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interest in ROPS installation in the farm community . Education has also been largely employed by extension agents and agricultural health and safety educators as a means for increasing ROPS installations, although evaluations of educational interventions indicate they do not markedly decrease agricultural worker injury rates or increase ROPS installation activity. However, in
Kentucky, a community awareness campaign did appear to increase interest in ROPS installation. Various state farm bureaus (VA, NC, and IL) have also offered financial incentives for members to install ROPS, while an online ROPS Inventory Site called the KY ROPS Guide, was developed to assist farmers searching for ROPS.
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the following industry groups: manufacturers and dealers, agricultural organizations, health and safety organizations, financial and insurance groups, government organizations, researchers, private corporations, media, farmers/farm safety advocates. By the end of the meeting, the
National Tractor Safety Coalition was officially organized with the mission "to prevent tractor-related injuries and deaths in US agriculture by developing and implementing collaborative, stakeholder-driven, evidence-based solutions." A detailed list of common goals are featured in the NIOSH Science Blog "The National Tractor Safety Coalition: Taking a new systems-approach to a well-known problem."
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Departments of Health, and insurance companies, among others. Some members serve on the NTSC Steering
Committee, which meets on a monthly basis and provide guidance on the overarching initiative to expand ROPS installation programs nationally while others provide assistance on various aspects of national ROPS implementation efforts, such as promotions, testimonials, congressional outreach or networking. A manufacturing and technology task force has also been assembled, and provides guidance to the group on technical issues.
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fatality and severe injury outcomes following tractor rollover than younger operators. Along with the age of the tractor operator, the age of the tractor itself is a risk factor. Older tractor models are less likely to be equipped with ROPS, possibly owing to impracticality in installation or to mandated installations in newer models. Further, older tractors are more dangerous than newer tractors, possessing narrow front ends and a higher center of gravity, as well as being more prone to operational failure.
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Rebate funding is provided via state funding resources or private industry / fundraising campaigns. Programs have increased farmer interest in ROPS installation with an average of 1,200 calls annually to the ROPS hotline and farmers are generally satisfied with these services (99% of program participants would recommend the program to other farmers). Programs have also documented the prevention of injury and death for farmers who have participated in these installation programs.
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shows that knowledge of tractor overturn risks and the benefits of ROPS installation do not appear to stimulate farmer interest in installing ROPS. Equipment dealers have also cited a number of barriers, such as a perceived lack of farmer interest, injury liability, difficulty recovering expenses and a lack of understanding amongst dealers regarding the magnitude of the overturn fatality problem, which negatively impacts dealers' interest in ROPS installation.
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promote and facilitate ROPS installation on older tractors, as many farmers are unwilling to replace their older tractors. Overall, these studies demonstrate that relying on the eventual replacement of tractors without ROPS β and the installation of ROPS on all older tractors β is not an expeditious solution to tractor overturn deaths and will result in the deaths of many US tractor operators over the next few decades.
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at which time it deploys to a fully extended and locked position. It is currently working with manufacturers to streamline the commercialization of this technology. The
Division of Safety Research branch of NIOSH has developed cost-effective rollover protection structures (CROPS) for four tractor models (Ford 8N, Ford 3000, Ford 4000, Massey Ferguson 135), in an effort to provide safety for older model tractors.
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In the United States, standards for ROPS design and utilization for tractors were first developed in 1967 by the
American Society for Agricultural and Biological Engineers. ROPS legislation was passed in 1975, with OSHA requiring that all tractors manufactured from 25 October 1976 onwards be equipped
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in May 2014. The purpose of the meeting was to outline a national strategy for ROPS installation that all stakeholders could agree on and to engage multiple industry groups in strategy implementation efforts. Close to 50 organizations were represented at the meeting and included representatives from
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Economics also appears to be a major factor in rates of ROPS adoption. Farms with low value of sales, part-time operations, and smaller acreage are less likely to employ ROPS-equipped tractors than farms with high value of sales, full-time operations, and larger acreage. Additionally, farms that use
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estimates that between 150 and 200 tractor operators are killed due to rollover in the US each year. Researchers have also attempted to estimate the chances that a tractor rollover will result in a fatality of the operator. An adjusted probability of about 8 deaths per 100 tractor overturns (8%) was
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These programs incorporate a number of components that build on prior ROPS research. These include targeted promotions, rebates for 70% of the cost to install ROPS (with varying caps on farmers out of pocket expense) and toll-free ROPS hotline assistance with the ROPS purchase and ordering process.
