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104:. They planted "Gardens of Adonis" – lettuce and fennel seeds, planted in potsherds – which sprouted before withering and dying. After the rooftop celebrations, the women descended to the streets with these Gardens of Adonis, and small images of him; they then conducted a mock funeral procession, before ritually burying the images and the remains of the gardens at sea or in springs. The rites observed during the festival are not otherwise paralleled in ancient Greek religion; like Adonis himself they probably originated in the Near East.
26:
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96:. Unlike these other festivals, however, the Adonia was not state-organised, or part of the official state calendar of religious celebration. In fact, it was not found to be celebrated by any official cults, like the cult of Bendis, or foreign cults, whose participants were mostly non-natives, like Isis. Prostitutes, respectable women, non-citizens and citizens alike celebrated the Adonia.
211:. The Idyll 15 is said to be the longest surviving account of the Adonia we have to date. The festival described by Theocritus, unlike the one celebrated in Athens, was a cult with state patronage. It included an annual competition between women singing dirges for Adonis. Rites lamenting the death of Adonis are also attested in Argos in the second century AD: the Greek geographer
173:
The main feature of the festival at Athens were the "Gardens of Adonis", broken pieces of terracotta which had lettuce and fennel seeds sown in them. These seeds sprouted, but soon withered and died. Though most scholars say that these gardens withered due to being exposed to the heat of the summer,
194:
There have also been debates on what the woman did with the gardens. Most assume they put the gardens out on their rooftops to wither and die, in order to symbolize how Adonis "sprouted and died quickly". Simms believes that the gardens were made to be used as funerary biers for the little effigies
149:
Modern scholars disagree on which of these sources is correct. Many agree with
Plutarch, and put the festival around midsummer, though Dillon argues that Aristophanes' placement of the festival near the beginning of spring is "without question" correct. Some scholars, such as James Fredal, suggest
256:
in the 7th column, there is a strong likelihood that the ritual was practiced in (at least) the southern part of
Etruria from at least circe 500 bce through the second century bce (depending on one's dating of the Liber Linteus). The Liber Linteus also seems to support the date of this ritual in
229:. There is no mention of Gardens of Adonis at this festival, but ritual prostitution and mystery rites are involved in the celebrations. Laurialan Reitzammer argues that the festival described by Lucian is one that was brought back to Syria from Greece, rather than being of native Syrian origin.
74:
According to Ronda R. Simms in her article, "Mourning and
Community at the Athenian Adonia", the celebration of the Adonia was the only evidence that was found about worship of Adonis in Athens, as of 1997. There were no temples, statues, or priests in worship to Adonis.
181:
The symbolism of the
Gardens of Adonis is also widely debated: according to James George Frazer, the Gardens of Adonis were supposed to be a sort of ritual performed in order to promote a good harvest, that the actual crops were to grow fast like the little gardens. To
83:
In Athens, the Adonia took place annually, and was organised and celebrated by women. It was one of a number of
Athenian festivals which were celebrated solely by women and addressed sexual or reproductive subjects – others included the
99:
Also unlike the
Thesmophoria, the Adonia was never celebrated in a designated area. Over the course of the festival, Athenian women took to the rooftops of their houses. They danced, sang, and ritually mourned the death of
178:, who says that in the Gardens of Adonis, seedlings "wither quickly because they have not taken root". In ancient Greece, the phrase "Gardens of Adonis" was used proverbially to refer to something "trivial and wasteful".
174:
Dillon, who believes that the Adonia was held in the spring, says that the plants instead failed because they could not take root in the shallow soil held by the terracotta shards. In support of this, he cites
195:
of Adonis to be placed in. These little effigies were made so that the women could have something to focus their mourning towards, because this entire festival is supposed to mourn the loss of Adonis himself.
146:
in late July. As the
Sicilian Expedition sailed in June 415, this contradicts both Aristophanes' and Plutarch's dating of the Adonia; the Athenian Adonia must have been celebrated at a different time.
