507:. Although the synthesis was publicized as a breakthrough in procuring the hard to get medicinal compound from Japanese occupied southeast Asia, in reality it was too long and tedious to adopt on a practical scale. Nevertheless, it was a landmark for chemical synthesis. Woodward's particular insight in this synthesis was to realize that the German chemist Paul Rabe had converted a precursor of quinine called quinotoxine to quinine in 1905. Hence, a synthesis of quinotoxine (which Woodward actually synthesized) would establish a route to synthesizing quinine. When Woodward accomplished this feat, organic synthesis was still largely a matter of trial and error, and nobody thought that such complex structures could actually be constructed. Woodward showed that organic synthesis could be made into a rational science, and that synthesis could be aided by well-established principles of reactivity and structure. This synthesis was the first one in a series of exceedingly complicated and elegant syntheses that he would undertake.
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multicolored chalk. Typically, to begin a lecture, Woodward would arrive and lay out two large white handkerchiefs on the countertop. Upon one would be four or five colors of chalk (new pieces), neatly sorted by color, in a long row. Upon the other handkerchief would be placed an equally impressive row of cigarettes. The previous cigarette would be used to light the next one. His
Thursday seminars at Harvard often lasted well into the night. He had a fixation with blue, and many of his suits, his car, and even his parking space were coloured in blue.
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666:', producing a compound with a defined stereochemistry. While today a typical synthetic route routinely involves such a procedure, Woodward was a pioneer in showing how, with exhaustive and rational planning, one could conduct reactions that were stereoselective. Many of his syntheses involved forcing a molecule into a certain configuration by installing rigid structural elements in it, another tactic that has become standard today. In this regard, especially his syntheses of reserpine and strychnine were landmarks.
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436:'s then widely used textbook of experimental organic chemistry. In 1928, Woodward contacted the Consul-General of the German consulate in Boston (Baron von Tippelskirch ), and through him, managed to obtain copies of a few original papers published in German journals. Later, in his Cope lecture, he recalled how he had been fascinated when, among these papers, he chanced upon Diels and Alder's original communication about the
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reasoning. He showed me that one does not need to specialize. Woodward made great contributions to the strategy of synthesis, to the deduction of difficult structures, to the invention of new chemistry, and to theoretical aspects as well. He taught his students by example the satisfaction that comes from total immersion in our science. I treasure the memory of my association with this remarkable chemist.
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Woodward had an encyclopedic knowledge of chemistry, and an extraordinary memory for detail. Probably the quality that most set him apart from his peers was his remarkable ability to tie together disparate threads of knowledge from the chemical literature and bring them to bear on a chemical problem.
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During his lifetime
Woodward authored or coauthored almost 200 publications, of which 85 are full papers, the remainder comprising preliminary communications, the text of lectures, and reviews. The pace of his scientific activity soon outstripped his capacity to publish all experimental details, and
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Woodward won the Nobel Prize in 1965 for his synthesis of complex organic molecules. He had been nominated a total of 111 times from 1946 to 1965. In his Nobel lecture, he described the total synthesis of the antibiotic cephalosporin, and claimed that he had pushed the synthesis schedule so that it
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among others had investigated the mechanisms of organic reactions, and had come up with empirical rules which could predict reactivity of organic molecules. Woodward was perhaps the first synthetic organic chemist who used these ideas as a predictive framework in synthesis. Woodward's style was the
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In one of his laboratories, his students hung a large black and white photograph of the master from the ceiling, complete with a large blue "tie" appended. There it hung for some years (early 1970s), until scorched in a minor laboratory fire. He detested exercise, could get along with only a few
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in Zurich, a team of almost one hundred students and postdoctoral workers worked for many years on the synthesis of this molecule. The work was finally published in 1973, and it marked a landmark in the history of organic chemistry. The synthesis included almost a hundred steps, and involved the
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Prof. Robert Burns
Woodward, the Harvard chemist who synthesized quinine, cortisone and rauwolfia, has now achieved one of the greatest triumphs in chemistry – the total synthesis of chlorophyll, the green pigment that captures the energy of sunlight for the creation of the food for all things
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I owe a lot to R. B. Woodward. He showed me that one could attack difficult problems without a clear idea of their outcome, but with confidence that intelligence and effort would solve them. He showed me the beauty of modern organic chemistry, and the relevance to the field of detailed careful
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Many of
Woodward's syntheses were described as spectacular by his colleagues and before he did them, it was thought by some that it would be impossible to create these substances in the lab. Woodward's syntheses were also described as having an element of art in them, and since then, synthetic
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His lectures frequently lasted for three or four hours. His longest known lecture defined the unit of time known as the "Woodward", after which his other lectures were deemed to be so many "milli-Woodwards" long. In many of these, he eschewed the use of slides and drew structures by using
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from 1937 to 1938, and remained at
Harvard in various capacities for the rest of his life. In the 1960s, Woodward was named Donner Professor of Science, a title that freed him from teaching formal courses so that he could devote his entire time to research.
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characteristic rigorous planning and analyses that had always characterised
Woodward's work. This work, more than any other, convinced organic chemists that the synthesis of any complex substance was possible, given enough time and planning (see also
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Robert Burns
Woodward and the Art of Organic Synthesis: To Accompany an Exhibit by the Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry (Publication / Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry); Mary E. Bowden; Chemical Heritage Foundation, March
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or the particular configuration of molecules in three-dimensional space. Most natural products of medicinal importance are effective, for example as drugs, only when they possess a specific stereochemistry. This creates the demand for
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much of the work in which he participated was not published until a few years after his death. Woodward trained more than two hundred Ph.D. students and postdoctoral workers, many of whom later went on to distinguished careers.
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638:. With these, Woodward opened up a new era of synthesis, sometimes called the 'Woodwardian era' in which he showed that natural products could be synthesized by careful applications of the principles of
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and Avery Adrian Morton, although it is not clear whether he actually took any of their advice. After a short postdoctoral stint at the
University of Illinois, he took a Junior Fellowship at
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Federman Neto, A.; Pelegrino, A. C.; Darin, V. A. (2004). "Ferrocene: 50 Years of
Transition Metal Organometallic Chemistry — From Organic and Inorganic to Supramolecular Chemistry".