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Agricultural health and safety researchers have observed that increases in ROPS protected tractors in the United States can largely be tied to attrition (older tractors without ROPS being replaced with newer tractors with ROPS) vs. installation of ROPS. Additional studies have indicated the need to
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Some tractor operators have raised concerns about using ROPS in low-clearance environments, such as in orchards and buildings. In response, NIOSH developed an
Automatically Deploying Rollover Protective Structure (AutoROPS) which stays in a lowered position until a rollover condition is determined,
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The NTSC launched the
National ROPS Rebate Program in 2017 which helps to facilitate individual state based programs as well as trying to obtain national-level funding. Given the NTSC's broad mission to address tractor-related deaths, the group seeks to tackle issues such as run-overs or implement
355:
became the first country to enact ROPS legislation, requiring all newly manufactured tractors in the country to have ROPS installed. This requirement was expanded in 1965, requiring all tractors in Sweden, regardless of manufacture date, to have ROPS installed if it was operated by an employee and
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Over the past few decades, quantitative and qualitative research studies have attempted to identify farmers' potential barriers to ROPS adoption. Cost, time to find and install ROPS parts, and dismissal of personal risk have all been prominently identified barriers to ROPS adoption. Research also
314:
Research from Sweden shows that the fatality rate from tractor rollover remains stable when ROPS prevalence rates range from 40% to 75%; only until the rate of ROPS adoption reaches 75% to 80% does the fatality rate from rollover fall significantly, to near-zero. The latest estimates of tractors
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In 2006, the New York ROPS Rebate
Program was launched in an effort to increase access to ROPS among New York tractor operators; this addressed the Northeastern United States' consistently lower rates of ROPS usage than other regions of the United States. The program has since expanded to seven
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Age of tractor operator is a large risk factor, as increasing age is associated with decreasing rates of ROPS usage. The oldest group of tractor operators, those ages 65 and above, have the lowest rate of overall ROPS usage at 42%. Additionally, older tractor operators are more likely to suffer
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Several strategies have been employed to address these barriers and motivate farmers to install ROPS. In 1985, equipment manufacturers launched a promotional campaign to encourage ROPS installation activities, although industry representatives state the campaign did not stimulate considerable
292:
The installation of
Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS) on older tractors that lack these protective devices has been identified as a viable solution for reducing overturn fatality rates among US farmers. When worn with a seat belt, these engineering controls are 99% effective in preventing
412:
Currently the
Coalition includes 87 members from a number of agricultural or health related organizations. These organizations include: NIOSH, American Farm Bureau Federation, Farm Foundation, and several Universities, Extension agencies, NIOSH Agricultural Safety and Health Centers, State
315:
equipped with ROPS in the United States show that 59% of tractors were ROPS-equipped in 2006, an increase from the 38% in 1993. With steady increases in the installation of ROPS, it is projected that the rollover fatality rate will decline steadily, until reaching a rate near zero by 2028.
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Tractor rollover has become one of the leading causes of occupational death in the agricultural industry. In the United States from 1992 to 2005, 1,412 workers were killed from tractor rollover, with roughly 10,000 suffering an injury. These rollover fatalities represented about 20% of all
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Tractor rollover deaths have been identified as a public health problem since the 1920s. Research efforts from several countries towards the development of engineering controls to reduce injury from rollover persisted for several decades before any legislation took place. In 1959,
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and rollbars in cars and trucks, cabs, frames or rollbars on agricultural and construction equipments, a ROPS involves mechanical components attached to the frame of the vehicle that maintain a clearance zone large enough to protect the operator's body in the event of rollover.
2011:
Tinc, Pamela J.; Ayers, Paul; May, John J.; Purschwitz, Mark A.; Park, Samantha; Bayes, Barbara; Sorensen, Julie (1 January 2016). "Implementing a National Tractor Safety Program: Using "Whole System in a Room" to Mobilize Partners and Implement Solutions".
