Pyrgi Tablets - Knowledge

886: 714: 323: 29: 3276: 3831: 895: 723: 332: 270:. But these isolated accounts did not have any contemporaneous texts from the area to support them until these tablets were unearthed and interpreted. Schmidtz originally claimed that the language pointed more toward an eastern Mediterranean form of Phoenician rather than to Punic/Carthaginian. But he has more recently reversed this view, and he even sees the possibility that the Carthaginians are directly referred to in the text. 442:, Moabite, and Edomite); hence there was no need for it to be "deciphered". And while most of the inscription can certainly reliably be read, certain passages are philologically uncertain on account of perceived complications of syntax and the vocabulary employed in the inscription, and as such they have become the source of debate among both Semiticists and classicists. 255:(perhaps modified by a word that may mean 'great'). This suggests that Tiberius Velianas may have been a tyrant of the kind found in some Greek cities of the time. Building a temple, claiming to have been addressed by a god, and creating or strengthening his connections with foreign powers may all have been ways that he sought to solidify and legitimate his own power. 2341:

Transcription from Hildegard Temporini, Joseph Vogt, Wolfgang Haase. 1972. Aufsteig und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, vol. 2, part 25. P.201. Also, along with the original Phoenician letters, in Haarmann, Harald. 1996. Early Civilization and Literacy in Europe: An Inquiry into Cultural Continuity in

2331:

Zamora, José Á. "Pyrgi Revisited: An Analysis of the Structure and Formulae of the Phoenician Text of Pyrgi" in Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscrizioni in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta. Editors: Vincenzo Bellelli e Paolo Xella. 2015–2016. p. 77. SEL STUDI EPIGRAFICI

2364:

Lopez, Jose Angel Zamora. 2016. "Pyrgi Revisited. An Analysis into the Structure and Formulae of Pyrgi's Phoenician Text" pp. 69–79 in Le lamine di Pyrgi Nuovi studi sulle iscrizioni in etrusco ein fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta. Eds: Vincenzo Bellelli and Paolo Xella. SELSTUDI EPIGRAFICI

242:

Pallottino has claimed that the existence of this bilingual suggests an attempt by Carthage to support or impose a ruler (Tiberius Velianas) over Caere at a time when Etruscan sea power was waning and to be sure that this region, with strong cultural ties to Greek settlements to the south, stayed in

699:

This partial English translation is generally speculative, following van der Meer, except where noted. Line breaks are indicated with / with line numbers in superscript immediately following. Note that Schmitz has pointed out that "Etruscologists...dispute nearly every word in the Etruscan texts."

445:

For example, other translations of the final line, besides that cited above, include: "And I made a duplicate of the statue of the goddess <Astarte> in her temple as do the Kakkabites "; and "As for the red robe of the statues of the goddess <Astarte> in her temple, her/its red robe is

297:

in the 7th column, there is a strong likelihood that the ritual was practiced in (at least) the southern part of Etruria from at least circa 500 BC through the second century BC (depending on one's dating of the Liber Linteus). Adonis himself does not seem to be directly mentioned in any of the

2321:

243:

the Etrusco-Carthaginian confederacy. The exact nature of the rule of Tiberius Velianas has been the subject of much discussion. The Phoenician root MLK refers to sole power, often associated with a king. But the Etruscan text does not use the Etruscan word for 'king',

1008:(4–5) as "has ratified the offering of the temple." However, Steinbauer (agreeing with Rix) has challenged this assumption and, considering that it seems to be positioned at the beginning of a series of phrases within the contexts of a step-by-step instruction in the 2573:

Adiego, I-X. "The Etruscan Texts of the Pyrgi Golden Tablets: Certainties and Uncertainties." in Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta eds. Vincenzo Bellelli and Paolo Xella. Verona, 2016. p.

1043:

A minimalist 'translation' drawing only on well established meanings of Etruscan words, and not depending on the Phoenician text (which is often itself uncertain, see above, and is, in any case, not a word for word translation) has been presented by Adiego:

2445:

Philip C. Schmitz. "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi." Journal of the American Oriental Society , Oct. - Dec., 1995, Vol. 115, No. 4(Oct. - Dec., 1995), pp. 559-575, p. 569. Published by: American Oriental Society.

128:

dedicatory text. They are the oldest historical source documents from Italy, predating Roman hegemony, and are rare examples of texts in these languages. They were discovered in 1964 during a series of excavations at the site of ancient

2705:

Colonna, G. – Garbini, G. – Pallottino, M. – Vlad Borrelli, L., '"Scavi nel santuario etrusco di Pyrgi. Relazione preliminare della settima campagna, 1964, e scoperta di tre lamine d’oro inscritte in etrusco e punico”,

1036:, is clearly a plural, so would match the (putative) plural 'star-s' of the Phoenician text in this location. It also occurs in one of the supplementary texts below, as well as in the inscription in the 2940:

Circolazioni culturali nel Mediterraneo antico. Atti della VI giornata Camito-Semitica e Indoeuropea – I Convegno internazionale di Linguistica dell’area mediterranea (Sassari, 24–27 aprile 1991)

1219:

Much of the more certainly defined vocabulary (from the glossary in Pallottino, 1975, unless otherwise indicated) of the text is again, of course, religious, including references to the god

446:

like a those of the gods of the Kakkabites " (both of these from Krahmalkov's Phoenician-Punic Dictionary). Further, In Schmidtz's 2016 treatment of the text, he reinterprets the string

2528:

Koen Wylin "Pyrgi B et la rédaction de la Tabula Cortonensis" In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 84, fasc. 1, 2006. Antiquité - Oudheid. pp. 35–44; pp. 41–43. doi :

258:

Another area that the Pyrgi Tablets seem to throw light on is that Carthage was indeed involved in central Italy at this point in history. Such involvement was suggested by mentions by

526:"rule, reign." Most of the items below not covered in this list are grammatical elements, uncited claims, or reflect earlier scholarship that has now been superseded by newer studies. 180:, the third in Phoenician. The writings are important in providing both a bilingual text that allows researchers to use knowledge of Phoenician to interpret Etruscan, and evidence of 3058:

van Heems, G. (2011) “Accord sur le désaccord: quelques réflexions sur les rapports entre morphèmes casuels et adpositions en étrusque”, in M. FRUYT – M. MAZOYER – D. PARDEE (eds.),

2544:

Koen Wylin "Pyrgi B et la rédaction de la Tabula Cortonensis" In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 84, fasc. 1, 2006. Antiquité - Oudheid. pp. 35–44; p. 40. doi :

2495:

Koen Wylin "Pyrgi B et la rédaction de la Tabula Cortonensis" In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 84, fasc. 1, 2006. Antiquité - Oudheid. pp. 35–44; p. 41. doi :

2232: 2601:

Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007. pp. 171–172

2458:

Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007. pp. 171–172

2366: 283:"on the day of the burial of the divinity" refers to this rite. This claim would be further strengthened if Schmidtz's recent claim can be accepted that the Phoenician phrase 405:= "Tiberius Velianas built (it)"), because Astarte requested (this) from him, year three "3" of his reign, in the month of Krr, on the day of the burial of the divinity. 273:

The text is also important for our understanding of religion in central Italy around the year 500 BC. Specifically, it suggests that the commemoration of the death of

