2397:
209:
from a single sample; it is also not restricted to terrestrial samples, whereas standard atomic weight averages multiple samples but only from terrestrial sources. Relative atomic mass is therefore a more general term that can more broadly refer to samples taken from non-terrestrial environments or highly specific terrestrial environments which may differ substantially from Earth-average or reflect different degrees of
2409:
359:
maintains an expectation-interval value for relative atomic mass (or atomic weight) on Earth named standard atomic weight. Standard atomic weight requires the sources be terrestrial, natural, and stable with regard to radioactivity. Also, there are requirements for the research process. For 84 stable
208:
and these quantities may have overlapping values if the relative atomic mass used is that for an element from Earth under defined conditions. However, relative atomic mass (atomic weight) is still technically distinct from standard atomic weight because of its application only to the atoms obtained
192:
of the atomic masses of all the atoms of a particular chemical element found in a particular sample, which is then compared to the atomic mass of carbon-12. This comparison is the quotient of the two weights, which makes the value dimensionless (having no unit). This quotient also explains the word
643:
Apart from this uncertainty by measurement, some elements have variation over sources. That is, different sources (ocean water, rocks) have a different radioactive history and so different isotopic composition. To reflect this natural variability, the IUPAC made the decision in 2010 to list the
442:
of a sample. Highly accurate atomic masses are available for virtually all non-radioactive nuclides, but isotopic compositions are both harder to measure to high precision and more subject to variation between samples. For this reason, the relative atomic masses of the 22
160:. "Atomic weight" is often loosely and incorrectly used as a synonym for standard atomic weight (incorrectly because standard atomic weights are not from a single sample). Standard atomic weight is nevertheless the most widely published variant of relative atomic mass.
447:(which are the same as the isotopic masses for each of the single naturally occurring nuclides of these elements) are known to especially high accuracy. For example, there is an uncertainty of only one part in 38 million for the relative atomic mass of
561:. Silicon exists in nature as a mixture of three isotopes: Si, Si and Si. The atomic masses of these nuclides are known to a precision of one part in 14 billion for Si and about one part in one billion for the others. However, the range of
163:
Additionally, the continued use of the term "atomic weight" (for any element) as opposed to "relative atomic mass" has attracted considerable controversy since at least the 1960s, mainly due to the technical difference between
360:
elements, CIAAW has determined this standard atomic weight. These values are widely published and referred to loosely as 'the' atomic weight of elements for real-life substances like pharmaceuticals and commercial trade.
635:
is not necessarily symmetrical: the IUPAC standard relative atomic masses are quoted with estimated symmetrical uncertainties, and the value for silicon is 28.0855(3). The relative standard uncertainty in this value is
960:
383:) is the mass of a single atom. It defines the mass of a specific isotope, which is an input value for the determination of the relative atomic mass. An example for three
272:
An atomic weight (relative atomic mass) of an element from a specified source is the ratio of the average mass per atom of the element to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of C.
765:(54) g/mol, corresponding to a relative standard uncertainty of 4.5 Ă— 10. This uncertainty was "inherited" from the relative standard uncertainty that the product
687:(C), is no longer exactly equal to 12 g/mol by definition, but instead has to be determined experimentally and thus has an uncertainty. Its current best value is
2202:
659:
307:
2212:
909:
2262:
2359:
2237:
1260:
1163:
904:
865:
653:
1059:
2242:
2217:
1663:
2197:
1913:
1316:
982:
2326:
2336:
2331:
1558:
711:. However, this is so close to the old value of 12 g/mol (the relative difference is 1.05 Ă— 10) that, in a vast majority of applications,
2272:
2232:
2227:
2187:
107:
atom. Since both quantities in the ratio are masses, the resulting value is dimensionless. These definitions remain valid even after the
2247:
2182:
1968:
434:
Modern relative atomic masses (a term specific to a given element sample) are calculated from measured values of atomic mass (for each
122:) that are present in the sample. This quantity can vary significantly between samples because the sample's origin (and therefore its
2341:
2321:
2108:
2177:
2141:
1631:
1320:
156:
of the relative atomic mass values for the atoms of a given element from all terrestrial sources, with the various sources being
152:) is an application of the relative atomic mass values obtained from many different samples. It is sometimes interpreted as the
2222:
2172:
363:
Also, CIAAW has published abridged (rounded) values and simplified values (for when the
Earthly sources vary systematically).