593:
Liber
Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007 p. 120-121
244:"on the day of the burial of the divinity" refers to this rite. This claim would be further strengthened if Schmidtz's recent claim can be accepted that the Phoenician phrase
142:
are both often taken as evidence for the Adonia having been celebrated in the summer. In Egypt and Syria in the Roman period, the Adonia coincided with the rising of the star
257:
July. Adonis himself does not seem to be directly mentioned in any of the extant language of either text. In the Roman world, the festival was celebrated on 19 July.
895:
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63:, though other sources provide evidence for the ritual mourning of Adonis elsewhere in the Greek world, including Hellenistic
687:
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describes the women of Argos mourning Adonis' death at a shrine inside the temple of Zeus Soter. Also in the second century,
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the gardens were meant to represent how men had very little power when it came to regeneration in either plants or humans.
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Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta
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was an important rite in
Central Italy, that is if, as is generally assumed, the Phoenician phrase
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The date of the Adonia at Athens is uncertain, with ancient sources contradicting one another.
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Fredal, James (2002). "Herm
Choppers, the Adonia, and Rhetorical Action in Ancient Greece".
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was proposed; Plutarch puts the festival on the eve of the expedition's setting sail, in
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2016:
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means "at the death of (the) Handsome (one) ." Together with evidence of the rite of
203:
Outside of Athens, a celebration of Adonis is attested in Hellenistic Alexandria, in
29:
Celebrating the Adonia: fragment of an Attic red-figure wedding vase, ca. 430–420 BCE
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depicts the casting of the gardens of Adonis into the sea at the end of the Adonia.
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236:(western central Italy) seem to indicate that the commemoration of the death of
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The Constraints of Desire: The Anthropology of Sex and Gender in Ancient Greece
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The Athenian Adonia in Context: The Adonis Festival as Cultural Practice
655:
Dillon, Matthew (2003). "'Woe for Adonis' – but in Spring, not Summer".
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that there was in fact no fixed date for the Adonia to be celebrated.
122:, has the festival take place in the early spring of 415 BC, when the
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674:. Vol. 5 (3 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Burnett, Anne (2012). "Brothels, Boys, and the Athenian Adonia".
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eds. Vincenzo Bellelli and Paolo Xella. Verona, 2016. pp. 33-43
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580:: A retraction and a Reassessment of the Phoenician Text" in
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Citizen Bacchae: Women's Ritual Practice in Ancient Greece
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47:) was a festival celebrated annually by women in
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803:"Mourning and Community at the Athenian Adonia"
889:
730:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
638:Girls and Women in Classical Greek Religion
42:
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786:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
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302:
225:, describes an Adonia celebrated in
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14:
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136:(Περι φυτων ιστορια) and Plato's
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839:"Review: Laurialan Reitzammer,
587:
570:
453:
784:The Athenian Adonia in Context
782:Reitzammer, Laurialan (2016).
755:The American Historical Review
668:Frazer, James George (2012) .
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1:
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260:
2496:Funeral and burial practices
1681:Military of Mycenaean Greece
680:10.1017/cbo9781139207522.013
7:
3803:Festivals in ancient Greece
232:The Phoenician text of the
10:
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2420:Greek Revival architecture
1762:
747:"Review: John J. Winkler,
71:in the second century AD.
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130:that year. Theophrastus'
59:. It is best attested in
43:
847:Religious Studies Review
801:Simms, Ronda R. (1997).
636:Dillon, Matthew (2002).
3813:Annual events in Athens
767:10.1086/ahr/96.4.1174-a
576:Schmidtz, Philip Ch. "
190:Purposes of the Gardens
107:
18:Adonia (disambiguation)
1862:Artists & scholars
1777:List of ancient Greeks
1414:Second Athenian League
1263:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1088:Ancient Greek colonies
745:Keuls, Eva C. (1991).
726:Goff, Barbara (2004).
170:
167:John Reinhard Weguelin
51:to mourn the death of
30:
2981:Sybaris on the Traeis
1706:Sacred Band of Thebes
1446:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
960:Cycladic civilization
807:The Classical Journal
640:. London: Routledge.