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For an imaginative new approach to the synthesis of complex organic molecules and, especially, for his brilliant syntheses of strychnine, reserphine, lysergic acid, and chlorophyll.
444:(MIT), but neglected his formal studies badly enough to be excluded at the end of the 1934 fall term. MIT readmitted him in the 1935 fall term, and by 1936 he had received the
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in the elucidation of the structure of natural products. Woodward collected together a large amount of empirical data, and then devised a series of rules later called the
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chemists have always looked for elegance as well as utility in synthesis. His work also involved the exhaustive use of the then newly developed techniques of
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Robert Burns
Woodward: Architect and Artist in the World of Molecules; Otto Theodor Benfey, Peter J. T. Morris, Chemical Heritage Foundation, April 2001.
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inspiration for the work of hundreds of successive synthetic chemists who synthesized medicinally important and structurally complex natural products.
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This marriage, which lasted until 1972, produced a daughter, and a son: Crystal Elisabeth (b. 1947), and Eric Richard Arthur (b. 1953).
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Craig, G. Wayne (2011). "The Woodward Research Institute, Robert Burns Woodward (1917–1979) and Chemistry behind the Glass Door".
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and chemical degradation to determine the structures of complicated molecules. Notable among these structure determinations were
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In 1938, he married Irja Pullman; they had two daughters: Siiri Anna (b. 1939) and Jean Kirsten (b. 1944). In 1946, he married
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North Jersey Section American Chemical Society – see section Current & Past Recipients of the Leo Hendrik Baekeland Award
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at Oxford and then investigated by other groups, as well (e.g., Shell). Woodward at first endorsed an incorrect tricyclic (
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The first major contribution of Woodward's career in the early 1940s was a series of papers describing the application of
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which grew into an industrially very significant field. Wilkinson won the Nobel Prize for this work in 1973, along with
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in 1962, and membership in academies around the world. He was also a consultant to many companies such as Polaroid,
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fused, amino bridged oxazinone) structure put forth by the penicillin group at Peoria. Subsequently, he put his
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Todd, L.; Cornforth, J.; T., A. R.; C., J. W. (1981). "Robert Burns Woodward. 10 April 1917-8 July 1979".
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In the early 1960s, Woodward began work on what was the most complex natural product synthesized to date—
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George B. Kauffman (2004). "Organic Synthesizer par excellence – On the 25th Anniversary of His Death".
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For his work, Woodward received many awards, honors and honorary doctorates, including election to the
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Remembering organic chemistry legend Robert Burns Woodward Famed chemist would have been 100 this year
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Philippe Hiberty and NguyĂŞn Trong Anh, Editions Ecole Polytechnique Renaud-Bray (2008) p.115
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http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/woodward-robert-b.pdf
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By Bethany Halford C&EN Volume 95 Issue 15 | pp. 28–34 Issue Date: April 10, 2017
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Putnam, Robert C. (2001). Benfey, Otto Theodor; Turnbull Morris, Peter John (eds.).
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Woodward R. B.; Sondheimer F.; Taub D. (1951). "The Total Synthesis of Cortisone".
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Hanbury Memorial Medal from The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain in 1970
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on the penicillin project. Although often given credit for proposing the
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Pius XI Gold Medal, from the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1969
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Video podcast of Robert Burns Woodward talking about cephalosporin
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in his sleep. At the time, he was working on the synthesis of an
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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965 – Robert B. Woodward Biography
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Landmarks in Organo-Transition Metal Chemistry: A Personal View
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on the beta-lactam structure, all of this in opposition to the
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Roger Adams Medal, from the American Chemical Society in 1961
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In the early 1950s, Woodward, along with the British chemist
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A synthetic attack on the oestrone problem PhD dissertation
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While at Harvard, Woodward took on the directorship of the
1659:(1970). "Orbital Symmetry Control of Chemical Reactions".
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would be completed around the time of the Nobel ceremony.
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1871:"Robert Burns Woodward 1917–1979: A Biographical Memoir"
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Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
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Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1956
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Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Natural Products
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Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
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During World War II, Woodward was an advisor to the
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while he attended a public primary school, and then
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781:. In a remarkable collaboration with his colleague
2036:Robert Burns Woodward: Three Score Years and Then?
2006:
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448:degree. Only one year later, MIT awarded him the
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1131:Section of the American Chemical Society in 1967
681:, it was actually first proposed by chemists at
366:(April 10, 1917 – July 8, 1979) was an American
2089:including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1965
527:Culminating in the 1930s, the British chemists
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1669:(3919) (published February 6, 1970): 825–831.
839:. The predictions of these rules, called the "
413:His father was one of the many victims of the
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2076:Science History Institute Digital Collections
1371:Elkan Blout (2001). "Robert Burns Woodward".
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1400:. Chemical Heritage Foundation. p. 12.
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492:In 1944, with his post doctoral researcher,
19:For other people named Robert Woodward, see
2072:Notes from Robert Burns Woodward's Seminars
1858:American Chemical Society – Chicago Section
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283:A Synthetic Attack on the Oestrone Problem
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933:Learn how and when to remove this message
590:Learn how and when to remove this message
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372:the synthesis of complex natural products
4695:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah /
1988:Journal of the American Chemical Society
981:Some of his best-known students include
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1224:Technion Israel Institute of Technology
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1617:. Springer Science. pp. 161–163.
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1397:Reminiscences From Junior High School
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410:apothecary, Harlow Elliot Woodward.