2267:
2192:
2103:
1244:
954:
333:
or else the oxygen relative atomic mass (i.e., atomic weight) for reference. See the article on the history of the modern
1701:
1656:
2136:
2093:
1580:
172:. The term "relative atomic mass" now seems to be replacing "atomic weight" as the preferred term, although the term "
2309:
918:
2257:
2131:
282:
atomic weight…", as an element will have different relative atomic masses depending on the source. For example,
2412:
2294:
1649:
1868:
2286:
2207:
2097:
2439:
2434:
1343:
2316:
697:(37) g/mol. Here the “(37)” is a measure of the uncertainty; basically, the “26” (the last two digits in
1878:
1873:
795:
has an exact value by definition.) Conversely, immediately prior to the revision, the
Avogadro constant
2151:
1466:
1431:
1272:
1137:
877:
1581:"Interpreting and propagating the uncertainty of the standard atomic weights (IUPAC Technical Report)"
1044:
941:
2084:
1492:
Meija, Juris; Mester, Zoltán (2008). "Uncertainty propagation of atomic weight measurement results".
742:
by definition, whereas previously it had to be determined experimentally and thus had an uncertainty.
679:
There are only two consequences of the revision that are relevant to the present article. First, the
565:
for the isotopes is such that the standard abundance can only be given to about ±0.001% (see table).
922:
1686:
334:
115:
2304:
1536:
1264:
2449:
2400:
2369:
1863:
1820:
1691:
1423:
628:
210:
108:
1562:
869:
306:, which are ubiquitous in chemical laboratories and which are revised biennially by the IUPAC's
2444:
1890:
1717:
1458:
1129:
346:
330:
303:
205:
201:
142:
27:
2123:
2364:
1945:
1579:
Possolo, Antonio; van der Veen, Adriaan M.H.; Meija, Juris; Brynn
Hibbert, D. (2018-01-04).
138:
will have a different relative atomic mass than one collected from plant or animal tissues.
2046:
1730:
1632:
NIST relative atomic masses of all isotopes and the standard atomic weights of the elements
1501:
1392:
1362:
715:(C) may still be taken to be exactly 12 g/mol; this is of course so by design. Second, the
444:
429:
407:
157:
77:
644:
standard relative atomic masses of 10 elements as an interval rather than a fixed number.
8:
1963:
1381:
Audi, G.; Wapstra, A.H.; Thibault, C. (2003), "The AME2003 atomic mass evaluation (II)",
708:
632:
214:
1505:
1396:
1366:
1351:
Wapstra, A.H.; Audi, G.; Thibault, C. (2003), "The AME2003 atomic mass evaluation (I)",
2051:
2011:
1602:
1517:
1288:
1029:
1004:
2146:
2016:
1606:
1521:
1513:
1383:
1353:
1240:
950:
914:
716:
562:
452:
127:
61:
1404:
1374:
1292:
1173:
2381:
2299:
2075:
1940:
1898:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1592:
1509:
1475:
1440:
1400:
1370:
1280:
1226:
1177:
1168:
1146:
1097:
1084:
Mohr, Peter J; Newell, David B; Taylor, Barry N; Tiesinga, Eite (1 February 2018).
1024:
1016:
1003:
Tiesinga, Eite; Mohr, Peter J.; Newell, David B.; Taylor, Barry N. (30 June 2021).
974:
885:
318:
Older (pre-1961) historical relative scales based on the atomic mass unit (symbol:
299:
130:
in varying ratios. For example, due to a different mixture of stable carbon-12 and
73:
2252:
2113:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1259:
1230:
1020:
864:
785:
738:
1086:"Data and analysis for the CODATA 2017 special fundamental constants adjustment"
2061:
2056:
2026:
2021:
2006:
1672:
1305:
1236:
1102:
1085:
114:
For a single given sample, the relative atomic mass of a given element is the
2428:
1172:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
388:
189:
123:
1479:
1444:
1284:
1181:
1150:
936:
890:
247:— The ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit.