621:10.1353/are.2012.0010
218:On the Syrian Goddess
163:The Gardens of Adonis
161:
28:
2506:mythological figures
2227:Ancient Greek tribes
1352:Peloponnesian League
16:For other uses, see
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2613:Theatre of Dionysus
2237:Ancient Macedonians
1853:Tyrants of Syracuse
1365:Amphictyonic League
965:Minoan civilization
471:, pp. 236–237.
133:Enquiry into Plants
124:Sicilian Expedition
3292:Menestheus's Limin
2946:Pandosia (Lucania)
2834:Greek colonisation
2196:Athenian statesmen
1957:Diogenes of Sinope
1818:Kings of Macedonia
1808:Kings of Commagene
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1268:Indo-Greek Kingdom
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859:10.1111/rsr.12953
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154:Gardens of Adonis
79:Athenian festival
55:, the consort of
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3775:
3774:
3764:
3754:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3399:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3094:Megara Hyblaea
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3074:Hybla Gereatis
3071:
3066:
3064:Heraclea Minoa
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2851:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2830:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2808:Attic numerals
2805:
2803:Greek numerals
2800:
2798:Greek alphabet
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2452:Musical system
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2411:
2409:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1884:Mathematicians
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1793:Kings of Argos
1789:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1768:
1767:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1651:Cretan archers
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1450:Achaean League
1447:
1444:Euboean League
1441:
1435:
1432:Epirote League
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1380:(c. 500–31 BC)
1375:
1362:
1349:
1343:
1330:
1312:
1310:
1308:Confederations
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1232:Lissus (Crete)
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
992:
987:
982:
980:Archaic Greece
977:
972:
967:
962:
956:
954:
946:
945:
942:
941:
936:
930:
922:
921:
919:
918:
912:
909:
908:
905:Ancient Greece
901:
900:
893:
886:
878:
872:
871:
853:(2): 163–164.
831:
813:(2): 121–141.
798:
792:
779:
742:
736:
723:
705:(5): 590–612.
694:
688:
665:
652:
646:
633:
615:(2): 177–194.
602:
599:
596:
595:
586:
569:
557:
545:
543:, p. 163.
533:
521:
509:
507:, p. 129.
497:
495:, p. 128.
485:
473:
461:
452:
440:
438:, p. 166.
428:
413:
411:, p. 603.
401:
389:
377:
375:, p. 187.
365:
363:, p. 602.
353:
351:, p. 165.
334:
332:, p. 125.
319:
317:, p. 109.
307:
305:, p. 121.
295:
278:
276:, p. 123.
265:
264:
262:
259:
200:
199:Outside Athens
197:
191:
188:
155:
152:
109:
106:
80:
77:
49:ancient Greece
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3835:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3773:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3753:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3685:
3681:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:Hemeroscopion
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:Magna Graecia
2846:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:Arcadocypriot
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2676:Zeus, Olympia
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:Hera, Olympia
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:Mount Olympus
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:Sacred places
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:Olympic Games
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:Homosexuality
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1716:Seleucid army
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
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1484:
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1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1451:
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1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1390:Delian League
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1366:
1363:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1346:Ionian League
1344:
1334:
1331:
1327: 560 BC
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
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1220:
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1215:
1213:
1210:
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1205:
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1200:
1198:
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1193:
1190:
1188:
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1168:
1165:
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1160:
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1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1068:Magna Graecia
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
955:
951:
947:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
927:
923:
917:
914:
913:
910:
906:
899:
894:
892:
887:
885:
880:
879:
876:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
842:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
795:
793:9780299308209
789:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
750:
743:
739:
733:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
691:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:
666:
662:
658:
653:
649:
643:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
604:
590:
583:
579:
573:
567:, p. 28.
566:
561:
554:
549:
542:
537:
530:
525:
518:
513:
506:
501:
494:
489:
482:
477:
470:
465:
456:
449:
444:
437:
432:
426:, p. 58.
