187:
important to look at relative deprivation theory, a belief that people join social movement based on their evaluations of what they think they should have, compared with what others have. On the contrary, absolute deprivation is people's actual negative condition; relative deprivation is what people think they should have relative to what others have, or even compared with their own past or perceived future. Improved conditions fuel human desires for even better conditions and so can spark revolutions.
123:, the defining challenge of our time is widening income inequality. In advanced economies, the gap between the rich and poor is at its highest level in decades. Inequality trends have been more mixed in emerging markets and developing countries (EMDCs), with some countries experiencing declining inequality, but pervasive inequities in access to education, health care, and finance remain.
23:
individual or group compared to the rest of society. Relative deprivation may also emphasise the individual experience of discontent when being deprived of something to which one believes oneself to be entitled, however emphasizing the perspective of the individual makes objective measurement problematic.
307:
Critique of this theory has pointed out that this theory fails to explain why some people who feel discontent fail to take action and join social movements. Counter-arguments include that some people are prone to conflict-avoidance, are short-term-oriented, and that imminent life difficulties may
22:
is the lack of resources to sustain the diet, lifestyle, activities and amenities that an individual or group are accustomed to or that are widely encouraged or approved in the society to which they belong. Measuring relative deprivation allows an objective comparison between the situation of the
178:
in the 1960s. Another example of fraternalistic relative deprivation is the envy that teenagers feel towards the wealthy characters who are portrayed in movies and on television as being "middle class" or "normal" despite wearing expensive clothes, driving expensive cars, and living in mansions.
186:
Deprivation Theory is that people who are deprived of things deemed valuable in society, money, justice, status or privilege, join social movements with the hope of redressing their grievances. That is a beginning point for looking at why people join social movements; however, it is even more
217:(also known as absolute deprivation or absolute poverty) - a condition that applies to all underprivileged people. This leads to an important conclusion: while the objective deprivation (poverty) in the world may change over time, relative deprivation will not, as long as
109:. For example, some scholars of social movements explain their rise by citing grievances of people who feel deprived of what they perceive as values to which they are entitled. Similarly, individuals engage in deviant behaviours when their means do not match their goals.
662:
Dambrun, M., Taylor, D. M., McDonald, D. A., Crush, J., & Méot, A. (2006). The relative deprivation-gratification continuum and the attitudes of South
Africans toward immigrants: a test of the V-curve hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(6),
160:
when compared to other, better off members of a specific group (of which A is the member) and the latter, by unfavorable comparison to other, better off groups. Egoistic relative deprivation can be seen in the example of a worker who believes he should have been
228:
were a luxury, hence an individual unable to afford one would not feel or be viewed as deprived. In 2010, when cars are common in most societies, an individual unable to afford one is much more likely to feel deprived. In another example,
236:
Relative deprivation may be temporal; that is, it can be experienced by people that experience expansion of rights or wealth, followed by stagnation or reversal of those gains. Such phenomena are also known as
165:
faster and may lead that person to take actions intended to improve his position within the group; those actions are, however, unlikely to affect many people. Fraternalism can be seen in the example of
1478:
893:
1388:
1600:
81:
Social scientists, particularly political scientists and sociologists, have cited relative deprivation, especially temporal relative deprivation, as a potential cause of
873:
78:
who studied army units and found out that it is the perceived discrepancy between anticipation and attainment which results in feelings of relative deprivation.
233:
are common today, and many people may feel that they deserve to have one. Fifty years ago, when there were no mobile phones, such a sentiment would not exist.
75:
1572:
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Schaefer defines it as "the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities.Richard T. Schaefer,
809:
456:
843:
1697:
1485:
1456:
900:
839:
695:
132:
672:
Dambrun, M., & Taylor, D. M. (2013). The
Counterintuitive Association Between Life Satisfaction and Racism. SAGE Open, 3(3), 2158244013505756.
847:
783:
639:
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74:. It is relevant to researchers studying multiple fields in social sciences. The concept was first used systematically by the authors of
1041:
1180:
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739:"Swaying to the Extreme: Group Relative Deprivation Predicts Voting for an Extreme Right Party in the French Presidential Election"
200:
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is more likely to be felt as a deprivation by people who had it once than by the people who never had the opportunity to vote.