2376:
2041:
2036:
1790:
1725:
1636:
1597:
387:
isotopes is given below. A convenient unit of mass for atomic mass is the
2156:
2031:
1785:
372:
126:
history or diffusion history) may have produced combinations of isotopic
53:
20:
1214:
1203:
1192:
1116:
200:
It is a synonym for atomic weight, though it is not to be confused with
168:
and mass in physics. Still, both terms are officially sanctioned by the
1930:
1005:"CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018"
680:
291:
302:, it is common practice to instead substitute the tabulated values of
188:
Relative atomic mass is determined by the average atomic mass, or the
1986:
1955:
1810:
1800:
1795:
1578:
558:
327:
226:
197:: the sample mass value is considered relative to that of carbon-12.
131:
104:
1537:"Atomic Weights and the International Committee—A Historical Review"
1978:
1935:
451:, a precision which is greater than the current best value for the
448:
1337:
1805:
1641:
554:
439:
435:
384:
295:
135:
119:
1130:"'Atomic Weight' — The Name, Its History, Definition, and Units"
1079:
1077:
204:. Relative atomic mass is also frequently used as a synonym for
1049:
937:
287:
165:
1922:
1074:
391:(Da), which is also called the unified atomic mass unit (u).
356:
352:
283:
169:
1204:
IUPAC Gold Book - relative atomic mass (atomic weight), A r
1055:
824:. Note that immediately prior to the revision, the product
69:
65:
1627:
IUPAC Commission on
Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
1321:
Atomic
Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements
118:
of the masses of the individual atoms (including all its
1083:
1045:"Standard Uncertainty and Relative Standard Uncertainty"
1002:
557:, whose relative atomic mass is especially important in
423:
1626:
979:
The NIST Reference on
Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
816:, corresponding to a relative standard uncertainty of
366:
225:
The prevailing IUPAC definitions (as taken from the "
141:
The more common, and more specific quantity known as
134:
isotopes, a sample of elemental carbon from volcanic
1459:"Isotopic Abundance Variations of Selected Elements"
660:
Commission on
Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
308:
Commission on
Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
1380:
1350:
1335:
910:
Quantities, Units and
Symbols in Physical Chemistry
217:) than those reflected in standard atomic weights.
707:) should be understood as “26 ± 37”, as explained
1261:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
1225:
932:
930:
905:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
866:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
654:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
298:. Nevertheless, given the cost and difficulty of
290:has a lower relative atomic mass than boron from
268:The IUPAC definition of relative atomic mass is:
2426:
176:atomic weight" (as opposed to the more correct "
1127:
1336:Wapstra, A.H.; Audi, G.; Thibault, C. (2003),
1317:National Institute of Standards and Technology
927:
251:Here the "unified atomic mass unit" refers to
1657:
1265:"Atomic Weights of the Elements: Review 2000"
180:relative atomic mass") continues to be used.
1424:"Isotopic Compositions of the Elements 1997"
1421:
1128:de Bièvre, Paul; Peiser, H. Steffen (1992).
975:"2018 CODATA Value: molar mass of carbon-12"
938:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
772:had immediately prior to the revision: also
1491:
1422:Rosman, K. J. R.; Taylor, P. D. P. (1998),
1417:
1415:
860:
858:
751:Immediately following the 2019 revisition,
1664:
1650:
1331:
1329:
1215:IUPAC Gold Book - unified atomic mass unit
996:
913:, 2nd edition, Oxford: Blackwell Science.
1596:
1306:IUPAC Gold Book - standard atomic weights
1121:
1101:
1028:
889:
831:was known far more precisely than either
340:
1412:
967:
898:
855:
788:. Following the revisition, the product
1326:
1253:
276:The definition deliberately specifies "
2427:
1534:
1528:
1456:
943:The International System of Units (SI)
337:for the resolution of these problems.