425:
420:
418:
410:
405:
398:
393:
386:
381:
374:
369:
362:
357:
350:
345:
343:
341:
339:
331:
326:
324:
316:
311:
304:
299:
292:
287:
285:
283:
275:
270:
266:
258:
255:
254:Liber Linteus
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:Pyrgi Tablets
230:
228:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
206:
196:
187:
185:
179:
177:
168:
164:
160:
151:
147:
145:
141:
140:
135:
134:
129:
125:
121:
120:
115:
105:
103:
97:
95:
91:
87:
76:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
40:
36:
27:
23:
19:
3567:Dionysopolis
3537:Abonoteichos
3489:Pantikapaion
3079:Hybla Heraea
2415:Architecture
2371:Prostitution
2060:Aristophanes
1919:Philosophers
1889:Philosophers
1721:Spartan army
1452:(280–146 BC)
1440:(338–322 BC)
1434:(370–168 BC)
1422:(374–196 BC)
1416:(378–355 BC)
1398:(430–348 BC)
1392:(478–404 BC)
1386:(499–449 BC)
1073:Peloponnesus
995:Roman Greece
850:
846:
840:
810:
806:
783:
758:
754:
748:
727:
702:
698:
670:
660:
656:
637:
612:
608:
589:
581:
578:Sempre Pyrgi
577:
572:
560:
548:
536:
531:, p. 2.
524:
512:
500:
488:
476:
464:
455:
450:, p. 4.
443:
431:
404:
399:, p. 7.
392:
380:
373:Burnett 2012
368:
356:
310:
298:
293:, p. 1.
269:
245:
241:
231:
216:
208:
202:
193:
180:
172:
162:
148:
137:
131:
117:
114:Aristophanes
111:
98:
86:Thesmophoria
82:
73:
34:
32:
22:
3715:Place names
3627:Salmydessus
3449:Kalos Limen
3429:Chersonesus
3419:Borysthenes
3124:Tauromenion
2936:Metapontion
2698:Proto-Greek
2651:Erechtheion
2646:Athena Nike
2608:Philippeion
2437:Mathematics
2408:and science
2291:Agriculture
2155:Stesichorus
2065:Bacchylides
2055:Archilochus
1942:Antisthenes
1932:Anaximander
1904:Seven Sages
1894:Playwrights
1874:Geographers
1869:Astronomers
1696:Pezhetairos
1323: 1100
1303:Federations
1202:Megalopolis
1139:City states
1114:City states
601:Works cited
553:Dillon 2003
541:Dillon 2002
529:Dillon 2003
469:Frazer 2012
448:Dillon 2003
436:Dillon 2002
409:Fredal 2002
397:Dillon 2003
385:Dillon 2003
361:Fredal 2002
349:Dillon 2002
315:Dillon 2002
291:Dillon 2003
242:bym qbr ʼlm
176:Diogenianus
3787:Categories
3617:Polemonion
3494:Phanagoria
3464:Kimmerikon
3459:Kerkinitis
3444:Hermonassa
3434:Dioscurias
3330:Aspalathos
3277:Kalathousa
3252:Akra Leuke
3181:Phoenicusa
2966:Scylletium
2951:Poseidonia
2871:Brentesion
2758:Pamphylian
2753:Macedonian
2671:Samothrace
2656:Hephaestus
2603:Long Walls
2582:Structures
2523:Underworld
2469:Technology
2432:Literature
2366:Philosophy
2331:Euergetism
2220:By culture
2165:Thucydides
2007:Pythagoras
2002:Protagoras
1992:Parmenides
1977:Heraclitus
1962:Empedocles
1952:Democritus
1937:Anaximenes
1927:Anaxagoras
1879:Historians
1372: 595
1359: 550
1340: 800
1325: – c.