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4172:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under
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1458:
1032:
911:adding citations to reliable sources
878:
572:adding citations to reliable sources
543:
5326:National Medal of Science laureates
1587:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973"
1190:Woodward also received over twenty
1185:
961:. A student of his said about him:
13:
5341:People from Belmont, Massachusetts
1902:Introduction Ă la chimie quantique
1278:hours of sleep every night, was a
155:Woodward–Doering quinine synthesis
14:
5377:
2065:
1868:
1744:The Right Place at the Right Time
1523:; Rosenblum, M.; Whiting, M. C.;
1455:
1268:
1111:from the United States in 1964 ("
540:Organic syntheses and Nobel Prize
2348:
1944:
1247:
1162:AMA Scientific Achievement Award
1154:Pierre Bruylants Medal from the
883:
867:, from 1966 to 1971, and of the
548:
21:Robert Woodward (disambiguation)
5286:20th-century American educators
1936:
1914:
1892:
1862:
1851:
1839:
1814:
1789:
1764:
1645:
1631:
1604:
1579:
1552:
1527:(1952). "The Structure of Iron
1346:Woodward, Robert Burns (1937).
972:
559:needs additional citations for
374:and the determination of their
5346:Recipients of the Copley Medal
5281:20th-century American chemists
1513:
1481:
1470:
1387:
1364:
1339:
1047:American Philosophical Society
812:devised rules (now called the
642:, and by meticulous planning.
1:
5351:20th-century American writers
2074:taken by Robert E. Kohler in
2059:Robert Burns Woodward Patents
1285:
1234:University of Western Ontario
869:Weizmann Institute of Science
473:
5321:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
1880:. The National Academy Press
1878:National Academy of Sciences
1683:10.1126/science.167.3919.825
1043:National Academy of Sciences
796:total synthesis of Vitamin B
16:American chemist (1917–1979)
7:
1077:Leo Hendrik Baekeland Award
857:Woodward Research Institute
130:Vitamin B12 total synthesis
10:
5382:
5316:Wesleyan University people
5306:Harvard University faculty
5120:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
4033:Hungarian Freedom Fighters
1139:Société chimique de France
1021:(Columbia University) and
652:nuclear magnetic resonance
640:physical organic chemistry
494:William von Eggers Doering
382:on theoretical studies of
135:Woodward cis-hydroxylation
18:
5331:American organic chemists
4850:
4553:
4319:
3984:
3974:The American Fighting-Man
3777:
3664:
3633:
3602:
3578:
3554:
3535:
3154:
2855:
2596:
2357:
2346:
2137:
1748:American Chemical Society
1252:
1109:National Medal of Science
1081:American Chemical Society
664:stereoselective synthesis
511:Later work and its impact
378:. He worked closely with
348:
309:
293:
275:
265:
255:
248:
213:National Medal of Science
173:
165:Prévost–Woodward reaction
110:
91:
72:
46:
37:
30:
5296:American science writers
5291:American Nobel laureates
4944:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
4691:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr.
3272:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
2551:Wendell Meredith Stanley
2131:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1119:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1057:. Other awards include:
947:Cambridge, Massachusetts
874:
752:organometallic chemistry
394:Early life and education
388:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
221:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
197:William H. Nichols Medal
84:Cambridge, Massachusetts
5356:Time Person of the Year
5200:Frederick Charles Frank
4912:John Edensor Littlewood
4189:The Apollo 8 Astronauts
1926:April 27, 2012, at the
1772:"Robert Burns Woodward"
1212:University of Cambridge
1146:Order of the Rising Sun
841:Woodward–Hoffmann rules
814:Woodward–Hoffmann rules
415:1918 influenza pandemic
160:Woodward–Hoffmann rules
4148:Martin Luther King Jr.
3670:Nobel Prize recipients
3635:Physiology or Medicine
3436:Emmanuelle Charpentier
3424:M. Stanley Whittingham
2395:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
1726:10.1002/hlca.201100077
1714:Helvetica Chimica Acta
1573:10.1002/chin.200443242
1317:10.1098/rsbm.1981.0025
837:Extended HĂĽckel method
816:) for elucidating the
705:structure proposed by
524:
519:Woodward talked about
5072:Robert Burns Woodward
4605:The Good Samaritans:
3902:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3842:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3826:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3545:Robert Burns Woodward
2806:Christian B. Anfinsen
2446:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
2081:Robert Burns Woodward
2020:Robert Burns Woodward
1921:Robert Burns Woodward
1240:University of Louvain
1156:University of Louvain
722:infrared spectroscopy
715:X-ray crystallography
648:infrared spectroscopy
518:
430:Quincy, Massachusetts
400:Boston, Massachusetts
398:Woodward was born in
386:. He was awarded the
355:Robert Burns Woodward
140:Woodward modification
32:Robert Burns Woodward
5112:Rodney Robert Porter
4722:The Silence Breakers
4589:The American Soldier
4570:The Whistleblowers:
4428:The Endangered Earth
4210:The Middle Americans
4164:William Westmoreland
4057:Dwight D. Eisenhower
3926:Dwight D. Eisenhower
3468:Karl Barry Sharpless
2965:Dudley R. Herschbach
2790:Luis Federico Leloir
1958:adding missing items
1826:search.amphilsoc.org
1822:"APS Member History"
1742:Roberts, J. (1990).
1639:"Nomination Archive"
1531:-Cyclopentadienyl".
1011:Christopher S. Foote
907:improve this section
801:has been published.
671:War Production Board
568:improve this article
438:Diels–Alder reaction
5024:Nevill Francis Mott
4787:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
3771:Persons of the Year
3460:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
3372:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
3109:Jens Christian Skou
3077:F. Sherwood Rowland
2989:Charles J. Pedersen
2953:Herbert A. Hauptman
2646:Vincent du Vigneaud
2263:Richard Willstätter
2147:Jacobus van 't Hoff
2000:10.1021/ja01152a551
1675:1970Sci...167..825H
1611:Werner, H. (2008).
