832:
637:
730:
689:
915:. Movement members and supporters brought the issue to the public commons by vocalizing the suffering that occurs a result of rape. At the time the movement was considered radical because it destabilized the existing social norms. The movement was concerned with the experiences of women and is credited with the
961:
were among the first to join the movement. Early goals of the movement included disrupting and changing social norms that promoted the oppression of women and violence against them and the creation of a support network that engendered fear and blame free environments where women were safe to join a
973:. this was the first time the Federal Government provided financial aid to a rape center. By the late 1970s the United States had over 1,000 rape crises centers in operation. During the same period of time the ideology of the movement shifted. Prior to 1974 most member movements self identified as
1038:
also helped to provide further protection for rape victims during trial. These laws were created to restrict the past sexual history of the victim from being used against them during the trial. Formerly, some defendants’ cases revolved around
437:
935:
enslaved women were legally allowed to be raped by white men. Even after slavery ended, sexual violence was a tactic used to keep the
African American population from gaining civil rights or political power.
432:
943:
ended and slaves were freed with the right to vote and own land society began to be particularly violent. Mobs burned churches, raped Black women, and much more. Following this in 1866, the
970:
158:
957:
In the early 1970s the Rape Crisis
Movement was conceptualized and promoted by women focused on the experiences of rape victims. Leftist activists and members of
234:
1161:
Frohmann, Lisa, and
Elizabeth Mertz. "Legal Reform and Social Construction: Violence, Gender, and the Law." Law & Social Inquiry 19.4 (1994): 829-851.
981:. The movement began to become increasingly professionalized in the early 1980s, focusing on organizational structure, staffing, funding and legislation.
424:
183:
842:
399:
374:
350:
379:
1080:
1070:
923:
at the hands of defense attorneys and the court system. Victims' rights and protection became a focus as a result of the movement.
794:
911:
began in the 1970s when activists and members of counter-culture began to openly confront or breaking the silence on the issue of
766:
409:
1192:
1008:
which allowed for women to have more authority in their trials. The first element to be repealed was the requirement that the
667:
533:
384:
747:
702:
342:
294:
773:
359:
355:
346:
269:
958:
780:
1109:
894:
876:
813:
716:
419:
317:
954:, a group of African American women testified in front of Congress, ultimately breaking the silence regarding rape.
414:
394:
364:
198:
762:
404:
284:
67:
751:
55:
325:
1197:
153:
457:
919:
of victim claims. Prior to the movement, rape victims involved in legal trials were subjected to further
389:
369:
92:
1187:
1125:
660:
518:
244:
1004:
compared to when it used to be a single offense. More importantly, certain laws or requirements were
1182:
854:
708:
299:
178:
858:
472:
787:
740:
308:
274:
193:
528:
1143:
Collins, Barbara; Whalen, Mary (Jan 1989). "The Rape Crisis
Movement: Radical or Reformist?".
850:
951:
653:
615:
487:
462:
40:
931:
Before the 1970s rape was used to control and undermine women. During the time of slavery,
279:
173:
62:
8:
1040:
448:
219:
163:
132:
1065:
1060:
1048:
940:
555:
503:
477:
45:
1105:
1075:
978:
932:
605:
137:
35:
977:. By the end of the 1970s most members and crisis support staff self identified as
974:
570:
565:
550:
508:
264:
188:
620:
610:
600:
595:
585:
523:
467:
254:
224:
50:
538:
513:
289:
249:
127:
122:
82:
1025:
997:
1177:
1171:
1001:
966:
920:
580:
543:
335:
259:
239:
229:
112:
26:
944:
916:
575:
330:
203:
117:
97:
1044:
590:
102:
1005:
1035:
1021:
993:
992:: Many states reformed their laws to redefine the consequences of rape
641:
107:
1017:
1009:
560:
87:
77:
72:
729:
636:
482:
1013:
1102:
Confronting Rape: The
Feminist Anti-Rape Movement and the State
1020:
the attacker. This aspect particularly protected women with
1024:
since they may not have the complete ability to ward off an
912:
19:
1016:. It was also repealed that the victim had to have
947:
raped, lynched, and oppressed the Black communities.
754:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1169:
184:Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims
1142:
1043:the victim's claims by claiming that she was
839:The examples and perspective in this article
661:
1130:California Coalition Against Sexual Assault
717:Learn how and when to remove these messages
668:
654:
895:Learn how and when to remove this message
877:Learn how and when to remove this message
814:Learn how and when to remove this message
1099:
1081:International Violence Against Women Act
1071:Rape crisis centers in the United States
1170:
1126:"History of the Rape Crisis Movement"
825:
752:adding citations to reliable sources
723:
682:
13:
1104:. London and New York: Routledge.
14:
1209:
698:This article has multiple issues.
962:process of self and mutual aid.
830:
728:
687:
635:
235:Democratic Republic of the Congo
739:needs additional citations for
706:or discuss these issues on the
1155:
1136:
1118:
1093:
996:. The new penalty would be a
984:
1:
1193:Feminism in the United States
1086:
971:Pittsburg Action Against Rape
458:Marital rape laws by country
7:
1054:
853:, discuss the issue on the
425:Russian invasion of Ukraine
10:
1214:
926:
519:Sexual violence statistics
1034:: The enactment of rape
1014:corroborated by a witness
380:Bangladesh Liberation War
1100:Matthews, Nancy (1994).
473:False accusation of rape
199:Sociobiological theories
1047:so it was likely to be
194:Secondary victimisation
146:Effects and motivations
763:"Rape crisis movement"
571:Rape and revenge films
529:Military sexual trauma
385:Sierra Leone Civil War
616:Sexual trauma therapy
488:Sexual consent in law
463:Marry-your-rapist law
343:Occupation of Germany
154:Effects and aftermath
68:Drug-facilitated rape
1198:Feminism and society
952:Memphis Riot of 1866
909:Rape Crisis Movement
859:create a new article
851:improve this article
841:may not represent a
748:improve this article
429:Israeli–Palestinian
375:Sri Lankan Civil War
356:Liberation of France
174:Rape trauma syndrome
169:Rape crisis movement
63:Cybersex trafficking
1018:physically resisted
969:granted funding to
534:Preventive measures
164:Pregnancy from rape
133:Unacknowledged rape
93:Live streaming rape
1132:. 2 November 2009.
1066:Rape crisis centre
1061:Anti-rape movement
1010:victim's testimony
979:liberal reformists
556:Rape crisis centre
504:Anti-rape movement
478:Rape investigation
46:Child sexual abuse
1188:Feminist movement
1076:Sexual harassment
905:
904:
897:
887:
886:
879:
861:, as appropriate.
824:
823:
816:
798:
721:
678:
677:
606:Sexual harassment
318:Armenian genocide
138:Rape by deception
36:Acquaintance rape
1205:
1183:Social movements
1162:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1097:
1032:Rape Shield Laws
975:radical feminist
933:African American
900:
893:
882:
875:
871:
868:
862:
834:
833:
826:
819:
812:
808:
805:
799:
797:
756:
732:
724:
713:
691:
690:
683:
670:
663:
656:
640:
639:
566:Rape pornography
551:Anti-rape device
509:Bodily integrity
496:Related articles
415:Syrian civil war
395:Rwandan genocide
365:Kashmir conflict
331:Italian campaign
309:During conflicts
270:Papua New Guinea
189:Weinstein effect
159:Factors involved
16:
15:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1141:
1137:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1057:
987:
959:counter-culture
929:
901:
890:
889:
888:
883:
872:
866:
863:
848:
835:
831:
820:
809:
803:
800:
757:
755:
745:
733:
692:
688:
681:
680:Social movement
674:
634:
621:Sexual violence
611:Sexual predator
601:Sex trafficking
596:Sex and the law
586:Rape statistics
524:History of rape
468:Rape shield law
405:Darfur genocide
51:Corrective rape
12:
11:
5:
1211:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1164:
1163:
1154:
1135:
1117:
1110:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1053:
986:
983:
928:
925:
917:legitimization
903:
902:
885:
884:
845:of the subject
843:worldwide view
838:
836:
829:
822:
821:
736:
734:
727:
722:
696:
695:
693:
686:
679:
676:
675:
673:
672:
665:
658:
650:
647:
646:
