Hood," in
6901:
3012:
The living bodies and corpses of saints were said to exude a floral "odor of sanctity" as one of the most notable signs of their holiness.
1522:, and thus as a cautionary tale involving the social violations of "incest, murder, license, possessiveness, celibacy, and childlessness".
184:
developed from the custom of placing flowers at burial sites. It was among the extensive private religious practices by means of which the
6031:(London, 1908), p 131. Fowler is cautious about over-interpreting the evidence to characterize all these occasions as "rites of the dead".
1984:
Porphyry linked Attis, Adonis, KorÄ (Persephone as "the Maiden", influencing "dry" or grain crops), and Dionysus (who influences soft and
2718:, when it was religiously prohibited to begin any new undertaking, specifically including marriage "for the sake of begetting children".
1769:
1468:. The vegetative nature of Adonis is expressed in his birth from the tree. In one tradition, Aphrodite took the infant, hid him in a box
717:
Although the rose had a long tradition in funerary art, the earliest record of a Roman rose festival named as such dates to the reign of
3280:
2522:, the "treaty" or peace of the gods, by means of a procession, public prayers, and offerings. The military calendar represented by the
2379:, who saw the May festivals as celebratory lustrations after the first battles of the military campaigning season, coordinate with the
2263:
1564:
1411:. The dead boy's metamorphosis creates the first grapevine, which in turn produces the transformative substance of wine for human use.
591:" to maintain the integrity of his body against abuse in death. In Greek and Latin poetry, roses grow in the blessed afterlife of the
1678:(d. ca. 330), whose version best reflects cult practice in the Roman Imperial period. The story begins with a rock in Phrygia named
795:
399:
at a city, garlands of flowers might be among the gestures of greeting from the welcome delegation. According to an account in the
7672:
2757:
1941:
Perceived connections with older spring festivals that involved roses helped spread and popularize the Rosalia, and the private
6775:, which even the Romans themselves regarded as obscure and dauntingly archaic, endowed the entire month with an uneasy feeling.
5554:
p. 42. Lancellotti emphasizes the non-cyclical permanence of Attis's death (p. 138) marked by rituals that recall funeral cult.
4344:
8366; Regina Gee, "From Corpse to Ancestor: The Role of Tombside Dining in the Transformation of the Body in Ancient Rome," in
2317:
2266:
displayed gold and silver wreaths on their standards that represented the bestowal of living wreaths, and the Eagles and other
456:, possibly dating to the early 4th century, the rose was the first flower to come into being, created from the virgin blood of
1790:
in his sanctuary and considered a pollution for those who would enter. Attis's relationship with Agdistis is characterized as
789:
after death, including rose-adornment. One epitaph records a man's provision for four annual observances in his honor: on the
438:, beloved of Aphrodite, was killed by a boar during a hunt, his blood produced a flower. A central myth of the Roman rites of
249:
6141:
5480:
The Use of Classical Art and Literature by Victorian Painters, 1860â1912: Creating Continuity With the Traditions of High Art
5078:
of Procopius of Gaza: The Depiction of Mythological Themes in Palestine and Arabia during the Fifth and Sixth Centuries," in
1785:
1698:. Unable to achieve his aim, the king of gods relieved himself by masturbating on the rock, from which was born Acdestis or
6866:
Gillian MacKie, "Symbolism and Purpose in an Early Christian Martyr Chapel: The Case of San Vittore in Ciel d'Oro, Milan,"
8090:
1220:, "flower, blossom", as did the Greeks themselves, connecting it to the blossoming grapevine. In the 6th century AD, the
1007:, and chose to participate in the customs of the community while adapting them in ways "acceptable to his Jewish faith".
543:
2000:
Roses and violets are typically among the flower species that populate the meadow from which Persephone was abducted as
1525:
8095:
7665:
5386:
6â7, drawing on sources he identifies as "Timotheus, a man not disreputable in matters of theology," and "Valerius the
2697:. The month is illustrated for this calendar with a king of roses: a young man, wearing the long-sleeved robe called a
617:
4202:
Jack Goody and Cesare Poppi, "Flowers and Bones: Approaches to the Dead in Anglo-American and Italian Cemeteries," in
2626:
to the afterlife. The theological identity of Maia was capacious; she was variously identified with goddesses such as
5684:
is mentioned by Ovid in the Augustan period, and other literary references indicate it was "well established" by the
2961:, and a "tall sprig of almond leaves and flowers in her hand". Roses are among the most characteristic attributes of
608:
expressed the red-to-purple color range of roses and violets particularly as flowers of death. In ancient etymology,
5892:
translated by Rosemary Sheed (University of Nebraska Press, 1996, translation originally published in 1958), p. 302.
3033:
1529:
Dying Adonis attended by hound, on a funerary monument with floral motifs on its corner feet (latter 3rd century BC)
672:
Here lies Optatus, a child ennobled by devotion: I pray that his ashes may be violets and roses, and I ask that the
8070:
3842:
The Nag Hammadi Library in English: The Definitive New Translation of the Gnostic Scriptures Complete in One Volume
2188:
1953:
ceremonies. The conceptual link between Attis and Adonis was developed primarily in the later Imperial period. The
1671:
The most vivid and complex account of how the violet was created out of violence in the Attis myth is given by the
1589:, a series of mythological mosaics has a scene of Aphrodite and Adonis enthroned, attended by six Erotes and three
1295:. These vessels are often found in children's graves, accompanying them to the underworld after a premature death.
813:
624:
uses the metaphor of a purple flower to describe the premature, bloody deaths of young men in battle: The death of
7410:
The station on this fourth Sunday of Lent was at S. Croce in Ierusalemme, and the route took the Pope back to the
4529:
X/2 260; Richard S. Ascough, "Paul's 'Apocolypticism' and the Jesus Associations at Thessalonica and Corinth," in
1267:
for the Anthesteria, depicting Eros as a chubby boy who pulls a cart and extends his hand toward his own wreathed
3627:
Corinth. The Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore: Terracotta Figurines of the Classical, Hellenistic, and Roman Periods
3458:(Fortress Press, 2010), p. 19; Kokkinia, "Rosen fĂŒr die Toten," p. 208; on Jewish commemoration, Paul Trebilco,
1664:(1st century BC) mentions roses and other unnamed flowers in the ecstatic procession of the Magna Mater for the
6103:
5391:
4676:, translated by Robert B. Palmer (Indiana University Press, 1965, originally published 1960 in German), p. 159.
4340:
4262:
3322:
2827:
Sprinkle the ground with flowers, adorn the doorways with garlands. Let winter breathe forth the purple beauty
2399:
2331:
2302:
avers that divine agency prevented the Eagles from being adorned or pulled from the earth to break camp by the
2185:, the date of the dedication, made in connection with Imperial cult, may have been chosen to coincide with it.
1844:
on March 22, the dendrophores carried the violet-wreathed tree of Attis to the Temple of the Magna Mater. As a
1030:, several inscriptions mention the Rosalia as a commemorative festival funded by bequests to groups such as a
109:
5336:
2651:("Abundance, Resources"), and Carna, the goddess of the Bean Kalends on June 1. Roses were distributed to the
1372:, and the persistence of love in the face of death may be embodied by attendant Cupids or Erotes. In Vergil's
827:), where twenty-four Latin inscriptions referring to it have been found. Ten Latin inscriptions come from the
6327:
translated by David M.B. Richardson (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011, originally published in German 1995), pp. 28â29;
5834:
noted that "Atys castrated means nothing other than the flower that falls before the fruit"; Rebecca Zorach,
4026:
pp. 63, 94. Wooden cult statues might be anointed periodically with rose oil as a preservative, according to
1901:, when Attis was in some sense "reborn" or renewed. Some early Christian sources associate this day with the
668:
The bones or ashes of the deceased may be imagined as generating flowers, as in one Latin epitaph that reads:
6516:
pp. 144, 149, 172â174, 182â183, 188, 191â197, 218â219, 227, 244, 248 (describing the principles of imperial
5864:
5.332, and dwells on the abundance and variety of flowersâwith the rose the favored choice of the attendant
2497:
and the trumpets were closely related in Roman military culture, both ceremonially and functionally, and on
4191:
Greco-Roman Associations: Texts, Translations, and Commentary. I: Attica, Central Greece, Macedonia, Thrace
3114:
2841:
1964:
907:
738:
79:
3295:
3105:
in the mid-12th century, recorded a ceremony on this day when the Pope carried a moss-wrapped rose in the
1451:
and the blood and tears become flowers upon the ground. Of the blood comes the rose, and of the tears the
1334:
1236:. The three-day festival, which took place at the threshold between winter and spring, involved themes of
7640:
5728:
2974:
2942:, inscribed with her motto "After my death, I will let fall a shower of roses"; she wears a floral wreath
2643:
2539:
2122:, may have pertained to rites of the dead and like the days of the Lemuria was marked on the calendar as
3320:
edited by Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spawforth (Oxford University Press, 1996, 3rd edition), p. 1335;
2516:, a broad category of propitiatory ritual that realigned the community, in this case the army, with the
1275:
In keeping with its theme of new growth and transformation, the Anthesteria was also the occasion for a
6399:
2457:
Tacitus records the performance of noise rituals on the trumpets by the military in conjunction with a
1612:
1027:
832:
452:
3790:, edited by Anthony Grafton, Glenn W. Most, Salvatore Settis (Harvard University Press, 2010), p. 524.
2949:
are ascribed to some female saints, while roses are a distinguishing attribute of others ranging from
2865:. The rose can also symbolize the blood shed with the loss of virginity in the sacrament of marriage.
1322:
367:
A lavish display of flowers was an expression of conviviality and liberal generosity. An Imperial-era
8085:
8080:
3285:
2811:
were often depicted or described with flower imagery, or in ways that identified them with flowers.
2722:
2234:
says that the army venerated the standards as if they were gods, and inscriptions record dedications
2227:
were part of devotional practices characteristic of the army surrounding the military standards. The
1878:
1691:
1259:
721:(81â96 AD), and places the observance on June 20. The inscription was made by a priestly association
657:
521:, an Imperial holiday March 5 when a ceremonial procession represented the "sailing" of Isis. In the
480:
269:
97:
3704:
Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture 10 (Dumbarton Oaks, 1987), p. 28.
2815:(d. 431) reinterpreted traditions associated with the Rosalia in Christian terms for his natal poem
1993:
1921:
of the Magna Mater was carried out on March 27. March 28 may have been a day of initiation into the
8075:
5115:
Gina Salapata, "΀ÏÎčÏίληÏÎżÏ áŒÎŽÏÎœÎčÏ: An Exceptional Pair of Terra-cotta Arulae from South Italy," in
2837:
1694:. The Great Mother of the Gods customarily rested there, and there she was assailed by the lustful
724:
709:
75:
20:
3700:
A.R. Littlewood, "Ancient Literary Evidence for the Pleasure Gardens of Roman Country Villas," in
1860:, youths who performed armed dances and in mythology served as guardians for infant gods. For the
1702:, a violent and supremely powerful hermaphroditic deity. After deliberations, the gods assign the
434:
preserves a number of stories in which blood and flowers are linked in divine metamorphosis. When
6309:
Scripta Varia. MĂ©langes d'histoire romaine, de droit, d'Ă©pigraphie et d'histoire du christianisme
5853:
3570:
3363:
Christina Kokkinia, "Rosen fĂŒr die Toten im griechischen Raum und eine neue Rodismos Bithynien,"
3102:
2954:
2939:
2682:
2670:
2005:
1972:
1180:
508:
335:, particularly in Imperial-era poetry as a wine god for drinking parties or with the presence of
221:
47:
6879:
Patricia Cox Miller, "'The Little Blue Flower Is Red': Relics and the Poeticizing of the Body,"
6469:
p. 28. RĂŒpke argues that the Tubilustrium continued to be monthly, with the likely exception of
4687:
Cosmology and the Polis: The Social Construction of Space and Time in the Tragedies of Aeschylus
5858:
one of the earliest treatments of the myth. Ovid places Proserpina among violets and lilies at
5819:
5099:
4661:
4027:
3145:
2885:
2873:
2614:, a goddess of growth or increase whose own name was sometimes said to come from the adjective
2054:
1958:
1731:
1109:
900:, Rosalia seems to have been a three-day festival May 24â26, beginning with an "Augustan day" (
656:(attendant of Dionysus) holds Cupid as he extends a rose, in a wall painting from the House of
492:
409:
buried the guests at one of his banquets in an avalanche of rose petals. In Greek culture, the
7627:
5292:
Romanising Oriental Gods: Myth, Salvation and Ethics in the Cults of Cybele, Isis and Mithras,
5061:
Dominic Perring, "'Gnosticism' in Fourth-Century Britain: The Frampton Mosaics Reconsidered,"
4982:(Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 172, with reference to the influence of the passage on
2749:
2610:
1593:("Graces"). A basket of overturned roses near them has been seen as referring to the Rosalia.
882:
713:
Silvanus, holding pomegranates, grapes, and other produce, attended by hound (2ndâ3rd century)
8001:
7089:
7088:(Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), pp. 81â82. Alanus, who played a key role in the
4747:, "The Palladium and the Pentateuch: Towards a Sacred Topography of the Later Roman Empire,"
4669:
4525:
4207:
3510:
3165:
3106:
3006:
3002:
2978:
2962:
2916:
2686:
2559:
1902:
1735:
961:
who were invoked to oversee and ensure the carrying out of the deceased's wishes. These were
872:
496:
210:
might also be offered to the cult statue of a deity or to other revered objects. In May, the
199:, and memorials ranging from simple inscriptions to grand public works. Several dates on the
5343:
translated by Christopher Holme (Brill, 1975, originally published 1972 in Spanish), p. 395.
3593:
2355:(deified spirits) of dead brothers-in-arms. Hooey, however, argued against interpreting the
2027:
The Eagle of a military standard on a Roman soldier's funerary monument (1stâ2nd century AD)
1856:. The next day the dendrophores laid the tree to rest with noisy music that represented the
1641:
1068:("Oak-Bearers"), or finally to the state. In addition to associations of initiates into the
7956:
6024:
5414:
pp. 65â67; and Giulia Sfameni Gasparro (combining the versions of Arnobius and Pausanias),
2958:
2946:
2777:
2323:
2228:
1764:
1711:
1362:
828:
734:
484:
274:
2850:
684:, and adjacent grounds might be cultivated as gardens to grow roses for adornment or even
8:
5387:
4925:, "In the Guise of Gods and Heroes: Portrait Heads on Roman Mythological Sarcophagi," in
4844:
Beaumont, "The Changing Face of Childhood," p. 75; Oakley, "Death and the Child," p. 177.
3153:
3141:
3059:
3038:
3021:
3016:
described the fragrance and luminosity of the rose as issuing from the blood of martyrs.
2804:
2619:
1695:
1672:
1621:
1326:
Bust of Dionysus, wearing a leopardskin and with flowers in his wreath, on a 3rd-century
1069:
996:
953:
915:, the officer of "good order" who presided over the group for a year, was to provide one
465:
431:
413:
was the showering of a victorious athlete or bridal couple with leaves or flower petals.
394:
340:
211:
71:
5800:
p. 270, emphasizing the disparities between the early cult of Attis and developments in
5565:
On Roman Time: The Codex Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity
4779:, an indication that the ceremony evokes a time before Athens was a democracy; Seaford,
2721:
In the 4th century, the Rosalia was marked on the official calendar as a public holiday
2501:
the trumpets are shown pointing toward the standards during lustrations. Although Latin
746:
and lilies. In other inscriptions, three donors to Silvanus had adopted the cultic name
690:
648:
8046:
7851:
7612:
5746:
Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion: Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual
4938:
4597:
4275:
4210:
for the article. See p. 451, note 60, on the possible connection of the Rosalia to the
3740:
3258:
3242:
3075:
3001:
from wine, was to be perceived as a rose. The five-petaled rose became a symbol of the
2957:(d. 1897). The floral iconography of Saint Cecilia includes a rose or floral wreath, a
2780:, as a spring festival that may have been a Christianized continuation of the Rosalia.