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Sanderson, W. T.; Madsen, M. D.; Rautiainen, R.; Kelly, K. M.; Zwerling, C.; Taylor, C. D.; Reynolds, S. J.; Stromquist, A. M.; Burmeister, L. F. (1 February 2006). "Tractor overturn concerns in Iowa: perspectives from the Keokuk county rural health study".
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with ROPS. In 1985, the development of a new voluntary safety standard by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (S318.10) encouraged an initiative by American tractor manufacturers to equip new tractors over 20 horsepower with ROPS.
1149:
Sorensen, J. A.; May, J.; Ostby-Malling, R.; Lehmen, T.; Strand, J.; Stenlund, H.; Weinehall, L. W.; Emmelin, M. (2008). "Encouraging the installation of rollover protective structures in New York State: The design of a social marketing intervention".
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has guidelines for destructively testing ROPS structures on earthmoving machinery, excavators, forestry equipment and tractors. Theoretical performance analysis of major new design ROPS is not permitted as an alternative to physical testing.
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In an effort to build on the momentum of prior ROPS interventional efforts to create a national ROPS installation solution, a number of research, government and industry groups organized a two-day 'Whole-System-in-the-Room' workshop in
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overturns. Without a seat belt, the ROPS is still 70% effective in preventing operator death, though there is a possibility that the rider may be thrown from the tractor during the overturn, and thus left unprotected by the ROPS.
1470:
Jenkins, PL; Sorensen, JA; Yoder, A; Myers, M; Murphy, D; Cook, G; Wright, F; Bayes, B; May, JJ (2012). "Prominent Barriers and Key Motivators to Installing ROPS: An Analysis of Survey Responses from Pennsylvania and Vermont".
1426:
Sorensen, J. A.; May, J. J.; Paap, K.; Purschwitz, M. A.; Emmelin, M. (1 January 2008). "Encouraging farmers to retrofit tractors: a qualitative analysis of risk perceptions among a group of high-risk farmers in New York".
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more hired labor over non-hired labor (family) are found to have fewer fatal tractor overturns. Overall, farms that are more economically viable are more likely to install ROPS on tractors than smaller, lower-income farms.
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agricultural fatalities. During 2003 to 2010, 933 workers in agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting industries were killed as a result of tractor rollover, accounting for over 63% of all tractor-related deaths. The
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used in the mining industry. Products such as this were developed out of necessity so employees travelling around or within mine sites were provided with extra protection in the event of a fleet vehicle rollover.
1379:
Sorensen, J. A.; May, J. J.; Jenkins, P. L.; Jones, A. M.; Earle-Richardson, G. B. (1 August 2006). "Risk perceptions, barriers, and motivators to tractor ROPS retrofitting in the New York state farm community".
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Alkhaledi, Khaled; Means, Kenneth; McKenzie, Eugene; Smith, James (2013). "Reducing occupational fatalities by using NIOSH 3rd generation automatically deployable rollover protective structure".
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ROPS usage has also appeared to be linked to a number of factors. There is regional variation in ROPS usage within the United States, as estimates from 2006 showed that tractor operators in the
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Tonelli, S. M.; Donham, K. J.; Leedom-Larson, K.; Sanderson, W.; Purschwitz, M. (1 October 2009). "Retrofitting tractors with rollover protective structures: perspective of equipment dealers".
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hidden behind the rear seats that will pop up in the case of a roll-over to protect the occupants. If the roof is up, the system will still work, shattering the rear window at the same time.
993:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (1993). "Public Health Focus: Effectiveness of Rollover Protective Structures for Preventing Injuries Associated with Agricultural Tractors".
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NIOSH Program Portfolio: Traumatic Injury: Selected Research-to-Practice Efforts Addressing Traumatic Injury Problems: Automatically deployed roll-over-protection structure (ROPS).
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Council Directive 87/402/EEC of 25 June 1987 on roll over protection structures mounted in front of the driver's seat on narrow-track wheeled agricultural and forestry tractors.
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Sorensen, Julie A.; Brewer, Devon; Wyckoff, Lynae; Horsman, Melissa; Scott, Erika; May, John J. (1 June 2013). "Building Safety Partnerships Using Social Network Analysis".