645:
644:
642:Law portal
632:
626:
625:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
547:
546:
539:Rape by gender
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
514:Date rape drug
511:
506:
498:
497:
493:
492:
491:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
452:
451:
445:
444:
443:
442:
441:
440:
435:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
353:
340:
339:
338:
336:Imperial Japan
333:
328:
320:
312:
311:
305:
304:
303:
302:
297:
295:United Kingdom
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
214:
213:
209:
208:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
148:
147:
143:
142:
141:
140:
135:
130:
128:Statutory rape
125:
123:Sexual assault
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
83:Genocidal rape
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
59:
58:
48:
43:
38:
30:
29:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1210:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1111:0-415-11401-2
1107:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
967:US Government
963:
960:
955:
953:
948:
946:
942:
937:
934:
924:
922:
921:victimization
918:
914:
910:
899:
896:
881:
878:
870:
860:
856:
852:
846:
844:
837:
828:
827:
818:
815:
807:
796:
793:
789:
786:
782:
779:
775:
772:
768:
765: –
764:
760:
759:Find sources:
753:
749:
743:
742:
737:This article
735:
731:
726:
725:
720:
718:
711:
710:
705:
704:
699:
694:
685:
684:
671:
666:
664:
659:
657:
652:
651:
649:
648:
643:
638:
633:
630:
629:
628:
627:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
581:Rape schedule
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
545:
544:Rape of males
542:
541:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
501:
500:
499:
495:
494:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
454:
453:
450:
447:
446:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
357:
354:
352:
348:
344:
341:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
326:Eastern Front
324:
323:
322:World War II
321:
319:
316:
315:
314:
313:
310:
307:
306:
301:
300:United States
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
216:
215:
211:
210:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
151:
150:
149:
145:
144:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
57:
54:
53:
52:
49:
47:
44:
42:
39:
37:
34:
33:
32:
31:
28:
25:
24:
21:
18:
17:
1157:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1101:
1095:
1041:discrediting
1031:
1030:
1022:disabilities
989:
988:
965:In 1974 the
964:
956:
949:
945:Ku Klux Klan
938:
930:
908:
906:
891:
873:
864:
840:
810:
801:
791:
784:
777:
770:
758:
746:Please help
741:verification
738:
714:
707:
701:
700:Please help
697:
576:Rape fantasy
433:By Palestine
358: /
349: /
345: /
285:South Africa
280:Saudi Arabia
204:Rape culture
168:
118:Sexual abuse
98:Marital rape
56:LGBT victims
1145:Social Work
1045:promiscuous
1036:shield laws
994:convictions
985:Legislation
950:During the
867:August 2023
804:August 2023
591:Rape threat
390:Bosnian War
370:Vietnam War
275:Philippines
220:Afghanistan
113:Serial rape
103:Prison rape
41:Campus rape
1172:Categories
1087:References
1049:consensual
1012:had to be
774:newspapers
703:improve it
420:Tigray war
400:Congo Wars
212:By country
108:Rape chant
1026:assailant
998:gradation
941:Civil War
939:Once the
855:talk page
709:talk page
561:Rape myth
438:By Israel
88:Gray rape
78:Gang rape
73:Date rape
1151:(1): 61.
1055:See also
1006:repealed
1002:offenses
849:You may
483:Rape kit
265:Pakistan
990:Changes
927:History
788:scholar
631:Portals
255:Germany
245:Finland
225:Belgium
1108:
790:
783:
776:
769:
761:
360:Serbia
351:Poland
290:Sweden
250:France
179:Causes
857:, or
795:JSTOR
781:books
347:Japan
260:India
240:Egypt
230:China
27:Types
1178:Rape
1106:ISBN
913:rape
907:The
767:news
449:Laws
410:ISIL
20:Rape
1051:.
1000:of
750:by
1174::
1149:34
1147:.
1128:.
1028:.
712:.
1114:.
898:)
892:(
880:)
874:(
869:)
865:(
847:.
817:)
811:(
806:)
802:(
792:·
785:·
778:·
771:·
744:.
719:)
715:(
669:e
662:t
655:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.