2601:
2498:
2309:
2275:
2205:
2172:
1775:
1604:
may indicate similar or comparable practices, and not necessarily direct assimilation.
1484:
1350:
1213:
992:
937:, and one loaf for the third day of Rosalia. The group seems to have functioned like a
767:
571:
500:
457:
293:
5823:
3.11.12 and 15, and 3.13.14, translated by E.H. Gifford (1903), as cited by Gasparro,
5308:
5243:
of Procopius," p. 223; David Westberg, "The Rite of Spring: Erotic Celebration in the
4206:(University of Michigan Press, 2006), pp. 420â456; the epitaph of Optatus provides an
3677:
Hellenica: Selected Papers on Greek Literature and Thought. Volume II: Lyric and Drama
2910:
of Ariadne, whom he imagines as translated to the heavens by it. The use of the term "
2128:, a time when normal activities were religiously prohibited. In the later Empire, the
1874:
priests of Cybele. Attis was placed in his "tomb" for the Sacred Night that followed.
1447:(2nd century BC), the tears of Aphrodite match the blood shed by Adonis drop by drop,
1419:
1337:
that symbolized Ariadne's immortal union with Dionysus underwent metamorphosis into a
1283:
in the ancient world. Children between the age of three and four received a small jug
7596:
Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year
6807:
5496:
4605:
4189:(Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 119; John S. Kloppenborg and Richard S. Ascough,
3918:
3222:
2998:
2797:
2793:
2628:
2591:
2571:
2168:
2148:
2105:
2062:
2001:
1922:
1550:
1507:
1424:
1379:
1097:
1081:
759:
673:
532:
344:
328:
312:
2773:
2662:
425:
307:
Flowers were associated with or offered to some deities, particularly the goddesses
7866:
7831:
7746:
7657:
7415:
7278:
7198:
6892:
6378:
5959:
38 (1948), p. 38, gives the date as May 10. Steven K. Drummond and Lynn H. Nelson,
5828:
5827:
p. 46. In a commentary on Ovid, and citing Porphyry and Eusebius, the 15th-century
5762:
4978:), as noted by Michael Murrin, "Renaissance Allegory from Petrarch to Spenser," in
3600:, translated by A.B. Gough (Routledge,1913), vol. 4, pp. 144â145, notes that Roman
3250:
3238:
2921:
2902:
2812:
2808:
2554:
2474:
2431:
2073:
is uncertain because of the fragmentary text, but coincided with the period of the
1961:(d. ca. 305 AD) saw both Adonis and Attis as aspects of the "fruits of the earth":
1753:
1452:
1423:"The blood of the dead Adonis turns into an anemone" (Ovid, Met. X 735) (1609), by
1369:
1280:
1221:
1019:
890:
876:
629:
598:
Bloodless sacrifice to the dead could include rose garlands and violets as well as
560:
548:
401:
301:
6999:
15, col. 1821), as noted by Clare Stancliffe, "Red, White and Blue Martyrdom," in
4187:
Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate
1399:(late 4thâearly 5th century AD), Dionysus mourns the death of the beautiful youth
1169:
616:
in the sense of suffusing the skin with purple blood in bruising or wounding. The
7906:
7688:
6320:
6267:
6178:
5685:
3565:
3410:
3218:
2950:
2714:
2595:
2486:
2462:
2391:
2360:
2343:
2303:
2141:
2049:
1898:
1358:
1342:
1276:
1085:
1010:
625:
517:
368:
349:
7246:
Mary, the Devil, and Taro: Catholicism and Women's Work in a Micronesian Society
5406:, the name "Violet" in the story of Attis. Summary based on that of Lancelotti,
3221:" in the ceiling for the release of rose petals or white doves. The traditional
1245:
with her; the precise ceremonies are unknown, but may be related to the myth of
1154:(5th century BC) sets a floral scene generated by the opening up of the Seasons
7846:
7411:
7058:
55, p. 349, as cited by Stancliffe, "Red, White and Blue Martyrdom," pp. 30â31.
6914:
MacKie, "Symbolism and Purpose in an Early Christian Martyr Chapel," pp. 93â95.
6304:
6246:
5940:
5912:
The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria
5801:
4983:
4723:
4453:
3901:
3807:(Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 141; John H. Oakley and Rebecca H. Sinos,
3161:
3098:
3013:
2928:
2765:
2652:
2490:
2478:
2376:
2335:
2156:
2066:
1743:
1637:
1597:
1582:
1503:
1444:
1177:
1139:
958:
852:
824:
820:
694:
523:
297:
279:
253:
200:
185:
113:
3168:
in the dome to represent the descent of the tongues of flame. After dinner, a
2655:, an archaic priesthood of Rome, after their banquets for the May festival of
1549:, perfumed, and adorned with greenery. As part of the festival, they planted "
957:
membership were both legally and religiously binding: the society had its own
770:, are sometimes depicted carrying flower pots or wreaths. Through his epithet
383:(1st century AD) describes a groom as wearing a wreath of roses, violets, and
8064:
7996:
7981:
7921:
7382:
The Mystery of the Rosary: Marian Devotion and the Reinvention of Catholicism
7120:
Saints and Their Cults: Studies in Religious Sociology, Folklore, and History
6646:
6349:
6108:
6020:
5885:
5860:
4975:
4744:
4007:
3679:(Oxford University Press, 2013), vol. 2, pp. 388â389; Laura MiguĂ©lez-Cavero,
3580:
3434:
3121:
3110:
3051:
2845:
2820:
2761:
2458:
2314:; reminded of their religious obligation, they were turned toward repentance
2259:
2197:
2008:
1894:
1833:
1617:
1546:
1513:
1338:
1287:
specially decorated with scenes of children playing at adult activities. The
1249:, who became the consort of Dionysus after she was abandoned by the Athenian
1225:
698:
388:
162:
6410:
dance of the Salii to the ecstatic followers of Cybele and Attis); Bremmer,
5253:
Plotting With Eros: Essays on the Poetics of Love and the Erotics of Reading
5102:(6.24.7) also connects roses to the story of Aphrodite and Adonis; Cyprino,
4704:
Coming of Age in Ancient Greece: Images of Childhood from the Classical Past
4702:(Blackwell, 2010), p. 89; Jennifer Neils, "Children and Greek Religion," in
1064:
disbanded or failed in its duties, the property was to pass to a society of
1046:, a legally constituted association, often having a religious character; or
264:
8016:
7991:
7946:
7891:
7881:
7791:
7726:
7162:
Missing Mary: The Queen of Heaven and Her Re-emergence in the Modern Church
7135:
6599:
9.580.4, as cited by Hooey, "Rosaliae signorum," p. 27: ΔጰΌ᜶ áż„ÏÎŽÏÎœ ÎłÎ”ÎœÎÏηÏ
6328:
6237:
6129:
5395:
4707:
4472:
edited by Richard J. A Talbert (Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 971.
3390:
The Corporeal Imagination: Signifying the Holy in Late Ancient Christianity
2993:
in the image of the rose. Ambrose declared that the blood of Christ in the
2924:
2781:
2708:
2678:
2567:
2426:
2380:
2279:
2243:
2216:
2115:
2058:
1926:
1644:
developed for ceremonies of the Magna Mater ("Great Mother", also known as
1625:
1574:
1554:
1327:
1316:
1250:
1242:
1212:
provided a model for civic organizations. A form of Dionysia dating to pre-
1060:
bequeathed a tract of grapevines to pay for rose wreaths. If the Dionysian
1053:
902:
836:
754:, "flower") and a fourth, of less certain reading, may have the Latin name
588:
130:
61:
40:
7291:
Medii Aevi Kalendarium, or Dates, Charters, and Customs of the Middle Ages
6325:
The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine: Time, History, and the Fasti,
4394:
Imperial Cults and the Apocalypse of John: Reading Revelation in the Ruins
416:
331:). Roses and fragrances are a special attribute of Aphrodite, and also of
248:
and others, but rose-adornment as a practice was not strictly tied to the
8041:
8011:
8006:
7951:
7926:
7871:
7761:
7736:
7422:(Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 14, citing Benedict, cap. 36, p. 150.
6806:
Nicole Belayche, "Pagan Festivals in Fourth-Century Gaza," p. 17, citing
5918:(University of Michigan Press, 2000), pp. 143 (especially note 126), 146.
5831:
5004:
5001:
Roman Children's Sarcophagi: Their Decoration and Its Social Significance
4922:
4219:
3497:
3149:
3090:
2970:
2893:
2868:
Drawing on the custom of floral crowns as awards in the Classical world,
2789:
2785:
2586:
2531:
2512:
2470:
2251:
2164:
2044:
1985:
1954:
1545:, sometimes in the presence of an effigy of the dead youth that might be
1538:
1495:
1365:
on cultivating flower gardens, weaving garlands, and distilling perfume.
1129:
1089:
917:
504:
191:
6356:(Routledge, 2001, originally published 1989 in French), p. 50; Webster,
5123:(Leuven University Press, 1972), p. 128, citing as an example Ausonius,
3836:
Hans-Gebhard Bethge, Bentley Layton, Societas Coptica Hierosolymitana, "
2934:
2788:
poems that he says he presented publicly on "the day of the roses", and
2124:
793:, an official festival for honoring the dead February 13; his birthday (
203:
were set aside as public holidays or memorial days devoted to the dead.
8031:
7986:
7971:
7961:
7941:
7931:
7916:
7901:
7886:
7876:
7841:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7781:
7771:
7751:
7731:
7711:
7118:
Stephen Wilson, "Cults of Saints in the Churches of Central Paris," in
7048:
7001:
Ireland in Early Mediaeval Europe. Studies in memory of Kathleen Hughes
6470:
6233:
5635:
5627:
4052:
3246:
3047:
2986:
2854:
2844:
in Milan, a mosaic portrait dating perhaps as early as 397â402 depicts
2623:
2518:
2443:
2420:
2395:
2210:
2093:
2032:
1857:
1853:
1721:
Liber sets a snare, replacing the waters of Agdistis's favorite spring
1665:
1480:
1465:
1391:
1237:
1004:
790:
637:
447:
406:
376:
320:
316:
237:
149:, but scattered through mid-July. The observance is sometimes called a
121:
5836:
Blood, Milk, Ink, Gold: Abundance and Excess in the French Renaissance
5096:
4600:, "The Journey of the Souls of the Dead to the Isles of the Blessed,"
4411:
Greek and Roman Chronology: Calendars and Years in Classical Antiquity
2689:(354 AD) notes a flower fair on May 23, when the roses come to market
1804:, arranges a marriage with his daughter, and locks down the city. The
1656:("The Tree enters") and lasted through March 27 or 28. For the day of
1279:
from infancy to childhoodâa celebratory moment given the high rate of
460:("Soul") after she united sexually with Eros. In the 4th-century poem
8021:
7966:
7911:
7896:
7856:
7836:
7776:
7716:
6764:
6617:
5136:
3668:
3609:
3182:
3137:
3094:
3078:
2994:
2699:
2482:
2339:
2299:
2152:
2077:, archaic festival days on May 9, 11, and 13 for propitiating shades
2074:
1906:
1687:
1661:
1499:
1476:
1299:
1216:
was the Anthesteria, a festival name some scholars derive from Greek
1147:
1134:
Although ivy and grapevines are the regular vegetative attributes of
1048:
980:
681:
357:
308:
289:
117:
7317:
The Color of Angels: Cosmology, Gender and the Aesthetic Imagination
5478:(Antique Collectors Club Limited, 1997), p. 65; Rosemary J. Barrow,
3054:: a whole community is joined in receiving white and red rose crowns
2892:(d. 420), "a crown of roses and violets" is woven from the blood of
2849:
Classical mythâprimarily Adonis and Attisâto female virgin martyrs.
2286:: the military standards are said to grow red with flowers, and the
1573:
with the death of Adonis in Aphrodite's arms posing the question of
1502:
saw in the rites of Adonis "the outlines of an Oriental myth of the
8026:
7811:
7796:
7766:
7756:
7741:
7706:
7459:
Saint Hysteria: Neurosis, Mysticism, and Gender in European Culture
7166:
Robin Hood in Popular Culture: Violence, transgression, and justice
6403:
6203:
5814:
5723:
5718:
4775:
4461:
3605:
3473:
Saint Hysteria: Neurosis, Mysticism, and Gender in European Culture
3170:
3157:
2692:
2681:
an important economic activity, especially for the rich estates of
2635:
2368:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2177:
1817:
1747:
1699:
1675:
1633:
1590:
1488:
1408:
1382:
1143:
1135:
934:
897:
848:
844:
763:
718:
641:
599:
585:
528:
469:
332:
241:
101:
6385:
5.169c, on the sounding of trumpets after the castration of Attis.
4898:
Retrospectives: Essays in Literature, Poetics and Cultural History
4304:
Palmer, "Silvanus, Sylvester, and the Chair of St. Peter," p. 226.
3949:
Clothed in Purple Light: Studies in Vergil and in Latin Literature
3689:
En soufflant la grĂące: Ămes, souffles et humeurs en GrĂšce ancienne
3043:
2290:
and soldiers ritually shower the imperial bridegroom with flowers
8036:
7936:
7861:
7806:
7786:
7093:
6449:
5994:
5705:, near the Phrygianum sanctuary associated with Cybele; Salzman,
5702:
4927:
Life, Death and Representation: Some New Work on Roman Sarcophagi
4215:
4211:
3687:(Rowman & Littlefield, 1999), p. 108; Edoarda Barra-Salzédo,
3681:
Poems in Context: Greek Poetry in the Egyptian Thebaid 200â600 AD
3585:
3561:
3418:
3372:
3290:
3082:
2900:
later entwines Classical and Christian strands of imagery in his
2881:
2869:
2656:
2608:
Among explanations for the month's name was that it derived from
2575:
2535:
2439:
2409:
2271:
2255:
2231:
2080:
1888:
1882:
1825:
1792:
1758:
1433:
1404:
1400:
1253:
1246:
1113:
1042:
949:
945:
864:
856:
840:
730:
685:
592:
552:
488:
380:
361:
324:
225:
7086:
Stories of the Rose: The Making of the Rosary in the Middle Ages
5143:(Routledge, 1928, 6th ed. 1958, 1964 paperback edition), p. 101.
3506:
The Poetics of Imitation: Anacreon and the Anacreontic Tradition
2461:. The practice is found in other sources in a civilian context.
1479:
or other human remains), and gave him to the underworld goddess
1459:
According to myth, Adonis was born from the incestuous union of
7801:
7526:
7149:
Pen and the Cross: Catholicism and English Literature 1850â2000
6525:
6154:
The Roman Imperial Army: Of the First and Second Centuries A.D.
5321:
Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History
5041:
4079:
4048:
3527:
2990:
2982:
2911:
2889:
2201:
2110:
2101:
2092:, featured the spitting of black beans as an especially potent
1871:
1724:
1683:
1649:
1586:
1578:
1471:
1460:
1396:
1386:
1374:
1303:
1163:
1151:
1093:
1073:
743:
676:, be light upon him, for the boy's life was a burden to no one.
653:
633:
621:
604:
581:
556:
439:
435:
420:
Venus wearing a crown of roses over the body of Adonis, in the
372:
245:
188:
cared for their dead, reflecting the value placed on tradition
105:
35:
7233:
Latino Catholicism: Transformation in America's Largest Church
5713:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 180, suggests that
5416:
Soteriology and Mystic Aspects in the Cult of Cybele and Attis
2065:(224â235 AD). The calendar is thought to represent a standard
1190:
the nectar-bearing flowers bring in the sweet-smelling spring.
7721:
7583:
Encountering God: A Spiritual Journey from Bozeman to Banaras
6772:
6232:
Hooey, "Rosaliae signorum," p. 16, especially note 3, citing
5868:âin his treatment of the same myth for the month of April at
5865:
5399:
4032:
Aphrodite and Eros: The Development of Greek Erotic Mythology
3923:
Apuleius of Madaurus: The Isis-Book: (Metamorphoses, Book XI)
3803:(University of California Press, 2009), p. 43; Bruno Currie,
2931:, because it evoked the "profane" rose wreath of the Romans.