1645:
1485:
1450:
870:"Atomic Weights of the Elements 1979"
424:Determination of relative atomic mass
220:
1310:
963:from the original on 18 October 2021
245:relative atomic mass (atomic weight)
80:. The atomic mass constant (symbol:
64:defined as the ratio of the average
2408:
1457:Coplen, T. B.; et al. (2002),
553:The calculation is exemplified for
367:Other measures of the mass of atoms
313:
13:
1671:
1572:
1339:The AME2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation
1169:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
631:is complicated, especially as the
14:
2461:
1620:
1062:from the original on 24 July 2023
406:the mass of a single atom to the
2407:
2396:
2395:
420:). This ratio is dimensionless.
1559:"Changes to the Periodic Table"
1551:
1405:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.003
1375:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.002
1299:
1219:
1208:
1197:
1193:IUPAC Gold Book - atomic weight
1186:
1157:
1110:
568:The calculation is as follows:
1726:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
1037:
745:
673:
457:
1:
2268:Thermal expansion coefficient
1964:Lists of metalloids by source
849:
183:
1344:National Nuclear Data Center
1117:Definition of element sample
1021:10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
528:
505:
479:
261:of the mass of an atom of C
7:
2007:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
1710:By periodic table structure
647:
294:, because of its different
236:— See: relative atomic mass
10:
2466:
2152:Goldschmidt classification
1585:Pure and Applied Chemistry
1535:Holden, Norman E. (2004).
1514:10.1088/0026-1394/45/1/008
1467:Pure and Applied Chemistry
1432:Pure and Applied Chemistry
1138:Pure and Applied Chemistry
455:(one part in 20 million).
427:
344:
25:
18:
16:Type of atomic measurement
2390:
2352:
2285:
2165:
2122:
2083:
2074:
1999:
1977:
1954:
1921:
1911:
1889:
1819:
1731:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
1716:
1709:
1700:
1679:
1232:Chemistry of the Elements
1229:; Earnshaw, Alan (1984).
1009:Reviews of Modern Physics
466:
463:
460:
76:in a given sample to the
1103:10.1088/1681-7575/aa99bc
814:10 reciprocal moles
802:had a measured value of
725:is now exactly equal to
666:
335:unified atomic mass unit
116:weighted arithmetic mean
44:; sometimes abbreviated
19:Not to be confused with
2370:systematic element name
2342:in East Asian languages
1692:Extended periodic table
1637:Standard Atomic Weights
1541:Chemistry International
1480:10.1351/pac200274101987
1445:10.1351/pac199870010217
1285:10.1351/pac200375060683
1182:10.1351/goldbook.R05258
1151:10.1351/pac199264101535
891:10.1351/pac198052102349
304:standard atomic weights
109:2019 revision of the SI
2213:Electron configuration
2203:Electrical resistivity
2142:Electron configuration
1946:Post-transition metals
627:The estimation of the
347:Standard atomic weight
341:Standard atomic weight
331:relative isotopic mass
206:standard atomic weight
202:relative isotopic mass
143:standard atomic weight
87:) is defined as being
28:standard atomic weight
2047:Transuranium elements
1598:10.1515/pac-2016-0402
445:mononuclidic elements
60:, is a dimensionless
52:), also known by the
2263:Thermal conductivity
2238:Heat of vaporization
1680:Periodic table forms
1239:. pp. 21, 160.
1227:Greenwood, Norman N.
1174:relative atomic mass
640:10 or 10 ppm.
440:isotopic composition
430:Isotope geochemistry
408:atomic mass constant
296:isotopic composition
213:(e.g., in number of
78:atomic mass constant
33:Relative atomic mass
2440:Chemical properties
2435:Amount of substance
2295:Element discoveries
2052:Superheavy elements
2012:Rare-earth elements
1506:2008Metro..45...53M
1397:2003NuPhA.729..337A
1367:2003NuPhA.729..129W
1342:(Online ed.),
923:Electronic version.