1546:10.1021/ja01128a527
1218:Brandeis University
1200:Wesleyan University
1125:Willard Gibbs Award
820:of the products of
469:Research and career
446:Bachelor of Science
376:molecular structure
304:Avery Adrian Morton
229:Willard Gibbs Award
124:Molecular structure
5240:John Maynard Smith
4992:Tadeusz Reichstein
4352:Ayatollah Khomeini
4017:John Foster Dulles
3649:André Michel Lwoff
3612:Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
3420:John B. Goodenough
3348:William E. Moerner
3228:Richard R. Schrock
3200:Roderick MacKinnon
3172:K. Barry Sharpless
2997:Johann Deisenhofer
2826:Geoffrey Wilkinson
2822:Ernst Otto Fischer
2746:Robert S. Mulliken
2682:Jaroslav HeyrovskĂ˝
2630:Hermann Staudinger
2450:Irène Joliot-Curie
2083:on Nobelprize.org
2022:on Nobelprize.org
1956:; you can help by
1494:The New York Times
1263:the Polaroid Corp.
1236:in Canada in 1968;
1206:Harvard University
1067:Franklin Institute
983:Robert M. Williams
851:Woodward Institute
833:molecular orbitals
808:synthesis, he and
783:Albert Eschenmoser
756:Ernst Otto Fischer
741:Geoffrey Wilkinson
529:Christopher Ingold
525:
462:Harvard University
458:James Flack Norris
426:Quincy High School
384:chemical reactions
300:James Flack Norris
270:Harvard University
145:Woodward synthesis
5258:
5257:
5096:Peter D. Mitchell
5008:Alexander R. Todd
4920:Macfarlane Burnet
4843:Copley Medallists
4809:
4808:
4791:Spirit of Ukraine
4491:Pope John Paul II
4468:The Peacemakers:
4444:George H. W. Bush
4436:Mikhail Gorbachev
4420:Mikhail Gorbachev
4264:Susan Brownmiller
4180:Lyndon B. Johnson
4156:Lyndon B. Johnson
4065:U.S. Scientists:
4049:Charles de Gaulle
4041:Nikita Khrushchev
3993:Mohammed Mosaddeq
3966:Winston Churchill
3894:Winston Churchill
3786:Charles Lindbergh
3734:
3733:
3569:Mikhail Sholokhov
3493:
3492:
3476:Moungi G. Bawendi
3396:Richard Henderson
3240:Roger D. Kornberg
3208:Aaron Ciechanover
3041:Rudolph A. Marcus
2945:Robert Merrifield
2881:Peter D. Mitchell
2654:Cyril Hinshelwood
2415:Friedrich Bergius
2339:Richard Zsigmondy
2255:Theodore Richards
2203:Ernest Rutherford
2044:Aldrichimica Acta
1974:
1973:
1801:www.nasonline.org
1797:"Robert Woodward"
1757:978-0-8412-1766-9
1624:978-0-387-09847-0
1534:J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1242:in Belgium, 1970.
1033:Honors and awards
945:Woodward died in
943:
942:
935:
600:
599:
592:
434:Ludwig Gattermann
352:
351:
316:Christopher Foote
310:Doctoral students
260:Organic chemistry
250:Scientific career
241:
233:
225:
217:
119:organic syntheses
5373:
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5099:
5091:
5083:
5075:
5067:
5064:Frederick Sanger
5059:
5051:
5043:
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5027:
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5003:
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4987:
4979:
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4923:
4915:
4907:
4899:
4896:Patrick Blackett
4891:
4883:
4875:
4867:
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4627:
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4592:
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4565:
4562:Rudolph Giuliani
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4391:
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4331:
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4296:Billie Jean King
4262:American Women:
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4213:
4205:
4203:
4183:
4175:
4167:
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4107:William Shockley
4083:Joshua Lederberg
4079:Donald A. Glaser
4060:
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3672:
3618:Julian Schwinger
3520:
3513:
3506:
3497:
3496:
3486:
3484:Alexei I. Ekimov
3470:
3464:Morten P. Meldal
3454:
3442:
3430:
3414:
3398:
3388:Jacques Dubochet
3382:
3366:
3350:
3334:
3318:
3312:Robert Lefkowitz
3306:
3298:
3282:
3276:Thomas A. Steitz
3266:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3224:Robert H. Grubbs
3218:
3202:
3190:
3174:
3147:
3145:Hideki Shirakawa
3131:
3123:
3111:
3095:
3079:
3063:
3055:
3043:
3035:
3033:Richard R. Ernst
3027:
3019:
3007:
2991:
2975:
2959:
2947:
2939:
2931:
2923:
2911:
2909:Frederick Sanger
2895:
2889:Herbert C. Brown
2883:
2875:
2867:
2865:William Lipscomb
2848:
2836:
2828:
2816:
2800:
2798:Gerhard Herzberg
2792:
2784:
2772:
2764:
2748:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2674:Frederick Sanger
2668:
2660:
2658:Nikolay Semyonov
2648:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2612:
2610:Glenn T. Seaborg
2589:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2537:
2535:Artturi Virtanen
2529:
2521:
2519:George de Hevesy
2513:
2512:
2506:
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2499:
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2492:
2480:
2472:
2460:
2452:
2440:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2417:
2405:
2397:
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2377:
2375:Heinrich Wieland
2369:
2367:Theodor Svedberg
2352:
2351:
2341:
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2326:
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2197:
2189:
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2179:Adolf von Baeyer
2173:
2165:
2163:Svante Arrhenius
2157:
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2027:
2016:
2003:
1969:
1966:
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1540:(8): 2125–2126.