2897:
2862:
2734:
2580:
2435:
2351:
2237:
2114:("Flesh Goddess" or "Food Goddess") and commonly called the "
1910:
1866:
1813:
1797:
1796:, disreputable and socially marginalizing. The Phrygian king
1707:
1542:
1519:
1204:
1157:
1117:
1036:
984:
967:
868:
860:
576:
567:
495:" that the deceased was to receive when he was judged in the
473:
443:
161:, "day of rose-adornment," and could be celebrated also with
146:
142:
6501:
Domi Militiae: Die Religiöse Konstruktion des Krieges in Rom
4664:(1997) by William H. Race and cited in this context by Riu,
3462:(Cambridge University Press, 1991, 1994 reprint), pp. 78â81.
2542:
prompted a revival and expansion of the archaic practice of
701:, especially in the 19th century, as too "pagan" in origin.
7692:
7611:, Central State University, Wilberforce, Ohio, May 8, 1986.
7609:
Roses and the Arts: A Cultural and Horticultural Engagement
7607:
Theodore A. Koehler,"The Christian Symbolism of the Rose",
7071:
13.13â15, as noted by Robert Hollander and Jean Hollander,
7054:
6771:
1.16.18, noting that the Lemuria and the procession of the
6453:
6156:(University of Oklahoma Press, 1979, 3rd ed. 1998), p. 133.
5394:, the consul of 53 BC and author of a treatise identifying
5341:
Festival, Comedy and Tragedy: The Greek Origins of Theatre,
5121:
The Late Middle Ages and the Dawn of Humanism Outside Italy
4541:
4539:
4513:
Jewish Culture and Society under the Christian Roman Empire
3655:
pp. 35â39; Ian Du Quesnay, "Three Problems in Poem 66," in
3575:
3086:
3067:
2728:
2135:
2089:
1559:
1518:
to complete his rite of passage into the adult life of the
972:
512:
384:
336:
196:
7570:
To Dance With God: Family Ritual and Community Celebration
6311:(Publications de l'Ăcole française de Rome, 1980), p. 273.
4146:, Bar International Series 1768 (Oxford, 2008), pp. 59â68.
3350:
Peter Toohey, "Death and Burial in the Ancient World," in
3217:. Reflecting this custom, many churches are built with a "
2390:
Corybantes accompanying Cybele and Attis (detail from the
2069:
issued to the military. The day of the earlier of the two
1682:, from which had come the stones transformed to humans by
515:. The statue of Isis was adorned with roses following the
446:, from whose blood a violet-colored flower sprang. In the
6136:(Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 161; Brian Campbell,
5721:) into Rome on March 28, 37 AD, when he was acclaimed as
4452:(Cambridge University Press, 1991, 1994 reprint), p. 81;
3113:
saw the Golden Rose as having functions analogous to the
2648:
2605:
has May personified announce "I am the mother of roses".
2181:), on May 10. Although the inscription does not name the
6583:
Hooey, "Rosaliae signorum," p. 27, citing Philostratus,
5531:
Greek Religion and Culture, the Bible, and the Near East
5217:
Salapata, "΀ÏÎčÏίληÏÎżÏ áŒÎŽÏÎœÎčÏ," pp. 38 and 48 (note 138).
5015:; Newby, "In the Guise of Gods and Heroes," pp. 201â205.
4536:
4226:(University of Chicago Press, 1981), and see also Beza,
3456:
Marantha: Women's Funerary Rituals and Christian Origins
2622:(Greek Hermes), a god of boundaries and commerce, and a
2394:; embossed silver, ca. 200â400 AD, found in a tomb near
538:
507:, the wreath might be roses, under the influence of the
7509:
Sanctissimi domini nostri Benedicti Papae XIV Bullarium
6653:(Cornell University Press, 1981), pp. 110â111, 115â116.
6633:
Hooey, "Rosaliae signorum," p. 27, note 57, citing the
6291:
Hooey, "Rosaliae signorum," pp. 23â26, 32â35. Webster,
1949:
of the Romans was enhanced by the public prominence of
1852:
recalled the scattering of violets onto graves for the
1194:
the lovely tresses of violets, and roses fitted to hair
1188:... as the chamber of the purple-robed Horai is opened,
277:: "suffocation by erotically charged flowers" became a
7003:(Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 32; Lightbown,
5279:
Attis, Between Myth and History: King, Priest, and God
4900:(Modern Humanities Research Association, 2009), p. 73.
3326:
6.10264, 10239, 10248 and others. Other names include
2147:
Sculpture from a 3rd-century military headquarters at
2012:
appearing on battlefields after the deaths of heroes.
1936:
1298:
The Anthesteria has also been compared with the Roman
1232:, which he said was the Greek equivalent of the Latin
1196:
and voices of songs echo to the accompaniment of pipes
929:, a secretary or administrator, was responsible for a
7399:
Our Sunday Visitor's Encyclopedia of Catholic History
7248:(University of Hawaii Press, 2010), pp. 147â148, 151.
6951:
Beads and Prayers: The Rosary in History and Devotion
5152:
Robert A. Segal, "Adonis: A Greek Eternal Child," in
4949:(Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 159â160; and
4278:, "Silvanus, Sylvester, and the Chair of St. Peter,"
3300:
a festival in memory of the dead of the ancient Slavs
2969:, "rose of modesty", and a rose among thorns. In the
2530:
also for March 19â23, the period that began with the
2383:
that fell on May 23 between the two rose-adornments.
1198:
and choruses come to Semele of the circling headband.
1084:(Artemis) and of the little-attested Thracian god or
7687:
6189:
13; Hooey, "Rosaliae signorum," pp. 17â19; Webster,
5937:
Fear, Anomaly, and Uncertainty in the Gospel of Mark
5663:
edition of R. Henry (Paris, 1971), p. 131; Salzman,
5567:(University of California Press, 1990), pp. 166â167.
4760:
Noel Robertson, "Athens' Festival of the New Wine,"
4649:
Greek Myth and Western Art: The Presence of the Past
4348:
Bar International Series 1768 (Oxford, 2008), p. 64.
4315:
The Cult of Silvanus: A Study in Roman Folk Religion
2570:, May is often represented with floral wreaths, the
2108:. The feast day of June 1, devoted to the tenebrous
1767:, a companion to the same violet-wreathed figure in
1349:
was a diadem of jewels, but for the Roman dramatist
1202:
Dionysus was an equalizing figure of the democratic
259:
7598:(Theosophical Publishing House, 2003), pp. 151â152.
7503:(Venice, 1599), p. 84; Francesco Antonio Zaccaria,
7414:, where he presented the rose to the city prefect;
6614:
Bona Dea: The Sources and a Description of the Cult
6152:Hooey, "Rosaliae signorum," p. 17; Graham Webster,
5991:
pridie kal. Iunias ob rosalias signorum supplicatio
5955:, "A New Greek Calendar and Festivals of the Sun,"
4346:
The Materiality of Death: Bodies, Burials, Beliefs,
3776:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome,
3746:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome,
3730:
4.138 and 869f.; Hooey, "Rosaliae signorum," p. 27.
3486:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome,
2414:
was performed regarding the annunciatory trumpets (
2294:, in a purple halo. In recounting a mutiny against
1166:, the mortal mother of Dionysus, is to be honored:
7287:Cernis Rosam, hoc est dominici corporis sanguineum
7168:(D.S. Brewer, 2000), pp. 242, 245â247; J. Miller,
6855:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
6733:(Cornell University Press, 1995), p. 110; Hersch,
6333:The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History
6295:p. 150, accepts Hooey's "carnival" interpretation.
6202:Hooey, "Rosaliae signorum," pp. 18 and 32, citing
6134:The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History
5317:Mother of the Gods: From Cybele to the Virgin Mary
5294:translated by Richard Gordon (Brill, 2008), p. 38.
5009:Living with Myths: The Imagery of Roman Sarcophagi
4959:: A Critical Text with Introduction and Commentary
4945:769, as noted by Michael Coffey and Roland Mayer,
4359:The Roman Community at Table During the Principate
4144:The Materiality of Death: Bodies, Burials, Beliefs
3545:The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity
3352:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
2618:, "greater". Maia was honored in May with her son
1828:. The would-be bride, whose name is Violet (Greek
1718:means variously "care, concern, cure, oversight."
559:, a symbol of religious piety often depicted as a
7138:(London, Oxford and Cambridge, 1872), pp. 99â100.
6029:The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic
4881:Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructable Life
4712:Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructable Life
4280:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
4224:CÄluĆ: Symbolic Transformation in Romanian Ritual
2772:In the 6th century, a "Day of Roses" was held at
2538:and Mars, and concluded with a Tubilustrium. The
2208:; under the tree are military trumpeters playing
2132:coincided with the third day of the "Bean Games"
1403:by covering the body with flowersâroses, lilies,
8062:
5661:Vita Isidori excerpta a Photio Bibl. (Cod. 242),
5482:(Mellen Research University Press, 2007), p. 39.
5164:
5162:
4689:(Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 101â102.
4458:The Government of the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook
3659:(Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 165â166.
3392:(University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009), p. 74.
2246:marked the anniversary of its formation was the
1378:, purple flowers are strewn with the pouring of
774:, "Tree-bearer," he was linked to the Romanized
6566:
6564:
6119:(Cornell University Press, 1969, 1985), p. 130.
6107:7.1030 is an example of such a dedication from
6089:13.6681; Fishwick, "Dated Inscriptions and the
5963:(M.E. Sharpe, 1994), p. 203, place it on May 9.
5476:John William Godward: The Eclipse of Classicism
4533:(Society of Biblical Literature, 2011), p. 164.
3409:(Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 59, citing
2884:(d. 397), lilies were for virgins, violets for
2546:in connection with military and Imperial cult.
1498:, Adonis was an archetypal vegetative god, and
1052:, in this sense a drinking and social club. In
405:("presumably fictional"), the decadent emperor
6651:Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic
5993:; that is, as occurring on the day before the
5916:Soldiers, Cities, and Civilians in Roman Syria
5711:A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
5356:2.627â628.; Hooey, "Rosaliae signorum," p. 27.
4961:(Cornell University Press, 1987), pp. 125â126.
4470:Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World,
4098:Virgil's Gaze: Nation and Poetry in the Aeneid
3934:Rabun Taylor, "Roman Oscilla: An Assessment,"
3888:Herakleides: A Portrait Mummy from Roman Egypt
3117:, with Mary assuming attributes of Persephone.
2927:was objected to by some Christians, including
2906:, linking the garland of saints with the rose
2558:Illustration of the month of May based on the
2250:, "the Eagle's birthday," in reference to the
1034:, a village or neighborhood association (from
941:at Rome, and as a burial society for members.
7673:
7513:Cronologia, cronografia e calendario perpetuo
7384:(New York University Press, 2009), pp. 25â27.
5927:Duncan Fishwick, "Dated Inscriptions and the
5717:might instead refer to the "entry of Gaius" (
5315:(Routledge, 2001), p. 91; Philippe Borgeaud,
5159:
4917:(Associated University Presses, 1995), p. 14
4361:(University of Michigan Press, 2004), p. 132.
4239:Goody and Poppi, "Flowers and Bones," p. 442.
3869:
3867:
3819:
3817:
3811:(University of Wisconsin Press, 1993), p. 27.
3638:Ada Cohen, "Mythic Landscapes of Greece," in
3598:Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire
3354:(Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 366â367.
3203:
3195:
2803:Roses were in general part of the imagery of
2733:and theatrical performances. A calendar from
2342:shape, the soldiers had been worshipping the
1881:, the cutting of the tree was accompanied by
1770:With Violets Wreathed and Robe of Saffron Hue
1353:and others it was a garland of roses. In the
7037:(Routledge, 1997), pp. 110 and 223, note 40.
6840:p. 189: áŒÎœ Ïáż áŒĄÎŒÎÏáŸł Ïáż¶Îœ áż„ÏÎŽÏÎœ; Talgam, "The
6561:
6497:Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion,
5876:2.92â93, lists roses, hyacinths and violets.
5156:(Cornell University Press, 1991), pp. 64â85.
4608:, "The Bacchic Mysteries of the Roman Age,"
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3502:Greek Lyric Poetry: From Alcman to Simonides
3211:
3181:Following this tradition, in medieval texts
2590:, a series of games in honor of the goddess
2562:(354 AD), which places the Rosalia on May 23
2171:, records the dedication of an altar to the
2159:), has been interpreted as representing the
1192:Then, then, upon the immortal earth are cast
704:
7511:(1827), vol. 12, p. 133; Adriano Cappelli,
7235:(Princeton University Press, 2012), p. 175.
7122:(Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 242.
6169:(Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 182.
5914:(Brill, 1999), pp. 184â185; Nigel Pollard,
5838:(University of Chicago Press, 2005), p. 72.
5495:pp. 39â40, characterizing the detail as "a
4909:Susan Guettel Cole, "Finding Dionysus," in
4714:(Princeton University Press, 1976), p. 300.
4660:Pindar, frg. 75 SnM, as translated for the
4651:(Cambridge University Press, 2013), p. 106.
3642:(Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 316.
3629:(ASCSA, 2000), vol. 18, pt. 4, pp. 124â125.
3504:pp. 108, 191, 264; Patricia A. Rosenmeyer,
2510:of the standards in May were contingent on
240:to floral elements of spring festivals for
220:, rose festivals at which they adorned the
7680:
7666:
7533:p. 14, citing Benedict, cap. 7(5), p. 172.
6138:The Roman Army, 31 BCâAD 337: A Sourcebook
5961:The Western Frontiers of the Imperial Rome
5849:The Cambridge Companion to Greek Mythology
5117:Studia Varia from the J. Paul Getty Museum
4437:Imperial Cults and the Apocalypse of John,
4424:Imperial Cults and the Apocalypse of John,
4407:Imperial Cults and the Apocalypse of John,
4252:(Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 94.
4100:(Princeton University Press, 2007), p. 22.
3864:
3814:
3640:The Cambridge Companion to Greek Mythology
3547:(Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 91.
3281:Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices
2489:, since the Roman calendar was originally
1142:roses and violets could be adornments for
851:, three from Macedonia, and one each from
145:celebrated on various dates, primarily in
7401:(Our Sunday Visitor, 1995, 2004), p. 403.
5847:Cohen, "Mythic Landscapes of Greece," in
5199:Salapata, "΀ÏÎčÏίληÏÎżÏ áŒÎŽÏÎœÎčÏ," pp. 35â36.
4813:Neils, "Children and Greek Religion," in
4796:pp. 85â87, 101, 133, citing Apollodorus,
3980:
3475:(Cornell University Press, 1996), p. 142.
3085:vestments of the season. On this day the
2669:(1908), Psyche in the garden of Cupid by
2338:tried to demonstrate that because of the
2242:made on their behalf. The day on which a
1836:to live and to wave in perpetual motion.
952:, show the Rosalia in the context of the
819:Most evidence for the Rosalia comes from
775:
7461:(Cornell University Press, 1996), p. 144
7397:(1909), vol. 6, p. 629; Matthew Bunson,
6335:(Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 159.
5939:(Scarecrow Press, 2002), p. 138, citing
5255:(Museum Tusculanum Press, 2009), p. 189.
5011:(Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 102
5003:(Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 30;
4396:(Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 129.
4383:Kokkinia, "Rosen fĂŒr die Toten," p. 209.
4204:Modes of Comparison: Theory and Practice
3454:30.1 (1937), p. 30; Kathleen E. Corley,
3164:. Rose petals were showered through the
3148:. The Pope delivered a sermon about the
3032:
2933:
2748:
2661:
2574:or ribbons worn for sacrifice, and wine
2553:
2385:
2187:
2167:(present-day Mainz), in the province of
2022:
1963:
1752:
1611:
1524:
1418:
1321:
1258:
1168:
1014:A cult statue is wreathed with roses in
1009:
925:, and three loaves for the Rosalia. The
881:
708:
693:practice. This difference is one of the
647:
628:evokes both the violet of Attis and the
547:The making of rose garlands by multiple
542:
415:
263:
180:"). As a commemoration of the dead, the
7651:. London: Oxford University Press: 343.