2945:

Maras, D. F. (2013) “Area sud: ricerche in corso sulla documentazione epigrafica (contesti, supporti, formulari, teonimi)” in M. P. BAGLIONE – M. D. GENTILI (edd.),

2312:

Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007

3051:

van Heems, G. (2015) “Idéologie et écriture: réflexions sur les mentions de titres et magistratures dans les inscriptions étrusques”, in M.-L. HAACK (éd.),

2436:

The Patterning of Root Morphemes in Semitic. 1990. In: On language: selected writings of Joseph H. Greenberg. Ed. Keith M. Denning and Suzanne Kemmer. P.379

2229:

The Archaeology of Death: Proceedings of the Seventh Conference of Italian Archaeology held at the National University of Ireland, Galway, April 16–18, 2016

2322:

EPIGRAFICI E LINGUISTICI sul Vicino Oriente antico NUOVA SERIE: Ricerche storiche e filologiche sulle culture del Vicino Oriente e del Mediterraneo antico

2365:

E LINGUISTICI sul Vicino Oriente antico NUOVA SERIE: Ricerche storiche e filologiche sulle culture del Vicino Oriente e del Mediterraneo antico 32–33.

2952:

Maras, D. F. & Wallace, R. E. (2015) “Uni and the Golden Gift of Thefarie. The 50th Anniversary of the Discovery of the Golden Tablets of Pyrgi”,

462:

Much of the well known vocabulary (from the glossary by A. Bloch, 1890, unless otherwise indicated) of the text is, of course, religious, including

3037:

Torelli, M. (2003) “’Αγαλήτορα· παῐδα. Τυρρηνοί (TLE2 802). Brevi considerazioni su una glossa etrusca”, in S. MARCHESINI& P. POCCETTI (edd.),

2233:

https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/15876/Smith_2018_ArchofDeath_EarlyWriting_VoR.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y

2332:

E LINGUISTICI sul Vicino Oriente antico NUOVA SERIE: Ricerche storiche e filologiche sulle culture del Vicino Oriente e del Mediterraneo antico

2367:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292989034_Pyrgi_Revisited_An_Analysis_into_the_Structure_and_Formulae_of_Pyrgi's_Phoenician_Text

3903: 3250: 311: 228: 885: 2480:

Ivanković, M. "A New Decipherment of the Pyrgi Tablets with Reliance on Astronomy" Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies 2022, 9: 1-10

277:

was an important rite in Central Italy at least at this time (around 500 BC), that is if, as is generally assumed, the Phoenician phrase

713: 322: 3858: 3577: 28: 3863: 3331: 2688:

Schmitz, P. 1995 "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi." Journal of the American Oriental Society 15:559-60

3113: 3376: 2167: 2972:

L'Africa romana: atti dell'11. Convegno di studio, 15-18 dicembre 1994, Cartagine, Tunisia. Sassari, Editrice Il torchietto.

3118: 3155: 2959:

Maras, D. F. (2015–2016) “Lettere e sacro. Breve storia della scrittura nel santuario etrusco di Pyrgi”, in Benelli, E

2750:

Adiego, I.-X. (2015–2016) “The Etruscan Text of Pyrgi Golden Tablets: Certainties and Uncertainties”, in Bellelli, V.

2664: 2638: 2511:

Agostiniani, L. "Sul valore semantico delle formule etrusche 'tamera zelarvenas' e 'tamera šarvenas'," in A. Catagnoti

2425: 307: 224: 2991:

Röllig, W. (1996)“Akkadisch tu’um, di’um, phönizisch tw, aramäisch twn: Versuch einer Klärung”, in E. Acquardo (ed.)

2807: 3893: 2847:

Benelli, E. (2015–2016) “Riforme della scrittura e cultura epigrafica al tempo delle lamine di Pyrgi”, in Bellelli

3530: 3868: 3491: 2891:

Alle soglie della classicità. Il Mediterraneo tra tradizione e innovazione. Studi in onore di Sabatino Moscati

2484: 2377:

For a relatively recent analysis of the inscription and summary of the various scholarly interpretations, see

418:

And (may) the years of the statue of the deity in her temple (be) years like (or "as numerous as") the stars.

3853: 3326: 3023:

Schmitz, PH. C. (2015–2016)“Sempre Pyrgi. A Retraction and Reassessment of the Phoenician Text”, in Bellelli

2967: 2759:

Scritti scelti di Luciano Agostiniani: omaggio per il suo 65mo compleanno, Tomo I, scritti etruschi, AIONLing

2799:

Belfiore, V. (2012) “Studi sul lessico ‘sacro’. Laris Pulenas, le lamine di Pyrgi e la bilingue di Pesaro”,

3413: 3321: 2917:(1926–2004). Atti del Convegno internazionale (Milano 2011), (= Alessandria V), Alessandria: 67–92 (77–78). 217: 2831:

Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscrizioni in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta

372:

this is the holy place, which was made, and which was placed (by) Tiberius Velianas, king over Kasriye (=

3888: 3481: 2413:

Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta

2301:

Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta

2284:

Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta

3878: 3476: 3402: 3245: 3873: 3443: 3423: 3284: 3265: 3230: 3002:

Schmitz, PH. C. (1995) “The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi”, JAOS 115, 559–575.

3898: 3620: 232: 2819:

Belfiore, V. (2015–2016) “Nuovi spunti di riflessione sulle lamine di Pyrgi in etrusco”, Bellelli

1715: 3640: 3148: 2938:

Kropp, M.(1994) “Versioni indipendenti o traduzione? Rilettura delle lamine d’oro di Pyrgi”, in

2778:

Amadsi Guzzo, M. G. (2015–2016) “Sull’ambientazione della lamina fenicia di Pyrgi”, in Bellelli

2243:

Pallottino, M. The Etruscans. Trans. J. Cremona. Indiana UP, Bloomington and London. 1975. p. 90

169:

text. The temple's construction is attributed to Thefarie Velianas, ruler of the nearby city of

3461: 3456: 2549: 2533: 2500: 3005:

Schmitz, PH. C.(2007) “Adonis in the Phoenician Text from Pyrgi? A New Reading of KAI 277.5”,

3883: 3466: 3371: 3301: 3164: 158: 3275: 3046:

Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text

3039:

Linguistica è storia. Sprachwissenschaft ist Geschichte. Scritti in onore di Carlo de Simone

3703: 2854:

Bloch, R (1965) "Inscriptions punique et étrusques découvertes à Pyrgi" Paris: La Société.

1367: 262:

of a treaty between Rome and Carthage at about the same time period (circa 500 BC), and by

213: 2863:

Il santuario di Pyrgi dalle origini mitistoriche agli altorilievi dei Sette e di Leucoteia

8: 3572: 3501: 3496: 2771:

Amadsi Guzzo, M. G.(2014) “Punic Scripts”, in J. A. Hackett & W. E. Aufrecht (eds.),

435: 427: 146: 121: 101: 2869:

Colonna, Giovanni (2009). "L'Apollo di Pyrgi, Śur/Śuri (il «Nero») e l'Apollo Sourios".

3615: 3566: 3185: 3141: 2209: 2184:

Schmitz, Philip C. (1995). "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi".