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1380:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1300:
1192:honorary degrees
1186:Honorary degrees
1063:John Scott Medal
1003:Steven A. Benner
995:William R. Roush
991:Stuart Schreiber
938:
931:
927:
924:
918:
887:
879:
749:transition metal
595:
588:
584:
581:
575:
552:
544:
503:, used to treat
487:Woodward's rules
365:
336:William R. Roush
331:Stuart Schreiber
295:Doctoral advisor
289:
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150:Woodward's rules
79:
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42:
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5232:James Lighthill
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5192:James D. Watson
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5056:Dorothy Hodgkin
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5022:
5014:
5006:
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4966:
4958:
4950:
4942:
4934:
4928:Harold Jeffreys
4926:
4918:
4910:
4902:
4894:
4886:
4880:E. T. Whittaker
4878:
4870:
4862:
4854:
4846:
4840:
4810:
4805:
4797:
4785:
4777:
4765:
4757:
4732:Jamal Khashoggi
4730:The Guardians:
4729:
4728:
4720:
4712:
4704:
4687:
4686:
4678:
4670:
4662:
4656:Mark Zuckerberg
4654:
4646:
4638:
4630:
4622:
4604:
4603:
4595:
4587:
4580:Sherron Watkins
4569:
4568:
4560:
4549:
4541:
4533:
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4513:
4505:
4497:
4489:
4467:
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4458:
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4426:
4418:
4410:
4402:
4396:Peter Ueberroth
4394:
4382:
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4366:
4358:
4350:
4342:
4334:
4326:
4315:
4268:Kathleen Byerly
4261:
4260:
4252:
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4234:Henry Kissinger
4232:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4187:
4186:
4178:
4170:
4162:
4154:
4146:
4140:Pope John XXIII
4138:
4132:John F. Kennedy
4130:
4123:Robert Woodward
4119:James Van Allen
4064:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4039:
4031:
4023:
4015:
4009:Konrad Adenauer
4007:
3999:
3991:
3980:
3972:
3964:
3958:Harry S. Truman
3956:
3950:George Marshall
3948:
3942:James F. Byrnes
3940:
3934:Harry S. Truman
3932:
3924:
3918:George Marshall
3916:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3866:Chiang Kai-shek
3864:
3856:
3848:
3840:
3834:Hugh S. Johnson
3832:
3824:
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3810:Mohandas Gandhi
3808:
3800:
3794:Walter Chrysler
3792:
3784:
3773:
3765:
3735:
3730:
3668:
3660:
3645:(Great Britain)
3629:
3626:(United States)
3624:Richard Feynman
3620:(United States)
3598:
3595:(United States)
3574:
3550:
3547:(United States)
3531:
3524:
3494:
3489:
3473:
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3448:David MacMillan
3445:
3440:Jennifer Doudna
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3376:Fraser Stoddart
3369:
3360:Paul L. Modrich
3353:
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3296:Ei-ichi Negishi
3288:Richard F. Heck
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3256:Osamu Shimomura
3253:
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3205:
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3177:
3164:William Knowles
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3141:Alan MacDiarmid
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3093:Richard Smalley
3082:
3069:Paul J. Crutzen
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2985:Jean-Marie Lehn
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2870:
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2839:
2831:
2819:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2775:
2767:
2751:
2743:
2738:Robert Woodward
2735:
2730:Dorothy Hodgkin
2727:
2715:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
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2651:
2643:
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2575:William Giauque
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2559:Robert Robinson
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2543:James B. Sumner
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2490:Leopold RuĹľiÄŤka
2486:Adolf Butenandt
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2429:
2428:
2423:Irving Langmuir
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2380:
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2308:Frederick Soddy
2305:
2297:
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2252:
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2235:Victor Grignard
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2211:Wilhelm Ostwald
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1557:
1553:
1525:Woodward, R. B.
1518:
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1486:
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1392:
1388:
1369:
1365:
1352:(Thesis). MIT.
1344:
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1301:
1292:
1288:
1271:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1188:
1183:
1135:Lavoisier Medal
1035:
999:Scripps-Florida
975:
939:
928:
922:
919:
904:
888:
877:
853:
818:stereochemistry
807:
799:
779:
772:
769:
711:Dorothy Hodgkin
707:Robert Robinson
659:stereochemistry
596:
585:
579:
576:
565:
553:
542:
533:Robert Robinson
513:
476:
471:
396:
368:organic chemist
357:
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181:Centenary Prize
169:
92:Alma mater
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24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5379:
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5343:
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5336:Stereochemists
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
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5252:
5248:Alan Battersby
5244:
5236:
5228:
5220:
5212:
5204:
5196:
5188:
5180:
5176:Sydney Brenner
5172:
5164:
5160:CĂ©sar Milstein
5156:
5152:Michael Atiyah
5148:
5140:
5136:Rudolf Peierls
5132:
5124:
5116:
5108:
5104:John Cornforth
5100:
5092:
5084:
5076:
5068:
5060:
5052:
5044:
5040:W. V. D. Hodge
5036:
5028:
5020:
5012:
5004:
4996:
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4980:
4976:Lawrence Bragg
4972:
4964:
4960:Sydney Chapman
4956:
4948:
4940:
4932:
4924:
4916:
4908:
4900:
4892:
4884:
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4872:Albert Kluyver
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4759:Greta Thunberg
4755:
4726:
4718:
4710:
4702:
4689:Ebola Fighters
4684:
4676:
4668:
4660:
4652:
4644:
4636:
4632:Vladimir Putin
4628:
4620:
4601:
4597:George W. Bush
4593:
4585:
4572:Cynthia Cooper
4566:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4543:George W. Bush
4539:
4531:
4519:
4511:
4503:
4495:
4487:
4478:Nelson Mandela
4474:F. W. de Klerk
4464:
4456:
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4440:
4432:
4424:
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4412:Corazon Aquino
4408:
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4392:
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4356:
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4292:Barbara Jordan
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4214:
4206:
4193:William Anders
4184:
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4128:
4115:Charles Townes
4095:Edward Purcell
4071:Charles Draper
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4025:Harlow Curtice
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3858:Wallis Simpson
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3850:Haile Selassie
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3571:(Soviet Union)
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3408:Gregory Winter
3404:Frances Arnold
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3367:
3351:
3335:
3328:Michael Levitt
3324:Martin Karplus
3319:
3307:
3299:
3283:
3267:
3264:Roger Y. Tsien
3260:Martin Chalfie
3251:
3243:
3235:
3219:
3203:
3191:
3175:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3137:Alan J. Heeger
3132:
3124:
3112:
3105:John E. Walker
3096:
3080:
3064:
3056:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3008:
3005:Hartmut Michel
2992:
2981:Donald J. Cram
2976:
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2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2921:Roald Hoffmann
2912:
2905:Walter Gilbert
2896:
2884:
2876:
2873:Ilya Prigogine
2868:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2842:John Cornforth
2837:
2829:
2817:
2810:Stanford Moore
2801:
2793:
2785:
2773:
2765:
2758:Ronald Norrish
2749:
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2713:
2701:
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2685:
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2666:Alexander Todd
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2606:Edwin McMillan
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2100:
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2066:External links
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2017:
2009:Chem. Educator
2004:
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1972:
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1869:Blout, Elkan.