7495:) of Benedict. See also Johann Herolt,
7470:F.G. Holweck, entry on "Paschal Tide,"
7448:p. 14, citing Benedict, cap. 61, p. 157
6857:(Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 93.
6727:(de quorum per me volnere surgit honor)
6274:6.113â116; Charles W. King, "The Roman
5813:As recorded by the Christian apologist
4929:(Walter de Gruyter, 2011), pp. 201â205.
4706:(Yale University Press, 2003), p. 145;
3886:Lorelei H. Corcoran and Marie Svoboda,
2876:narrative, a martyr wears a rose crown
2859:(purpureas violas sanguineosque crocos)
2758:Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato
1746:, but it is discovered and reared by a
1607:
1475:, a word often referring to chests for
8063:
6966:(Yale University Press, 2004), p. 268.
6953:(Burns & Oats, 2002), pp. 166â167.
6258:Hooey, "Rosaliae signorum," pp. 23â25.
6113:The Western Frontiers of Imperial Rome
6073:Fishwick, "Dated Inscriptions and the
5901:Hooey, "Rosaliae signorum," pp. 27â28.
5095:p. 87; translation by J.M. Edmonds at
4762:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
1076:record bequests for rose-adornment to
491:, or precious metals represented the "
442:is the self-castration of her consort
43:depicting the weaving of rose wreaths.
7661:
7638:
6853:Robin M. Jensen, "Christian Art," in
6731:Playing with Time: Ovid and the Fasti
5935:65 (1988), p. 356; Douglas W. Geyer,
5208:Salapata, "΀ÏÎčÏίληÏÎżÏ áŒÎŽÏÎœÎčÏ," p. 36.
5190:Salapata, "΀ÏÎčÏίληÏÎżÏ áŒÎŽÏÎœÎčÏ," p. 34.
5168:Salapata, "΀ÏÎčÏίληÏÎżÏ áŒÎŽÏÎœÎčÏ," p. 35.
4531:Redescribing Paul and the Corinthians
3844:(Brill, 1977, rev. ed. 1996), p. 170.
1389:conducts for his dead father. In the
739:vows for the wellbeing of the emperor
680:Roses were planted at some tombs and
539:Roses and violets as funerary flowers
16:Festival of roses in the Roman Empire
6814:of Procopius," pp. 223â224, both in
6791:III id. mai(as) Rosaria Amphitheatri
6280:Rethinking Ghosts in World Religions
5943:, A.S. Hooey, and W.S. Snyder, "The
5748:(Brill, 1993, 1994), vol. 2, p. 154.
3508:(Cambridge University Press, 1992),
3367:56 (1999), pp. 209â210, noting that
3136:was celebrated on the Sunday before
3097:in the shape of a rose. Benedict, a
2469:were played monthly "to fortify the
2332:religious life of the Roman military
2015:
1925:of the Magna Mater and Attis at the
1816:cuts off her breasts. Raging like a
364:) celebrated in her honor April 23.
89:Varying dates mainly in May and June
7132:A Glossary of Ecclesiastical Terms,
6836:Westberg, "The Rite of Spring," in
6503:(Franz Steiner, 1990), pp. 144â146.
6128:Hooey, "Rosaliae signorum," p. 19;
5709:pp. 165, 167. Lawrence Richardson,
5264:Westberg, "The Rite of Spring," in
4980:The Cambridge Companion to Allegory
4222:, with a citation of Gail Kligman,
4183:Death and Burial in the Roman World
4170:Death and Burial in the Roman World
4157:Death and Burial in the Roman World
4140:Death and Burial in the Roman World
3951:(Franz Steiner, 1999), pp. 87, 102.
3341:3.7576, 6.10234, 6.10239, 6. 10248.
2920:, a crown or garland of roses) for
2744:
2632:("Mother Earth"), the Good Goddess
1937:Vegetal aspects of spring festivals
1774:an example of classicizing myth in
975:under the local and unique epithet
847:. Six Greek inscriptions come from
13:
7585:(Beacon Press, 1993, 2003), p. 130
7501:Sermones Discipuli in Quadragesima
6881:Journal of Early Christian Studies
5787:Hooey, "Rosaliae signorum," p. 27.
3890:(Getty Publications, 2010), p. 32.
2549:
1690:to repopulate the world after the
1414:
1385:during the funeral rites the hero
1315:revelry. Dionysus is described by
1116:, an area settled by the Thracian
632:generated from the dying blood of
555:: the Psyche on the right holds a
14:
8107:
7626:(1906, reprint 2008), vol. 3, p.
7487:pp. v and 86â87, also citing the
7474:(New York, 1911), vol. 11, p. 517
5974:Roman Gods: A Conceptual Approach
5890:Patterns in Comparative Religion,
5323:(Routledge, 2012), p. 88; Alvar,
4030:(9.41.7): Barbara Breitenberger,
3715:Roman Gods: A Conceptual Approach
3450:A.S. Hooey, "Rosaliae signorum,"
3081:may replace the purple or violet
2163:. A 3rd-century inscription from
1309:
1241:chamber of the king's wife for a
995:. Acmonia also had a significant
889:(1690 or earlier), attributed to
260:Cultural and religious background
168:, an adorning with violets, also
7632:
7616:
7601:
7588:
7575:
7562:
7549:
7536:
7518:
7477:
7464:
7451:
7438:
7425:
7404:
7387:
7374:
7361:
7348:
7335:
7322:
7309:
7296:
7272:
7251:
7238:
7225:
7212:
7192:
7175:
7154:
7141:
7125:
7112:
7099:
7078:
7061:
7040:
7023:
7010:
6985:
6969:
6956:
6943:
6930:
6917:
6908:
6886:
6873:
6860:
6847:
6830:
6821:
6816:Christian Gaza in Late Antiquity
6800:
6778:
6753:
6740:
6715:
6702:
6686:
6673:
6656:
6640:
6627:
6606:
6590:
6577:
6548:
6535:
6506:
6489:
6476:
6459:
6438:
6417:
6388:
6363:
6338:
6314:
6298:
6285:
6261:
6252:
6226:
6209:
6196:
6172:
6159:
6146:
6122:
6096:
6080:
6067:
6051:
6034:
6013:
6000:
5979:
5966:
5921:
5904:
5895:
5879:
5841:
5807:
5790:
5781:
5768:
5765:new year festival in the spring.
5751:
5734:
5695:
5670:
5653:
5621:
5604:
5587:
5570:
5557:
5536:
5533:(Brill, 2008), pp. 294â296, 298.
5515:
5502:
5485:
5468:
5447:
5434:
5421:
5376:
5359:
5346:
5330:
5297:
5284:
5271:
5258:
5233:
5220:
5211:
5202:
5193:
5184:
5171:
5146:
5130:
5109:
5085:
5080:Christian Gaza in Late Antiquity
5068:
5055:
5035:
4815:Coming of Age in Ancient Greece,
4509:Jewish Communities in Asia Minor
4496:Jewish Communities in Asia Minor
4483:Jewish Communities in Asia Minor
4450:Jewish Communities in Asia Minor
3936:RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics
3484:Mireille M. Lee, "Clothing," in
3460:Jewish Communities in Asia Minor
3318:The Oxford Classical Dictionary,
3109:. A 19th-century ecclesiastical
3062:have been called "Rose Sunday":
2454:as early as the 1st century BC.
2270:were garlanded and anointed for
1734:, the daughter of the river god
1368:Dionysian scenes were common on
1123:
1072:, inscriptions in Macedonia and
814:College of Aesculapius and Hygia
34:
7393:P.M.J. Rock, "Golden Rose," in
5018:
4993:
4964:
4953:18, as noted by John G. Fitch,
4932:
4913:p. 333; Nina da Vinci Nichols,
4903:
4886:
4873:
4860:
4847:
4838:
4829:Coming of Age in Ancient Greece
4820:
4807:
4786:
4767:
4754:
4733:
4717:
4692:
4679:
4654:
4641:
4628:
4615:
4591:
4578:
4565:
4552:
4518:
4501:
4488:
4475:
4442:
4429:
4416:
4399:
4386:
4377:
4364:
4351:
4333:
4320:
4307:
4298:
4285:
4269:
4255:
4242:
4233:
4196:
4175:
4162:
4149:
4132:
4119:
4103:
4090:
4071:
4058:
4051:, frg. 129 (edition of Snell);
4037:
4013:
4000:
3967:
3954:
3941:
3928:
3912:
3893:
3880:
3853:The examples of Attis, Adonis,
3847:
3830:
3793:
3781:
3768:
3751:
3733:
3720:
3707:
3694:
3691:(JĂ©rĂŽme Villon, 2007), p. 178.
3662:
3645:
3632:
3615:
3550:
3537:
3516:
3491:
3028:
2741:at the amphitheater on May 13.
2424:, a long straight trumpet, and
2192:Military standards are arrayed
1263:Child's ceremonial wine vessel
997:Greek-speaking Jewish community
195:, "the way of the ancestors"),
6499:pp. 311â312, 321; Jörg RĂŒpke,
6394:The Salii identified with the
4228:Paganism in Romanian Folklore,
4185:, pp. 97â98; Claire Holleran,
3657:Catullus: Poems, Books, Reader
3478:
3465:
3444:
3428:
3395:
3382:
3357:
3344:
3310:
3245:, alongside the related term "
3229:and is thought to derive from
2836:At one of the earliest extant
2754:Our Lady in a Garland of Roses
2400:Archaeological Museum of Milan
1988:) as deities of "seminal law":
987:(Roman Aesculapius, as in the
483:, funerary wreaths of laurel,
110:Religion in the Roman Military
1:
7319:(Routledge, 1998), pp. 36â37.
7293:(London,1841), vol. 1, p. 87.
7289:, as quoted by R.T. Hampson,
7205:, as cited by Winston-Allen,
7109:(Random House, 2005), p. 656.
7075:(Anchor Books, 2007), p. 353.
6940:pp. 75â76, quoting Jill Ross.
6616:(Brill, 1989), pp. 232, 354;
6044:pp. 92, 122, 127; Macrobius,
5402:on the etymological basis of
5179:A Handbook to Greek Mythology
5141:A Handbook to Greek Mythology
5048:11.241â243; MiguĂ©lez-Cavero,
4911:A Companion to Greek Religion
4700:A Companion to Greek Religion
4623:Paganism in Romanian Folklore
4372:The Roman Community at Table,
3809:The Wedding in Ancient Athens
3805:Pindar and the Cult of Heroes
3439:Paganism in Romanian Folklore
3304:
2792:by the Christian rhetorician
2584:) began in the middle of the
2043:were adorned with roses in a
1909:saw it as a "liberation from
1808:, however, know Attis's fate
1228:related the festival name to
697:practices criticized by some
612:was thought related to Greek
348:(2nd century AD) describes a
206:As a religious expression, a
7572:(Paulist Press, 1986), p. 27
7505:Onomasticum Rituale selectum
7185:3, noted by Winston-Allen,
6697:Oxford Classical Dictionary,
5987:Oxford Classical Dictionary,
4083:6.884 and 9.434â437; Brenk,
3702:Ancient Roman villa Gardens,
2975:Mexican devotional practices
2880:at a heavenly banquet. For
2805:Early Christian funerary art
2647:, a title also for Cybele),
2594:that opened April 28 of the
2306:who had violated their oath
2039:when the military standards
1992:For KorÄ was carried off by
1800:, wishing to redeem the boy
1150:praising Dionysus, the poet
933:, a table setting worth one
733:devoted to the woodland god
674:Earth, who is his mother now
7:
7420:Pope Gregory VII, 1073â1085
6520:in regard to the universal
6514:Cyprian and Roman Carthage,
6412:Greek Religion and Culture,
5798:Greek Religion and Culture,
5759:Greek Religion and Culture,
5459:The Latin Sexual Vocabulary
5082:(Brill, 2004), pp. 223â224.
3274:
2800:are also set at rose-days.
2640:, the Great Mother Goddess
2540:Crisis of the Third Century
2346:without being aware of it.
2278:in 398 AD, described in an
2254:of the standard. All Roman
2096:gesture. The second of the
2053:, a papyrus calendar for a
1648:, "Mother of the Gods," or
778:in which celebrants called
10:
8112:
8091:Flower festivals in Europe
7416:H. E. J. Cowdrey
7369:The Corporeal Imagination,
6977:The Corporeal Imagination,
6938:The Corporeal Imagination,
6925:The Corporeal Imagination,
6905:30:50, as cited by Miller.
6435:p. 28, especially note 44.
6400:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
6219:p. 106, citing Suetonius,
6193:pp. 106 (note 16) and 133.
6167:Cyprian and Roman Carthage
5277:Maria Grazia Lancellotti,
5251:of Procopius of Gaza," in
4698:D. Felton, "The Dead," in
4610:Harvard Theological Review
4115:sanguineo splendore rosas.
3925:(Brill, 1975), pp 160â161.
3907:The Corporeal Imagination,
3875:The Corporeal Imagination,
3859:The Corporeal Imagination,
3855:On the Origin of the World
3838:On the Origin of the World
3825:The Corporeal Imagination,
3625:(Routledge, 2010), p. 36;
3604:may at times refer to the
3452:Harvard Theological Review
2326:saw the veneration of the
1893:occurred on March 25, the
1581:, an Imperial city of the
1127:
807:. Guilds and associations
551:, in a wall painting from
453:On the Origin of the World
360:and at the wine festival (
155:("rose-adornment") or the
18:
8096:Flower festivals in Italy
7702:
7624:Encyclopedia of Religions
7472:The Catholic Encyclopedia
7395:The Catholic Encyclopedia
7151:(Continuum, 2010), p. 39.
7090:development of the rosary
6981:Passio Mariani et Iacobi.
6763:pp. 46â47 and 90, citing
6681:Shopping in Ancient Rome,
6668:Shopping in Ancient Rome,
6375:Romanising Oriental Gods,
5744:pp. 44â45; H.S. Versnel,
5678:Romanising Oriental Gods,
5599:Romanising Oriental Gods,
5597:4.10, as cited by Alvar,
5510:Romanising Oriental Gods,
5442:Romanising Oriental Gods,
5429:Romanising Oriental Gods,
5418:(Brill, 1985), pp. 38â41.
5412:Romanising Oriental Gods,
5367:Romanising Oriental Gods,
5325:Romanising Oriental Gods,
4636:Greco-Roman Associations,
4634:Kloppenborg and Ascough,
4586:Greco-Roman Associations,
4584:Kloppenborg and Ascough,
4573:Greco-Roman Associations,
4571:Kloppenborg and Ascough,
4560:Greco-Roman Associations,
4558:Kloppenborg and Ascough,
4547:Greco-Roman Associations,
4545:Kloppenborg and Ascough,
4127:The Poetics of Imitation,
4047:pp. 102â104, 113, citing
4034:(Routledge, 2007), p. 60.
3441:(J.M. Dent, 1928), p. 43.
3403:A Commentary on Martial,
3286:Roman funerals and burial
3262:
3254:
2842:Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio
2737:dating to 387 AD notes a
2534:, an ancient festival of
766:, primarily found in the
705:Rose and violet festivals
658:Lucius Caecilius Iucundus
270:The Roses of Heliogabalus
93:
85:
67:
57:
33:
28:
7641:"The Pope's Golden Rose"
6484:The Roman Imperial Army,
6358:The Roman Imperial Army,
6293:The Roman Imperial Army,
6278:: The Dead as Gods," in
6217:The Roman Imperial Army,
6191:The Roman Imperial Army,
5957:Journal of Roman Studies
5640:De Mortibus Persecutorum
5546:2.537â540; Lancellotti,
5093:Clothed in Purple Light,
5030:Clothed in Purple Light,
4794:Cosmology and the Polis,
4781:Cosmology and the Polis,
4085:Clothed in Purple Light,
4045:Clothed in Purple Light,
3995:Clothed in Purple Light,
3975:Clothed in Purple Light,
3558:A Commentary on Martial,
3524:A Commentary on Martial,
2947:Miracles involving roses
2175:of the military unit (a
1208:whose band of initiates
887:Floral Tribute for Venus
776:cult of Attis and Cybele
758:, the masculine form of
283:of the late 19th century
76:Classical Roman religion
8071:Ancient Roman festivals
7568:Gertrud Muller Nelson,
7544:Medii Aevi Kalendarium,
7515:(Hoepli, 1998), p. 142.