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Program. Furthermore, youth are particularly at risk of being crushed or pinned by a machine (all-terrain vehicle, tractor, etc.) that is not equipped with a rollover bar.
1680:
Rautiainen, RH; Lehtola, MM; Day, LM; Schonstein, E; Suutarinen, J; Salminen, S; Verbeek (2008). "Interventions for preventing injuries in the agricultural industry".
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estimates that fatality rates from tractor overturns in the US could be reduced by a minimum of 71% if all tractors were equipped with ROPS. When paired with proper
1976:
Tinc, P. J.; Ayers, P. D.; May, J. J.; Purschwitz, M. A.; Sorensen, J. A. (1 April 2015). "Creating a National Coalition to Address Tractor Overturn Fatalities".
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Sorensen J and Tinc P. The National Tractor Safety Coalition: Taking a new systems-approach to a well-known problem. 12 August 2014. Accessed 2 November 2016.
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Sorensen, JA; Jenkins, PL; Bayes, B; Madden, E; Purschwitz, MA; May, JJ (2013). "Increases in ROPS pricing from 2006-2012 and the impact on ROPS demand".
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May, JJ; Sorensen, JA; Burdick, PA; Earle-Richardson, GB; Jenkins, PL (2006). "Rollover Protection on New York Tractors and Farmers Readiness to Change".
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185:
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215:, who will normally require a destructive test. The structure will be tested at a reduced temperature (where the metal is more brittle), or
1933:
Sorensen, J. A.; Jenkins, P.; Bayes, B.; Clark, S.; May, J. J. (1 January 2010). "Cost-effectiveness of a ROPS social marketing campaign".
1506:
Hallman, E. M. (1 February 2005). "ROPS retrofitting: measuring effectiveness of incentives and uncovering inherent barriers to success".
1336:
Myers, M. L.; Pana-Cryan, R. (1 February 2000). "Prevention effectiveness of rollover protective structures--Part II: Decision analysis".
950:
Conway, George A. (1 January 2010). "Retrofitting roll bars and seatbelts for old U.S. tractors to prevent farm deaths: now or never".
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1019:
NIOSH Center Directors. National Agricultural Tractor Safety Initiative. E. Swenson, ed. Seattle: University of Washington, 2004.
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and OECD. The regulations include both a strength requirement as well as an energy absorption requirement of the structure. Some
487:
800:
Cole, HP; Myers, ML; Westneat, SC (2006). "Frequency and severity of injuries to operators during overturns of farm tractors".
2113:
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Myers, John R.; Hendricks, Kitty J. (2010). "Agricultural tractor overturn deaths: Assessment of trends and risk factors".
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not the actual owner. Similar legislation requiring ROPS installation has been enacted in Australia, Germany, and Denmark.
1029:
Myers, M. L. (1 February 2000). "Prevention effectiveness of rollover protective structures--Part I: Strategy evolution".
837:"Supplemental surveillance: a review of 2015 and 2016 agricultural injury data from news reports on AgInjuryNews.org"
1293:
Myers, J. R. (1 October 2010). "Factors associated with the prevalence of non-ROPS tractors on farms in the U.S".
1076:"CDC - NIOSH Science Blog - Preventing Death and Injury in Tractor Overturns with Roll-Over Protective Structures"
836:
2123:
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98:) is a system or structure intended to protect equipment operators and motorists from injuries caused by vehicle
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890:
Murphy, Dennis J.; Myers, John; McKenzie, E. A.; Cavaletto, Richard; May, John; Sorensen, Julie (1 July 2010).
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620:
452:
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Murphy, Dennis J.; Myers, John; McKenzie Jr, E.A.; Cavaletto, Richard; May, John; Sorensen, Julie (2010).
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states including New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, New Hampshire, Wisconsin, Massachusetts, and Minnesota.
1112:"Tracking the prevalence of rollover protective structures on U.S. Farm tractors: 1993, 2001, and 2004"
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323:
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use on tractors, NIOSH estimates that ROPS could eliminate nearly all fatalities caused by tractor and
1195:"Social and Individual Influences on Tractor Operating Practices of Young Adult Agricultural Workers"
331:
1253:
750:"Action Learning: A New Method to Increase Tractor Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) Adoption"
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and tractors continue to be leading causes of fatal injury among youth in agricultural settings.
