2277:
2310:), for example of court decisions. This situation changed drastically, however, mainly as the result of the destruction of the Jewish commonwealth in the year 70 CE and the consequent upheaval of Jewish social and legal norms. As the rabbis were required to face a new reality—mainly Judaism without a Temple (to serve as the center of teaching and study) and Judea without autonomy—there was a flurry of legal discourse and the old system of oral scholarship could not be maintained. It is during this period that rabbinic discourse began to be recorded in writing.
2118:. For example, the written Torah prohibits certain types of travelling on the Sabbath; consequently, the Oral Torah prohibits walking great distances on the Sabbath to ensure that one does not accidentally engage in a type of travelling prohibited by the written Torah. Similarly, the written Torah prohibits plowing on the Sabbath; the Oral Torah prohibits carrying a stick on the Sabbath to ensure that one does not drag the stick and accidentally engage in prohibited plowing.
2255:. Numerous examples exist of this general prohibitive language in the Torah (such as, "don't steal", without defining what is considered theft, or ownership and property laws), requiring—according to rabbinic thought—a subsequent definition through the Oral Torah. Thus Rabbinic Judaism claims that almost all directives, both positive and negative, in the Torah are non-specific in nature and require the existence of either an Oral Torah or some other method to explain them.
1265:
4827:
31:
196:
190:
2402:
1750:
4841:
1205:
3051:, Jewish Publication Society, 1945. pp. 11–12. " was handed down by word of mouth during a long period...The first attempts to write down the traditional matter, there is reason to believe, date from the first half of the second post-Christian century." Strack theorizes that the growth of a Christian canon (the New Testament) was a factor that influenced the rabbis to record the Oral torah in writing.
2994:, Jewish Publication Society, 1945. pp. 11–12. " was handed down by word of mouth during a long period...The first attempts to write down the traditional matter, there is reason to believe, date from the first half of the second post-Christian century." Strack theorizes that the growth of a Christian canon (the New Testament) was a factor that influenced the rabbis to record the oral law in writing.
2000:. Up until this time, a number of Christians were still part of the Jewish community. However, they did not support or take part in the revolt. Whether because they had no wish to fight, or because they could not support a second messiah in addition to Jesus, or because of their harsh treatment by Bar Kokhba during his brief reign, these Christians also left the Jewish community around this time.
202:
2867:: "Post-exilic Judaism was largely recruited from those returned exiles who regarded it as their chief task to preserve their religion uncontaminated, a task that required the strict separation of the congregation both from all foreign peoples (Ezra x. 11; Neh. ix. 2) and from the Jewish inhabitants of Palestine who did not strictly observe the Law (Ezra vi. 22; Neh. x. 29)."
2900:—there was usually an atmosphere of understanding between the Jews and the empire ... These relations deteriorated seriously during Caligula's reign, and, though after his death the peace was outwardly re-established, considerable bitterness remained on both sides. ... Caligula ordered that a golden statue of himself be set up in the
2043:, a prayer which in part exclaims, "Praised are You O Lord, who breaks enemies and defeats the arrogant," and which is understood as a rejection of sectarians and sectarianism. This shift by no means resolved conflicts over the interpretation of the Torah; rather, it relocated debates between sects to debates within Rabbinic Judaism.