7485:Medii Aevi Kalendarium,
7433:Medii Aevi Kalendarium,
7033:4.17; Boniface Ramsey,
6870:34.2 (1995), pp. 93â94.
6406:63, who attributes the
6354:The Imperial Roman Army
6206:10.187â188 and 295â297.
6115:, p. 214; G.R. Watson,
6111:: Drummond and Nelson,
5989:quotes the calendar as
5854:Homeric Hymn to Demeter
5690:Time in Roman Religion,
5644:Time in Roman Religion,
5616:Time in Roman Religion,
5563:Michele Renee Salzman,
5392:Marcus Valerius Messala
4773:The word for "king" is
4674:Dionysus: Myth and Cult
4668:, p. 108, note 58, and
4515:(Peeters, 2002), p. 74.
4250:Statius. Silvae Book II
3962:Clothed in Purple Light
3840:(II,5 and XIII,2)," in
3788:The Classical Tradition
2886:confessors of the faith
2861:, which will adorn her
2677:funerary purposes made
2006:comparative mythologist
1969:The Awakening of Adonis
1913:". After a day of rest
1750:. This child is Attis.
1730:fruit so enticing that
1345:; in some sources, the
1181:John William Waterhouse
1146:. In a fragment from a
7491:(n. 59, also found as
7092:, preferred the term "
6844:of Procopius," p. 223.
6729:; Carole E. Newlands,
6373:, pp. 166â167. Alvar,
6282:(Brill, 2009), p. 112.
5949:Yale Classical Studies
5820:Praeparatio evangelica
5680:pp. 277, 286â287. The
5313:Rome in Late Antiquity
5230:of Procopius," p. 223.
4662:Loeb Classical Library
3225:name for Pentecost is
3212:
3204:
3196:
3146:Feast of the Ascension
3074:("Rose Sunday"), when
3055:
2943:
2834:
2769:
2756:(mid-17th century) by
2673:
2563:
2403:
2220:
2028:
1998:
1982:
1975:
1778:
1629:
1530:
1457:
1427:
1407:âand infusing it with
1363:astrological influence
1330:
1272:
1200:
1184:
1088:Sourogethes, and to a
1028:Imperial-era Macedonia
1023:
893:
714:
678:
661:
563:
493:crown of justification
428:
391:made a formal arrival
339:("Love, Desire"). The
284:
74:within the context of
6670:pp. 58, 119, 208â210.
6666:pp. 97â99; Holleran,
6635:Acta Fratrum Arvalium
6601:(eimi rhodĆn genetÄs)
6019:In the conjecture of
5976:(Brill, 2009), p. 43.
5872:4.429â442. Claudian,
5851:, p. 316, citing the
5580:p. 167; Lancellotti,
5550:pp. 90â91; Gasparro,
5453:J.N. Adams, entry on
5281:(Brill, 2002), p.116.
4670:Walter Friedrich Otto
4604:24.2 (1971), p. 124;
4526:Inscriptiones Graecae
4328:The Cult of Silvanus,
4317:(Brill, 1992), p. 44.
4282:122.4 (1978), p. 226.
3717:(Brill, 2009), p. 42.
3532:Tusculan Disputations
3388:Patricia Cox Miller,
3128:(Sunday of Roses) or
3107:Stations of the Cross
3066:The fourth Sunday of
3036:
3003:Five Wounds of Christ
2979:Our Lady of Guadalupe
2963:Mary, mother of Jesus
2937:
2825:
2752:
2687:Calendar of Filocalus
2665:
2560:Calendar of Filocalus
2557:
2465:conjectures that the
2389:
2292:purpureoque ... nimbo
2196:in the presence of a
2191:
2104:, the day before the
2026:
1990:
1977:
1967:
1917:the ritual cleansing
1903:resurrection of Jesus
1756:
1616:Reclining Attis with
1615:
1528:
1449:
1422:
1325:
1262:
1186:
1172:
1128:Further information:
1070:mysteries of Dionysus
1013:
885:
712:
670:
651:
546:
497:Weighing of the Heart
419:
375:attempts to soothe a
267:
7957:Quinquennial Neronia
7639:White, C.A. (1893).
7343:The Color of Angels,
7259:Stories of the Rose,
7207:Stories of the Rose,
7187:Stories of the Rose,
7107:Dictionary of Saints
7084:Anne Winston-Allen,
6693:Macellus rosas sumat
6307:, "Feldzeichen," in
6185:13.3.23; Suetonius,
6025:William Warde Fowler
5701:Specifically at the
5337:Francisco R. Adrados
5007:and Björn C. Ewald,
4974:251â269 (edition of
4896:1.15; Terence Cave,
4831:. See also Burkert,
4666:Dionysism and Comedy
4612:46.4 (1953), p. 187.
4248:Carole E. Newlands,
4022:23.185â187; Cyrino,
3947:Frederick E. Brenk,
3685:Dionysism and Comedy
3401:Christer Henriksén,
3185:is sometimes called
3103:St. Peter's Basilica
2778:Eastern Roman Empire
2667:The Soul of the Rose
2438:, who clanged their
2434:' armed priests the
2324:Christian apologists
2151:, in Roman Britain (
2144:as Carna's Kalends.
2061:during the reign of
1765:John William Godward
1706:of this audacity to
1642:"holy week" in March
1608:The violets of Attis
1533:Women performed the
1430:The rites of Adonis
580:, Aphrodite anoints
275:Lawrence Alma-Tadema
19:For other uses, see
7622:John G.R. Forlong,
7356:The Color of Angels
7315:Constance Classen,
7160:Charlene Spretnak,
7147:Richard Griffiths,
6883:8.2 (2000), p. 228.
6838:Plotting with Eros,
6810:, and Talgam, "The
6597:Anthologia Palatina
6467:The Roman Calendar,
6446:The Roman Calendar,
6433:The Roman Calendar,
6140:(Routledge, 1994),
5874:De raptu Proserpina
5614:1.21.10; Forsythe,
5382:Arnobius of Sicca,
5266:Plotting with Eros,
4392:Steven J. Friesen,
4330:pp. 17, 19, 31, 82.
4111:De rapto Proserpina
4087:pp. 89â90, 112â113.
4068:p. 91, citing Ovid.
3799:Stephen G. Miller,
3612:as well as violets.
3160:converted from the
3154:Santa Maria Rotunda
3152:on this day at the
3060:liturgical calendar
3039:Feast of the Rosary
3022:Lydwine of Schiedam
3018:Herman of Steinfeld
2981:. On the island of
2821:Saint Felix of Nola
2723:at the amphitheater
2120:(Kalendae Fabariae)
1673:Christian apologist
1553:", container-grown
1056:, a priestess of a
954:religious pluralism
602:of wine, and Latin
432:Classical mythology
341:Greek romance novel
98:Roman Ancestor Cult
7594:Christopher Hill,
7457:Cristina Mazzoni,
7304:Beads and Prayers,
7267:Beads and Prayers,
7231:Timothy Matovina,
6993:Expositio in Lucam
6979:p. 75, citing the
6962:Ronald Lightbown,
6827:Not the historian.
6761:The Roman Wedding,
6748:The Roman Wedding,
6735:The Roman Wedding,
6402:2.70â71 (see also
5951:7 (1940), p. 115.
5529:; Jan N. Bremmer,
5525:pp. 89â90, 138ff.
5410:, pp. 3â5; Alvar,
5154:Myth and the Polis
5074:Rina Talgam, "The
5065:34 (2003), p. 108.
4804:pp. 109, 164, 239.
4751:55 (2001), p. 400.
4647:Karl Kilinski II,
4598:Hendrik Wagenvoort
4413:(C.H. Beck, 1972).
4276:Robert E.A. Palmer
4066:The Roman Wedding,
3801:The Berkeley Plato
3763:The Roman Wedding,
3741:Oxyrhynchus Papyri
3621:Monica S. Cyrino,
3594:Ludwig FriedlÀnder
3471:Cristina Mazzoni,
3171:ludus Carnelevaris
3056:
2955:ThérÚse of Lisieux
2944:
2940:ThérÚse of Lisieux
2840:, now part of the
2823:, set January 14:
2770:
2674:
2624:conductor of souls
2602:Palatine Anthology
2564:
2404:
2330:as central to the
2229:Imperial historian
2221:
2067:religious calendar
2037:Rosaliae signorum,
2029:
1976:
1779:
1776:Victorian painting
1632:From the reign of
1630:
1583:Province of Arabia
1531:
1485:heavenly Aphrodite
1428:
1331:
1273:
1185:
1108:to the council in
1024:
993:Artemis of Ephesus
944:Inscriptions from
894:
768:Danubian provinces
715:
662:
564:
549:Cupids and Psyches
429:
294:Greek lyric poetry
285:
254:cult of the saints
222:military standards
141:was a festival of
114:Cult of the Saints
8055:
8054:
7645:Notes and Queries
7531:Pope Gregory VII,
7446:Pope Gregory VII,
7380:Nathan Mitchell,
7170:Beads and Prayers
7105:John J. Delaney,
6842:Ekphrasis Eikonos
6812:Ekphrasis Eikonos
6117:The Roman Soldier
5474:Vern G. Swanson,
5455:sinus (muliebris)
5384:Adversus Nationes
5369:p. 65; Gasparao,
5241:Ekphrasis Eikonos
5228:Ekphrasis Eikonos
5125:Epistolarum liber
5076:Ekphrasis Eikonos
5050:Poems in Context,
4999:Janet Huskinson,
4685:Richard Seaford,
4606:Martin P. Nilsson
4357:John F. Donahue,
4313:Peter F. Dorcey,
4006:As translated by
3938:48 (2005), p. 92.
3919:J. Gwyn Griffiths
3543:Karen K. Hersch,
3375:as equivalent to
3365:Museum Helveticum
3205:Pasqua delle rose
3126:Dominica de Rosis
3070:is also known as
3005:and hence of the
2999:transubstantiated
2851:Eulalia of MĂ©rida
2798:Choricius of Gaza
2768:and a rose wreath
2760:, portraying the
2373:Rosaliae signorum
2357:Rosaliae signorum
2316:(in paenitentiam
2225:Rosaliae signorum
2198:lustral sacrifice
2194:(top center left)
2169:Germania Superior
2130:Rosaliae signorum
2098:Rosaliae signorum
2063:Severus Alexander
1628:, 2nd century AD)
1551:gardens of Adonis
1547:placed on a couch
1441:Lament for Adonis
1425:Hendrick Goltzius
1214:democratic Athens
1098:Thracian Horseman
829:Italian peninsula
533:mysteries of Isis
481:Egyptian religion
345:Daphnis and Chloe
217:Rosaliae signorum
127:
126:
52:
8103:
8086:July observances
8081:June observances
7867:Ludi Apollinares
7832:Ieiunium Cereris
7747:Capitoline Games
7682:
7675:
7668:
7659:
7658:
7653:
7652:
7636:
7630:
7620:
7614:
7605:
7599:
7592:
7586:
7579:
7573:
7566:
7560:
7553:
7547:
7540:
7534:
7522:
7516:
7507:(1787), p. 122;
7489:Liber Pollicitus
7481:
7475:
7468:
7462:
7455:
7449:
7442:
7436:
7429:
7423:
7408:
7402:
7391:
7385:
7378:
7372:
7365:
7359:
7352:
7346:
7339:
7333:
7326:
7320:
7313:
7307:
7300:
7294:
7279:Ambrose of Milan
7276:
7270:
7255:
7249:
7242:
7236:
7229:
7223:
7216:
7210:
7196:
7190:
7179:
7173:
7158:
7152:
7145:
7139:
7129:
7123:
7116:
7110:
7103:
7097:
7082:
7076:
7065:
7059:
7044:
7038:
7027:
7021:
7014:
7008:
6989:
6983:
6973:
6967:
6960:
6954:
6949:John D. Miller,
6947:
6941:
6934:
6928:
6921:
6915:
6912:
6906:
6893:Paulinus of Nola
6890:
6884:
6877:
6871:
6864:
6858:
6851:
6845:
6834:
6828:
6825:
6819:
6804:
6798:
6786:Feriale Capuanum
6782:
6776:
6757:
6751:
6744:
6738:
6719:
6713:
6706:
6700:
6690:
6684:
6677:
6671:
6660:
6654:
6644:
6638:
6631:
6625:
6612:H.H.J. Brouwer,
6610:
6604:
6594:
6588:
6581:
6575:
6568:
6559:
6552:
6546:
6539:
6533:
6510:
6504:
6493:
6487:
6480:
6474:
6463:
6457:
6442:
6436:
6427:1.28; Southern,
6421:
6415:
6392:
6386:
6367:
6361:
6342:
6336:
6318:
6312:
6302:
6296:
6289:
6283:
6265:
6259:
6256:
6250:
6230:
6224:
6213:
6207:
6200:
6194:
6176:
6170:
6163:
6157:
6150:
6144:
6126:
6120:
6100:
6094:
6084:
6078:
6071:
6065:
6060:3.3893; Fowler,
6055:
6049:
6038:
6032:
6017:
6011:
6004:
5998:
5983:
5977:
5970:
5964:
5953:Stefan Weinstock
5925:
5919:
5910:Lucinda Dirven,
5908:
5902:
5899:
5893:
5883:
5877:
5845:
5839:
5829:Italian humanist
5811:
5805:
5794:
5788:
5785:
5779:
5772:
5766:
5755:
5749:
5738:
5732:
5699:
5693:
5674:
5668:
5657:
5651:
5646:p. 88; Salzman,
5632:Adversus Iudaeos
5625:
5619:
5608:
5602:
5591:
5585:
5584:, pp. 82 and 90.