633:sample distribution
263:in its ground state
215:significant figures
326:) used either the
221:Current definition
2422:
2421:
2281:
2280:
2243:Ionization energy
2218:Electronegativity
2208:Electron affinity
2147:Electronegativity
2137:Crystal structure
2132:Aqueous chemistry
2109:Nuclear stability
2104:Atomic properties
2070:
2069:
2017:Refractory metals
1995:
1994:
1941:Transition metals
1907:
1906:
1474:(10): 1987–2017,
1384:Nuclear Physics A
1354:Nuclear Physics A
1246:978-0-08-022057-4
956:978-92-822-2272-0
755:(C) was equal to
717:Avogadro constant
563:natural abundance
551:
550:
453:Avogadro constant
103:of the mass of a
62:physical quantity
2457:
2411:
2410:
2399:
2398:
2382:Dmitri Mendeleev
2310:1869 predictions
2300:Dmitri Mendeleev
2081:
2080:
1919:
1918:
1899:Aufbau principle
1811:18 (Noble gases)
1714:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1702:Sets of elements
1666:
1659:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1600:
1567:
1566:
1561:. Archived from
1555:
1549:
1548:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1463:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1407:
1377:
1346:
1333:
1324:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1273:Pure Appl. Chem.
1269:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1223:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1134:
1125:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
990:
971:
965:
964:
949:(9th ed.),
948:
934:
925:
902:
896:
895:
893:
878:Pure Appl. Chem.
874:
862:
843:
823:
821:
815:
811:
810:
807:
779:
777:
764:
763:
760:
749:
743:
741:
739:reciprocal moles
736:
733:
730:
706:
705:
702:
696:
695:
692:
677:
639:
623:
619:
618:
612:
611:
605:
604:
598:
597:
591:
590:
584:
583:
541:
539:
536:
518:
516:
513:
495:
493:
490:
487:
458:
419:
314:Historical usage
300:isotope analysis
260:
259:
255:
158:taken from Earth
102:
100:
99:
96:
93:
74:chemical element
2465:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2386:
2348:
2277:
2253:Oxidation state
2161:
2118:
2066:
2062:Minor actinides
2057:Major actinides
2022:Precious metals
1991:
1973:
1950:
1903:
1885:
1815:
1801:16 (Chalcogens)
1796:15 (Pnictogens)
1696:
1675:
1670:
1623:
1611:
1609:
1575:
1573:Further reading
1570:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1533:
1529:
1490:
1486:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1426:
1420:
1413:
1334:
1327:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1300:
1267:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1162:
1158:
1145:(10): 1535–43.
1132:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1111:
1082:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1001:
997:
988:
986:
973:
972:
968:
957:
946:
940:(20 May 2019),
935:
928:
903:
899:
884:(10): 2349–84.
872:
863:
856:
852:
847:
846:
841:
830:
819:
817:
813:
808:
805:
803:
801:
794:
786:Planck constant
775:
773:
771:
761:
758:
756:
750:
746:
734:
731:
728:
726:
724:
703:
700:
698:
693:
690:
688:
678:
674:
669:
650:
637:
621:
616:
614:
609:
607:
602:
600:
595:
593:
588:
586:
581:
579:
577:
537:
534:
532:
514:
511:
509:
491:
488:
485:
483:
432:
426:
417:
411:
382:
369:
349:
343:
316:
257:
253:
252:
223:
186:
151:
97:
94:
91:
90:
88:
86:
42:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2450:Periodic table
2447:
2442:
2437:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2404:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2273:Vapor pressure
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:Speed of sound
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2233:Heat of fusion
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2188:Critical point
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2027:Coinage metals
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1673:Periodic table
1669:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1621:External links
1619:
1618:
1617:
1591:(2): 395–424.
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1565:on 2019-07-15.
1550:
1527:
1484:
1449:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1378:
1325:
1309:
1298:
1279:(6): 683–800.
1252:
1245:
1237:Pergamon Press
1218:
1207:
1196:
1185:
1156:
1120:
1109:
1096:(1): 125–146.
1073:
1036:
995:
966:
955:
926:
921:. p. 41.
897:
853:
851:
848:
845:
844:
842:individually).