2566:
One theory is that the present
Mishnah was based on an earlier collection by Rabbi Meir. There are also references to the "Mishnah of Rabbi Akiva", although this may simply mean his teachings in general. It is possible that Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Meir established the divisions and order of subjects in
2061:
The destruction of the Second Temple brought about a dramatic change in
Judaism. Rabbinic Judaism built upon Jewish tradition while adjusting to new realities. Temple ritual was replaced with prayer service in synagogues which built upon practices of Jews in the diaspora dating back to the Babylonian
2720:
does not accept the scholarly view that
Rabbinic Judaism came into being in the post-Second Temple era. Rather, it sees the Judaism of this period as continuing organically from the religious and cultural heritage of the Israelites, stemming from the Law given to Moses at Sinai onwards. According to
2546:
As he went through the tractates, the
Mishnah was set forth, but throughout his life some parts were updated as new information came to light. Because of the proliferation of earlier versions, it was deemed too hard to retract anything already released, and therefore a second version of certain laws
2226:
and study) and Judea without autonomy, there was a flurry of legal discourse, and the old system of oral scholarship could not be maintained. It is during this period that rabbinic discourse began to be recorded in writing. The theory that the destruction of the Temple and subsequent upheaval led to
1931:
Of all the major Second Temple sects, only the
Pharisees remained. Their vision of Jewish law as a means by which ordinary people could engage with the sacred in their daily lives, provided them with a position from which to respond to all four challenges, in a way meaningful to the vast majority of
2113:
11 as a display of Moses' appointing elders as judges to govern with him and judge disputes, imparting to them details and guidance of how to interpret the laws of God while carrying out their duties. The Oral Torah includes rules intended to prevent violations of the laws of the Torah and Talmud,
2246:
detailing subsequent rabbinic decisions and writings. Rabbinic Jewish literature is predicated on the belief that the Torah cannot be properly understood without recourse to the Oral Torah. It states that many commandments and stipulations contained in the
Written Torah would be difficult, if not
2065:
As the rabbis were required to face two shattering new realities, Judaism without a Temple (to serve as the center of teaching and study) and Judea without autonomy, there was a flurry of legal discourse and the old system of oral scholarship could not be maintained. It is during this period that
1894:
How people answered these questions depended largely on their position prior to the revolt. But the destruction of the Second Temple by the Romans not only put an end to the revolt, it marked the end of an era. Revolutionaries like the
Zealots had been crushed by the Romans, and had little
1923:
and Paula
Fredricksen, suggest that it was at this time, when Christians and Pharisees were competing for leadership of the Jewish people, that accounts of debates between Jesus and the apostles, debates with Pharisees, and anti-Pharisaic passages, were written and incorporated into the
1378:, which lasted from 165 BCE to 63 BCE. The Hasmonean dynasty eventually disintegrated in a civil war. The people, who did not want to continue to be governed by a Hellenized dynasty, appealed to Rome for intervention, leading to a total Roman conquest and annexation of the country, see
1907:
also vanished (or developed into
Christians), perhaps because their teachings so diverged from the issues of the times that the destruction of the Second Temple was of no consequence to them; precisely for this reason, they were of little consequence to the vast majority of Jews.
2521:) that he was the author of an earlier collection. For this reason, the few passages that actually say "this is the view of Rabbi Meir" represent cases where the author intended to present Rabbi Meir's view as a "minority opinion" not representing the accepted law.
2029:. The Pharisees had been partisan. Members of different sects argued with one another over the correctness of their respective interpretations. After the destruction of the Second Temple, these sectarian divisions ended. The term
2540:, after the tremendous upheaval caused by the destruction of the Temple and the Bar Kokhba revolt, the Oral Torah was in danger of being forgotten. It was for this reason that Judah haNasi chose to redact the Mishnah.
2657:
Much of the Gemara consists of legal analysis. The starting point for the analysis is usually a legal statement found in a
Mishnah. The statement is then analyzed and compared with other statements used in different
2694:(answerer). Another important function of Gemara is to identify the correct biblical basis for a given law presented in the Mishnah and the logical process connecting one with the other: this activity was known as
2588:
The Gemara is the part of the Talmud that contains rabbinical commentaries and analysis of the Mishnah. In the three centuries following the redaction of the Mishnah by Judah ha-Nasi (c. 200 CE), rabbis throughout
2066:
rabbinic discourse began to be recorded in writing. The theory that the destruction of the Temple and subsequent upheaval led to the committing of Oral Law into writing was first explained in the Epistle of
1724:, but also included other less influential sects. This led to further unrest, and the 1st century BCE and 1st century CE saw a number of charismatic religious leaders, contributing to what would become the
2468:
The Mishnah does not claim to be the development of new laws, but merely the collection of existing oral laws, traditions and traditional wisdom. The rabbis who contributed to the Mishnah are known as the
1874:, Jewish worship stopped being centrally organized around the Temple, prayer took the place of sacrifice, and worship was rebuilt around rabbis who acted as teachers and leaders of individual communities.