5574:
5568:
5561:
5555:
5540:
5534:
5519:
5513:
5506:
5500:
5489:
5483:
5472:
5466:
5451:
5445:
5438:
5432:
5425:
5419:
5380:
5374:
5363:
5357:
5350:
5344:
5334:
5328:
5301:
5295:
5288:
5282:
5275:
5269:
5262:
5256:
5237:
5231:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5209:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5182:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5157:
5150:
5144:
5134:
5128:
5113:
5107:
5089:
5083:
5072:
5066:
5059:
5053:
5039:
5033:
5028:5.77â81; Brenk,
5022:
5016:
4997:
4991:
4968:
4962:
4936:
4930:
4907:
4901:
4890:
4884:
4877:
4871:
4864:
4858:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4836:
4824:
4818:
4811:
4805:
4790:
4784:
4771:
4765:
4758:
4752:
4737:
4731:
4721:
4715:
4696:
4690:
4683:
4677:
4658:
4652:
4645:
4639:
4632:
4626:
4619:
4613:
4595:
4589:
4582:
4576:
4569:
4563:
4556:
4550:
4543:
4534:
4522:
4516:
4505:
4499:
4492:
4486:
4479:
4473:
4446:
4440:
4433:
4427:
4420:
4414:
4403:
4397:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4375:
4368:
4362:
4355:
4349:
4337:
4331:
4324:
4318:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4296:
4289:
4283:
4273:
4267:
4259:
4253:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4231:
4200:
4194:
4179:
4173:
4166:
4160:
4153:
4147:
4138:J.M.C. Toynbee,
4136:
4130:
4123:
4117:
4107:
4101:
4094:
4088:
4075:
4069:
4062:
4056:
4041:
4035:
4017:
4011:
4004:
3998:
3991:
3978:
3971:
3965:
3958:
3952:
3945:
3939:
3932:
3926:
3916:
3910:
3905:11.6.1; Miller,
3897:
3891:
3884:
3878:
3871:
3862:
3851:
3845:
3834:
3828:
3821:
3812:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3772:
3766:
3755:
3749:
3737:
3731:
3724:
3718:
3711:
3705:
3698:
3692:
3666:
3660:
3649:
3643:
3636:
3630:
3619:
3613:
3554:
3548:
3541:
3535:
3520:
3514:
3495:
3489:
3482:
3476:
3469:
3463:
3448:
3442:
3432:
3426:
3399:
3393:
3386:
3380:
3361:
3355:
3348:
3342:
3314:
3299:
3264:
3256:
3237:is also used in
3215:
3207:
3199:
3162:ancient Pantheon
3072:Dominica de rosa
3058:Two days of the
2853:is described by
2813:Paulinus of Nola
2745:Christianization
2375:was rejected by
2288:standard-bearers
1710:, the Roman god
1622:shepherd's crook
1537:with ceremonial
1370:Roman sarcophagi
1281:infant mortality
1144:Dionysian feasts
1020:Sebastiano Ricci
959:tutelary deities
891:Abraham Brueghel
835:, and four from
744:flowering fennel
584:'s corpse with "
499:ceremony of the
422:Venus and Adonis
402:Historia Augusta
302:Latin literature
290:drinking parties
179:
174:dies violationis
58:Observed by
48:Villa del Casale
44:
38:
26:
25:
8111:
8110:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8102:
8101:
8100:
8076:May observances
8061:
8060:
8058:
8056:
8051:
7907:Navigium Isidis
7698:
7689:Roman festivals
7686:
7656:
7637:
7633:
7621:
7617:
7606:
7602:
7593:
7589:
7580:
7576:
7567:
7563:
7557:Saint Hysteria,
7554:
7550:
7541:
7537:
7523:
7519:
7493:Liber Politicus
7482:
7478:
7469:
7465:
7456:
7452:
7443:
7439:
7430:
7426:
7409:
7405:
7392:
7388:
7379:
7375:
7366:
7362:
7353:
7349:
7340:
7336:
7330:Carlo Crivelli,
7327:
7323:
7314:
7310:
7301:
7297:
7277:
7273:
7257:Winston-Allen,
7256:
7252:
7244:Juliana Flinn,
7243:
7239:
7230:
7226:
7220:Carlo Crivelli,
7217:
7213:
7203:Paschale carmen
7197:
7193:
7180:
7176:
7159:
7155:
7146:
7142:
7130:
7126:
7117:
7113:
7104:
7100:
7083:
7079:
7073:Dante: Paradiso
7066:
7062:
7045:
7041:
7028:
7024:
7015:
7011:
6990:
6986:
6974:
6970:
6961:
6957:
6948:
6944:
6935:
6931:
6922:
6918:
6913:
6909:
6891:
6887:
6878:
6874:
6865:
6861:
6852:
6848:
6835:
6831:
6826:
6822:
6805:
6801:
6783:
6779:
6758:
6754:
6745:
6741:
6720:
6716:
6707:
6703:
6691:
6687:
6678:
6674:
6661:
6657:
6645:
6641:
6632:
6628:
6611:
6607:
6595:
6591:
6582:
6578:
6569:
6562:
6553:
6549:
6540:
6536:
6511:
6507:
6494:
6490:
6481:
6477:
6464:
6460:
6443:
6439:
6431:p. 159; RĂŒpke,
6429:The Roman Army,
6422:
6418:
6393:
6389:
6368:
6364:
6346:The Roman Army,
6343:
6339:
6319:
6315:
6303:
6299:
6290:
6286:
6268:Silius Italicus
6266:
6262:
6257:
6253:
6231:
6227:
6214:
6210:
6201:
6197:
6183:Natural History
6177:
6173:
6164:
6160:
6151:
6147:
6127:
6123:
6101:
6097:
6091:Feriale Duranum
6085:
6081:
6077:," pp. 351â352.
6075:Feriale Duranum
6072:
6068:
6062:Roman Festivals
6056:
6052:
6039:
6035:
6018:
6014:
6005:
6001:
5984:
5980:
5972:Michael Lipka,
5971:
5967:
5945:Feriale Duranum
5929:Feriale Duranum
5926:
5922:
5909:
5905:
5900:
5896:
5884:
5880:
5846:
5842:
5812:
5808:
5795:
5791:
5786:
5782:
5773:
5769:
5756:
5752:
5739:
5735:
5700:
5696:
5675:
5671:
5658:
5654:
5642:2.1; Forsythe,
5626:
5622:
5609:
5605:
5592:
5588:
5575:
5571:
5562:
5558:
5541:
5537:
5520:
5516:
5507:
5503:
5490:
5486:
5473:
5469:
5452:
5448:
5439:
5435:
5426:
5422:
5381:
5377:
5364:
5360:
5354:De rerum natura
5351:
5347:
5335:
5331:
5309:Bertrand Lançon
5302:
5298:
5289:
5285:
5276:
5272:
5263:
5259:
5238:
5234:
5225:
5221:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5189:
5185:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5160:
5151:
5147:
5135:
5131:
5114:
5110:
5090:
5086:
5073:
5069:
5060:
5056:
5040:
5036:
5023:
5019:
4998:
4994:
4969:
4965:
4957:Hercules Furens
4951:Hercules Furens
4947:Seneca: Phaedra
4937:
4933:
4915:Ariadne's Lives
4908:
4904:
4891:
4887:
4878:
4874:
4870:, pp. 218, 222.
4865:
4861:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4825:
4821:
4812:
4808:
4791:
4787:
4772:
4768:
4759:
4755:
4738:
4734:
4722:
4718:
4697:
4693:
4684:
4680:
4659:
4655:
4646:
4642:
4633:
4629:
4620:
4616:
4596:
4592:
4583:
4579:
4570:
4566:
4557:
4553:
4544:
4537:
4523:
4519:
4506:
4502:
4493:
4489:
4480:
4476:
4448:Paul Trebilco,
4447:
4443:
4434:
4430:
4421:
4417:
4404:
4400:
4391:
4387:
4382:
4378:
4369:
4365:
4356:
4352:
4338:
4334:
4325:
4321:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4290:
4286:
4274:
4270:
4260:
4256:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4201:
4197:
4180:
4176:
4167:
4163:
4154:
4150:
4137:
4133:
4124:
4120:
4108:
4104:
4095:
4091:
4076:
4072:
4063:
4059:
4042:
4038:
4018:
4014:
4005:
4001:
3992:
3981:
3972:
3968:
3959:
3955:
3946:
3942:
3933:
3929:
3917:
3913:
3898:
3894:
3885:
3881:
3872:
3865:
3852:
3848:
3835:
3831:
3822:
3815:
3798:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3773:
3769:
3756:
3752:
3738:
3734:
3725:
3721:
3713:Michael Lipka,
3712:
3708:
3699:
3695:
3667:
3663:
3650:
3646:
3637:
3633:
3620:
3616:
3571:Natural History
3560:p. 256, citing
3555:
3551:
3542:
3538:
3521:
3517:
3496:
3492:
3483:
3479:
3470:
3466:
3449:
3445:
3433:
3429:
3415:Natural History
3400:
3396:
3387:
3383:
3371:is attested in
3362:
3358:
3349:
3345:
3335:dies rosaliorum
3316:C.R. Phillips,
3315:
3311:
3307:
3293:
3277:
3219:Holy Ghost hole
3031:
2953:(d. 230 AD) to
2951:Cecilia of Rome
2747:
2715:dies religiosus
2596:Julian calendar
2552:
2550:On the calendar
2524:Feriale Duranum
2499:Trajan's Column
2392:Parabiago plate
2365:Feriale Duranum
2344:Christian cross
2264:Decorated units
2248:natalis aquilae
2206:Trajan's Column
2106:Kalends of June
2050:Feriale Duranum
2035:celebrated the
2021:
1939:
1899:Julian calendar
1740:in sinu reponit
1712:identified with
1610:
1585:in present-day
1487:, a third with
1417:
1415:Rites of Adonis
1343:Corona Borealis
1312:
1277:rite of passage
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1132:
1126:
707:
541:
518:Navigium Isidis
505:Imperial period
462:Cupid Crucified
369:business letter
350:pleasure garden
262:
214:celebrated the
177:
158:dies rosationis
94:Related to
53:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8109:
8099:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8053:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7947:Plebeian Games
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7847:Latin Festival
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7703:
7700:
7699:
7685:
7684:
7677:
7670:
7662:
7655:
7654:
7631:
7615:
7600:
7587:
7581:Diana L. Eck,
7574:
7561:
7548:
7535:
7517:
7476:
7463:
7450:
7437:
7424:
7412:Lateran Palace
7403:
7386:
7373:
7360:
7347:
7334:
7321:
7308:
7295:
7271:
7250:
7237:
7224:
7211:
7191:
7174:
7172:, pp. 166â167.
7153:
7140:
7124:
7111:
7098:
7077:
7060:
7039:
7022:
7018:Carlo Crivelli
7009:
7005:Carlo Crivelli
6984:
6968:
6964:Carlo Crivelli
6955:
6942:
6929:
6916:
6907:
6885:
6872:
6859:
6846:
6829:
6820:
6799:
6777:
6752:
6739:
6714:
6710:On Roman Time,
6701:
6685:
6672:
6664:On Roman Time,
6655:
6639:
6626:
6605:
6589:
6576:
6560:
6547:
6543:On Roman Time,
6534:
6518:supplicationes
6505:
6488:
6475:
6458:
6452:6.442â443 and
6448:p. 28, citing
6437:
6416:
6387:
6371:On Roman Time,
6362:
6337:
6313:
6305:William Seston
6297:
6284:
6260:
6251:
6249:29.6â7; p. 206
6247:Minucius Felix
6225:
6208:
6195:
6171:
6158:
6145:
6121:
6095:
6079:
6066:
6050:
6042:On Roman Time,
6033:
6012:
5999:
5978:
5965:
5920:
5903:
5894:
5878:
5840:
5806:
5802:Late Antiquity
5789:
5780:
5767:
5750:
5733:
5715:Initium Caiani
5707:On Roman Time,
5694:
5686:Flavian period
5669:
5665:On Roman Time,
5652:
5648:On Roman Time,
5620:
5603:
5586:
5578:On Roman Time,
5569:
5556:
5535:
5514:
5501:
5484:
5467:
5446:
5433:
5420:
5375:
5358:
5345:
5329:
5296:
5283:
5270:
5257:
5232:
5219:
5210:
5201:
5192:
5183:
5170:
5158:
5145:
5129:
5108:
5084:
5067:
5054:
5034:
5017:
4992:
4984:Edmund Spenser
4963:
4931:
4902:
4892:Philostratus,
4885:
4872:
4868:Greek Religion
4859:
4846:
4837:
4835:, pp. 237â238.
4833:Greek Religion
4819:
4806:
4802:Greek Religion
4798:Against Nature
4785:
4766:
4753:
4732:
4724:Walter Burkert
4716:
4691:
4678:
4653:
4640:
4627:
4614:
4590:
4577:
4564:
4551:
4535:
4517:
4500:
4487:
4474:
4454:Barbara Levick
4441:
4428:
4415:
4398:
4385:
4376:
4363:
4350:
4332:
4319:
4306:
4297:
4284:
4268:
4254:
4241:
4232:
4195:
4174:
4161:
4148:
4131:
4118:
4102:
4089:
4070:
4057:
4036:
4012:
3999:
3979:
3977:p. 87, note 2.
3966:
3953:
3940:
3927:
3911:
3892:
3879:
3863:
3846:
3829:
3813:
3792:
3780:
3774:"Triumph," in
3767:
3761:1.20; Hersch,
3750:
3732:
3719:
3706:
3693:
3661:
3644:
3631:
3614:
3549:
3536:
3526:p. 59, citing
3515:
3490:
3477:
3464:
3443:
3427:
3394:
3381:
3356:
3343:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3255:ĐДлŃĐœŃĐ” ŃĐČŃŃĐșĐž
3197:Pasqua di rose
3176:
3175:
3130:Pascha rosarum
3118:
3030:
3027:
3014:Pope Gregory I
2929:Alanus de Rupe
2896:'s martyrdom.
2878:(corona rosea)
2838:martyr shrines
2807:, as was ivy.
2796:and poetry by
2766:crown of stars
2746:
2743:
2653:Arval Brothers
2551:
2548:
2528:supplicationes
2513:supplicationes
2479:nundinal cycle
2440:sacred shields
2377:William Seston
2371:" view of the
2336:Minucius Felix
2260:marching camps
2256:military camps
2157:Northumberland
2020:
2014:
2004:'s bride. The
1938:
1935:
1895:vernal equinox
1862:Dies Sanguinis
1638:Antoninus Pius
1609:
1606:
1598:late antiquity
1443:attributed to
1416:
1413:
1311:
1310:Wine and roses
1308:
1178:pre-Raphaelite
1176:(1898) by the
1162:, a time when
1125:
1122:
968:Divus Augustus
963:Theos Sebastos
825:northern Italy
821:Cisalpine Gaul
782:participated.