1253:Cappadocia
1058:Ionian Sea
1048:Hellespont
1013:Aegean Sea
737:0520239989
647:0415202728
517:Smith 2017
505:Simms 1997
493:Simms 1997
481:Keuls 1991
330:Simms 1997
274:Simms 1997
261:References
246:bmt n' bbt
205:Theocritus
165:(1888) by
119:Lysistrata
65:Alexandria
3703:in Epirus
3652:Trapezous
3597:Mesambria
3582:Eupatoria
3552:Apollonia
3547:Anchialos
3509:Theodosia
3479:Nymphaion
3469:Myrmekion
3439:Gorgippia
3395:Black Sea
3380:Tragurion
3365:Nymphaion
3350:Epidauros
3345:Epidamnos
3335:Apollonia
3312:Zacynthos
3234:Ptolemais
3228:Apollonia
3201:Cyrenaica
3191:Therassía
3186:Strongyle
3166:Ereikousa
3089:Leontinoi
3029:Apollonia
2906:Hipponion
2703:Mycenaean
2666:Parthenon
2598:Lion Gate
2501:Mythology
2464:Sculpture
2427:Astronomy
2361:Pederasty
2336:Festivals
2321:Education
2201:Lawgivers
2170:Timocreon
2150:Sophocles
2145:Simonides
2120:Philocles
2115:Panyassis
2110:Mimnermus
2075:Herodotus
2070:Euripides
2040:Aeschylus
1987:Leucippus
1947:Aristotle
1726:Strategos
1592:Synedrion
1546:Ostracism
1526:Areopagus
1478:Free city
1273:Macedonia
1157:Byzantion
1063:Macedonia
1028:Cyrenaica
1005:Geography
939:Geography
867:0319-485X
819:0009-8353
775:1937-5239
629:162809295
424:Goff 2004
303:Goff 2004
213:Pausanias
128:midsummer
116:, in his
57:Aphrodite
3752:Category
3730:Theatres
3657:Tripolis
3592:Kerasous
3587:Heraclea
3519:Tyritake
3474:Nikonion
3385:Thronion
3307:Salauris
3262:Emporion
3219:Berenice
3209:Balagrae
3161:Euonymos
3134:Tyndaris
3119:Syracuse
3114:Selinous
3084:Kamarina
3039:Casmenae
3024:Akrillai
2941:Neápolis
2876:Caulonia
2857:Mainland
2788:Linear B
2783:Linear A
2713:Dialects
2690:Language
2484:Religion
2442:Medicine
2376:Religion
2341:Folklore
2326:Emporium
2301:Clothing
2296:Calendar
2180:Xenophon
2175:Tyrtaeus
2160:Theognis
2135:Polybius
2130:Plutarch
2105:Menander
2085:Hipponax
2012:Socrates
1967:Epicurus
1813:Diadochi
1711:Sciritae
1671:Hetairoi
1646:Ballista
1611:Military
1574:Gerousia
1564:Ekklesia
1531:Ecclesia
1513:Athenian
1461:Politics
1374:–279 BC)
1361:–366 BC)
1342:–389 BC)
1278:Pergamon
1248:Bithynia
1241:Kingdoms
1182:Pergamon
1124:Military
1119:Politics
916:Timeline
837:(2017).