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165:
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1717:"Cost effectiveness of a dealer's intervention in retrofitting rollover protective structures"
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20:
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8:
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add a protrusion to their boxes that cover the operator's compartment for ROPS purposes.
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It was modified several times, for the latest version refer to the consolidated version.
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entanglements once a National ROPS Rebate Program has been sustainably established.
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Rebecca Russell. ROPS Hotline Coordinator. Personal Communication. 2 November 2016.
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Rudolphi, Josie M.; Campo, Shelly; Gerr, Fred; Rohlman, Diane S. (May 2018).
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180:, ROPS structures are defined by various regulatory agencies, including US
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599:"CDC - Agricultural Safety: Cost-effective Rollover Protection Structures"
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from materials that have satisfactory low temperature performance. The
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Some automobile models have begun to adopt the phrase, substituting
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Structure intended to protect equipment operators and motorists
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Current efforts to increase ROPS adoption in the United States
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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US)
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Programs to increase ROPS installation in the United States
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had the highest prevalence of ROPS usage at 65%, while the
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2075:
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Myers, M. L.; Cole, H. P.; Westneat, S. C. (1 June 2005).
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184:(OSHA) and international standard organizations such as
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892:"Tractors and rollover protection in the United States"
696:"Tractors and Rollover Protection in the United States"
537:
web.extension.illinois.edu/agsafety/factsheets/rops.cfm
2010:
1975:
1857:"Rollover Protective Structure ROPS Retrofit Program"
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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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had the lowest prevalence of ROPS usage at 51%. The
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52:
46:
835:Weichelt, Bryan; Gorucu, Serap (17 February 2018).
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Roll-Over Protective Structures, Direct Final Rule.
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368:Barriers to ROPS installation in the United States
211:In the US, ROPS designs have to be certified by a
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283:Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE)
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621:"picture of broken c70 window and deployed ROPS"
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221:International Organization for Standardization
203:, earth moving equipment, soil compactors and
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293:operator death if an overturn occurs. The US
182:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
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334:reported rates of 60% and 56% respectively.
1682:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1110:Loringer, Kelly A.; Myers, John R. (2008).
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748:Biddle, Elyce Anne; Keane, Paul R. (2012).
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19:"ROPS" redirects here. For other uses, see
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281:extrapolated using data from the Kentucky
1978:Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health
1935:Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health
1817:Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health
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1639:Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health
1601:Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health
1555:Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health
1508:Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health
1473:Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health
1429:Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health
1382:Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health
1338:Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health
1295:Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health
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1031:Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health
952:Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health
802:Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health
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563:International Organization for Statistics
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654:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
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255:. Their ROPS structures consist of two
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144:Rollover protection structure on an
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244:in the ROPS acronym, notably the
1211:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.11.300
533:"Agricultural Safety and Health"
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2129:Agricultural health and safety
1798:"New York ROPS Rebate Program"
1694:10.1002/14651858.cd006398.pub2
853:10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042671
551:
525:
493:
309:
1:
2026:10.1080/1059924X.2016.1142916
847:(3): injuryprevβ2017β042671.
501:"OECD Tractor standard Codes"
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453:Side Impact Protection System
30:rollover protection structure
2099:National ROPS Rebate Program
1199:Journal of Adolescent Health
908:10.1080/1059924X.2010.484309
766:10.1080/1059924X.2012.713842
712:10.1080/1059924X.2010.484309
417:National ROPS Rebate Program
271:Rollover injury and fatality
195:ROPS are commonly fitted to
7:
2114:Vehicle safety technologies
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227:
10:
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1883:Social Marketing Quarterly
1280:10.1016/j.ssci.2012.08.004
1116:Journal of Safety Research
517:. Minecorp. Archived from
433:Active rollover protection
265:
34:rollover protection system
18:
1128:10.1016/j.jsr.2008.08.003
2090:(US State of Washington)
1895:10.1177/1524500413483457
1164:10.1177/1403494808089655
148:135. Photo: K.A. Gallis.