33:

The Pyrgi Tablets, sheets of gold with a bilingual treatise in Etruscan and Phoenician

3830: 3663: 3610: 3519: 3511: 3396: 3361: 3311: 3122: 2922:

Le bilinguisme étrusco-latin. Contribution à l'étude de la romanisation de l'Étrurie,

2910:

Egan, R. B. (2004) “Carthage, kkb, kakkabh and the kkbm at Pyrgi”, RSF 32,1, : 79–85.

2878: 2201: 2163: 1554: 431: 289:

means "at the death of (the) Handsome (one) ." Together with evidence of the rite of

177: 166: 125: 97: 2915:

Le lingue dell’Italia antica: Iscrizioni, testi e grammatica. In memoriam Helmut Rix

2804: 2426:

https://archive.org/details/phoenizischesglo00blocuoft/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater

3908: 3553: 3524: 3451: 3351: 3288: 3195: 3190: 3180: 3172: 2193: 1700:

MINI MULUVANICE MAMARCE i APUN I IE VENALA (This vessel bears the head of Apuniie)

267: 3053:

L’écriture et l’espace de la mort. Épigraphie et nécropoles à l'époque pré-romaine

2808:

http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=rasenna

3655: 3548: 3471: 3341: 3336: 3240: 3220: 439: 162: 3678: 3559: 3486: 3316: 3296: 3260: 3074:

Il verbo etrusco. Ricerca morfosintattica delle forme usate in funzione verbale

2610:

Belfiore, V. "nuovi spunti di riflessione sulle lamine di Pyrgi in etrusco" in

1716:

Lead tablet from the temple of Minerva at Castrum Novum (near Pyrgi) (CIE 6310)

134: 3012:

Schmitz, PH. C. (2013) “Phoenician and Punic Religion”, in M. SALTZMAN (ed.),

1247:"stars" (?). Other well attested words in the text include the number "three" 3847: 3773: 3635: 3537: 3418: 3215: 2882: 2764:

Amadsi Guzzo M. G. (1995) “Mondes étrusque et italique”, in V. Krings (éd.),

2467:

Schmitz, P. 1995 "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi."

2379:

Schmitz, P. 1995 "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi."

2351:

Schmitz, P. 1995 "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi."

2205: 1429: 1009: 872:

Indeed, in this sanctuary, the years are (going to be) as many as the stars.

700:

Other proposed translations are presented in a 2022 article by M. Ivanković.

294: 189: 2719:

Pallotino, M., “Scoperta e prima valutazione delle lamine inscritte”: 58–63.

2668: 2642: 2517:

Studi linguistici offerti a Gabriella Giacomelli dagli amici e dagli allievi

389:

during the month of the sacrifice to the Sun, as an offering in the temple.

3834: 3753: 3645: 3625: 3306: 3255: 3107: 2485:

https://www.athensjournals.gr/mediterranean/2022-4983-AJMS-Ivankovic-05.pdf

1235:"festival"; or they involve the calendar or elements of the natural world: 236: 2993:

Alle soglie della classicità. Il Mediterraneo tra tradizione e innovazione

1573: 3630: 3605: 3205: 2814:

La morfologia derivativa in etrusco. Formazioni di parole in -na e in -ra

2545: 2529: 2496: 1037: 490:"burial"; or they involve the calendar or elements of the natural world: 3133: 3086:

Wylin, K. (2004 ) “Un terzo pronome/aggettivo dimostrativo etrusco sa”,

2231:

edited by Edward Herring and Eóin O’Donoghue. Archaeopress, 2018, p. 31

750:) have been requested by Juno Astar(t)e...having been built at his own ( 731:

First of the two Etruscan leaves with a transcription, based on Bonfante

3587: 2913:

Eichner, H. (2011) “Anmerkungen zum Etruskischen”, in G. ROCCA (ed.),

2481: 2447: 2378: 2213: 3798: 3783: 3758: 3728: 3698: 3366: 3200: 3093:

Wylin, K. (2006) “Pyrgi B et la rédaction de la tabula Cortonensis”,

450:(translated above and commonly as "as an offering in the temple") as 263: 181: 150: 3673: 2889:

Cristofani, M. (1996) “Sulla dedica di Pyrgi”, in E. ACQUARO (ed.),

2785:

Baglione, M. P. – Colonna, G. (1997) “Appendice I”, in A. Maggiani,

740:

Ita tmia icac he/ramašva vatieχe / unial astres θemia / sa meχ θuta

3813: 3808: 3803: 3788: 3768: 3600: 3595: 3386: 3346: 3235: 2986:

Su numerus, genus e sexus. Elementi per una grammatica dell’etrusco

2424:

A. Bloch. Phoenecisches Glossar. Mayer & Mueller; Berlin. 1890.

2197: 2182:

The specific dialect has been called "Mediterranean Phoenician" by

2028:

Notes: Words also occurring in the gold Pyrgi Tablets are in bold:

1446:

These were much more damaged than the gold tablets above. Cr 4.3:

259: 205: 193: 2896:

De Simone, C. (2012) “Il teonimo Šuri: riflessioni ad alta voce”,

894: 722: 331: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3723: 3718: 3708: 3683: 3381: 3210: 2592:

Pallottino, Massimo. The Etruscans. 1975. Indiana UP. pp. 225-234

357: 200:

3,22) of an ancient and almost unintelligible treaty between the

154: 3060:

Grammatical Cases in the Languages of the Middle East and Europe

1040:, but in the latter context, this meaning does not seem to fit. 438:(specifically North Canaanite; South Canaanite dialects include 395:

wbn tw, kʻštrt ʼrš bdy, lmlky šnt šlš ///, byrḥ krr, bym qbr ʼlm

3428: 3356: 2415:

eds. Vincenzo Bellelli and Paolo Xella. Verona, 2016. pp. 33–43

2303:

eds. Vincenzo Bellelli and Paolo Xella. Verona, 2016. pp. 33–43

2286:

eds. Vincenzo Bellelli and Paolo Xella. Verona, 2016. pp. 33–43

1558: 290: 274: 209: 142: 3818: 3778: 3763: 3713: 3688: 3668: 3433: 3408: 3391: 3225: 3067:

Ziχ Rasna. A Manual of the Etruscan Language and Inscriptions

2773:

An Eye for Form. Epigraphic Essays in Honor of G. F. M. Cross

2583:

Pallottino, Massimo. The Etruscans. 1975. Indiana UP. pp. 214

2411:: A retraction and a Reassessment of the Phoenician Text" in 2299:: A retraction and a Reassessment of the Phoenician Text" in 2282:: A retraction and a Reassessment of the Phoenician Text" in 2160:

The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean

1263:. Most of the rest of the words are contested or uncertain. 679: 373: 314:

277. Following is a transcription with English translations.

185: 170: 145:(Lazio). The text records the foundation of a temple and its 138: 130: 87: 83: 69: 65: 2550:

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3000456/file/8733510.pdf

2534:

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3000456/file/8733510.pdf

2501:

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3000456/file/8733510.pdf

3793: 3693: 2766:

La civilisation phénicienne et punique. Manuel de recherche

340:

The Phoenician leaf with a transcription, based on Bonfante

201: 79: 42: 2979:

Tabula Cortonensis, lamine di Pirgi e altri testi etruschi

2856:

Bulletin de la Société nationale des antiquaires de France

2269:, eds. V. Bellelli and P. Xella, Verona, 2016. pp. 203–221 1712:

1 VEL6UR TULUMNES <P>ESNU ZINA<I>E MENE MUL /

1441: 903:

Second Etruscan leaf, with transcription based on Bonfante

824:

when three years (were) full (?) from the day of Tesiamet

3079:

Wylin, K. (2003) “Esiste una seconda lamina A di Pyrgi?”