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1720:(6): 923–946.
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1591:nobelprize.org
1578:
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1497:. July 3, 1960
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1467:Nobelprize.org
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1269:Idiosyncrasies
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1259:Eudoxia Muller
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1019:Ronald Breslow
1007:James D. Wuest
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831:properties of
810:Roald Hoffmann
805:
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728:, strychnine,
687:Edward Abraham
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57:April 10, 1917
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5184:George Porter
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5048:Francis Crick
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5032:Andrew Huxley
5029:
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5017:
5013:
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5005:
5001:
5000:Peter Medawar
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4706:Angela Merkel
4703:
4698:
4697:Salome Karwah
4694:
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4673:
4669:
4665:
4664:The Protester
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4615:Melinda Gates
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4576:Coleen Rowley
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4499:Newt Gingrich
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4482:Yitzhak Rabin
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4470:Yasser Arafat
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4404:Deng Xiaoping
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4388:Yuri Andropov
4385:
4384:Ronald Reagan
4381:
4377:
4373:
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4360:Ronald Reagan
4357:
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4344:Deng Xiaoping
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4238:Richard Nixon
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4111:Edward Teller
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4091:Linus Pauling
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4087:Willard Libby
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4067:George Beadle
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3184:Koichi Tanaka
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2698:Melvin Calvin
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2690:Willard Libby
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2638:Linus Pauling
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2622:Richard Synge
2619:
2618:Archer Martin
2614:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2567:Arne Tiselius
2563:
2560:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2547:John Northrop
2544:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2391:Arthur Harden
2387:
2384:
2383:Adolf Windaus
2379:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2316:Francis Aston
2312:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2247:Alfred Werner
2243:
2240:
2239:Paul Sabatier
2236:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2187:Henri Moissan
2183:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2039:David Dolphin
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1959:
1955:
1952:This list is
1950:
1943:
1942:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1842:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1641:. April 2020.
1640:
1634:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1596:September 12,
1592:
1588:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1521:Wilkinson, G.
1516:
1509:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1489:"Chlorophyll"
1484:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1429:
1417:
1409:
1407:9780941901253
1403:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1248:Personal life
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:Royal Society
1094:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:in 1953, the
1044:
1041:in 1948, the
1040:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1023:David Dolphin
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
987:Yoshito Kishi
984:
979:
968:
964:
963:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
937:
934:
926:
916:
912:
908:
902:
901:
897:
892:This section
890:
886:
881:
880:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
848:
846:
845:Kenichi Fukui
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
823:
819:
815:
811:
802:
800:
793:
792:Yoshito Kishi
789:
784:
780:
763:
759:
757:
753:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
726:santonic acid
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
677:structure of
676:
672:
667:
665:
660:
656:
653:
649:
643:
641:
637:
633:
632:cephalosporin
629:
625:
621:
620:lysergic acid
617:
613:
609:
605:
594:
591:
583:
573:
569:
563:
562:
557:This section
555:
551:
546:
545:
537:
534:
530:
522:
517:
508:
506:
502:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
481:
466:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
360:
356:
347:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
312:
308:
305:
301:
298:
296:
292:
285:
284:
280:
278:
274:
271:
268:
264:
261:
258:
254:
251:
247:
238:
235:
230:
227:
222:
219:
214:
211:
206:
203:
198:
195:
190:
187:
182:
179:
178:
176:
172:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:determination
125:
122:
120:
116:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
85:
75:
71:
66:
65:Massachusetts
62:
49:
45:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
5208:Frank Fenner
5088:Derek Barton
5071:
5016:Norman Pirie
4984:Bernard Katz
4968:Alan Hodgkin
4856:David Keilin
4799:Taylor Swift
4747:
4714:Donald Trump
4693:Kent Brantly
4680:Pope Francis
4672:Barack Obama
4648:Ben Bernanke
4640:Barack Obama
4554:2001–present
4523:Bill Clinton
4515:Andrew Grove
4460:Bill Clinton
4376:The Computer
4328:Jimmy Carter
4304:Carol Sutton
4272:Alison Cheek
4218:Willy Brandt
4197:Frank Borman
4122:
4103:Emilio Segrè
3878:Adolf Hitler
3818:Pierre Laval
3768:
3700:
3544:
3412:George Smith
3292:Akira Suzuki
3248:Gerhard Ertl
3232:Yves Chauvin
3180:John B. Fenn
3168:Ryoji Noyori
3155:2001–present
3129:Ahmed Zewail
3089:Harold Kroto
3073:Mario Molina
3001:Robert Huber
2973:John Polanyi
2957:Jerome Karle
2893:Georg Wittig
2778:Derek Barton
2770:Lars Onsager
2737:
2722:Giulio Natta
2718:Karl Ziegler
2710:John Kendrew
2478:Richard Kuhn
2403:Hans Fischer
2219:Otto Wallach
2155:Emil Fischer
2090:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2012:
2008:
1991:
1987:
1962:
1937:Bibliography
1916:
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1877:
1864:
1853:
1841:
1831:November 14,
1829:. Retrieved
1825:
1816:
1806:November 14,
1804:. Retrieved
1800:
1791:
1781:November 14,
1779:. Retrieved
1775:
1766:
1743:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1653:Hoffmann, R.