2080:Legislation in the EU:
2076:The Kentucky ROPS Guide
2014:Journal of Agromedicine
1843:"ROPS Retrofit Program"
896:Journal of Agromedicine
754:Journal of Agromedicine
700:Journal of Agromedicine
278:National Safety Council
257:pyrotechnically charged
2124:Agricultural machinery
1733:10.1136/ip.2004.007039
1256:, page 10 (in Swedish)
162:earth-moving machinery
149:
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213:professional engineer
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21:Rops (disambiguation)
1777:warehouse.ca.uky.edu
287:All-terrain vehicles
2088:ROPS test procedure
1947:10.13031/2013.29247
1651:10.13031/2013.28890
1613:10.13031/2013.21228
1567:10.13031/2013.20198
1520:10.13031/2013.17898
1485:10.13031/2013.41328
1441:10.13031/2013.24127
1394:10.13031/2013.21229
1307:10.13031/2013.34837
1043:10.13031/2013.17812
964:10.13031/2013.29250
814:10.13031/2013.20386
1350:10.13031/2013.2911
666:10.1002/ajim.20775
152:Commonly found on
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1721:Injury Prevention
841:Injury Prevention
521:on 11 April 2013.
515:"History of ROPS"
406:Chicago, Illinois
2136:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1788:
1787:
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1712:
1706:
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1677:
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1670:
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1596:
1587:
1586:
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1540:
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1497:
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1376:
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1333:
1327:
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1257:
1247:
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1190:
1184:
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1107:
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1083:
1072:
1063:
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1026:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1010:
990:
984:
983:
947:
936:
935:
887:
881:
880:
832:
826:
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797:
788:
787:
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731:
691:
678:
677:
649:
632:
631:
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627:
617:
611:
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608:
606:
595:
589:
578:
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566:
555:
549:
548:
546:
544:
529:
523:
522:
511:
505:
504:
497:
491:
480:
205:utility vehicles
97:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
62:
61:
58:
57:
54:
51:
48:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2104:
2103:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2009:
2005:
1974:
1970:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1861:www.ropsr4u.org
1855:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1813:
1809:
1802:www.ropsr4u.org
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1713:
1709:
1688:(1): CD006398.
1678:
1674:
1635:
1628:
1597:
1590:
1550:
1543:
1504:
1500:
1468:
1464:
1424:
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1377:
1373:
1334:
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1187:
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1081:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
991:
987:
948:
939:
888:
884:
833:
829:
798:
791:
746:
735:
692:
681:
650:
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619:
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579:
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531:
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508:
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494:
481:
472:
467:
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428:
419:
401:
396:
379:
370:
348:
312:
273:
268:
230:
154:heavy equipment
68:
64:
45:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2142:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2070:External links
2068:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2020:(2): 127β131.
2003:
1984:(2): 105β112.
1968:
1925:
1916:
1873:
1848:
1834:
1807:
1789:
1764:
1727:(3): 169β173.
1707:
1672:
1645:(4): 365β375.
1626:
1607:(3): 199β213.
1588:
1541:
1498:
1479:(2): 103β112.
1462:
1435:(1): 105β117.
1415:
1388:(3): 215β226.
1371:
1328:
1301:(4): 265β278.
1285:
1268:Safety Science
1258:
1252:'s regulation
1242:
1205:(5): 605β611.
1185:
1141:
1089:
1064:
1021:
1012:
985:
937:
902:(3): 249β263.
882:
827:
789:
760:(4): 398β409.
733:
679:
633:
612:
590:
568:
550:
524:
506:
492:
469:
468:
466:
463:
461:
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455:
450:
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435:
429:
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392:
378:
375:
369:
366:
347:
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311:
308:
272:
269:
267:
264:
229:
226:
132:ROPS bar on a
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2141:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
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2100:
2097:
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2051:
2047:
2043:
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2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1844:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1823:(2): 115β24.
1822:
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1803:
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1324:
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1312:
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1300:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1274:(1): 427β31.
1273:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:(8): 859β69.
1157:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:(5): 509β17.
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1077:
1071:
1069:
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1016:
1008:
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981:
977:
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965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
944:
942:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
886:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
823:
819:
815:
811:
808:(2): 127β38.
807:
803:
796:
794:
785:
781:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
744:
742:
740:
738:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
706:(3): 249β63.
705:
701:
697:
690:
688:
686:
684:
675:
671:
667:
663:
660:(7): 662β72.