3014:

The Cambridge History of Religions in the Classical World

982:

literally "of the years") offerings for the temple were (

3128: 2931:, la tyrannie étrusque et l’origine du licteur romain," 2623:

Smith, C. "The Pyrgi Tablets and the View From Rome" in

2265:

Smith, C. "The Pyrgi Tablets and the View from Rome" in

2252:

Smith, C. "The Pyrgi Tablets and the View From Rome" in

1709:

1 <M1NI> NULUVANIC<E L>ARIS LEOAIE<6>

2256:

eds V. Bellelli and P. Xella, Verona, 2016. pp. 203–221

2055:

Words and sequences recurring within the text include:

1574:

Inscriptions on vessels found in the sanctuary at Pyrgi

2722:

Vlad Borrelli, L., “Nota tecnica sulle lamine”: 64–65.

2227:

Smith, C. J., "Recent approaches to early writing" in

2162:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 230. 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2078: 2072: 2062: 2056: 2045: 2037: 2029: 2014: 2002: 1994: 1977: 1961: 1953: 1941: 1917: 1906: 1891: 1876: 1861: 1850: 1832: 1817: 1800: 1789: 1778: 1767: 1752: 1737: 1726: 1685: 1667: 1643: 1622: 1604: 1582: 1565: 1552: 1537: 1530: 1515: 1499: 1486: 1473: 1459: 1452: 1203: 1197: 1191: 1185: 1179: 1174: 1168: 1162: 1156: 1141: 1135: 1129: 1123: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1099: 1093: 1087: 1081: 1075: 1069: 1063: 1057: 1051: 1031: 1025: 1019: 1013: 1003: 989: 983: 977: 967: 959: 945: 937: 931: 925: 919: 909: 864: 855: 849: 840: 828: 816: 804: 784: 760: 751: 738: 409: 393: 380: 364: 347: 284: 278: 250: 244: 2787:

Vasi attici figurati con dediche a divinità etrusche,

772:) (it) as an offering(?), (or "according to her own ( 366:ʼšr qdš ʼz, ʼš pʻl, wʼš ytn tbryʼ wlnš, mlk ʻl kyšryʼ 120:) are three golden plates inscribed with a bilingual 3114:

Photograph, transliteration, and partial translation

2794:

Il Liber Linteus di Zagabria. Testualità e contenuto

2865:. Roma; Università degli studi di Roma La Sapienza. 2801:

