432:
30:
63:
83:
504:
249:
452:
factor was the increased power of the central government of
Grisons, which used German as its administrative language. Some people even welcomed the disappearance of Romansh, in particular among progressives. In their eyes, Romansh was an obstacle to the economic and intellectual development of the Romansh people.
588:
A renewed effort to introduce course material in
Rumantsch Grischun for primary education was started in 2006. A cantonal law of 2006 aims to preserve the trilingual (Romansh, Italian, German) character of Grisons. It prescribes that primary schools, public signage and correspondence by the municipal
376:
took the occasion to issue a document of protection declaring Tello's successors his vassals. From the 770s onwards, Charlemagne appointed the bishops of Chur himself, increasing
Frankish control over the territory. Upon the death of Bishop Remedius in 806/7 he legislated a division between episcopal
451:
The language border with German, which had mostly been stable since the 16th century, now began moving again as more and more villages shifted to German. One cause was the admission of
Grisons as a Swiss canton, which brought Romansh-speakers into more frequent contact with German-speakers. Another
443:
When
Grisons became part of Switzerland in 1803, it had a population of roughly 73,000, of whom around 36,600 were Romansh speakers—many of them monolingual—living mostly within the Romansh-speaking valleys. The number of Romansh speakers has remained roughly constant since that time (while, in the
482:
was founded to serve as an umbrella organization for the various regional language societies. In 1937, the Swiss government proposed the recognition of the
Romansh language as Switzerland's fourth national language (alongside German, French and Italian). The political background for this was the
455:
Around 1880, the entire
Romansh-speaking area still formed a single continuous geographical unit. But by the end of the century, the so-called "Central-Grisons language bridge" began to disappear. Rumantschia lost its contiguity in the early 20th century, with the weakening of
592:
In cases where the population speaking the historically predominant language numbers between 20% and 40%, municipal authorities are obliged to offer official communication and primary education in this language alongside the majority language.
533:
was an attempt launched in the 1980s to introduce an artificial standard version of
Rumantsch; but acceptance of this standard has been limited. There are instead five written dialects, each with its own orthography:
896:
deinde Raetia Prima et Raetia
Secunda, necnon Raetia Alpestria et Raetia Plana vel Campestris, vel Raetia Cana seu Grisaea et Raetia Nova, mox Raetia Superior et Raetia Inferior: atque Alemannia denique et Raetia
495:
as ethnically
Italian territory. In a popular vote on 20 February 1938, a majority of 91.6% voted for the recognition of Romansh as an official language for use within the canton of Grisons.
522:
prompted a reawakening of "the long-dormant Romansh national movement". Elements within this movement advocated an ultimate transfer of sovereignty from the Swiss Confederation to a future
240:
As of 2017, they make up close to 45,000 inhabitants of Switzerland, or 0.85% of its population, and close to 30,000 inhabitants of the canton of Grisons (or 14.7% of Grisons' population).
596:
In cases where the fraction of Romansh or Italian speakers is between 10% and 20%, authorities are obliged as a minimum to offer Romansh or Italian as a subject in primary education.
412:
was part of the county of Werdenberg from the 12th century. The territory of Grisons, the southern part of Raetia Curiensis (in the medieval period known as Upper Raetia,
871:
761:
589:
authorities are to be exclusively in the historically predominant language as long as this language is spoken by at least 40% of the population.
514:
valley region, as well as in the Italian-speaking parts of Grisons (Poschiavo, Bregaglia, Mesolcina); it is not known in the Surselva region.
467:
Sutsilvan is now limited to some 1,000 speakers concentrated in a language island on the left bank of the Posterior Rhine, centered on
929:
Furer, Jean-Jacques (2005), Eidgenössische Volkszählung 2000 – Die aktuelle Lage des Romanischen, Neuchâtel: Bundesamt für Statistik,
34:
Proportion of people declaring Romansh as their "language of best command" in Grisons (municipalities with more than 10% are shown),
478:
Starting in the mid-to-late 19th century, a revival movement began, often called the "Rhaeto-Romansh renaissance". In 1919, the
608:(1940–2014), painter, sculptor, set designer, film director; better known for having designed the visual effects for the film
1019:
976:
934:
435:
Loss of Romansh-speaking majority since 1860 by municipality (municipalities retaining a Romansh-speaking majority as of the
523:
265:
237:). This term has come to replace the German official legal term of "Gemeinschaft der BĂĽndner Romanen" introduced in 1982.