2081:
detailing subsequent rabbinic decisions and writings. Rabbinic Jewish literature is predicated on the belief that the Written Law cannot be properly understood without recourse to the Oral Law (the
2033:
was no longer used, perhaps because it was a term more often used by non-Pharisees, but also because the term was explicitly sectarian. The rabbis claimed leadership over all Jews, and added to the
2325:
commentary on the Pentateuch (Torah). But an alternative form, organized by subject matter instead of by biblical verse, became dominant about the year 200 CE, when Rabbi Judah haNasi redacted the
2729:
was the first rabbi (and is commonly referred to by Orthodox Jews as "Moses our Rabbi"), with the knowledge and laws received at Sinai being passed down from teachers to students through the
2570:
Authorities are divided on whether Judah haNasi recorded the Mishnah in writing or established it as an oral text for memorisation. The most important early account of its composition, the
2025:
Although the rabbis traced their origins to the Pharisees, Rabbinic Judaism nevertheless involved a radical repudiation of certain elements of Pharisaism, elements that were basic to
1959:
under Pharisee control. Instead of giving tithes to the priests and sacrificing offerings at the Temple, the rabbis instructed Jews to give money to charities and study in local
2962:
143:, which do not recognize the Oral Torah as a divine authority nor the rabbinic procedures used to interpret Jewish scripture. Although there are now profound differences among
1525:. The Hasmonean Kingdom ended in 37 BCE but it is believed that the "two-man rule of the Sanhedrin" lasted until the early part of the 1st century CE during the period of the
2524:
Judah haNasi is credited with publishing the Mishnah, although there have been a few edits since his time (for example, those passages that cite him or his grandson, Rabbi
2543:
In addition to redacting the Mishnah, Judah haNasi and his court also ruled on which opinions should be followed, although the rulings do not always appear in the text.
1385:
Nevertheless, the cultural issues remained unresolved. The main issue separating the Hellenistic and other Jews was the application of biblical laws in a Hellenistic (
120:) from God. The Oral Torah, transmitted orally, explains the Written Torah. At first, it was forbidden to write down the Oral Torah, but after the destruction of the
2904:. ... Only Caligula's death, at the hands of Roman conspirators (41), prevented the outbreak of a Jewish-Roman war that might well have spread to the entire East."
1877:
The destruction of the Second Temple was a profoundly traumatic experience for the Jews, who were now confronted with difficult and far-reaching questions:
3073:
The theory that the destruction of the Temple and subsequent upheaval led to the committing of Oral Law into writing was first explained in the Epistle of
2251:) on the Sabbath, which is given no definition in the Torah, is given a practical meaning in the Oral Torah, which provides definition of what constitutes
2525:
1374:. Consequently, the Jews who rejected Hellenism revolted against the Greek ruler leading to the formation of an independent Jewish kingdom, known as the
1545:, their version of events has perished. In addition, Hillel's views have been seen as superior to Shammai's by Rabbinic Judaism. The development of an
4331:
2058:. Yavneh replaced Jerusalem as the new seat of a reconstituted Sanhedrin, which reestablished its authority and became a means of reuniting Jewry.
4721:
2488:). This usually indicates that many sages taught so, or that Judah haNasi who redacted the Mishnah together with his academy/court ruled so. The
2298:
Originally, Jewish scholarship was oral. Rabbis expounded and debated the law (the written law expressed in the Hebrew Bible) and discussed the
1457:
3404:
2492:
ruling usually follows that view. Sometimes, however, it appears to be the opinion of a single sage, and the view of the sages collectively (
2205:
1671:
However, as the persecutions of the Jews increased and the details were in danger of being forgotten, these oral laws were recorded by rabbi
2633:: "to study"). The Gemara mainly focuses on elucidating and elaborating the opinions of the Tannaim. The rabbis of the Gemara are known as
2966:
1420:
The decline of Hellenistic Judaism is obscure. It may be that it was marginalized by, absorbed into or became Early Christianity (see the
4681:
2473:, of whom approximately 120 are known. The period during which the Mishnah was assembled spanned about 130 years, and five generations.
3199:
1631:" (37–41) was the "first open break" between Rome and the Jews even though tension already existed during the census in 6 CE and under
2105:
contains discussions and opinions regarding details of many oral laws believed to have originally been transmitted to Moses. Some see
3024:
An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus
3228:
2258:
Much rabbinic Jewish literature concerns specifying what behavior is sanctioned by the law; this body of interpretations is called
2088:
Much rabbinic Jewish literature concerns specifying what behavior is sanctioned by the law; this body of interpretations is called
1697:, rabbinic commentaries redacted over the next three centuries. The Gemara originated in two major centers of Jewish scholarship,
1478:
seemed only to increase the number of Christian converts, leading eventually to the adoption of Christianity by the Roman emperor
4727:
2861:
2276:
3827:
3281:
2590:
2574:
of Sherira Gaon, is ambiguous on the point, although the "Spanish" recension leans to the theory that the Mishnah was written.