1647:
1633:
1613:
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1581:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1499:. Retrieved
1492:
1483:
1472:
1445:
1396:
1389:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1358:1721.1/12465
1348:
1341:
1308:
1304:
1280:heavy smoker
1276:
1272:
1256:
1189:
1178:Copley Medal
1112:
1071:Philadelphia
1069:and City of
1036:
1027:
1015:Kendall Houk
1009:(Montreal),
980:
976:
973:Publications
965:
959:erythromycin
951:heart attack
944:
929:
920:
905:Please help
893:
856:
854:
803:
773:
760:
738:
719:
699:thiazolidine
691:thiazolidine
668:
655:spectroscopy
644:
601:
586:
577:
566:Please help
561:verification
558:
526:
491:
483:spectroscopy
477:
419:
412:
404:Robert Burns
397:
354:
353:
281:
266:Institutions
249:
237:Copley Medal
78:(1979-07-08)
76:July 8, 1979
25:
5276:1979 deaths
5271:1917 births
5224:Hugh Huxley
5168:Abdus Salam
4952:Paul Fildes
4845:(1951–2000)
4749:The Capital
4746:/ Staff of
4744:Kyaw Soe Oo
4736:Maria Ressa
4368:Lech Wałęsa
4336:Anwar Sadat
4308:Addie Wyatt
4300:Susie Sharp
4288:Carla Hills
4284:Ella Grasso
4276:Jill Conway
4254:King Faisal
4246:John Sirica
4099:Isidor Rabi
4075:John Enders
3528:Nobel Prize
3380:Ben Feringa
3364:Aziz Sancar
3344:Stefan Hell
3340:Eric Betzig
3117:Walter Kohn
3085:Robert Curl
3061:George Olah
3049:Kary Mullis
3025:Elias Corey
3017:Thomas Cech
2969:Yuan T. Lee
2937:Henry Taube
2470:Paul Karrer
2458:Peter Debye
2438:Harold Urey
2324:Fritz Pregl
2285:Fritz Haber
2227:Marie Curie
1994:(8): 4057.
1899:(in French)
1884:January 15,
1508:living. ...
1501:October 13,
1424:|work=
1311:: 628–695.
1095:, from the
1065:, from the
993:(Harvard),
989:(Harvard),
871:in Israel.
859:, based at
675:beta-lactam
650:and later,
628:chlorophyll
608:cholesterol
521:Chlorophyll
480:ultraviolet
5265:Categories
5144:Robin Hill
5128:Aaron Klug
5080:Max Perutz
4936:Hans Krebs
4864:Paul Dirac
4611:Bill Gates
4535:Jeff Bezos
4452:Ted Turner
4280:Betty Ford
4201:Jim Lovell
3556:Literature
3216:Irwin Rose
3196:Peter Agre
3121:John Pople
2929:Aaron Klug
2834:Paul Flory
2782:Odd Hassel
2706:Max Perutz
2587:Kurt Alder
2583:Otto Diels
2411:Carl Bosch
1965:March 2022
1954:incomplete
1910:2730214852
1561:ChemInform
1286:References
1168:Cope Award
1093:Davy Medal
1086:Elected a
955:antibiotic
734:terramycin
730:magnamycin
695:imprimatur
679:penicillin
636:colchicine
616:strychnine
474:Early work
205:Davy Medal
53:1917-04-10
4779:Elon Musk
4767:Joe Biden
4527:Ken Starr
4320:1976–2000
3985:1951–1975
3778:1927–1950
3537:Chemistry
3530:laureates
2901:Paul Berg
2856:1976–2000
2597:1951–1975
2527:Otto Hahn
2358:1926–1950
2138:1901–1925
2127:Laureates
2055:(1), 3–9.
1426:ignored (
1416:cite book
1325:0080-4606
1137:from the
1127:from the
949:, from a
923:June 2024
894:does not
825:reactions
788:palytoxin
776:vitamin B
745:ferrocene
717:in 1945.
703:oxazolone
624:reserpine
612:cortisone
580:June 2024
450:doctorate
422:chemistry
390:in 1965.
117:Landmark
4507:David Ho
3657:(France)
3651:(France)
1924:Archived
1699:12243669
1691:17742608
1381:| url =
1333:71742454
1230:in 1966;
1220:in 1965;
1214:in 1964;
1208:in 1957;
1202:in 1945;
1013:(UCLA),
829:symmetry
498:alkaloid
359:ForMemRS
321:Ken Houk
189:ForMemRS
4740:Wa Lone
3614:(Japan)
3604:Physics
2129:of the
1671:Bibcode
1662:Science
1174:in 1973
1164:in 1971
1158:in 1970
1141:in 1968
1129:Chicago
1121:in 1965
1099:in 1959
1025:(UBC).