706:
703:
695:Roman Catholic
691:Anglo-American
593:Elysian Fields
540:
537:
426:José de Ribera
298:Archaic period
261:
258:
201:Roman calendar
197:family lineage
176:, "day of the
125:
124:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
50:, 4th century)
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8108:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8059:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7997:Taurian Games
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7982:Secular Games
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7922:October Horse
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7704:
7701:
7697:
7696:
7690:
7683:
7678:
7676:
7671:
7669:
7664:
7663:
7660:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7635:
7629:
7625:
7619:
7613:
7610:
7604:
7597:
7591:
7584:
7578:
7571:
7565:
7558:
7552:
7545:
7539:
7532:
7528:
7521:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7480:
7473:
7467:
7460:
7454:
7447:
7441:
7434:
7428:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7407:
7400:
7396:
7390:
7383:
7377:
7370:
7364:
7357:
7351:
7344:
7338:
7331:
7325:
7318:
7312:
7305:
7299:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7275:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7254:
7247:
7241:
7234:
7228:
7221:
7215:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7195:
7188:
7184:
7183:De virginibus
7178:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7157:
7150:
7144:
7137:
7133:
7128:
7121:
7115:
7108:
7102:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7081:
7074:
7070:
7064:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7050:
7043:
7036:
7032:
7026:
7019:
7013:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6988:
6982:
6978:
6972:
6965:
6959:
6952:
6946:
6939:
6933:
6926:
6920:
6911:
6904:
6903:
6899:14.110â116 =
6898:
6894:
6889:
6882:
6876:
6869:
6863:
6856:
6850:
6843:
6839:
6833:
6824:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6803:
6796:
6795:On Roman Time
6792:
6788:
6787:
6781:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6756:
6749:
6743:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6718:
6711:
6705:
6698:
6694:
6689:
6682:
6676:
6669:
6665:
6659:
6652:
6648:
6647:H.H. Scullard
6643:
6636:
6630:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6609:
6602:
6598:
6593:
6586:
6580:
6573:
6572:On Roman Time
6567:
6565:
6557:
6556:On Roman Time
6551:
6544:
6538:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6509:
6502:
6498:
6492:
6485:
6479:
6472:
6468:
6462:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6441:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6420:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6391:
6384:
6380:
6377:p. 73, cites
6376:
6372:
6366:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6350:Yann Le Bohec
6347:
6341:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6317:
6310:
6306:
6301:
6294:
6288:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6264:
6255:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6222:
6218:
6212:
6205:
6199:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6175:
6168:
6165:Allen Brent,
6162:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6125:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6109:Roman Britain
6106:
6105:
6099:
6092:
6088:
6083:
6076:
6070:
6063:
6059:
6054:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6016:
6009:
6003:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5982:
5975:
5969:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5924:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5898:
5891:
5887:
5886:Mircea Eliade
5882:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5862:
5861:Metamorphoses
5857:
5855:
5850:
5844:
5837:
5833:
5832:Paulus Marsus
5830:
5826:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5810:
5803:
5799:
5793:
5784:
5777:
5771:
5764:
5760:
5754:
5747:
5743:
5737:
5730:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5673:
5666:
5662:
5656:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5566:
5560:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5539:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5521:Lancellotti,
5518:
5511:
5505:
5498:
5494:
5488:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5450:
5443:
5437:
5430:
5424:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5379:
5372:
5368:
5362:
5355:
5349:
5342:
5338:
5333:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5303:Lancellotti,
5300:
5293:
5290:Jaime Alvar,
5287:
5280:
5274:
5267:
5261:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5239:Talgam, "The
5236:
5229:
5226:Talgam, "The
5223:
5214:
5205:
5196:
5187:
5180:
5174:
5165:
5163:
5155:
5149:
5142:
5138:
5133:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5088:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5064:
5058:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5038:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4989:
4988:Faerie Queene
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4906:
4899:
4895:
4889:
4882:
4876:
4869:
4863:
4856:
4850:
4841:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4810:
4803:
4800:73; Burkert,
4799:
4795:
4789:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4757:
4750:
4746:
4745:Clifford Ando
4742:
4736:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4688:
4682:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4650:
4644:
4637:
4631:
4624:
4618:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4587:
4581:
4574:
4568:
4561:
4555:
4548:
4542:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4521:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4497:
4491:
4484:
4478:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4438:
4432:
4425:
4419:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4395:
4389:
4380:
4373:
4367:
4360:
4354:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4336:
4329:
4323:
4316:
4310:
4301:
4294:
4288:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4265:
4264:
4258:
4251:
4245:
4236:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4171:
4165:
4158:
4152:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4099:
4093:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4061:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4040:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4009:
4008:Robert Fagles
4003:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3976:
3970:
3963:
3957:
3950:
3944:
3937:
3931:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3902:Metamorphoses
3896:
3889:
3883:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3860:
3857:from Miller,
3856:
3850:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3789:
3784:
3777:
3771:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3736:
3729:
3723:
3716:
3710:
3703:
3697:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3641:
3635:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3581:Metamorphoses
3577:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3546:
3540:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3487:
3481:
3474:
3468:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3424:
3420:
3417:21.64â65 and
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3391:
3385:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3353:
3347:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:dies rosalis,
3325:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3297:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3213:Pùques rosées
3208:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3188:
3187:Rosata Pascha
3184:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3122:medieval Rome
3119:
3116:
3112:
3111:lexicographer
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3053:
3052:confraternity
3050:for a rosary
3049:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2578:. May (Latin
2577:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2556:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2459:lunar eclipse
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2401:
2398:, now at the
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2359:as a kind of
2358:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2057:stationed at
2056:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2009:Mircea Eliade
2007:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1877:According to
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:, the day of
1847:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1834:little finger
1831:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1658:Arbor intrat,
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:radiate crown
1614:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1508:eternal child
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1421:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:constellation
1336:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:Joannes Lydus
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1124:Bacchic rites
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
969:
964:
960:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:
914:
909:
908:Imperial cult
905:
904:
899:
892:
888:
884:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:, three from
830:
826:
822:
817:
815:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
737:. It records
736:
732:
728:
726:
720:
711:
702:
700:
696:
692:
687:
683:
677:
675:
669:
666:
659:
655:
650:
646:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
606:
601:
596:
594:
590:
587:
583:
579:
578:
573:
569:
562:
558:
557:libation bowl
554:
550:
545:
536:
534:
530:
526:
525:
524:Metamorphoses
520:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
454:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
427:
423:
418:
414:
412:
408:
404:
403:
398:
396:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
371:surviving on
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
282:
281:
276:
272:
271:
266:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
193:
187:
183:
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
159:
154:
153:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
80:Imperial cult
77:
73:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
51:
49:
42:
37:
32:
27:
22:
8057:
8017:Tubilustrium
7992:Septimontium
7976:
7892:Meditrinalia
7882:Lusus Troiae
7792:Epulum Jovis
7727:Armilustrium
7694:
7648:
7644:
7634:
7623:
7618:
7608:
7603:
7595:
7590:
7582:
7577:
7569:
7564:
7556:
7551:
7543:
7538:
7530:
7529:": Cowdrey,
7520:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7479:
7471:
7466:
7458:
7453:
7445:
7440:
7435:pp. 342â343.
7432:
7427:
7419:
7406:
7398:
7394:
7389:
7381:
7376:
7368:
7363:
7358:, pp. 38â39.
7355:
7350:
7342:
7337:
7329:
7324:
7316:
7311:
7303:
7298:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7274:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7253:
7245:
7240:
7232:
7227:
7219:
7214:
7206:
7202:
7194:
7186:
7182:
7177:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7156:
7148:
7143:
7136:Orby Shipley
7131:
7127:
7119:
7114:
7106:
7101:
7085:
7080:
7072:
7068:
7063:
7053:
7046:
7042:
7034:
7030:
7025:
7017:
7012:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6987:
6980:
6976:
6971:
6963:
6958:
6950:
6945:
6937:
6932:
6924:
6919:
6910:
6900:
6896:
6888:
6880:
6875:
6867:
6862:
6854:
6849:
6841:
6837:
6832:
6823:
6815:
6811:
6802:
6794:
6790:
6784:
6780:
6768:
6760:
6755:
6747:
6742:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6717:
6709:
6704:
6696:
6695:: Phillips,
6692:
6688:
6680:
6675:
6667:
6663:
6658:
6650:
6642:
6634:
6629:
6621:
6613:
6608:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6584:
6579:
6571:
6555:
6550:
6542:
6537:
6529:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6508:
6500:
6496:
6491:
6483:
6478:
6466:
6461:
6445:
6440:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6419:
6411:
6407:
6395:
6390:
6382:
6374:
6370:
6365:
6357:
6353:
6345:
6340:
6332:
6329:Pat Southern
6324:
6316:
6308:
6300:
6292:
6287:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6263:
6254:
6242:
6238:Apologeticum
6236:
6228:
6220:
6216:
6211:
6198:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6174:
6166:
6161:
6153:
6148:
6137:
6133:
6130:Pat Southern
6124:
6116:
6112:
6102:
6098:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6074:
6069:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6045:
6041:
6036:
6028:
6015:
6007:
6002:
5990:
5986:
5981:
5973:
5968:
5960:
5956:
5948:
5944:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5915:
5911:
5906:
5897:
5889:
5881:
5873:
5869:
5859:
5852:
5848:
5843:
5835:
5825:Soteriology,
5824:
5818:
5809:
5797:
5792:
5783:
5776:Soteriology,
5775:
5770:
5758:
5753:
5745:
5742:Soteriology,
5741:
5736:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5697:
5689:
5688:; Forsythe,
5681:
5677:
5672:
5664:
5660:
5655:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5631:
5623:
5615:
5611:
5606:
5598:
5594:
5593:Sallustius,
5589:
5581:
5577:
5572:
5564:
5559:
5552:Soteriology,
5551:
5547:
5543:
5538:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5517:
5509:
5504:
5493:Soteriology,
5492:
5487:
5479:
5475:
5470:
5463:Soteriology,
5462:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5441:
5436:
5428:
5423:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5390:", possibly
5383:
5378:
5371:Soteriology,
5370:
5366:
5361:
5353:
5348:
5340:
5332:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5304:
5299:
5291:
5286:
5278:
5273:
5265:
5260:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5235:
5227:
5222:
5213:
5204:
5195:
5186:
5178:
5173:
5153:
5148:
5140:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5111:
5103:
5092:
5087:
5079:
5075:
5070:
5062:
5057:
5049:
5045:
5037:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5012:
5008:
5000:
4995:
4987:
4979:
4971:
4966:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4934:
4926:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4905:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4880:
4875:
4867:
4862:
4854:
4849:
4840:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4814:
4809:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4780:
4774:
4769:
4761:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4735:
4727:
4719:
4711:
4708:Carl Kerenyi
4703:
4699:
4694:
4686:
4681:
4673:
4665:
4656:
4648:
4643:
4638:pp. 327â329.
4635:
4630:
4622:
4617:
4609:
4601:
4593:
4588:pp. 327â329.
4585:
4580:
4575:pp. 372â374.
4572:
4567:
4559:
4554:
4546:
4530:
4524:
4520:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4495:
4490:
4485:, pp. 78â81.
4482:
4477:
4469:
4465:
4457:
4449:
4444:
4436:
4431:
4423:
4418:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4393:
4388:
4379:
4374:pp. 129â133.
4371:
4366:
4358:
4353:
4345:
4339:
4335:
4327:
4322:
4314:
4309:
4300:
4292:
4287:
4279:
4271:
4261:
4257:
4249:
4244:
4235:
4227:
4223:
4214:festival of
4203:
4198:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4169:
4164:
4156:
4151:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4129:pp. 211â212.
4126:
4125:Rosenmeyer,
4121:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4097:
4092:
4084:
4078:
4073:
4065:
4060:
4044:
4039:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4002:
3994:
3974:
3969:
3961:
3956:
3948:
3943:
3935:
3930:
3922:
3914:
3906:
3900:
3895:
3887:
3882:
3874:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3824:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3787:
3783:
3775:
3770:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3745:
3739:
3735:
3727:
3722:
3714:
3709:
3701:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3639:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3579:
3569:
3557:
3552:
3544:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3518:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3480:
3472:
3467:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3389:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3351:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3263:ĐĐ”Đ»Đ”ĐœŃ ŃĐČŃŃĐ°
3234:
3230:
3226:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3169:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3115:Golden Bough
3089:blesses the
3076:rose-colored
3071:
3057:
3037:
3029:Rose Sundays
3011:
3007:Resurrection
2967:rosa pudoris
2966:
2945:
2938:Memorial to
2925:prayer beads
2915:
2907:
2901:
2877:
2867:
2858:
2846:Saint Victor
2835:
2828:
2826:
2817:(natalicium)
2816:
2802:
2790:declamations
2782:John of Gaza
2771:
2764:with both a
2753:
2738:
2726:
2720:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2683:Roman Africa
2679:floriculture
2675:
2666:
2641:
2633:
2627:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2600:
2585:
2579:
2565:
2543:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2494:
2466:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2405:
2381:Tubilustrium
2372:
2364:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2327:
2315:
2307:
2291:
2280:epithalamium
2267:
2258:, including
2247:
2235:
2224:
2222:
2215:
2209:
2193:
2182:
2176:
2160:
2146:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2116:Bean Kalends
2109:
2100:occurred on
2097:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2059:Dura-Europos
2048:
2045:supplication
2040:
2036:
2030:
2017:
1999:
1991:
1986:shell fruits
1983:
1978:
1968:
1957:philosopher
1951:Arbor intrat
1950:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1918:
1915:(Requietio),
1914:
1886:
1876:
1865:
1861:
1850:Arbor intrat
1849:
1845:
1842:Arbor intrat
1841:
1838:
1829:
1822:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1783:
1780:
1768:
1761:Dancing Girl
1757:
1739:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1703:
1679:
1670:
1657:
1654:Arbor intrat
1653:
1645:
1631:
1620:, holding a
1601:
1595:
1575:resurrection
1571:
1562:
1534:
1532:
1511:
1504:Great Mother
1493:
1469:
1458:
1450:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1390:
1373:
1367:
1354:
1346:
1332:
1317:Philostratus
1313:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1271:(ca. 410 BC)
1268:
1264:
1251:culture hero
1243:ritual union
1233:
1229:
1224:antiquarian
1217:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1187:
1173:
1155:
1133:
1112:, in modern
1105:
1102:
1090:gravediggers
1077:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:Thessalonica
1047:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1015:
1000:
991:above), and
988:
976:
966:
962:
943:
938:
930:
926:
922:
916:
912:
903:dies Augusti
901:
895:
886:
818:
808:
804:
800:
796:dies natalis
794:
786:
784:
779:
772:Dendrophorus
771:
755:
751:
747:
722:
716:
679:
671:
667:
663:
613:
609:
603:
597:
589:oil of roses
575:
565:
522:
516:
487:, feathers,
478:
461:
451:
430:
421:
410:
407:Heliogabalus
400:
392:
366:
353:
343:
306:
286:
278:
268:
234:
229:
216:
215:
207:
205:
189:
181:
173:
169:
165:
157:
156:
151:
150:
138:
134:
131:Roman Empire
128:
62:Roman Empire
45:
8042:Volturnalia
8012:Tricennalia
8007:Tiberinalia
7952:Quinquatria
7927:Opiconsivia
7872:Ludi Romani
7762:Carmentalia
7737:Bacchanalia
7328:Lightbown,
7302:J. Miller,
7265:J. Miller,
7218:Lightbown,
7047:Epistle to
7016:Lightbown,
6793:; Salzman,
6522:supplicatio
6243:Ad nationes
6006:Macrobius,
5729:St. Peter's
5659:Damascius,
5610:Macrobius,
5352:Lucretius,
5249:Ethiopoiiai
5005:Paul Zanker
4972:Astronomica
4923:Zahra Newby
4855:Homo Necans
4741:De mensibus
4728:Homo Necans
4220:Whitsuntide
4096:J.D. Reed,
3673:Anacreontea
3556:Henriksén,
3522:Henriksén,
3498:C. M. Bowra
3294: [
3233:. The name
3150:Holy Spirit
3091:Golden Rose
3083:penitential
2971:Middle Ages
2959:palm branch
2894:Saint Paula
2829:(purpureum)
2786:anacreontic
2725:with games
2644:Magna Mater
2629:Terra Mater
2587:Ludi Florae
2544:supplicatio
2532:Quinquatria
2526:prescribed
2471:waning moon
2361:"poppy day"
2310:sacramentum
2304:legionaries
2272:lustrations
2252:Roman eagle
2204:panel from
2165:Mogontiacum
1955:Neoplatonic
1943:dies violae
1846:dies violae
1636:to that of
1539:lamentation
1496:J.G. Frazer
1355:Astronomica
1130:Anthesteria
1106:(rhodismos)
1022:(1659â1734)
1016:A Bacchanal
971:in Latin),
906:, a day of
780:dendrophori
699:Protestants
652:A wreathed
636:'s beloved
466:Gallo-Roman
411:phyllobolia
387:. When the
300:onward. In
250:cultivation
238:assimilated
192:mos maiorum
170:dies violae
72:Pluralistic
8065:Categories
8047:Vulcanalia
8032:Vicennalia
8002:Terminalia
7987:Sementivae
7972:Saturnalia
7962:Regifugium
7942:Poplifugia
7932:Parentalia
7917:Neptunalia
7902:Mercuralia
7887:Matronalia
7877:Lupercalia
7842:Larentalia
7827:Furrinalia
7822:Fornacalia
7817:Fordicidia
7782:Decennalia
7772:Compitalia
7752:Caprotinia
7732:Augustalia
7712:Ambarvalia
7263:et passim;
7261:pp. 88â89
7134:edited by
7049:Eustochium
7031:On Virgins
6808:Chorichius
6789:(387 AD):
6769:Saturnalia
6712:pp. 97â99.
6679:Holleran,
6622:Saturnalia
6530:pax deorum
6344:Southern,
6321:Jörg RĂŒpke
6245:1.12, and
6234:Tertullian
6093:," p. 356.
6046:Saturnalia
6008:Saturnalia
5985:Phillips,
5774:Gasparro,
5740:Gasparro,
5636:Lactantius
5628:Tertullian
5612:Saturnalia
5595:Peri TheĆn
5499:emphasis".
5491:Gasparro,
5104:Aphrodite,
5097:theoi.com.
5046:Dionysiaca
4970:Manilius,
4783:pp. 87â88.
4507:Trebilco,
4494:Trebilco,
4481:Trebilco,
4230:pp. 42â43.
4109:Claudian,
4055:4.7.59â62.
4053:Propertius
4024:Aphrodite,
3899:Apuleius,
3744:331.1â21;
3653:Aphrodite,
3606:wallflower
3435:Marcu Beza
3331:dies rosae
3305:References
3247:Green week
3189:or simply
3048:altarpiece
3042:(1506) by
2987:Micronesia
2855:Prudentius
2784:wrote two
2706:In Ovid's
2671:Waterhouse
2519:pax deorum
2481:after the
2463:Jörg RĂŒpke
2444:Corybantes
2320:conversis)
2298:in 42 AD,
2094:apotropaic
2033:Roman army
1973:Waterhouse
1971:(1900) by
1879:Sallustius
1858:Corybantes
1854:Parentalia
1806:Mater Deum
1763:(1902) by
1714:Dionysus:
1668:in April.