609:Arethusa
139:Phaedrus
3772:Outline
3725:Temples
3662:Zaliche
3642:Thèrmae
3632:Sesamus
3602:Odessos
3577:Cytorus
3572:Cotyora
3322:Illyria
3287:Mainake
3282:Kypsela
3171:Hycesia
3129:Thermae
3109:Segesta
3099:Messana
3054:Helorus
3034:Calacte
3014:Akragas
2976:Sybaris
2961:Rhegion
2916:Krimisa
2866:Alision
2775:Writing
2748:Locrian
2738:Epirote
2708:Homeric
2641:Artemis
2628:Temples
2569:Olympia
2539:Eleusis
2474:Theatre
2459:Pottery
2386:Warfare
2381:Slavery
2316:Economy
2311:Cuisine
2306:Coinage
2283:Society
2268:Culture
2263:Society
2211:Tyrants
2050:Alcaeus
2032:Authors
1982:Hypatia
1972:Gorgias
1909:Writers
1731:Toxotai
1701:Sarissa
1691:Peltast
1686:Phalanx
1666:Hoplite
1661:Hippeis
1584:Macedon
1556:Spartan
1541:Heliaia
1488:Proxeny
1197:Larissa
1192:Kerkyra
1187:Eretria
1177:Miletus
1172:Ephesus
1167:Corinth
1162:Chalcis
1083:Taurica
953:Periods
934:History
827:3298134
719:3250755
252:in the
207:' 15th
3808:Adonis
3762:Portal
3710:People
3698:Cities
3637:Sinope
3622:Rhizos
3612:Phasis
3562:Bathus
3557:Athina
3542:Amisos
3504:Tanais
3499:Pityus
3424:Charax
3375:Pharos
3370:Orikon
3267:Helike
3257:Alonis
3224:Cyrene
3156:Didyme
3069:Himera
3044:Catana
3006:Sicily
2996:Thurii
2991:Terina
2956:Pixous
2911:Hydrus
2886:Croton
2718:Aeolic
2636:Aphaea
2559:Dodona
2544:Delphi
2513:Temple
2189:Others
2140:Sappho
2125:Pindar
2100:Lucian
2095:Ibycus
2080:Hesiod
2017:Thales
1785:Rulers
1764:People
1741:Xyston
1736:Xiphos
1597:Koinon
1503:Tyrant
1493:Stasis
1483:Koinon
1283:Pontus
1258:Epirus
1227:Sparta
1217:Rhodes
1212:Megara
1207:Thebes
1152:Athens
1078:Pontus
1043:Epirus
1033:Cyprus
1018:Aeolis
865:
825:
817:
790:
773:
734:
717:
686:
657:Hermes
644:
627:
250:Adonai
238:Adonis
227:Byblos
223:Lucian
144:Sirius
102:Adonis
92:, and
53:Adonis
44:Ἀδώνια
35:Adonia
3720:Stoae
3688:Lists
3607:Oinòe
3530:coast
3528:South
3514:Tyras
3484:Olbia
3454:Kepoi
3407:coast
3405:North
3398:basin
3340:Aulon
3302:Rhode
3214:Barca
3104:Naxos
3059:Henna
3019:Akrai
2986:Taras
2971:Siris
2931:Medma
2926:Locri
2891:Cumae
2881:Chone
2859:Italy
2765:Koine
2743:Ionic
2733:Doric
2728:Attic
2549:Delos
2447:Music
2090:Homer
2045:Aesop
1997:Plato
1899:Poets
1569:Ephor
1521:Agora
1498:Tagus
1473:Boule
1222:Samos
1147:Argos
1053:Ionia
1038:Doris
1023:Crete
823:JSTOR
761:(4).
715:JSTOR
625:S2CID
209:Idyll
94:Skira
90:Haloa
69:Argos
39:Greek
3647:Tium
3414:Akra
3355:Issa
3049:Gela
2921:Laüs
2896:Elea
2554:Dion
2406:Arts
2396:Wine
2022:Zeno
1619:Wars
863:ISSN
815:ISSN
788:ISBN
771:ISSN
732:ISBN
684:ISBN
663:(1).
642:ISBN
108:Date
67:and
33:The
2351:Law
855:doi
763:doi
707:doi
676:doi
661:131
617:doi
3789::
1369:c.
1356:c.
1337:c.
1320:c.
861:.
851:43
849:.
845:.
821:.
811:93
809:.
805:.
769:.
759:96
757:.
753:.
713:.
703:64
701:.
682:.
659:.
623:.
613:45
611:.
416:^
337:^
322:^
281:^
88:,
41::
3230:)
3226:(
1367:(
1354:(
1335:(
1329:)
1318:(
1305:/
897:e
890:t
883:v
869:.
857::
843:"
829:.
796:.
777:.
765::
751:"
740:.
721:.
709::
692:.
678::
650:.
631:.
619::
519:.
483:.
37:(
20:.
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