915:removed
900:sources
822:organic
701:–
604:quinine
523:in 1965
505:malaria
501:quinine
454:estrone
408:Roxbury
363:HonFRSE
5250:(2000)
5242:(1999)
5234:(1998)
5226:(1997)
5218:(1996)
5210:(1995)
5202:(1994)
5194:(1993)
5186:(1992)
5178:(1991)
5170:(1990)
5162:(1989)
5154:(1988)
5146:(1987)
5138:(1986)
5130:(1985)
5122:(1984)
5114:(1983)
5106:(1982)
5098:(1981)
5090:(1980)
5082:(1979)
5074:(1978)
5066:(1977)
5058:(1976)
5050:(1975)
5042:(1974)
5034:(1973)
5026:(1972)
5018:(1971)
5010:(1970)
5002:(1969)
4994:(1968)
4986:(1967)
4978:(1966)
4970:(1965)
4962:(1964)
4954:(1963)
4946:(1962)
4938:(1961)
4930:(1960)
4922:(1959)
4914:(1958)
4906:(1957)
4898:(1956)
4890:(1955)
4882:(1954)
4874:(1953)
4866:(1952)
4858:(1951)
4801:(2023)
4793:(2022)
4781:(2021)
4773:(2020)
4761:(2019)
4753:(2018)
4724:(2017)
4716:(2016)
4708:(2015)
4700:(2014)
4682:(2013)
4674:(2012)
4666:(2011)
4658:(2010)
4650:(2009)
4642:(2008)
4634:(2007)
4626:(2006)
4618:(2005)
4599:(2004)
4591:(2003)
4583:(2002)
4564:(2001)
4545:(2000)
4537:(1999)
4529:(1998)
4517:(1997)
4509:(1996)
4501:(1995)
4493:(1994)
4485:(1993)
4462:(1992)
4454:(1991)
4446:(1990)
4438:(1989)
4430:(1988)
4422:(1987)
4414:(1986)
4406:(1985)
4398:(1984)
4390:(1983)
4378:(1982)
4370:(1981)
4362:(1980)
4354:(1979)
4346:(1978)
4338:(1977)
4330:(1976)
4311:(1975)
4256:(1974)
4248:(1973)
4240:(1972)
4228:(1971)
4220:(1970)
4212:(1969)
4204:(1968)
4182:(1967)
4174:(1966)
4166:(1965)
4158:(1964)
4150:(1963)
4142:(1962)
4134:(1961)
4126:(1960)
4059:(1959)
4051:(1958)
4043:(1957)
4035:(1956)
4027:(1955)
4019:(1954)
4011:(1953)
4003:(1952)
3995:(1951)
3976:(1950)
3968:(1949)
3960:(1948)
3952:(1947)
3944:(1946)
3936:(1945)
3928:(1944)
3920:(1943)
3912:(1942)
3904:(1941)
3896:(1940)
3888:(1939)
3880:(1938)
3872:(1937)
3860:(1936)
3852:(1935)
3844:(1934)
3836:(1933)
3828:(1932)
3820:(1931)
3812:(1930)
3804:(1929)
3796:(1928)
3788:(1927)
3593:UNICEF
3474:2023:
3458:2022:
3446:2021:
3434:2020:
3418:2019:
3402:2018:
3386:2017:
3370:2016:
3354:2015:
3338:2014:
3322:2013:
3310:2012:
3302:2011:
3286:2010:
3270:2009:
3254:2008:
3246:2007:
3238:2006:
3222:2005:
3206:2004:
3194:2003:
3178:2002:
3162:2001:
3135:2000:
3127:1999:
3115:1998:
3099:1997:
3083:1996:
3067:1995:
3059:1994:
3047:1993:
3039:1992:
3031:1991:
3023:1990:
3011:1989:
2995:1988:
2979:1987:
2963:1986:
2951:1985:
2943:1984:
2935:1983:
2927:1982:
2915:1981:
2899:1980:
2887:1979:
2879:1978:
2871:1977:
2863:1976:
2840:1975:
2832:1974:
2820:1973:
2804:1972:
2796:1971:
2788:1970:
2776:1969:
2768:1968:
2752:1967:
2744:1966:
2736:1965:
2728:1964:
2716:1963:
2704:1962:
2696:1961:
2688:1960:
2680:1959:
2672:1958:
2664:1957:
2652:1956:
2644:1955:
2636:1954:
2628:1953:
2616:1952:
2604:1951:
2581:1950:
2573:1949:
2565:1948:
2557:1947:
2541:1946:
2533:1945:
2525:1944:
2517:1943:
2484:1939:
2476:1938:
2464:1937:
2456:1936:
2444:1935:
2436:1934:
2421:1932:
2409:1931:
2401:1930:
2389:1929:
2381:1928:
2373:1927:
2365:1926:
2337:1925:
2322:1923:
2314:1922:
2306:1921:
2298:1920:
2283:1918:
2261:1915:
2253:1914:
2245:1913:
2233:1912:
2225:1911:
2217:1910:
2209:1909:
2201:1908:
2193:1907:
2185:1906:
2177:1905:
2169:1904:
2161:1903:
2153:1902:
2145:1901:
2015:: 1–5.
1908:
1846:Awards
1754:
1697:
1689:
1621:
1567:(43).
1404:
1331:
1323:
1253:Family
1083:, 1955
1073:, 1945
1053:, and
1051:Pfizer
1005:(UF),
713:using
634:, and
288:(1937)
286:
277:Thesis
256:Fields
240:(1978)
232:(1967)
224:(1965)
216:(1964)
208:(1959)
200:(1956)
192:(1956)
184:(1951)
174:Awards
86:, U.S.
67:, U.S.
61:Boston
3701:1965
3580:Peace
3526:1965
1874:(PDF)
1695:S2CID
1329:S2CID
1228:Haifa
1055:Merck
875:Death
861:Basel
683:Merck
428:, in
361:
4607:Bono
3769:Time
3726:1970
3721:1969
3716:1968
3711:1967
3706:1966
3696:1964
3691:1963
3686:1962
3681:1961
3676:1960
3584:1965
3560:1965
2511:1942
2504:1941
2497:1940
2430:1933
2331:1924
2292:1919
2277:1917
2270:1916
2049:1977
1982:1992
1906:ISBN
1886:2017
1833:2022
1808:2022
1783:2022
1752:ISBN
1687:PMID
1619:ISBN
1598:2010
1503:2012
1450:link
1428:help
1402:ISBN
1321:ISSN
1144:The
898:any
896:cite
732:and
685:and
531:and
73:Died
47:Born
4624:You
1996:doi
1960:.
1722:doi
1679:doi
1667:167
1569:doi
1542:doi
1529:Bis
1354:hdl
1313:doi
1226:in
1001:),
909:by
865:MIT
570:by
104:PhD
5267::
4789:/
4769:/
4742:/
4738:/
4734:/
4613:/
4609:/
4578:/
4574:/
4525:/
4480:/
4476:/
4472:/
4386:/
4306:/
4302:/
4298:/
4294:/
4290:/
4286:/
4282:/
4278:/
4274:/
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