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only the adult male (silverback) has a larynx large enough and vocal cords lengthened enough to produce a full roar. Nonetheless, in other species both sexes can produce these vocalizations. In lions, where both sexes roar, the vocalization plays a role in social spacing and territorial defense. The
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also has this property but cannot roar, as its shorter vocal folds provide little resistance to airflow. In howler monkeys, the hyoid bone is relatively large and cup-shaped; contributing to the depth and resonance of the call. Though usually airborne, some roars are emitted underwater, as in the
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in 1982 and redone in 1994 and 1995, consists of tiger growls and lion growls instead of actual roars. As
Mangini later stated, "lions don't make that kind of ferocious noises , and the logo needed to be ferocious and majestic".
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affect the formant or resonance of a sound. In big cats and some male deer, specialized musculature and ligaments pull the larynx deeper in the vocal tract when roaring, lowering the vocal tract resonance.
870:. In: Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH-QPSR, Volume 51, 2011. Proceedings from Fonetik 2011. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 8–10 June 2010, pp. 1–4. Download PDF from
881:. In: Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH-QPSR, Volume 51, 2011. Proceedings from Fonetik 2011. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 8–10 June 2010, pp. 5–8.Download PDF from
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roars ward off other lions from mistakenly entering another lion's territory. The roar of a lion is audible for a long distance: up to five miles in human hearing and probably farther for lions.
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contributes to a deeper pitch. The male hammer-headed bat has a larynx that takes up most of his thoracic cavity and is half the size of his backbone. A larger larynx also has enlarged
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as quintessential examples of the sound. Other researchers have mentioned similar "roar-like" vocalizations in which either the pitch or formant is still higher than in true roars.
103:. Many mammals have evolved to produce roars and other roar-like vocals for purposes such as long-distance communication and intimidation. These include various species of
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The structure of the hyoid bone can play a role in an animal's ability to roar. The hyoid of the big cats is less ossified and more flexible than in other cats. The
306:. Elephants possess a pharyngeal pouch associated with their larynx and hyoid apparatus, and their roars can also be modified by the nostrils in their trunks. Male
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The definition of "roar" has varied between species. However
Weissengruber et al. (2002) has given a more general description of roars as consisting of both a low
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Frey, Roland; Gebler, Alban (2010). "Chapter 10.3 – Mechanisms and evolution of roaring-like vocalization in mammals". In
Brudzynski, Stefan M. (ed.).
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The Social Life of the Lion: A study of the behaviour of wild lions (Panthera leo massaica [Newmann]) in the
Nairobi National Park, Kenya
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possess an air space (paired and two-chambered in the former) attached to the larynx, while bears have such spaces connected to the
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206:, referred to as the "roaring cats"), have vocal cords that are square-shaped as opposed to the triangle-shaped cords of other
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210:; this allows them to produce a louder call with less lung pressure. The elasticity of the larynx and the length of the
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Weissengruber, G. E.; Forstenpointner, G.; Kübber-Heiss, A.; Riedelberger, K.; Schwammer, H.; Ganzberger, K. (2001).
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146:. While roaring, animals may stretch out their necks and elevate their heads to increase the space for resonance.
290:. Male howler monkeys have an unpaired rostroventral laryngeal air sac within the hyoid bulla (extension of the
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318:, which also affects resonance. Saiga nevertheless roar with their mouths closed and produce a "nasal roar".
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Other species have evolved internal inflatable air spaces connected to the vocal tract, which play a role in
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Roaring mammals have evolved various means to achieve their vocalizations. A proportionally large
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294:) and a pair of ventral laryngeal air spaces outside. The hammer-headed bat has a pouch in the
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Weissengruber, G. E.; Forstenpointner, G.; Peters, G.; Kübber-Heiss, A.; Fitch, W. T. (2002).
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An acoustic analysis of lion roars. I: Data collection and spectrogram and waveform analyses
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Ananthakrishnan, Gopal, Robert Eklund, Gustav Peters, Gopal & Evans Mabiza. 2011.
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The
Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates
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The anatomical basis for the ability to roar often involves modifications to the
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which also contributes to a deeper pitch; as more massive folds leads to slower
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Handbook of
Mammalian Vocalization — An Integrative Neuroscience Approach
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Kelemen, G.; Sade, J. (1960). "The vocal organ of the
Howling monkey (
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An acoustic analysis of lion roars. II: Vocal tract characteristics
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region, in addition to paired cheek pouches which extend to the
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Sexual
Selection and the Origins of Human Mating Systems
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Category:Individual apes involved in language studies
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142:and enlarged internal air spaces for low-frequency
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355:The lion's roar is familiar to many through
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478:"Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (
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370:. Leo's current roar, recreated by
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314:have an enlarged and inflated
162:. They have used the roars of
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190:. In addition, the big cats (
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969:Evolutionary linguistics
883:http://roberteklund.info
872:http://roberteklund.info
615:10.1002/jmor.1051070202
99:that is loud, deep and
1124:Category:Talking birds
806:Richard Estes (1991).
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257:Sound of red deer roar
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32:Roar (disambiguation)
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920:Animal communication
842:. 23 November 2015.
494:) and domestic cat (
30:For other uses, see
334:Biological function
97:animal vocalization
1081:Great ape language
1030:Whale vocalization
994:Origin of language
551:Journal of Anatomy
502:Journal of Anatomy
351:In popular culture
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300:nasopharynx
278:. The male
212:vocal tract
188:oscillation
184:vocal cords
1144:Categories
1042:Bumblebees
850:2017-07-10
655:11 October
645:"Elephant"
486:), tiger (
411:References
292:hyoid bone
267:media help
150:Definition
140:hyoid bone
101:resonating
1071:Elephants
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125:elephants
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379:See also
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223:Red deer
168:red deer
158:and low
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1093:Insects
1086:Yerkish
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180:larynx
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1049:Birds
974:FOXP2
627:S2CID
405:Snarl
368:films
196:tiger
164:lions
156:pitch
109:bears
1119:Roar
1066:Dogs
1061:Cats
1037:Bees
820:ISBN
783:ISBN
756:ISBN
729:2016
711:ISBN
684:ISBN
657:2016
619:PMID
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450:ISBN
361:logo
310:and
282:and
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192:lion
166:and
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