1666:Megalensia
1646:Mater Deum
1520:city-state
1481:Persephone
1466:myrrh tree
1453:windflower
1392:Dionysiaca
1238:liminality
1066:Dryophoroi
927:grammateus
809:(collegia)
791:Parentalia
682:mausoleums
638:Hyacinthus
620:epic poet
614:porphyreos
472:, the god
424:(1637) of
377:bridegroom
321:Proserpina
317:Persephone
273:(1888) by
212:Roman army
122:Green Week
8022:Veneralia
7967:Robigalia
7912:Nemoralia
7897:Megalesia
7857:Liberalia
7837:Junonalia
7777:Consualia
7717:Amburbium
7555:Mazzoni,
7542:Hampson,
7483:Hampson,
7444:Cowdrey,
7431:Hampson,
7354:Classen,
7341:Classen,
7181:Ambrose,
7052:108.31 =
7029:Ambrose,
7020:, p. 269.
7007:, p. 268.
6991:Ambrose,
6765:Macrobius
6708:Salzman,
6662:Salzman,
6618:Macrobius
6570:Salzman,
6554:Salzman,
6541:Salzman,
6495:Versnel,
6482:Webster,
6423:Tacitus,
6408:tripudium
6369:Salzman,
6215:Webster,
6064:, p. 131.
6040:Salzman,
5941:R.O. Fink
5804:(p. 268).
5796:Bremmer,
5757:Bremmer,
5576:Salzman,
5527:et passim
5497:polemical
5307:, p. 81;
5181:, p. 101.
5137:H.J. Rose
5100:Pausanias
5063:Britannia
5013:et passim
4955:Seneca's
4919:et passim
4883:, p. 364.
4879:Kerenyi,
4866:Burkert,
4857:, p. 226.
4853:Burkert,
4792:Seaford,
4602:Mnemosyne
4466:Stodmenos
4435:Friesen,
4422:Friesen,
4405:Friesen,
4370:Donahue,
4181:Toynbee,
4168:Toynbee,
4155:Toynbee,
4113:2.92â93:
4028:Pausanias
3757:Statius,
3669:M.L. West
3623:Aphrodite
3369:rhodismos
3259:Ukrainian
3243:Ukrainian
3183:Pentecost
3138:Pentecost
3079:vestments
2995:Eucharist
2914:" (Latin
2794:Procopius
2776:, in the
2700:dalmatica
2503:lustratio
2483:full moon
2340:cruciform
2318:religione
2300:Suetonius
2153:Corbridge
2138:Fabarici)
2111:Dea Carna
2016:Military
1927:Vaticanum
1923:mysteries
1919:(Lavatio)
1907:Damascius
1736:Sangarius
1688:Deucalion
1662:Lucretius
1565:prothesis
1500:H.J. Rose
1383:libations
1222:Byzantine
1210:(thiasos)
1148:dithyramb
1049:symposium
989:collegium
981:Asclepius
977:Stodmenos
939:collegium
833:Macedonia
799:); and a
725:collegium
660:, Pompeii
610:purpureus
605:purpureus
600:libations
586:ambrosial
509:Romanized
503:. In the
501:afterlife
354:(lavatio)
309:Aphrodite
296:from the
230:rhodismos
166:(violatio
118:Pentecost
8027:Vestalia
7812:Floralia
7797:Equirria
7767:Cerealia
7757:Caristia
7742:Brumalia
7707:Agonalia
7367:Miller,
7199:Sedulius
7069:Paradiso
6995:7.128 (=
6975:Miller,
6936:Miller,
6923:Miller,
6759:Hersch,
6746:Hersch,
6699:p. 1335.
6528:and the
6471:February
6404:Catullus
6396:Kouretes
6348:p. 159;
6221:Claudius
6204:Claudian
6187:Claudius
6048:1.12.33.
6010:1.12.33.
5997:of June.
5815:Eusebius
5724:princeps
5719:Caligula
5388:pontifex
5245:Dialexis
5024:Vergil,
4990:6.10.14.
4976:Houseman
4894:Imagines
4776:basileus
4625:, p. 43.
4462:Domitian
4326:Dorcey,
4291:Vergil,
4212:Romanian
4208:epigraph
4172:, p. 37.
4159:, p. 63.
4077:Vergil,
4064:Hersch,
3873:Miller,
3823:Miller,
3651:Cyrino,
3592:1.2.22.
3584:12.410;
3405:Epigrams
3275:See also
3223:Romanian
3158:basilica
3140:for the
2917:rosarium
2903:Paradiso
2693:macellus
2636:Bona Dea
2576:amphorae
2508:Rosaliae
2477:)", one
2452:Kouretes
2448:Kouretes
2369:carnival
2367:. This "
2296:Claudius
2284:Claudian
2276:Honorius
2183:Rosaliae
2178:centuria
2161:Rosaliae
2125:nefastus
2071:Rosaliae
2018:Rosaliae
1959:Porphyry
1947:violaris
1818:bacchant
1748:goatherd
1700:Agdistis
1676:Arnobius
1634:Claudius
1591:Charites
1489:chthonic
1409:ambrosia
1405:anemones
1359:Manilius
1230:Anthousa
1136:Dionysus
1032:vicianus
935:denarius
913:eukosmos
898:Pergamon
853:Bulgaria
849:Bithynia
845:Pannonia
805:Violaria
764:Silvanae
735:Silvanus
719:Domitian
642:Claudian
630:hyacinth
618:Augustan
529:Apuleius
511:cult of
470:Ausonius
395:adventus
333:Dionysus
242:Dionysus
226:garlands
102:Dionysia
8037:Vinalia
7977:Rosalia
7937:Parilia
7862:Lucaria
7852:Lemuria
7807:Feralia
7787:Divalia
7559:p. 144.
7546:p. 341.
7332:p. 269.
7306:p. 166.
7269:p. 166.
7222:p. 268.
7094:psalter
7067:Dante,
7035:Ambrose
6927:p. 205.
6683:p. 210.
6585:Epigram
6545:p. 112.
6512:Brent,
6486:p. 134.
6465:RĂŒpke,
6456:26.5.9.
6450:Juvenal
6444:RĂŒpke,
6425:Annales
6414:p. 296.
6360:p. 140.
6241:16 and
6021:Wissowa
5995:Kalends
5763:Hittite
5703:Gaianum
5682:Lavatio
5676:Alvar,
5667:p. 168.
5650:p. 168.
5601:p. 277.
5512:p. 275.
5508:Alvar,
5440:Alvar,
5427:Alvar,
5365:Alvar,
5327:p. 286.
5268:p. 189.
5091:Brenk,
5052:p. 132.
4943:Phaedra
4817:p. 145.
4749:Phoenix
4739:Lydus,
4730:p. 214.
4562:p. 325.
4549:p. 373.
4439:p. 111.
4426:p. 112.
4293:Eclogue
4266:10.444.
4216:Rusalii
4043:Brenk,
3993:Brenk,
3973:Brenk,
3960:Brenk,
3778:p. 123.
3671:, "The
3586:Statius
3574:21.14;
3562:Martial
3511:passim.
3488:p. 231.
3425:9.11.1.
3423:Epigram
3419:Martial
3377:rosalia
3373:glosses
3291:Rusalia
3251:Russian
3239:Russian
3235:Rusalii
3231:Rosalia
3227:Rusalii
3191:Rosalia
3144:of the
3134:rosatum
2882:Ambrose
2874:passion
2870:Cyprian
2809:Martyrs
2762:Madonna
2739:Rosaria
2657:Dea Dia
2620:Mercury
2572:fillets
2568:mosaics
2536:Minerva
2485:of the
2410:lustrum
2232:Tacitus
2200:, on a
2142:Mommsen
2086:larvae)
2081:lemures
2075:Lemuria
2041:(signa)
1980:fruits.
1897:on the
1889:Hilaria
1883:fasting
1810:(fatum)
1793:infamis
1744:exposed
1696:Jupiter
1602:Adoneia
1555:annuals
1535:Adoneia
1434:Adoneia
1401:Ampelos
1380:Bacchic
1300:Lemuria
1285:(chous)
1265:(chous)
1254:Theseus
1247:Ariadne
1174:Ariadne
1114:Dobruja
1110:Histria
1096:of the
1078:thiasoi
1062:thiasos
1058:thiasos
1043:thiasos
1001:rosatio
950:Phrygia
946:Acmonia
877:Arcadia
865:Phrygia
857:Scythia
841:Illyria
801:Rosaria
750:(Greek
731:Lucania
686:produce
561:rosette
553:Pompeii
489:papyrus
464:by the
448:Gnostic
389:emperor
381:Statius
373:papyrus
362:Vinalia
358:April 1
325:Chloris
323:), and
311:(Roman
208:rosatio
182:rosatio
163:violets
152:rosatio
139:Rosaria
135:Rosalia
129:In the
29:Rosalia
21:Rosalia
7802:Februa
7695:(ludi)
7693:games
7527:Easter
7499:xxvi,
7371:p. 73.
7345:p. 37.
7209:p. 88.
7189:p. 88.
6897:Carmen
6797:p. 98.
6750:p. 91.
6737:p. 91.
6725:5.228
6721:Ovid,
6574:p. 97.
6558:p. 98.
6526:Decius
6383:Oratio
6379:Julian
6272:Punica
5931:," in
5866:nymphs
5778:p. 48.
5692:p. 89.
5618:p. 88.
5548:Attis,
5542:Ovid,
5523:Attis,
5465:p. 38.
5444:p. 65.
5431:p. 64.
5373:p. 41.
5177:Rose,
5106:p. 96.
5042:Nonnus
5032:p. 88.
5026:Aeneid
4939:Seneca
4743:4.73;
4621:Beza,
4468:, see
4464:). On
4295:10.25.
4080:Aeneid
4049:Pindar
3997:p. 88.
3964:p. 87.
3909:p. 74.
3877:p. 75.
3861:p. 74.
3827:p. 74.
3765:p. 90.
3759:Silvae
3748:p. 30.
3726:Ovid,
3675:," in
3602:violae
3590:Silvae
3564:9.60;
3528:Cicero
3407:Book 9
3166:oculus
3156:, the
3142:octave
2991:Christ
2983:Pollap
2922:Marian
2912:rosary
2908:corona
2890:Jerome
2863:relics
2819:about
2493:. The
2427:cornua
2334:, and
2244:legion
2217:cornua
2202:relief
2173:Genius
2102:May 31
2055:cohort
1905:, and
1872:eunuch
1870:, the
1826:scrota
1814:Gallus
1802:(puer)
1759:Ionian
1684:Pyrrha
1650:Cybele
1587:Jordan
1579:Madaba
1543:dirges
1472:larnax
1461:Myrrha
1397:Nonnus
1387:Aeneas
1375:Aeneid
1351:Seneca
1347:corona
1341:, the
1328:mosaic
1304:Hermes
1218:anthos
1164:Semele
1152:Pindar
1140:Athens
1094:relief
1074:Thrace
985:Savior
843:, and
837:Thrace
787:(cura)
756:Florus
752:anthos
748:Anthus
654:maenad
634:Apollo
626:Pallas
622:Vergil
582:Hector
572:Erotes
568:steles
458:Psyche
440:Cybele
436:Adonis
385:lilies
246:Adonis
186:Romans
178:violet
106:Adonia
41:Mosaic
7722:Argei
7497:Sermo
7285:118:
7283:Psalm
7281:, on
6868:Gesta
6773:Argei
6723:Fasti
6276:Manes
6179:Pliny
5933:Syria
5870:Fasti
5582:Attis
5544:Fasti
5408:Attis
5400:Janus
5398:with
5305:Attis
5127:4.49.
4020:Iliad
3728:Fasti
3610:stock
3566:Pliny
3534:5.73.
3411:Pliny
3298:]
3209:, or
3099:canon
3095:jewel
3046:, an
3044:DĂŒrer
2985:, in
2898:Dante
2735:Capua
2709:Fasti
2616:maius
2592:Flora
2581:Maius
2495:signa
2491:lunar
2467:tubae
2436:Salii
2421:tubae
2396:Milan
2352:manes
2328:signa
2268:signa
2211:tubae
2149:Coria
2002:Pluto
1994:Pluto
1911:Hades
1867:galli
1798:Midas
1786:nefas
1708:Liber
1692:Flood
1680:Agdus
1626:Ostia
1577:. At
1335:crown
1293:chous
1289:chous
1269:chous
1234:Flora
1205:polis
1158:Horae
1138:, at
1118:Bessi
1082:Diana
1037:vicus
948:, in
869:Lydia
861:Mysia
760:Flora
577:Iliad
474:Cupid
468:poet
450:text
444:Attis
329:Flora
313:Venus
280:topos
224:with
143:roses
7691:and
7055:CSEL
6902:CSEL
6454:Livy
6142:n.p.
5396:Aion
5247:and
3576:Ovid
3333:and
3241:and
3124:, a
3093:, a
3087:Pope
3068:Lent
2977:for
2774:Gaza
2729:ludi
2611:Maia
2487:Ides
2475:Luna
2432:Mars
2416:tubi
2238:vota
2223:The
2214:and
2136:Ludi
2090:Ovid
2031:The
1732:Nana
1725:fons
1716:cura
1704:cura
1686:and
1640:, a
1560:bier
1541:and
1514:puer
1494:For
1445:Bion
1333:The
1086:hero
983:the
973:Zeus
931:mina
923:mina
918:mina
875:and
873:Asia
803:and
513:Isis
485:palm
337:Eros
86:Date
78:and
68:Type
7628:205
6587:55.
6524:of
6398:by
6223:13.
6104:CIL
6087:CIL
6058:CIL
5947:,"
5634:8;
4341:ILS
4263:CIL
4218:at
3608:or
3339:CIL
3323:CIL
3249:" (
3132:or
3120:In
3101:of
2649:Ops
2446:or
2418:or
2282:by
2084:or
1945:or
1830:Ia)
1596:In
1477:ash
1395:of
1357:of
1080:of
1040:);
1026:In
1018:by
1005:God
965:(=
896:At
729:in
527:of
479:In
356:on
315:),
292:in
172:or
147:May
137:or
8067::
7647:.
7643:.
7418:,
7201:,
7096:".
6997:PL
6895:,
6767:,
6649:,
6620:,
6563:^
6532:).
6381:,
6352:,
6331:,
6323:,
6270:,
6181:,
6132:,
6027:,
6023:;
5888:,
5817:,
5638:,
5630:,
5457:,
5404:Ia
5339:,
5311:,
5161:^
5139:,
5044:,
4986:,
4941:,
4921:;
4726:,
4710:,
4672:,
4538:^
4456:,
3982:^
3921:,
3866:^
3816:^
3596:,
3588:,
3578:,
3568:,
3530:,
3500:,
3437:,
3421:,
3413:,
3337::
3296:ru
3265:).
3261::
3257:;
3253::
3201:,
3009:.
2997:,
2659:.
2322:.
2155:,
2118:"
1929:.
1738:,
1569:.
1510:"
1256:.
1100:.
979:,
879:.
871:,
867:,
863:,
859:,
855:,
839:,
640:.
595:.
256:.
244:,
232:.
133:,
120:,
116:,
112:,
108:,
104:,
100:,
7681:e
7674:t
7667:v
7649:3
6818:.
6637:.
6603:.
5856:,
5731:.
4010:.
3379:.
2731:)
2727:(
2695:)
2691:(
2642:(
2638:)
2634:(
2473:(
2412:)
2408:(
2402:)
2312:)
2308:(
2240:)
2236:(
2134:(
2079:(
1891:)
1887:(
1788:)
1784:(
1772:,
1727:)
1723:(
1567:)
1563:(
1516:)
1512:(
1470:(
1455:.
1436:)
1432:(
1160:)
1156:(
823:(
727:)
723:(
397:)
393:(
327:(
319:(
190:(
46:(
23:.
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