Rasenna: Journal of the Center for Etruscan Studies

3055:, Roma: Publications de l’École française de Rome. 2905:L'inscription punique récemment découverte à Pyrgi 2627:eds V. Bellelli and P. Xella, Verona, 2016. p. 206 2614:eds V. Bellelli and P. Xella, Verona, 2016. p. 125 1658:(div?) fragment of a vase, or vessel IV REE 56 n31 561:, statue (But analyzed by some as the preposition 2805:http://scholarworks.umass.edu/rasenna/vol3/iss1/3 454:to mean "at the death of (the) Handsome (one) ." 3845: 3119:Tavola di Cortona e Lamine di Pyrgi - traduzione 2968:Gli Etruschi e Cartagine: i documenti epigrafici 2728:Pallotino, M., “Le iscrizioni etrusche”: 76–104. 1030:) simply means "then." The second to last word, 249:, instead presenting the term for 'magistrate', 2731:Pallotino, M., “Conclusioni storiche”: 104–117. 1436: 1259:"be," and the well known term for "magistrate" 266:'s accounts of Carthaginian involvement in the 970:v/acal tmial a/vilχval amuc/e pulumχv/a snuiaφ 3149: 2768:, Leiden / New York / Köln: 663–673 (671–673) 912:nac θefarie vel/iiunas θamuce / cleva etanal/ 842:nac atranes zila / cal sel eita la acnašv/ers 3251:Arruns Tarquinius (son of Tarquin the Proud) 1561:, Uni Chia, Tina Atalena Sea, Tina Thvariena 2842:Le iscrizioni etrusche. Leggerle e capirle, 3156: 3142: 3018:From the Bronze Age to the Hellenistic Era 2775:, Winona Lake, Indiana, 314–333 (320–322). 2725:Garbini, G., “L’iscrizione punica”: 66–76. 2218:Full bibliography of Pyrgi and the tablets 762:θefa/riei velianas sal / cluvenias turu/ce 27: 3163: 2716:Colonna, G., “I dati dello scavo”: 50–57. 997: 812:during the feast (of the month) of Tuler 792:(as) custodian(?) of the place(?) of the 3110:A searchable database of Etruscan texts. 2700: 2662:Source for the Pyrgi inscriptions : 2636:Source for the Pyrgi inscriptions : 2469:Journal of the American Oriental Society 2381:Journal of the American Oriental Society 2353:Journal of the American Oriental Society 2186:Journal of the American Oriental Society 1397: 1092:, that from the chamber (?) in the day- 457: 176:Two of the tablets are inscribed in the 3095:Revue belge de Philologie et d’Histoire 2868: 2183: 1442:Inscription on a bronze tablet at Pyrgi 1375:, Etruscan mother goddess of fertility 854:of the magistrate (was??) (the) great 506:"sun" (in this context, also a deity), 421: 3846: 2546:https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2006.5004 2530:https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2006.5004 2497:https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2006.5004 1214: 866:Itanim heram/ve avil eniaca pul/umχva 3137: 1062:, which were ...-ed from the part of 231:277. The tablets are now held at the 2829:, V. and P. Xella (eds) (2015–2016) 2157: 430:text has long been known to be in a 411:wšnt lmʼš ʼlm bbty šnt km h kkb m ʼl 3904:Archaeological discoveries in Italy 2745:Bilingualism and the Latin Language 2737: 2482:https://doi.org/10.30958/ajms.X-Y-Z 2448:https://www.jstor.org/stable/604727 1633:(div) patera, or plate V REE 40 n54 836:on the feast of (the month) Alsasa 818:nac ci avi/l χar var tesiamet / ale 565:"during" plus the relative pronoun 13: 2997:Studi in onore di Sabatino Moscati 2803:3/1, art. 3: 1–20. UMass Amherst. 2044:"sacrifice/libation" , or "then"; 1706:1 MINE MULVANICE KARCUNA TULUMNES 1678:(div)patera, or plate V REE 64 n36 1310:, Phoenician goddess of fertility, 1134:, and this(?)/thus...-ed the year 930:("altar(s)"? or "desiderata"?) of 918:When Tiberius Velianas had built ( 746:This temple and sacred buildings ( 301: 14: 3920: 3101: 2564:, St. Katherine, 1999. pp. 86–87 1703:1 MINI MULUVECE AVILE V1PI1ENNAS 3829: 3578:English words of Etruscan origin 3452:Battle of Alalia (540 BC–535 BC) 3274: 1615:(div) patera, or plate V TLE 877 1251:, and some common verbs such as 958:) an offering during the month ( 893: 884: 768:Tiberius Velianas ...has given ( 721: 712: 694: 330: 321: 298:extant language of either text. 3859:1964 archaeological discoveries 3531:Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum 3332:Etruscan names for Greek heroes 3032:Neues Handbuch des Etruskischen 2682: 2656: 2630: 2617: 2604: 2595: 2586: 2577: 2567: 2562:Neues Handbuch des Etruskischen 2554: 2538: 2522: 2505: 2489: 2474: 2461: 2452: 2439: 2430: 2418: 2401: 2388: 2371: 2358: 2345: 2335: 2325: 2315: 1670:mi : s'uris : cavaθas 1551:Deities mentioned here include 875: 3864:Collection of the Villa Giulia 3492:Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC) 3467:Battle of the Cremera (477 BC) 2963:(= SEL 32–33), Verona: 89–101. 2893:, III, Pisa / Roma: 1117–1126. 2342:the Mediterranean World. P.355 2306: 2289: 2272: 2259: 2246: 2237: 2221: 2176: 2151: 1955:. unue . hau . eizurva . t[... 1696:(div)Greek kylix, V REE 56 n24 1231:"offering, libation (?)," and 703: 642:] ] he-gives / Hebrew: yittēn 510:"stars." Common verbs include 1: 2695: 157:, who is identified with the 114: 52: 3497:Battle of Populonia (282 BC) 3322:Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum 2999:, vol. III, Roma: 1203–1207. 2903:Dupont-Sommer, Andre (1964) 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2079: 2073: 2063: 2057: 2046: 2038: 2030: 2015: 2003: 1995: 1978: 1962: 1954: 1942: 1918: 1907: 1892: 1877: 1862: 1851: 1833: 1818: 1801: 1790: 1779: 1768: 1753: 1738: 1727: 1686: 1668: 1644: 1623: 1605: 1583: 1566: 1553: 1538: 1532:hutilatina e:tiasas: a:calia 1531: 1516: 1500: 1487: 1474: 1460: 1453: 1437:Supplementary Etruscan Texts 1204: 1198: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1175: 1169: 1163: 1157: 1142: 1136: 1130: 1124: 1118: 1112: 1106: 1100: 1094: 1088: 1082: 1076: 1070: 1064: 1058: 1052: 1032: 1026: 1020: 1014: 1004: 990: 988:) (to be like the) eternal ( 984: 978: 968: 960: 946: 938: 932: 926: 920: 910: 865: 856: 850: 841: 829: 817: 805: 785: 761: 752: 739: 410: 394: 381: 365: 348: 285: 279: 251: 245: 218:Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus 7: 3482:Capture of Fidenae (435 BC) 2907:Paris: Imprimerie nationale 2396:Phoenician-Punic Dictionary 1967:. hecia ("to do, place") . 1597:n32, fragment of a vase, VI 529:Nouns in the text include: 401:And he built a chamber (or 10: 3925: 3487:Battle of Veii (c. 396 BC) 3477:Battle of Fidenae (437 BC) 3403:Sarcophagus of the Spouses 3246:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 3108:The Etruscan Texts Project 3034:, St. Katharinen: 196–209. 2398:Leuven, 2000. pp. 230, 475 1996:iama . imnuta : h[... 796:(or "the funeral chamber" 636:, to make, to do , :: 3827: 3654: 3586: 3510: 3442: 3424:Tomb of the Roaring Lions 3283: 3272: 3266:Titus Vestricius Spurinna 3231:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 3171: 3130:Wikisource: Pyrgi Tablets 3044:van der Meer, B. ( 2007) 2924:Louvain / Paris: 136–148. 2105:(demonstrative pronoun); 1780:...] . nuna ("offering") 1324:⟨avilχva-l⟩ 948:masan tiur / unias šelace 786:munistas θuvas/ tameresca 188:influence in the Western 93: 75: 59: 48: 38: 26: 21: 3621:National Etruscan Museum 3472:Battle of Cumae (474 BC) 3121:(Italian translation by 2974:V. 3, p. 1657–1674. 2927:Hadas-Lebel, J. (2017) " 2754:, Verona : 135–156. 