839:
828:
799:
792:
769:
744:
722:
683:of carbon-12,
671:
670:
668:
665:
664:
663:
657:
649:
646:
625:
624:
575:
549:
548:
545:
542:
530:
526:
525:
522:
519:
507:
503:
502:
499:
496:
481:
477:
476:
473:
469:
468:
465:
462:
428:Main article:
425:
422:
415:
380:
368:
365:
345:Main article:
342:
339:
315:
312:
274:
273:
249:
248:
238:
237:
222:
219:
185:
182:
154:expected range
149:
84:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2462:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Stoichiometry
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2415:
2414:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2327:controversies
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Melting point
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:Heat capacity
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:Boiling point
2181:
2179:
2178:Atomic radius
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Native metals
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1969:Dividing line
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:17 (Halogens)
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1442:
1439:(1): 217–35,
1438:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1131:
1124:
1118:
1113:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
985:. 20 May 2019
984:
980:
976:
970:
962:
958:
952:
945:
944:
939:
933:
931:
924:
920:
919:0-632-03583-8
916:
912:
911:
906:
901:
892:
887:
883:
880:
879:
871:
867:
861:
859:
854:
838:
834:
827:
798:
791:
787:
783:
768:
754:
748:
740:
721:
718:
714:
710:
686:
682:
676:
672:
661:
658:
655:
652:
651:
645:
641:
634:
630:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
564:
560:
556:
546:
543:
531:
527:
523:
520:
508:
504:
501:92.21–92.25%
500:
497:
482:
478:
474:
471:
470:
459:
456:
454:
450:
446:
441:
437:
431:
421:
414:
409:
405:
401:
399:
392:
390:
386:
379:
375:
374:
364:
361:
358:
354:
348:
338:
336:
332:
329:
325:
321:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:
271:
270:
269:
266:
264:
246:
243:
242:
241:
235:
234:atomic weight
232:
231:
230:
228:
218:
216:
212:
207:
203:
198:
196:
191:
190:weighted mean
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
161:
159:
155:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
58:atomic weight
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
29:
22:
2406:
2394:
2377:Trivial name
2365:nomenclature
2037:Heavy metals
2032:Noble metals
1791:14 (Tetrels)
1687:Alternatives
1610:. Retrieved
1588:
1584:
1563:the original
1553:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1500:(1): 53–62.
1497:
1493:
1487:
1471:
1465:
1452:
1436:
1430:
1388:
1382:
1358:
1352:
1347:. Based on:
1338:
1312:
1301:
1276:
1271:
1255:
1231:
1221:
1210:
1199:
1188:
1167:
1159:
1142:
1136:
1123:
1112:
1093:
1089:
1064:. Retrieved
1048:
1039:
1012:
1008:
998:
987:. Retrieved
978:
969:
942:
908:
900:
881:
876:
836:
832:
825:
796:
789:
781:
766:
752:
747:
719:
712:
684:
675:
642:
626:
572:
567:
552:
498:92.2297(7)%
464:Atomic mass
433:
412:
403:
397:
395:
393:
377:
371:
370:
362:
350:
323:
319:
317:
278:
277:
275:
267:
262:
250:
244:
239:
233:
224:
199:
194:
187:
177:
173:
162:
153:
146:
140:
113:
81:
57:
49:
45:
37:
36:
32:
31:
2413:WikiProject
2157:Term symbol
1987:Noble gases
1931:Lanthanides
1914:metallicity
1786:13 (Triels)
1391:: 337–676,
1361:: 129–336,
629:uncertainty
547:3.08–3.10%
544:3.0872(5)%
524:4.67–4.69%
521:4.6832(5)%
418:= 1 Da
373:Atomic mass
355:commission
124:radioactive
21:atomic mass
2429:Categories
2337:for people
2332:for places
2305:1871 table
2198:Elasticity
2166:Data pages
2124:Properties
2000:Other sets
1956:Metalloids
1612:2019-02-08
1494:Metrologia
1235:. Oxford:
1090:Metrologia
989:2023-08-30
850:References
681:molar mass
467:Abundance
292:California
184:Definition
150:r,standard
128:abundances
54:deprecated
26:See also:
2322:etymology
2173:Abundance
2098:in humans
2094:Abundance
1979:Nonmetals
1936:Actinides
1607:145931362
1547:(1): 4–7.
1522:122229901
1066:30 August
1052:reference
559:metrology
472:Standard
396:relative
328:oxygen-16
310:(CIAAW).
227:Gold Book
211:certainty
132:carbon-13
105:carbon-12
35:(symbol:
2401:Category
2353:See also
2223:Hardness
2076:Elements
1293:96800435
1263:(2003).
1060:Archived
961:archived
907:(1993).
868:(1980).