1814:
1705:. Correspondingly, two bodies of analysis developed, and two works of Talmud were created. The older compilation is called the
1698:
1460:. The attractiveness of Christianity may, however, have suffered a setback with its being explicitly outlawed in the 80s CE by
2532:
refers to the period after Judah haNasi's death, which could not have been written by Judah haNasi himself). According to the
3822:
3032:
2787:
1786:
721:
1079:
3731:
2302:
without the benefit of written works (other than the biblical books themselves), though some may have made private notes (
1574:
1485:
On the other hand, mainstream Judaism began to reject Hellenistic currents, outlawing use of the Septuagint (see also the
157:) and the willingness to challenge preceding interpretations, all identify themselves as coming from the tradition of the
3842:
3837:
3261:
2804:
1359:
in the Jewish diaspora which sought to establish a Hebraic-Jewish religious tradition within the culture and language of
1124:
1793:
4654:
3531:
2003:
This revolt ended in 135 when Bar Kokhba and his army were defeated. The Romans then barred Jews from Jerusalem, until
2338:
The Oral Law was far from monolithic; rather, it varied among various schools. The most famous two were the School of
3682:
3536:
2885:
2846:
2449:
2423:
2198:
2014:
After the suppression of the revolt the vast majority of Jews were sent into exile; shortly thereafter (around 200),
1833:
1767:
1235:
2431:
3591:
3499:
2247:
impossible, to keep without the Oral Torah to define them. For example, the prohibition to do any "creative work" (
1800:
4756:
3950:
2675:
2594:
1702:
1421:
1366:
There was a general deterioration in relations between Hellenized Jews and other Jews, leading the Seleucid king
3632:
3192:
2427:
1771:
1479:
2892:, pages 254–256: "The reign of Gaius Caligula (37–41) witnessed the first open break between the Jews and the
4733:
4054:
2517:
1782:
4796:
4664:
4659:
3847:
3832:
3596:
3551:
3296:
2191:
1952:
1097:
4761:
4746:
3627:
3487:
1657:
522:
4715:
4609:
4260:
4154:
3862:
3795:
3356:
3246:
3124:
1847:
1624:
1542:
1276:
308:
212:
1867:
4867:
4831:
4771:
4669:
4649:
4519:
4444:
4304:
4171:
3857:
3817:
3185:
1900:
1475:
1449:
328:
271:
2222:
were required to face a new reality, that of Judaism without a Temple (to serve as the location for
4751:
4582:
3881:
3756:
2412:
1360:
1348:
1189:
1087:
810:
17:
4704:
4693:
4287:
4208:
3913:
3812:
3751:
3637:
3610:
2678:) exchanges between two (frequently anonymous and sometimes metaphorical) disputants, termed the
2477:
2416:
1760:
1541:
were actually the dominant party while the Temple stood. Since the Sadducees did not survive the
338:
238:
2567:
the Mishnah, but this would make them the authors of a school curriculum rather than of a book.
4740:
4710:
3773:
1871:
1580:
1526:
1367:
1326:
1179:
815:
54:
2507:
The Talmud records a tradition that unattributed statements of the law represent the views of
1807:
4766:
4687:
4469:
4176:
4059:
3800:
3790:
3783:
3768:
3654:
2777:
2026:
2004:
1851:
1301:
1228:
1184:
1102:
93:
2346:. In general, all valid opinions, even the non-normative ones, were recorded in the Talmud.
4801:
4791:
4294:
3266:
1508:
1425:
1159:
1092:
247:
144:
2930:
2671:
8:
4872:
4449:
4417:
4343:
4252:
4198:
3805:
3605:
3339:
3304:
2897:
2734:
2243:
2127:
2078:
1944:
1661:
1620:
1392:
1356:
1318:
1312:
1114:
805:
578:
414:
101:
2604:
1668:
imparting these laws to Moses and commanding him to transmit them to the Jewish nation.
1664:. All the laws in the Written Torah are recorded only as part of a narrative describing
4781:
4776:
4587:
4309:
4186:
4181:
4166:
4136:
4089:
4012:
3918:
3778:
3351:
3256:
3223:
3111:
5.21: "five for the Torah, ten for Mishnah, thirteen for the commandments, fifteen for
2832:
2563:
actually refers to texts from earlier sages upon which Judah haNasi based his Mishnah.