2519:. Padova, 1997. pp. 1–18 2144: 1301: 1289:⟨tur-uc-e⟩ 1266: 1155:When Thefarie Veliiunas 665:, to build he built], 628:, to build he built], 624:, to build he built], 233:National Etruscan Museum 208:, which he dated to the 3894:Phoenician inscriptions 3641:Tumulus of Montefortini 2920:Hadas-Label, J. (2004) 2407:Schmidtz, Philip Ch. " 2295:Schmidtz, Philip Ch. " 2278:Schmidtz, Philip Ch. " 2158:Doak, Brian R. (2019). 1326:'of the years, yearly') 1196:-s of the years of the 470:the goddess "Astarte," 308:Phoenician inscriptions 225:Phoenician inscriptions 3462:Siege of Rome (508 BC) 3457:Siege of Rome (509 BC) 3065:Wallace, R. E. (2008) 3041:, Pisa: 171–177 (173). 3030:Steinbauer, D. (1999) 2984:Rigobianco, L. (2013) 2757:Agostiniani, L. (2007) 2064:a emei ca . z/suu/ina 1863:...]us . -u--helucu . 1358:⟨tmia-l⟩ 1065:Uni, Thefarie Velianas 632:, to rule, to reign , 616:, to rule, to reign , 434:, more specifically a 382:yrḥ zbḥ šmš, bmtnʼ bbt 3869:Etruscan inscriptions 3372:Monterozzi necropolis 3165:Etruscan civilization 3020:, Cambridge: 205–233. 2947:Riflessioni su Pyrgi, 2816:, Pisa/Roma: 105–106. 2747:, Cambridge: 202–206. 2701:First printed edition 2665:"Iscrizioni Etrusche" 2639:"Iscrizioni Etrusche" 2192:(4). JSTOR: 559–575. 1432:, col 6, lines 1,2,4) 1422:, when, during, while 1398:Other parts of speech 1297:, to build, establish 661:, in, at, with, on , 649:, which, who, that , 458:Phoenician vocabulary 192:. They may relate to 3854:6th-century BC texts 3704:Civita di Bagnoregio 3377:Mythological figures 2988:, Roma : 54–56. 2942:, Cagliari: 189–196. 2851:Verona : 81–88. 2812:Belfiore, V. (2014) 2792:Belfiore, V. (2011) 2743:Adams, J. N. (2003) 2020:arsurve clesvare[... 1971:. apa ("father")[... 1852:...]umnlemenatina . 1688:]cavaθas 2]a emini[ 1223:"Juno," nouns like 998:Translation variants 533:, "house, temple" , 422:Translation variants 214:Lucius Junius Brutus 3573:Tyrsenian languages 3502:Roman-Etruscan Wars 3414:Terracotta warriors 3090:70, : 213–225. 3062:, Chicago: 399–416. 3048:, Louvain / Dudley. 2956:17, Winter: 1,4,20. 2861:Colonna, G. (2000) 2840:Benelli, E. (2007) 2782:Verona : 5–19. 1769:...]ipas . inver . 1316:, reign, rulership? 1215:Etruscan vocabulary 1098:, when three years 1074:, gave to her, the 1018:(with its variants 3889:Multilingual texts 3616:Monteleone Chariot 3567:Tabula Cortonensis 3347:Haruspex/Extispicy 3186:Villanovan culture 3083:328, : 61–65. 3025:Le lamine di Pyrgi 2977:Pittau, M. (2000) 2966:Pittau, M (1996) " 2961:Le lamine di Pyrgi 2849:Le lamine di Pyrgi 2821:Le lamine di Pyrgi 2780:Le lamine di Pyrgi 2752:Le lamine di Pyrgi 2710:16, 1964: 49–117. 2625:Le Lamine di Pyrgi 2612:Le Lamine di Pyrgi 2394:Krahmalkov, C. R. 2267:Le Lamine di Pyrgi 2254:Le Lamine di Pyrgi 2117:("to do, offer"); 2006:a emeican . suinia 1827:. sac ("holy")[... 1745:a emei ca . zuuna 1005:šelace vacal tmial 436:Canaanite language 356:For the Lady, for 3879:Etruscan language 3841: 3840: 3611:Impasto (pottery) 3362:Liver of Piacenza 3312:Chimera of Arezzo 3123:Giovanni Semerano 3072:Wylin, K. (2000) 2929:Thefarie Velianas 2169:978-0-19-049934-1 1893:...]aei . tesa . 1381:, votive offering 1113:tešiam(a)- alsaš- 1002:Wylin translates 806:ilacve / tulerase 482:"temple, house," 178:Etruscan language 107: 106: 16:Etruscan artifact 3916: 3874:KAI inscriptions 3833: 3554:Lemnian language 3525:Cippus Perusinus 3444:Military history 3278: 3196:Founding of Rome 3191:Padanian Etruria 3158: 3151: 3144: 3135: 3134: 3027:, Verona: 33–43. 2886: 2844:Ancona: 265–266. 2823:Verona: 103–134. 2738:Other references 2689: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2676: 2667:. Archived from 2660: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2650: 2641:. Archived from 2634: 2628: 2621: 2615: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2558: 2552: 2542: 2536: 2526: 2520: 2509: 2503: 2493: 2487: 2478: 2472: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2405: 2399: 2392: 2386: 2375: 2369: 2362: 2356: 2349: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2304: 2293: 2287: 2276: 2270: 2263: 2257: 2250: 2244: 2241: 2235: 2225: 2219: 2217: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2155: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2082: 2076: 2066: 2060: 2051: 2043: 2035: 2022: 2010: 1998: 1984: 1973: 1957: 1949: 1927: 1914: 1903: 1888: 1873: 1858: 1847: 1829: 1808: 1797: 1786: 1775: 1764: 1749: 1734: 1691: 1673: 1652: 1628: 1610: 1591: 1569: 1563: 1545: 1534: 1527: 1503: 1501:...]arrailap[... 1496: 1483: 1470: 1456: 1360:'of the temple') 1359: 1325: 1290: 1275:, to bring forth 1207: 1201: 1195: 1189: 1183: 1178: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1145: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1109: 1103: 1097: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1035: 1029: 1023: 1017: 1012:, proposed that 1007: 993: 987: 981: 973: 963: 951: 941: 935: 929: 923: 915: 897: 888: 868: 859: 853: 844: 832: 820: 808: 788: 764: 755: 742: 725: 716: 657:, over, above , 413: 397: 384: 368: 351: 334: 325: 288: 282: 268:Battle of Alalia 254: 248: 161:supreme goddess 135:Tyrrhenian coast 119: 116: 76:Present location 54: 31: 19: 18: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3899:Votive offering 3844: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3823: 3650: 3582: 3549:Raetic language 3506: 3438: 3342:Fanum Voltumnae 3337:Tiburtine Sibyl 3327:Etruscan League 3279: 3270: 3241:Servius Tullius 3221:Caelius Vibenna 3167: 3162: 3104: 3069:, Ann Arbor: 8. 2858:, 1965-01, p.41 2740: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2674: 2672: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2648: 2646: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2618: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2572: 2568: 2560:Steinbauer, D. 2559: 2555: 2543: 2539: 2527: 2523: 2510: 2506: 2494: 2490: 2479: 2475: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2406: 2402: 2393: 2389: 2376: 2372: 2363: 2359: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2326: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2294: 2290: 2277: 2273: 2264: 2260: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2226: 2222: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2132:icec-in, icana- 1908:...]ur . tna . 1802:...]ur . tna . 1791:...]e . hual . 1762:. rapa . um[... 1718: 1576: 1489:tintalenas seas 1478:var θvarie χia 1444: 1439: 1400: 1357: 1323: 1304: 1288: 1269: 1239:"month, moon," 1217: 1000: 907: 906: 905: 904: 900: 899: 898: 890: 889: 878: 830:ilacve alšase / 735: 734: 733: 732: 728: 727: 726: 718: 717: 706: 697: 669:, for, since , 460: 424: 344: 343: 342: 341: 337: 336: 335: 327: 326: 304: 302:Phoenician text 117: 64: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3922: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3839: 3838: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3592: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3563: 3560:Tabula Capuana 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3534: 3527: 3522: 3516: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3448: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3297:Apollo of Veii 3293: 3291: 3281: 3280: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3268: 3263: 3261:Lars Tolumnius 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3177: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3161: 3160: 3153: 3146: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3116: 3111: 3103: 3102:External links 3100: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3084: 3077: 3070: 3063: 3056: 3049: 3042: 3035: 3028: 3021: 3010: 3003: 3000: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2964: 2957: 2950: 2949:Roma: 195–206. 