776:
28,699 ± 4.9% (27,300–30,100). The largest community of speakers outside of Grisons, some 5,000 people, is in the
946:
Coray, Renata (2008), Von der Mumma Romontscha zum Retortenbaby Rumantsch Grischun: Rätoromanische Sprachmythen, p. 96
877:(official site) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Federal Statistical Office. 21 February 2019
767:(official site) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Federal Statistical Office. 21 February 2019
623:
385:
counts, but the ecclesiastical and secular claims to power remained a source of contention. The Hunfriding count
526:. A 1996 referendum strengthened the status of Romansh in Switzerland, permitting its use at the federal level.
805:
335:
529:
There is no general sense of unity within "Rumantschia" due to regional separation and dialectal variations.
518:
In the late 1980s and 1990s, debate about the future role of Switzerland within what was going to become the
488:
557:
As of 2000, areas with a majority of native Rumantsch speakers were separated into four disconnected parts:
539:
457:
445:
386:
404:, the linguistic boundary of Latin (Romance) speakers was pushed back to what would become Grisons (the
797:
831:
692:
651:
431:
1024:
823:
736:
716:
323:
1014:
582:
966:
369:
35:
955:
Kraas, Frauke (1992), Die Rätoromanen Graubündens: Peripherisierung einer Minderheit, p. 151
29:
908:
671:
356:
293:
8:
617:
421:
257:
843:
777:
510:
is a traditional festival in the Engadin, Val Mustair, Surmeir/Albula and formerly the
361:
327:
972:
930:
886:
cited as 44,354 ± 4.0%. This amounts to a confidence interval of 42,500–46,200.
835:
801:
645:
468:
331:
215:
839:
721:
551:
543:
397:
305:
277:
207:
154:
104:
88:
667:
791:
731:
570:
511:
461:
390:
343:
339:
285:
281:
200:
639:
628:
519:
479:
128:
124:
834:. Rhaeto-Romance is a diverse group, with the Italian varieties influenced by
503:
1008:
827:
793:
One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups
659:
405:
289:
998:
Sprachengesetz des Kantons Graubünden (SpG; 2006), Art. 16–20 / S. 5 f.
711:
687:
683:
610:
507:
436:
269:
261:
211:
203:
150:
142:
120:
108:
605:
578:
484:
382:
373:
317:
301:
858:
698:
655:
309:
297:
273:
562:
535:
365:
313:
146:
558:
401:
284:
throughout the 5th to 12th centuries (albeit nominally part of the
260:
in the 1st to 3rd centuries AD, and its population spoke a form of
158:
547:
574:
409:
347:
68:
566:
492:
472:
425:
350:
from the 6th century, the local bishops of Chur still retained
248:
726:
872:"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Hauptsprachen in der Schweiz"
677:
360:, a "Roman Law of Chur", was an abbreviated epitome of the
252:
Approximate extent of Raetia Curiensis in the 10th century.
221:
The Romansh speaking population is collectively known as
762:"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Hauptsprachen und Kanton"
424:(with the exception of the high pastures settled by the
420:) remained predominantly Latin-speaking throughout the
686:(1968–), American actor best known for portraying
1006:
662:(1717–1773). The family moved to London in 1752.
326:linguistic unity broke down from the end of the
968:Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. 3. L – R
381:secular rule of the Chur bishops. He appointed
964:
701:(1925-2012), American writer and intellectual
354:control. In the mid-8th century a surviving
958:
678:Notable people of partial Romansh descent
670:(1596–1639), political leader during the
498:
59:
923:
502:
430:
247:
79:
789:
756:
754:
752:
491:, which claimed Grisons along with the
1007:
783:
288:from the 10th century). This included
854:
852:
830:, or as a separate branch within the
864:
749:
268:in the 5th century. The province of
266:collapse of the Western Roman Empire
54:Regions with significant populations
901:De Raetia ac Raetis liber posterior
13:
849:
812:Romance (Latin) nations... Romansh
14:
1036:
624:Carl Ulisses von Salis-Marschlins
599:
377:and comital property, ending the
256:The territory of Switzerland was
965:James Minahan (1 January 2002).