2556:
2047:
1940:
1936:
1729:
1680:
1502:
1414:
1341:. An important advocate of the symbiosis of Jewish theology and Hellenistic thought is
1254:
1174:
504:
318:
281:
173:
4064:
3940:
4565:
4496:
4378:
4363:
4146:
4017:
3982:
3271:
3028:
2901:
2881:
2842:
2783:
2750:
2365:
writings that often ventures onto other subjects and expounds broadly on the Tanakh.
1997:
1985:
1956:
1712:
Judaism at this time was divided into antagonistic factions. The main camps were the
1568:
1512:
1486:
1375:
597:
392:
300:
85:
3172:
4631:
4599:
4560:
4531:
4514:
4464:
4265:
4074:
4007:
3960:
3908:
3876:
3867:
3852:
3726:
3701:
3677:
3561:
3492:
3409:
3094:
This theory was held by David Zvi Hoffmann, and is repeated in the introduction to
2963:"Western Wall: This remnant of the Second Temple is an important symbol in Judaism"
2717:
2630:
2343:
2293:
2115:
1989:
1988:(and, for a short time, an independent state) led by Simon bar Kozeba (also called
1981:
1912:
1706:
1592:
1445:
1429:
1322:
1321:. After his demise, and the division of Alexander's empire among his generals, the
1221:
883:
782:
518:
479:
464:
220:
195:
4541:
4536:
4348:
4275:
4108:
4079:
4002:
3992:
3955:
3930:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3721:
3716:
3706:
3691:
3482:
3399:
3366:
3324:
3314:
3157:
3144:
3078:
3022:
3004:
2836:
2730:
2688:
2680:
2649:
2643:
2634:
2614:
2493:
2110:
1965:
1861:
1855:
1733:
1608:
1469:
1396:
1379:
1330:
1119:
1027:
921:
474:
266:
231:
136:
42:
2896:
empire. Until then—if one accepts Sejanus' heyday and the trouble caused by the
2227:
the committing of Oral Torah into writing was first explained in the Epistle of
4845:
4820:
4641:
4548:
4506:
4486:
4474:
4454:
4368:
4358:
4326:
4319:
4299:
4270:
4242:
4237:
4203:
4113:
4037:
4027:
3965:
3763:
3711:
3622:
3617:
3379:
3374:
3309:
3238:
2893:
2738:
2707:
2529:
2106:
2039:
1920:
1653:
1652:(Written Law), which are called the Oral Torah or Oral Law, were originally an
1588:
1555:
would be the means by which the faith of Judaism would sustain the fall of the
1546:
1529:. The last pair, Hillel and Shammai, was the most influential of the Sanhedrin
1401:
1209:
983:
778:
667:
573:
469:
345:
333:
276:
259:
226:
4861:
4614:
4459:
4386:
4193:
4127:
4100:
4049:
3997:
3970:
3945:
3935:
3696:
3642:
3576:
3556:
3546:
3541:
3514:
3460:
3389:
3334:
3152:
3139:
3095:
2008:
1977:
1925:
1672:
1556:
1035:
950:
459:
359:
323:
189:
154:
121:
2022:. This marks the transformation of Pharisaic Judaism into Rabbinic Judaism.