780:. (Here
737:10
648:See also
578:(Si) = (
461:Isotope
449:fluorine
404:ratio of
398:isotopic
229:") are:
195:relative
178:standard
174:standard
120:isotopes
56:synonym
2287:History
2193:Density
1821:Periods
1502:Bibcode
1393:Bibcode
1363:Bibcode
1030:9890581
812:(62) Ă—
784:is the
662:(CIAAW)
656:(IUPAC)
622:28.0854
555:silicon
436:nuclide
402:is the
385:silicon
256:⁄
136:methane
101:
89:
2317:Naming
2114:Symbol
1923:Metals
1891:Blocks
1879:Pyykkö
1874:Fricke
1869:Aufbau
1718:Groups
1605:
1520:
1291:
1243:
1050:CODATA
1027:
953:
917:
757:12.000
699:12.000
689:12.000
608:29.973
594:28.976
580:27.976
533:29.973
510:28.976
484:27.976
475:Range
438:) and
389:dalton
320:a.m.u.
288:Turkey
166:weight
50:r.a.m.
2360:IUPAC
2085:Lists
1603:S2CID
1518:S2CID
1462:(PDF)
1427:(PDF)
1289:S2CID
1268:(PDF)
1164:IUPAC
1133:(PDF)
1015:(2).
947:(PDF)
873:(PDF)
804:6.022
727:6.022
667:Notes
615:0.030
606:) + (
601:0.046
592:) + (
587:0.922
494:(194)
357:CIAAW
353:IUPAC
286:from
284:boron
170:IUPAC
72:of a
70:atoms
2092:By:
1241:ISBN
1068:2023
1056:NIST
983:NIST
951:ISBN
915:ISBN
762:0000
709:here
704:0126
694:0126
620:) =
540:(32)
517:(22)
400:mass
394:The
351:The
240:and
66:mass
1912:By
1593:doi
1510:doi
1476:doi
1441:doi
1401:doi
1389:729
1371:doi
1359:729
1281:doi
1178:doi
1176:".
1147:doi
1098:doi
1025:PMC
1017:doi
886:doi
835:or
818:1.0
809:758
806:140
774:4.5
759:000
729:140
701:000
691:000
617:872
603:832
589:297
538:171
535:770
529:Si
515:700
512:494
506:Si
489:532
486:926
480:Si
324:amu
322:or
68:of
48:or
46:RAM
2431::
1864:8+
1781:12
1776:11
1771:10
1601:.
1589:90
1587:.
1583:.
1545:26
1543:.
1539:.
1516:.
1508:.
1498:45
1496:.
1472:74
1470:,
1464:,
1437:70
1435:,
1429:,
1414:^
1399:,
1387:,
1369:,
1357:,
1328:^
1319:.
1287:.
1277:75
1270:.
1166:,
1143:64
1141:.
1135:.
1094:55
1092:.
1088:.
1076:^
1058:.
1054:.
1047:.
1023:.
1013:93
1011:.
1007:.
981:.
977:.
959:,
929:^
882:52
875:.
857:^
826:hN
822:10
790:hN
778:10
767:hN
732:76
613:Ă—
610:77
599:Ă—
596:49
585:Ă—
582:93
492:46
279:An
265:.
258:12
111:.
98:12
2100:)
2096:(
1859:7
1854:6
1849:5
1844:4
1839:3
1834:2
1829:1
1766:9
1761:8
1756:7
1751:6
1746:5
1741:4
1736:3
1665:e
1658:t
1651:v
1615:.
1595::
1524:.
1512::
1504::
1478::
1443::
1403::
1395::
1373::
1365::
1323:.
1295:.
1283::
1249:.
1180::
1153:.
1149::
1106:.
1100::
1070:.
1033:.
1019::
992:.
894:.
888::
840:A
837:N
833:h
829:A
820:Ă—
800:A
797:N
793:A
782:h
776:Ă—
770:A
753:M
735:Ă—
723:A
720:N
713:M
685:M
638:Ă—
636:1
576:r
573:A
416:u
413:m
410:(
381:a
378:m
376:(
254:1
147:A
145:(
95:/
92:1
85:u
82:m
41:r
38:A
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.