659:
655:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
622:
616:
600:
594:
588:
587:
582:
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564:
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554:
538:
534:
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516:
510:
502:
496:
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489:
484:
479:
477:
475:
470:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
438:Anti-roll bar
436:
434:
431:
430:
423:
414:
410:
407:
391:
387:
383:
374:
365:
361:
357:
354:
346:ROPS adoption
343:
339:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
307:
304:
300:
296:
290:
288:
284:
279:
263:
261:
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254:
250:
247:
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234:
225:
222:
218:
214:
209:
206:
202:
201:pickup trucks
198:
193:
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183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
147:
142:
135:
130:
123:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
95:
60:
39:
35:
31:
26:
22:
2094:ROPS Decider
2058:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1941:(1): 31β40.
1938:
1934:
1928:
1919:
1889:(2): 67β75.
1886:
1882:
1876:
1864:. Retrieved
1860:
1851:
1837:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1776:
1773:"ROPS Guide"
1767:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1642:
1638:
1604:
1600:
1561:(1): 71β81.
1558:
1554:
1514:(1): 75β84.
1511:
1507:
1501:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1432:
1428:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1344:(1): 41β55.
1341:
1337:
1331:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1245:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1119:
1115:
1080:. Retrieved
1037:(1): 29β40.
1034:
1030:
1024:
1015:
1001:(3): 57β59.
998:
994:
988:
955:
951:
899:
895:
885:
844:
840:
830:
805:
801:
757:
753:
703:
699:
657:
653:
626:21 September
624:. Retrieved
615:
603:. Retrieved
593:
584:
580:
562:
559:"ISO Update"
553:
541:. Retrieved
536:
527:
519:the original
509:
495:
486:
482:
420:
411:
402:
388:
384:
380:
371:
362:
358:
349:
340:
336:
317:
313:
291:
274:
251:models, and
241:
237:
235:
231:
210:
194:
170:construction
151:
37:
33:
29:
27:
25:
1254:AFS 2004:06
565:. May 2015.
310:Usage rates
249:convertible
190:dump trucks
174:agriculture
122:fire engine
2108:Categories
1866:5 November
1782:5 November
1082:10 January
958:(1): 3β4.
605:10 January
465:References
303:lawn mower
260:roll hoops
217:fabricated
2034:1545-0813
1990:1074-7583
1955:1074-7583
1903:1524-5004
1741:1353-8047
1659:1074-7583
1575:1074-7583
1528:1074-7583
1449:1074-7583
1402:1074-7583
1358:1074-7583
1315:1074-7583
1219:1054-139X
1051:1074-7583
972:1074-7583
932:205723489
916:1545-0813
861:1353-8047
728:205723489
448:Roll cage
443:Gyroscope
324:Northeast
299:seat belt
253:Jaguar XK
246:Volvo C70
242:structure
108:rollcages
104:rollovers
100:overturns
2119:Tractors
2042:26788905
1998:26204786
1963:20222269
1911:73213675
1829:23923731
1759:15933410
1702:18254102
1667:19967910
1621:16981444
1583:16536175
1536:15782890
1493:22655520
1457:18376539
1410:16981445
1366:10938752
1323:21180350
1237:29478719
1172:19004904
1136:19010124
1059:10938751
980:20222266
924:20665310
869:29386372
822:16724789
784:22994641
720:20665310
674:19894222
543:29 March
426:See also
228:Variants
168:used in
158:tractors
136:tractor.
2050:3778289
1750:1730229
1228:8189182
1180:3805291
1078:. NIOSH
1007:8421458
877:3371442
775:4721555
601:. NIOSH
332:Midwest
266:History
134:Fordson
106:. Like
2048:
2040:
2032:
1996:
1988:
1961:
1953:
1909:
1901:
1827:
1757:
1747:
1739:
1700:
1665:
1657:
1619:
1581:
1573:
1534:
1526:
1491:
1455:
1447:
1408:
1400:
1364:
1356:
1321:
1313:
1235:
1225:
1217:
1178:
1170:
1134:
1057:
1049:
1005:
978:
970:
930:
922:
914:
875:
867:
859:
820:
782:
772:
726:
718:
672:
539:. 2017
353:Sweden
238:system
178:mining
156:(i.e.