905:Quellen zur Schweizer Geschichte
330:, with the establishment of the
81:
61:
28:
992:
949:
650:British librarian and diplomat
389:was able to proclaim himself a
342:to the north and east, and the
940:
914:
889:
817:
635:Planta family (Upper Engadin)
364:. After the death of the last
346:to the south. Nominally under
1:
742:
1020:Ethnic groups in Switzerland
826:can be classified as either
272:, established c. 300 (under
7:
971:. Greenwood. p. 1602.
705:
10:
1041:
899:Ulrich Campell (d. 1582),
798:Greenwood Publishing Group
243:
225:in Romansh (alternatively
832:Western Romance languages
780:(cited as 5,265 ± 12.6%).
693:The Passion of the Christ
446:population of Switzerland
140:
135:
119:
114:
103:
98:
78:
58:
53:
48:
43:
27:
737:Rhaeto-Romance languages
717:Languages of Switzerland
654:(1744–1827) was born at
448:has nearly quintupled).
790:Minahan, James (2000).
660:Andrew (Andreas) Planta
658:, the son of Reverend
515:
499:Contemporary situation
440:
400:, with the advance of
253:
206:, the speakers of the
184:
859:Lexicon istoric retic
506:
434:
251:
136:Related ethnic groups
398:high medieval period
357:Lex Romana Curiensis
294:Canton of St. Gallen
216:Grisons (GraubĂĽnden)
903:, ed. P. Plattner,
422:early modern period
264:by the time of the
24:
920:Furer (2005). p. 9
581:(Putèr, Vallader,
531:Rumantsch Grischun
516:
441:
439:are shown in blue)
362:Breviary of Alaric
328:Carolingian period
276:) became known as
254:
22:
978:978-0-313-32111-5
935:978-3-303-01202-4
690:in the 2004 film
672:Thirty Years' War
646:Alfred von Planta
469:Casti-Wergenstein
444:same period, the
402:Alemannic Germans
165:
164:
1032:
999:
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
962:
956:
953:
947:
944:
938:
927:
921:
918:
912:
893:
887:
885:
883:
882:
876:
868:
862:
861:s.v. Rumantschia
856:
847:
844:Franco-Provençal
821:
815:
814:
787:
781:
778:canton of ZĂĽrich
775:
773:
772:
766:
758:
722:Questione Ladina
312:, and the upper
278:Raetia Curiensis
210:, native to the
208:Romansh language
91:
87:
85:
84:
74:c. 40,000 (2017)
71:
67:
65:
64:
44:Total population
32:
25:
21:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1025:Romance peoples
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
997:
993:
983:
981:
979:
963:
959:
954:
950:
945:
941:
928:
924:
919:
915:
894:
890:
880:
878:
874:
870:
869:
865:
857:
850:
842:and Romansh by
822:
818:
808:
800:. p. 776.
788:
784:
770:
768:
764:
760:
759:
750:
745:
732:Raetic language
708:
680:
638:Thomas Planta,
602:
573:(Surmiran) and
512:Posterior Rhine
501:
462:Posterior Rhine
414:Raetia superior
344:March of Verona
316:in what is now
308:in what is now
286:Duchy of Swabia
282:bishops of Chur
280:, ruled by the
246:
94:c. 5,000 (2017)
82:
80:
62:
60:
39:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1038:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1015:Romansh people
1001:
1000:
991:
977:
957:
948:
939:
922:
913:
888:
863:
848:
824:Rhaeto-Romance
816:
806:
782:
747:
746:
744:
741:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
707:
704:
703:
702:
696:
679:
676:
675:
674:
665:
664:
663:
648:
643:
642:(r. 1549–1565)
640:bishop of Chur
633:
632:
631:
629:Meta von Salis
626:
616:Salis family (
614:
601:
600:Notable people
598:
571:Albula/Surmeir
524:Federal Europe
520:European Union
500:
497:
487:propaganda by
480:Lia Rumantscha
475:subdistrict).