4594:
4391:
4353:
4314:
3903:
3647:
3586:
3566:
3526:
3509:
3477:
3465:
3426:
3344:
3319:
3074:
2659:
2537:
2512:
2228:
2067:
2015:
1604:
1406:
1169:
1164:
1109:
988:
893:
853:
800:
754:
558:
367:
140:
2914:
Early Rabbinic Judaism: Historical Studies in Religion, Literature and Art
1591:", in place of the foreign rulers of the time. This corresponded with the
4604:
4119:
4044:
4022:
3925:
3519:
3448:
3443:
3431:
3421:
3108:
2018:
edited together judgments and traditions into an authoritative code, the
1993:
1627:
in 66 CE. Historian H. H. Ben-Sasson has proposed that the "Crisis under
1583:
of the 2nd to 1st centuries BCE, promising a future "anointed" leader or
1465:
1386:
795:
252:
1899:
in 73). The Sadducees, whose teachings were so closely connected to the
1264:
201:
4698:
4405:
3987:
3581:
3329:
3251:
2508:
2354:
2281:
1935:
Following the destruction of the Temple, Rome governed Judea through a
1774: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1437:
1433:
1410:
1338:
1334:
1040:
790:
583:
378:
113:
81:
2597:
analyzed, debated and discussed that work. These discussions form the
1452:
made Christianity a more attractive option for interested pagans than
1337:, culminating in a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible known as the
30:
4619:
4084:
3975:
3886:
3504:
3438:
2179:
2046:
The survival of Pharisaic or Rabbinic Judaism is attributed to Rabbi
1960:
1916:
1713:
1600:
1596:
1538:
1534:
1522:
1468:", while Judaism retained its privileges as long as members paid the
1441:
1008:
707:
553:
530:
132:
89:
3455:
2401:
1749:
1648:
Rabbinic tradition holds that the details and interpretation of the
1351:
had a profound impact on the customs and practices of Jews, both in
1325:
was formed. During this time currents of Judaism were influenced by
4338:
4280:
4225:
4220:
3891:
3177:
2756:
2737:(most of whom are seen as the "rabbis" of their time), through the
2663:
2322:
2174:
2162:
2007:
allowed Jews to enter for one day each year, during the holiday of
1717:
1628:
1612:
1515:) was established and religious matters were determined by a pair (
1461:
1409:, until its decline in the 3rd century concurrent with the rise of
1065:
1050:
1013:
1003:
998:
863:
749:
702:
688:
545:
494:
313:
286:
158:
1575:
Anti-Judaism § Anti-Judaism in the pre-Christian Roman Empire
1489:). Remaining currents of Hellenistic Judaism may have merged into
4553:
4437:
4432:
4422:
4410:
4230:
4215:
4159:
4094:
4069:
4032:
3896:
3571:
3470:
3394:
3286:
3212:
2667:
2636:
2463:
2380:
2370:
2362:
2350:
2339:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2260:
2235:
2157:
2152:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2051:
2019:
1973:
1904:
1725:
1721:
1676:
1632:
1623:
of 6 CE, although full scale open revolt did not occur until the
1616:
1584:
1551:
1490:
1453:
1371:
1149:
1055:
973:
878:
868:
823:
683:
678:
649:
637:
605:
484:
451:
435:
430:
420:
383:
181:
149:
77:
2547:
were released. The Talmud refers to these differing versions as
1709:. It was compiled sometime during the 4th century in Palestine.
4624:
4491:
4427:
2598:
2583:
2358:
2357:), the first written compendium of Judaism's Oral Law; and the
2299:
2289:
2239:
2223:
2169:
2142:
2102:
2034:
1948:
1939:
at Caesarea and a Jewish Patriarch. A former leading Pharisee,
1896:
1694:
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1154:
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993:
978:
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697:
672:
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2741:
of the late Second Temple period, and continuing until today.
4575:
4570:
4524:
4479:
4400:
4395:
3659:
3414:
3384:
2986:
2984:
2726:
2219:
2147:
2055:
1976:
threatened to rebuild Jerusalem as a pagan city dedicated to
1649:
1517:
1355:
and in the diaspora. These inroads into Judaism gave rise to
1352:
1342:
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907:
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729:
644:
632:
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535:
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105:
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2511:(Sanhedrin 86a), which supports the theory (recorded by Rav
4674:
3208:
1144:
659:
2981:
2753:, older and for a long time distinct from Rabbinic Judaism
2073:
The Oral Law was subsequently codified in the Mishnah and
2796:
1984:. Some of the leading sages of the Sanhedrin supported a
1866:
Following the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE and the
1665:
147:
of Rabbinic Judaism with respect to the binding force of
2924:
2922:
2805:"Is Rabbinic Judaism authentic? Musings on living Torah"
1884:
How to explain the disastrous outcome of the rebellion?
128:
and other rabbinic texts for the sake of preservation.
2284:
of the Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Berachot, folio 2a.
1943:, was appointed the first Patriarch (the Hebrew word,
1329:
developed from the 3rd century BCE, notably among the
2919:
2361:(c. 500 CE), a discussion of the Mishnah and related
1511:(2nd century BCE), the Second Commonwealth of Judea (
124:, it was decided to write it down in the form of the
2313:
The earliest recorded oral law may have been of the
59:
2698:long before the existence of the Talmud as a text.