119:Unimog
2046:S2CID
1907:S2CID
1176:S2CID
928:S2CID
873:S2CID
724:S2CID
485:OSHA
458:WHIPS
320:South
2038:PMID
2030:ISSN
1994:PMID
1986:ISSN
1959:PMID
1951:ISSN
1899:ISSN
1868:2016
1825:PMID
1784:2016
1755:PMID
1737:ISSN
1698:PMID
1663:PMID
1655:ISSN
1617:PMID
1579:PMID
1571:ISSN
1532:PMID
1524:ISSN
1489:PMID
1453:PMID
1445:ISSN
1406:PMID
1398:ISSN
1362:PMID
1354:ISSN
1319:PMID
1311:ISSN
1233:PMID
1215:ISSN
1168:PMID
1132:PMID
1084:2013
1055:PMID
1047:ISSN
1003:PMID
995:MMWR
976:PMID
968:ISSN
920:PMID
912:ISSN
865:PMID
857:ISSN
818:PMID
780:PMID
716:PMID
670:PMID
628:2014
607:2013
545:2017
330:and
328:West
240:for
197:4x4s
176:and
166:UTVs
164:and
38:ROPS
2022:doi
1943:doi
1891:doi
1745:PMC
1729:doi
1690:doi
1647:doi
1609:doi
1563:doi
1516:doi
1481:doi
1437:doi
1390:doi
1346:doi
1303:doi
1276:doi
1223:PMC
1207:doi
1160:doi
1124:doi
1039:doi
960:doi
904:doi
849:doi
810:doi
770:PMC
762:doi
708:doi
662:doi
581:See
483:See
186:ISO
160:),
102:or
73:ΙΛr
63:or
40:) (
32:or
2110::
2044:.
2036:.
2028:.
2018:21
2016:.
1992:.
1982:21
1980:.
1957:.
1949:.
1939:16
1937:.
1905:.
1897:.
1887:19
1885:.
1859:.
1821:19
1819:.
1800:.
1775:.
1753:.
1743:.
1735:.
1725:11
1723:.
1719:.
1696:.
1684:.
1661:.
1653:.
1643:15
1641:.
1629:^
1615:.
1605:12
1603:.
1591:^
1577:.
1569:.
1559:12
1557:.
1544:^
1530:.
1522:.
1512:11
1510:.
1487:.
1477:18
1475:.
1451:.
1443:.
1433:14
1431:.
1418:^
1404:.
1396:.
1386:12
1384:.
1360:.
1352:.
1340:.
1317:.
1309:.
1299:16
1297:.
1272:51
1270:.
1231:.
1221:.
1213:.
1203:62
1201:.
1197:.
1174:.
1166:.
1156:36
1154:.
1130:.
1120:39
1118:.
1114:.
1092:^
1067:^
1053:.
1045:.
1033:.
999:42
997:.
974:.
966:.
956:16
954:.
940:^
926:.
918:.
910:.
900:15
898:.
894:.
871:.
863:.
855:.
845:25
843:.
839:.
816:.
806:12
804:.
792:^
778:.
768:.
758:17
756:.
752:.
736:^
722:.
714:.
704:15
702:.
698:.
682:^
668:.
658:53
656:.
636:^
571:^
561:.
535:.
473:^
199:,
172:,
146:MF
76:oΚ
50:oΚ
28:A
2052:.
2024::
2000:.
1965:.
1945::
1913:.
1893::
1870:.
1845:.
1831:.
1804:.
1786:.
1761:.
1731::
1704:.
1692::
1686:1
1669:.
1649::
1623:.
1611::
1585:.
1565::
1538:.
1518::
1495:.
1483::
1459:.
1439::
1412:.
1392::
1368:.
1348::
1342:6
1325:.
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1282:.
1278::
1239:.
1209::
1182:.
1162::
1138:.
1126::
1086:.
1061:.
1041::
1035:6
1009:.
982:.
962::
934:.
906::
879:.
851::
824:.
812::
786:.
764::
730:.
710::
676:.
664::
630:.
609:.
547:.
503:.
94:/
91:s
88:Ι
85:Λ
82:i
79:p
70:Λ
67:/
59:/
56:s
53:p
47:r
44:/
36:(
23:.
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