2943: 2936: 2935:95, pp. 25-43. 2925: 2918: 2911: 2908: 2901: 2894: 2887: 2873:(in Italian). 2871:Studi Etruschi 2866: 2859: 2852: 2845: 2838: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2797: 2790: 2783: 2776: 2769: 2762: 2755: 2748: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2681: 2655: 2629: 2616: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2576: 2566: 2553: 2537: 2521: 2504: 2488: 2473: 2460: 2451: 2438: 2429: 2417: 2400: 2387: 2370: 2357: 2344: 2334: 2324: 2314: 2305: 2288: 2271: 2258: 2245: 2236: 2220: 2198:10.2307/604727 2175: 2168: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2135: ? (< 2026: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2011: 1999: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1974: 1958: 1950: 1947:civeis . m[... 1932: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1915: 1904: 1889: 1874: 1859: 1848: 1830: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1798: 1787: 1776: 1765: 1750: 1735: 1717: 1714: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1575: 1572: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1535: 1528: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1497: 1492:tinas θvariena 1484: 1471: 1457: 1454:atalens tin[-- 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1388: 1382: 1376: 1370: 1361: 1351: 1345: 1339: 1333: 1327: 1317: 1311: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1292: 1282: 1276: 1268: 1265: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1116:, when of the 1095:ilacv tuleras- 999: 996: 954:he dedicated ( 902: 901: 892: 891: 883: 882: 881: 880: 879: 877: 874: 730: 729: 720: 719: 711: 710: 709: 708: 707: 705: 702: 696: 693: 640:, to give -ntn 459: 456: 423: 420: 339: 338: 329: 328: 320: 319: 318: 317: 316: 303: 300: 105: 104: 95: 91: 90: 77: 73: 72: 61: 57: 56: 50: 46: 45: 40: 36: 35: 32: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3921: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3774:San Giovenale 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3636:Tomb of Orcus 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3544:Pyrgi Tablets 3542: 3540: 3539: 3538:Liber Linteus 3535: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3419:Titus Larcius 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3216:Aulus Vibenna 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3088:Studi Etrusci 3085: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3007:Etruscan News 3004: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2954:Etruscan News 2951: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2837:32–33; Verona 2836: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2796:, Pisa / Roma 2795: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2685: 2671:on 2010-09-23 2670: 2666: 2659: 2645:on 2010-09-23 2644: 2640: 2633: 2626: 2620: 2613: 2607: 2598: 2589: 2580: 2570: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2531: 2525: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2477: 2470: 2464: 2455: 2449: 2442: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2397: 2391: 2384: 2382: 2374: 2368: 2361: 2354: 2348: 2338: 2328: 2318: 2309: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2268: 2262: 2255: 2249: 2240: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2171: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2099:"beautiful"; 2097: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2042: 2041: 2034: 2033: 2021: 2019: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2000: 1997: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1959: 1956: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1807: 1805: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1695: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1571: 1568: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1544: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1296: 1293: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1206: 1200: 1194: 1188: 1182: 1177: 1171: 1165: 1159: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1144: 1138: 1132: 1131:sele acnavers 1126: 1120: 1114: 1108: 1104:. In the day- 1102: 1096: 1090: 1086:), to/of the 1084: 1078: 1072: 1068:, ...ing the 1066: 1060: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1022: 1016: 1011: 1010:Liber Linteus 1006: 995: 992: 986: 980: 974: 972: 971: 965: 962: 957: 952: 950: 949: 943: 940: 934: 928: 922: 916: 914: 913: 896: 887: 873: 870: 869: 867: 861: 858: 852: 846: 845: 843: 837: 834: 833: 831: 825: 822: 821: 819: 813: 810: 809: 807: 801: 799: 795: 790: 789: 787: 781: 779: 775: 771: 766: 765: 763: 757: 754: 749: 744: 743: 741: 724: 715: 701: 695:Etruscan text 692: 690: 686: 682: 681: 676: 673:, like, as , 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 643: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 593:, aedicula , 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 557:, Caerites , 556: 553:, Churvar , 552: 548: 544: 541:, divinity , 540: 536: 532: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 486:"sacrifice," 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 455: 453: 449: 443: 441: 437: 433: 429: 419: 416: 415: 412: 406: 404: 399: 398: 396: 390: 387: 386: 383: 377: 375: 370: 369: 367: 361: 359: 354: 353: 350: 333: 324: 315: 313: 310:are known as 309: 299: 296: 295:Liber Linteus 292: 287: 281: 276: 271: 269: 265: 261: 256: 253: 247: 240: 238: 234: 230: 227:are known as 226: 221: 219: 215: 211: 207: 206:Carthaginians 203: 199: 195: 191: 190:Mediterranean 187: 183: 179: 174: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 127: 123: 118: 500 BC 112: 111:Pyrgi Tablets 103: 99: 96: 92: 89: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: 67: 62: 58: 51: 47: 44: 41: 37: 30: 25: 22:Pyrgi Tablets 20: 3884:Gold objects 3754:Poggio Colla 3646:Vicus Tuscus 3626:Negau helmet 3565: 3558: 3543: 3536: 3529: 3401: 3302:Architecture 3256:Lars Porsena 3094: 3087: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3059: 3052: 3045: 3038: 3031: 3024: 3017: 3013: 3006: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2978: 2971: 2960: 2953: 2946: 2939: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2914: 2904: 2898:Mediterranea 2897: 2890: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2855: 2848: 2841: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2813: 2800: 2793: 2789:Roma: 85–98. 