2378:תנא). The rabbis of the Gemara are referred to as
27:Orthodox form of Judaism since the 6th century CE
4859:
2838:Understanding Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism
2234:The Oral Torah was subsequently codified in the
1887:How to live in the post-Temple, Romanized world?
1638:
2835:(2003). Jon Bloomberg; Samuel Kapustin (eds.).
1399:from the 3rd century BCE, and became a notable
1693:was a compilation of both the Mishnah and the
1458:Circumcision controversy in early Christianity
3193:
2199:
1229:
2775:
2624:
2618:
2602:
2482:
2330:
2304:
1881:How to achieve atonement without the Temple?
1739:
4682:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
2827:
2825:
2430:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1890:How to connect present and past traditions?
3200:
3186:
3014:
2960:
2928:
2206:
2192:
1474:. However, from a historical perspective,
1317:In 332 BCE, the Persians were defeated by
1236:
1222:
2831:
2769:
2629:: "to complete") or "learning" (from the
2528:; in addition, the Mishnah at the end of
2450:Learn how and when to remove this message
1834:Learn how and when to remove this message
3229:Index of Jewish history-related articles
2822:
2275:
1295:
88:. Rabbinic Judaism has its roots in the
29:
4728:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
3365:
2712:
2476:Most of the Mishnah is related without
2368:The rabbis of the Mishnah are known as
1643:
1432:preferredly evangelized communities of
14:
4860:
3077:and often repeated. See, for example,
3049:Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash
3020:
2992:Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash
2965:. MyJewishLearning.com. Archived from
2802:
2782:. Behrman House, Inc. pp. 19–20.
2121:
1895:credibility (the last Zealots died at
1579:Jewish messianism has its root in the
1306:
3181:
3021:Grabbe, Lester L. (August 12, 2010).
1992:, or "son of a star"); some, such as
1603:kingdom, it was directed against the
1496:
1493:movements in the early centuries CE.
1372:Jewish religious rites and traditions
1248:
161:and the rabbinic method of analysis.
3207:
3162:Boston; Leiden: Brill Academic Publ.
3158:Rabbinic Judaism: Theological System
2650:
2428:adding citations to reliable sources
2395:
1772:adding citations to reliable sources
1743:
1562:
1258:
131:Rabbinic Judaism contrasts with the
3145:The Four Stages of Rabbinic Judaism
2625:
2497:
2349:The Talmud has two components: the
2331:
1911:Two organized groups remained: the
46:
24:
4675:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
4655:American Jewish Historical Society
3133:
2898:census after Archelaus' banishment
2880:, Harvard University Press, 1976,
1615:, began with the formation of the
96:, and is based on the belief that
25:
4884:
3166:
2701:
4839:
4826:
4825:
3173:Britannica.com: Rabbinic Judaism
2803:Shahar, Yael (October 2, 2018).
2400:
1748:
1263:
1203:
200:
194:
188:
84:, after the codification of the
3118:
3101:
3088:
3067:
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3041:
2997:
2890:The Crisis Under Gaius Caligula
1759:needs additional citations for
1728:of Rabbinic Judaism, including
1422:Gospel according to the Hebrews
76:, has been an orthodox form of
4747:Relations with other religions
3125:Unbroken Chain of Transmission
3085:, Penguin Books, 1984, p. 193.
3064:, Penguin Books, 1984, p. 193.
3011:, Penguin Books, 1984, p. 193.
2954:
2941:
2907:
2878:A History of the Jewish People
2870:
2855:
1996:, believed Bar Kokhba to be a
13:
1:
4734:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
2762:
2613:means "completion" (from the
2572:Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon
1683:
1639:Emergence of Rabbinic Judaism
164:
4665:Leo Baeck Institute New York
4660:American Sephardi Federation
3149:London; New York: Routledge.