1576:
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Fraternalistic group deprivation has also been linked to voting behaviours, particularly in the case of voting for the
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In response to exploration of the concept of relative deprivation, the term "relative gratification" has emerged in
1427:
435:
863:
1554:
1471:
1289:
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1707:
1360:
1354:
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709:
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Relative
Deprivation and Social Justice: A Study of Attitudes to Social Inequality in Twentieth-century England
175:
549:
1315:
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204:
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that are not absolute and usually differ from time and place. This differentiates relative deprivation from
1712:
1657:
1211:
423:
681:
Era Dabla-Norris; Kalpana
Kochhar; Nujin Suphaphiphat; Frantisek Ricka; Evridiki Tsounta (June 15, 2015).
1642:
1637:
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348:
120:
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deprivation that are relative rather than absolute. The term is inextricably linked to the similar terms
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can be eliminated simply by raising total wealth or whether egalitarian measures are also needed.
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1348:
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1020:
682:
257:
1593:
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55:
428:
Poverty in the United
Kingdom : A Survey of household resources and standards of living
1073:
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704:. Reports of the Institute of Community Studies. Berkeley: University of California Press.
338:
135:
noted that there are four preconditions of relative deprivation (of object X by person A):
86:
8:
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1342:
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arise since there is no guarantee that life-improvement will result from social action.
1617:
1321:
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995:
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403:
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67:
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1366:
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260:, have argued that relative differences in economic wealth are more important than
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and fraternalistic relative deprivation. The former is caused by unfavorable
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50:. The concept of relative deprivation has important consequences for both
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Causes and
Consequences of Income Inequality : A Global Perspective
209:
Feelings of deprivation are relative, as they come from a comparison to
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and are much more likely to result in the creation and growth of large
98:
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In one of the first formal definitions of the relative deprivation,
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31:
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Relative
Deprivation: Specification, Development, and Integration
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89:, leading in extreme situations to political violence such as
106:
343:
528:"Relative Poverty, Absolute Poverty and Social Exclusion"
225:
868:
Wallace, Anthony F.C. 1956. "Revitalization
Movements",
685:. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
264:, and that it is more significant in determining human
908:
779:
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577:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
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persists and some humans are better off than others.
482:
480:
251:
774:
737:Urbanska, Karolina; Guimond, Serge (2018-10-26).
477:
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517:, not in this book Pearson Education, 2008, p.69
1616:Theories concerning the drivers of support for
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644:Outbreaks, the sociology of collective behavior
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594:
244:In an example from the realm, the lack of the
448:
446:
1601:
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268:. This debate has important consequences for
814:Spirituality and Society: Postmodern Visions
591:
443:
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279:A specific form of relative deprivation is
142:Person A knows of other persons that have X
1608:
1594:
1493:
1486:
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901:
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852:Relative Deprivation and Social Comparison
148:Person A believes obtaining X is realistic
757:
746:International Review of Social Psychology
224:Consider the following examples: in 1905
1181:Social determinants of health in poverty
1016:Social determinants of health in poverty
694:
283:. A measure of relative poverty defines
201:Social determinants of health in poverty
1698:Measurements and definitions of poverty
1543:National (subject specific deprivation)
1457:Measurements and definitions of poverty
119:According to a June 2015 report by the
16:Measure of poverty and social exclusion
1690:
1373:Scottish index of multiple deprivation
1061:
1589:
1467:
1069:Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
882:
854:, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1986,
1094:Social determinants of mental health
623:, Princeton University Press, 1970,
572:
463:, Cambridge University Press, 2001,
197:Social determinants of mental health
116:to discuss the opposite phenomenon.
30:to describe feelings or measures of
1514:Multiple Deprivation 2000 (IMD2000)
1461:Social responsibility organizations
13:
1573:Information graphics about poverty
833:
515:Racial and Ethnic Groups, 11th Ed.
14:
1724:
603:, "Social Structure and Anomie".