391:duke of Swabia
324:Rhaeto-Romance
245:
242:
171:(also spelled
169:Romansh people
163:
162:
138:
137:
133:
132:
129:Swiss Reformed
125:Roman Catholic
117:
116:
112:
111:
101:
100:
96:
95:
92:
76:
75:
72:
56:
55:
51:
50:
46:
45:
41:
40:
33:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1037:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:
995:
980:
974:
970:
969:
961:
952:
943:
936:
932:
926:
917:
910:
906:
902:
898:
892:
873:
867:
860:
855:
853:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:Gallo-Romance
825:
820:
813:
809:
803:
799:
795:
794:
786:
779:
763:
757:
755:
753:
748:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
700:
697:
695:
694:
689:
685:
682:
681:
673:
669:
668:Jörg Jenatsch
666:
661:
657:
653:
652:Joseph Planta
649:
647:
644:
641:
637:
636:
634:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
619:
615:
613:
612:
607:
604:
603:
597:
594:
590:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:(Sutsilvan),
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
527:
525:
521:
513:
509:
505:
496:
494:
490:
489:Fascist Italy
486:
481:
476:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
453:
449:
447:
438:
433:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
406:Three Leagues
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
372:in 765, King
371:
370:Tello of Chur
367:
363:
359:
358:
353:
349:
348:Frankish rule
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
296:), as far as
295:
291:
290:Sarganserland
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
250:
241:
238:
236:
235:romontschadad
233:, Sursilvan:
232:
228:
227:rumantschadad
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
110:
106:
102:
97:
93:
90:
77:
73:
70:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
31:
26:
994:
982:. Retrieved
967:
960:
951:
942:
925:
916:
904:
900:
895:
891:
879:. Retrieved
866:
819:
811:
792:
785:
769:. Retrieved
712:Swiss people
691:
688:Jesus Christ
684:Jim Caviezel
609:
595:
591:
587:
561:(Sursilvan,
556:
530:
528:
517:
508:Chalandamarz
477:
471:(the former
466:
454:
450:
442:
417:
413:
395:
378:
355:
351:
334:counties of
322:
270:Raetia prima
262:Vulgar Latin
255:
239:
234:
231:rumantschitĂ
230:
229:, Vallader:
226:
222:
220:
212:Swiss canton
204:ethnic group
196:
192:
188:
180:
176:
172:
168:
166:
161:, Orobians)
121:Christianity
109:Swiss German
19:Ethnic group
16:Ethnic group
937:, pp. 9, 23
606:H. R. Giger
579:Val Mustair
485:irredentist
437:2000 census
387:Burchard II
374:Charlemagne
318:South Tyrol
302:Linth River
223:Rumantschia
193:romauntschs
183:; Romansh:
1009:Categories
881:2019-07-11
807:0313309841
771:2019-07-11
743:References
699:Gore Vidal
656:Castasegna
418:Oberrätien
383:Hunfriding
336:Werdenberg
310:Vorarlberg
298:Lake Walen
274:Diocletian
197:romontschs
189:rumĂ ntschs
185:rumantschs
177:Rumantsch,
159:Insubrians
123:(majority
36:as of 2000
897:Curiensis
563:Tuatschin
540:Sutsilvan
536:Sursilvan
458:Sutsilvan
314:Vinschgau
306:Ill basin
258:Romanized
147:Friulians
99:Languages
49:c. 45,000
907:(1877),
836:Venetian
706:See also
559:Surselva
552:Vallader
544:Surmiran
464:valley.
393:in 917.
379:de facto
366:Victorid
352:de facto
332:imperial
300:and the
199:) are a
181:Romanche
173:Romansch
155:Lombards
115:Religion
984:12 July
840:Italian
575:Engadin
460:in the
410:Sargans
396:In the
368:bishop
244:History
201:Romance
105:Romansh
69:Grisons
23:Romansh
975:
933:
804:
618:Soglio
567:Schams
493:Ticino
473:Schams
426:Walser
304:, the
151:Ladins
141:other
89:Zurich
86:
66:
909:p. 58
875:(XLS)
765:(XLS)
727:Raeti
611:Alien
583:Jauer
577:with
548:Putèr
340:Tyrol
292:(now
143:Swiss
986:2013
973:ISBN
931:ISBN
838:and
802:ISBN
550:and
338:and
167:The
585:).
565:),
428:).
408:).
214:of
195:or
179:or
1011::
851:^
810:.
796:.
751:^
620:)
554:.
546:,
542:,
538:,
416:,
320:.
218:.
191:,
187:,
175:,
153:,
149:,
145:;
127:,
107:,
988:.
911:.
884:.
846:.
774:.
157:(
131:)
38:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