2786: 2779: 2772: 2765: 2761:25 ), Napoli 2758: 2751: 2744: 2707: 2704: 2684: 2673:. Retrieved 2669:the original 2658: 2647:. Retrieved 2643:the original 2632: 2624: 2619: 2611: 2606: 2597: 2588: 2579: 2569: 2561: 2556: 2540: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2491: 2476: 2468: 2463: 2454: 2441: 2432: 2420: 2412: 2409:Sempre Pyrgi 2408: 2403: 2395: 2390: 2380: 2373: 2360: 2352: 2347: 2337: 2327: 2317: 2308: 2300: 2297:Sempre Pyrgi 2296: 2291: 2283: 2280:Sempre Pyrgi 2279: 2274: 2266: 2261: 2253: 2248: 2239: 2228: 2223: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2159: 2153: 2084: 2083:"offering" ( 2077:"to offer"; 2068: 2054: 2047: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2017: 2005: 1980: 1968: 1964: 1944: 1933: 1923: 1920: 1909: 1898: 1894: 1883: 1879: 1878:...]tsice . 1868: 1864: 1853: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1824: 1820: 1803: 1792: 1781: 1770: 1759: 1755: 1744: 1740: 1729: 1719: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1687: 1669: 1648: 1645: 1624: 1606: 1587: 1584: 1550: 1540: 1539:θanaχ:vilus 1522: 1518: 1508: 1491: 1488: 1479: 1475: 1466: 1462: 1445: 1428:, as many? ( 1425: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1403: 1390: 1387:, Velianas . 1384: 1378: 1372: 1363: 1353: 1347: 1341: 1335: 1329: 1319: 1313: 1307: 1294: 1291:'has given') 1284: 1278: 1272: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1218: 1170:etenal masan 1122:-magistracy 1080:(or: to his 1042: 1001: 976:The yearly ( 975: 969: 966: 964:) of Juno. 955: 953: 947: 944: 936:(epithet of 917: 911: 908: 876:Second plate 871: 863: 862: 847: 839: 838: 835: 827: 826: 823: 815: 814: 811: 803: 802: 797: 793: 791: 783: 782: 777: 773: 769: 767: 759: 758: 747: 745: 737: 736: 698: 688: 684: 678: 677:, to, for , 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 644: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620:, to raise, 617: 613: 611: 609:, sacrifice 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 549:, Astarte , 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 528: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 478:"divinity," 475: 471: 467: 463: 461: 451: 447: 444: 425: 417: 408: 407: 402: 400: 392: 391: 388: 379: 378: 371: 363: 362: 355: 346: 345: 305: 272: 257: 241: 237:Villa Giulia 222: 197: 175: 110: 108: 3631:Portonaccio 3606:Etruscology 3206:Tyrrhenians 3097:84,: 35–44. 3016:, vol. 1., 2900:9: 107–132. 2877:: 101–134. 2129:"girl"??); 2087:?) "some" ( 2036:"star(s)?; 2016:tas . ne . 1739:...]inia . 1525:(χ?)iaθi ha 1517:eta : 1480:uneial χias 1287:, to give ( 1255:"give" and 1243:"year(s)," 1038:Golini Tomb 756:) cost(?), 704:First plate 605:, month , 518:"placed," 502:"year(s)," 349:lrbt lʻštrt 280:bym qbr ʼlm 210:consulships 196:'s report ( 3848:Categories 3664:Acquarossa 3588:Archeology 2981:, Sassari. 2696:References 2675:2012-02-26 2649:2012-02-26 2383:15:559–575 2114:ac-ni/-asa 2058:lan(u)mite 1871:. luru[... 1393:magistrate 1356:, temple ( 1227:"temple," 1173:the month 1167:-offering 994:?) stars. 979:avil-χva-l 798:tameres-ca 776:) wishes ( 748:herama-šva 687:, three , 589:, year , 581:, lady , 577:, burial, 569:"which"), 537:, star , 452:bmt n' bbt 428:Phoenician 286:bmt n' bbt 220:(509 BC). 182:Phoenician 151:Phoenician 147:dedication 122:Phoenician 102:Phoenician 60:Discovered 3799:Vetulonia 3784:Tarquinia 3759:Populonia 3729:Fescennia 3699:Cerveteri 3656:Key sites 3367:Mezentius 3201:Tyrrhenus 2883:0391-7762 2471:15:559–60 2206:0003-0279 2141:"as"??). 2096:mlaka/cia 2071:"this"); 2067: ? ( 2061: ?; 2004:. rinv . 1979:esunamul 1919:...]pa . 1782:nun . ena 1649:cvestarte 1646:starte/s/ 1245:pulum-χva 1161:...-ed a 1089:muni θuva 1083:cluvenia- 1077:cluvenia- 1033:pulum-χva 857:acnasvers 848:when the 778:cluvenias 653:, this , 573:, gift , 545:, place, 522:"built," 498:"month," 448:bmtnʼ bbt 264:Herodotus 133:, on the 3814:Volterra 3809:Volsinii 3804:Vie Cave 3789:Tuscania 3769:Rusellae 3601:Cuniculi 3596:Bucchero 3520:Alphabet 3512:Language 3397:Religion 3387:Poppilia 3236:Tanaquil 3009:: 9, 13. 2827:Bellelli 2515:(ed.s), 2052:"when." 2008:. ip[... 1934:Side 2: 1880:lanumite 1845:. iu[... 1758:. ezi . 1747:. za[... 1720:Side 1: 1567:Spuriaze 1521::e:tras 1463:spuriaes 1426:śnuiu-aφ 1410:and this 1406:, this; 1385:velianas 1368:Tiberius 1364:θefariei 1338:, people 1332:, month 1322:, year ( 1071:meχ θuta 1056:and the 683:, holy, 601:, day , 585:, sun , 514:"made," 474:"holy," 466:"Lady," 374:Caerites 260:Polybius 239:, Rome. 204:and the 194:Polybius 167:Etruscan 159:Etruscan 153:goddess 126:Etruscan 98:Etruscan 94:Language 39:Material 3909:Astarte 3749:Perusia 3744:Orvieto 3739:Norchia 3734:Fidenae 3724:Falerii 3719:Etruria 3709:Clusium 3684:Bologna 3679:Baratti 3382:Persius 3352:Jewelry 3289:society 3285:Culture 3211:Tarchon 3181:Origins 3173:History 2513:et alia 2355:15:562. 2126:talitha 2108:am-e/-a 2080:nun ena 2040:vaci/al 2032:pulun/m 1806:. c[... 1793:nun ena 1784:. t[... 1730:lanmite 1728:MMMCCC 1543:r:naial 1509:Cr 4.2 1476:u]neial 1467:spuiaze 1465:. tera 1416:, three 1350:, month 1281:, to be 1273:acna(s) 1184:...-ed 1128:, that 956:šela-ce 921:θamu-ce 851:atranes 691:, and 645:Other: 612:Verbs: 597:, hand 555:kyšryʼ 494:"day," 432:Semitic 358:Astarte 293:in the 165:in the 155:Astarte 149:to the 113:(dated 49:Created 3835:Portal 3674:Aleria 3429:Vegoia 3357:Lausus 3076:, Roma 2881: 2875:LXXIII 2708:ArchCl 2214:604727 2212: 2204: 2166: 2123:(< 2111:"be"; 2074:mul-v- 1965:mlacia 1963:nva . 1943:ite . 1856:un[... 1773:en[... 1756:icecin 1564:, and 1559:Thesan 1344:, star 1330:xurvar 1261:zilac- 1233:ilucve 1205:sniuaφ 1137:eniaca 1125:atrane 1101:χurvar 1059:herama 991:snuiaφ 985:amu-ce 924:) the 770:tur-ce 547:ʻštrt 440:Hebrew 403:-bn TW 291:Adonai 275:Adonis 246:lauχum 202:Romans 143:Latium 55:500 BC 3819:Vulci 3779:Spina 3764:Pyrgi 3714:Cumae 3689:Caere 3669:Adria 3434:Vulca 3409:Tages 3392:Raeti 3317:Coins 3226:Capys 2210:JSTOR 2145:Notes 2120:talte 2001:...] 1969:iperi 1952:...] 1921:mlaka 1910:vacil 1897:ce . 1884:icana 1865:acasa 1843:talte 1836:talte 1823:za . 1821:pulun 1804:vacil 1760:ipunu 1625:unial 1607:unial 1555:Catha 1519:θesan 1494:s eur 1408:ica-c 1391:zilac 1379:vacal 1342:pulum 1314:atran 1308:astre 1302:Nouns 1267:Verbs 1253:turu- 1229:vacal 1202:were 1199:tmia- 1193:pulum 1187:vacal 1181:sela- 1176:unias 1164:cleva 1158:θamu- 1143:pulum 1119:zilaχ 1107:ilacv 1053:tmia- 1050:This 1021:vacil 1015:vacal 927:cleva 794:cella 571:mtnʼ' 559:lmʼš 468:ʻštrt 252:zilac 198:Hist. 186:Punic 171:Caere 139:Italy 131:Pyrgi 88:Italy 84:Lazio 70:Italy 66:Lazio 3794:Veii 3694:Ceri 3287:and 2879:ISSN 2202:ISSN 2164:ISBN 2102:te-i 2093:?); 2013:...] 1993:...] 1976:...] 1960:...] 1945:icec 1940:...] 1912:. c[ 1901:[... 1899:mulv 1886:[... 1840:acni 1834:...] 1825:ipal 1819:...] 1771:mulv 1754:a . 1585:tmia 1541:caθa 1523:u:ni 1354:tmia 1348:tiur 1320:avil 1241:avil 1237:tiur 1225:tmia 1190:the 1140:the 1110:the 1027:vacl 1024:and 961:tiur 933:Etan 551:krr 543:ʼšr 539:ʼlm 535:kkb 531:bt' 464:rb-t 426:The 376:?), 306:The 223:The 216:and 109:The 100:and 80:Rome 63:1964 43:Gold 3307:Art 3081:PdP 2970:". 2933:REL 2835:SEL 2574:155 2194:doi 2190:115 2090:ena 2085:nun 2048:nac 2018:nac 1981:ame 1924:ama 1895:nac 1869:tei 1741:tei 1732:. 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