252:Relative and absolute deprivation
1428:Gender-related Development Index
803:
730:
688:
675:
666:
656:
633:
239:unfulfilled rising expectations
190:
152:Runciman distinguished between
1502:National (general deprivation)
1361:Physical Quality of Life Index
1355:Multidimensional Poverty Index
610:
566:
542:
507:
295:who earn less than 20% of the
256:Some scientists, for instance
176:American Civil Rights Movement
1:
1389:Progress out of Poverty Index
1316:Disability-adjusted life year
1285:Social determinants of health
646:, 1982, New York Free Press,
410:
287:as being below some relative
205:Social determinants of health
1212:Homeless Vulnerability Index
605:American Sociological Review
7:
1643:Modernisation losers thesis
1638:Relative deprivation thesis
1555:Department of Environment's
790:, Thomson Wadsworth, 2005,
349:Keeping up with the Joneses
311:
302:
10:
1729:
1550:Underprivileged area score
1378:Townsend deprivation index
1227:Genuine progress indicator
1207:Below Poverty Line (India)
399:Subjective theory of value
272:, particularly on whether
194:
1648:Ethnic competition thesis
1625:
1569:
1542:
1529:Deprivation 2010 (ID2010)
1524:Deprivation 2007 (ID2007)
1519:Deprivation 2004 (ID2004)
1501:
1453:Income inequality metrics
1446:
1420:
1404:
1397:
1335:
1298:
1257:
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1199:
1113:
1106:
1089:Poverty and mental health
1054:
1034:
956:Environmental degradation
928:
921:
573:Gurr, Ted Robert (1970).
126:
1703:Sociological terminology
1306:India State Hunger Index
1233:Legatum Prosperity Index
1217:Misery index (economics)
379:Social comparison theory
145:Person A wants to have X
139:Person A does not have X
1633:Social breakdown thesis
1412:Feminization of poverty
1349:Human Development Index
870:American Anthropologist
430:, Penguin Books, 1979,
101:and other instances of
70:, and participation in
1677:Democratic backsliding
1495:Indices of Deprivation
1265:Disability and poverty
1021:Violence against women
788:Sociology In Our Times
550:"relative deprivation"
258:John Kenneth Galbraith
1708:Sociological theories
1084:psychological poverty
1042:Social Progress Index
354:Objective deprivation
215:objective deprivation
168:racial discrimination
26:It is a term used in
1577:Poverty-related maps
1571:Commons categories:
1290:Poverty and violence
1074:Learned helplessness
1011:Social vulnerability
986:Relative deprivation
961:Environmental racism
816:, SUNY Press, 1988,
339:Identity performance
262:absolute deprivation
76:The American Soldier
20:Relative deprivation
1713:Marxist terminology
1434:Gender Parity Index
1383:Living Planet Index
1343:Human Poverty Index
1311:Global Hunger Index
1079:Psychological abuse
951:Diseases of poverty
799:Google Print, p.530
68:political attitudes
1322:Global Peace Index
1126:Culture of poverty
996:Social deprivation
971:Governance failure
825:Google Print, p.29
503:Google Print p.144
493:, Springer, 1999,
404:Tocqueville effect
1685:
1684:
1620:political parties
1583:
1582:
1563:
1562:
1442:
1441:
1367:Laeken indicators
1331:
1330:
1246:
1245:
1238:Poverty gap index
1176:Secondary poverty
1161:Poverty threshold
1151:Human trafficking
1102:
1101:
1050:
1049:
324:Depression (mood)
219:social inequality
114:social psychology
72:collective action
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1610:
1603:
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1336:Complex measures
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1222:Gini coefficient
1111:
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1001:Social exclusion
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810:David R. Griffin
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607:3: 672-82, 1938.
601:Robert K. Merton
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554:Oxford Reference
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457:Heather J. Smith
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369:Relative fitness
329:Frog pond effect
281:relative poverty
83:social movements
48:social exclusion
1728:
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1653:Postmaterialism
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1280:Sex trafficking
1270:Food insecurity
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1195:
1171:Precarious work
1141:Extreme poverty
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874:Wayback Machine
844:C. Peter Herman
836:
834:Further reading
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696:Runciman, W. G.
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617:Ted Robert Gurr
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359:Positional good
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266:quality of life
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172:social movement
158:social position
133:Walter Runciman
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103:social deviance
28:social sciences
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1121:Asset poverty
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1055:Psychological
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1026:Vulnerability
1024:
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1006:Social stigma
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946:Disadvantaged
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312:See also
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