2689:
2681:
2644:
2635:
2321:discussion is structured as
1955:), and he reestablished the
1675:("Judah the Prince") in the
1599:. Following the fall of the
1587:to resurrect the Israelite "
7:
3488:Constantinopolitan Karaites
3060:See, for example, Grayzel,
2744:
2721:this view, while the title
2619:
2483:
2305:
1448:allowing converts to forgo
60:
10:
4889:
4716:National Library of Israel
3357:Zionism, race and genetics
2705:
2581:
2461:
2391:
2287:
2125:
2116:"a fence around the Torah"
1859:
1845:
1572:
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1500:
1310:
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4670:Yeshiva University Museum
4650:Center for Jewish History
4640:
4505:
4377:
4251:
4145:
3676:
3295:
3237:
3219:
2779:The Book of Jewish Belief
2603:
2577:
2271:
2114:sometimes referred to as
1919:. Some scholars, such as
1740:Destruction of the Temple
1507:In the later part of the
1476:persecution of Christians
47:
3262:Ancient Israel and Judah
2242:, and is interpreted in
2077:, and is interpreted in
1963:, as well as to pay the
3638:North African Sephardim
3611:Jewish tribes of Arabia
3098:'s Mishnah translation.
2504:) is given separately.
1872:Roman province of Judea
1549:of teaching called the
1527:Roman province of Judea
4741:Holocaust Encyclopedia
4711:Jewish Virtual Library
3047:See, Strack, Hermann,
2990:See, Strack, Hermann,
2916:by Jacob Neusner, p. 1
2833:Schiffman, Lawrence H.
2725:was not used earlier,
2551:("First Mishnah") and
2285:
2280:The first page of the
2054:(religious school) in
1848:First Jewish–Roman War
1625:First Jewish–Roman War
1611:, which, according to
1581:apocalyptic literature
1543:First Jewish–Roman War
1442:sympathetic to Judaism
1368:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
1327:Hellenistic philosophy
1273:This section is empty.
80:since the 6th century
35:
4688:Encyclopaedia Judaica
4470:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
3655:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
3405:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
3083:A History of the Jews
3062:A History of the Jews
3009:A History of the Jews
2951:Rossell Books. p. 175
2776:Louis Jacobs (1984).
2706:Further information:
2279:
2050:, the founder of the
2027:Second Temple Judaism
1868:expulsion of the Jews
1595:directed against the
1573:Further information:
1302:Second Temple Judaism
1296:Second Temple Judaism
94:Second Temple Judaism
33:
3267:Second Temple period
2949:Torah From our Sages
2841:. Jersey, NJ: KTAV.
2713:Orthodox Jewish view
2424:improve this section
2231:and often repeated.
2070:and often repeated.
1972:In 132, the Emperor
1768:improve this article
1644:Written and Oral Law
1509:Second Temple period
1428:at least report how
1426:Acts of the Apostles
145:Jewish denominations
4705:Jewish Encyclopedia
4450:Hekhalot literature
4261:Religious movements
3796:Judeo-Tripolitanian
2947:Jacob Neusner 1984
2935:Jewish Encyclopedia
2902:Temple in Jerusalem
2863:Jewish Encyclopedia
2244:rabbinic literature
2128:Rabbinic literature
2122:Rabbinic literature
2079:rabbinic literature
1957:Sanhedrin at Javneh
1903:, disappeared. The
1654:unwritten tradition
1621:Census of Quirinius
1393:Hellenistic Judaism
1357:Hellenistic Judaism
1349:Hellenistic culture
1319:Alexander the Great
1313:Hellenistic Judaism
1307:Hellenistic Judaism
1115:Abrahamic religions
1014:Selichot (S'lichot)
806:Bar and bat mitzvah
309:Principles of faith
118:Torah she-be-al Peh
110:Torah she-be-Khetav
4846:Judaism portal
4782:Jews and Halloween
4777:Jews and Christmas
4167:Rabbinic authority
3919:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3352:Xueta Christianity
3257:Origins of Judaism
3224:Outline of Judaism
3003:See, for example,
2557:David Zvi Hoffmann
2555:("Last Mishnah").
2342:and the School of
2286:
2048:Yohanan ben Zakkai
1941:Yohanan ben Zakkai
1783:"Rabbinic Judaism"
1730:Yochanan ben Zakai
1658:Law given to Moses
1607:administration of
1503:Hillel and Shammai
1497:Hillel and Shammai
1415:Early Christianity
1255:Origins of Judaism
1249:Origins of Judaism
1210:Judaism portal
1175:Holocaust theology
104:received both the
36:
4855:
4854:
4821:extinct languages
4722:YIVO Encyclopedia
4497:Hebrew literature
4465:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
4305:Reconstructionist
3983:Judaeo-Portuguese
3672:
3671:
3628:Eastern Sephardim
3272:Synagogal Judaism
3034:978-0-567-55248-8
3027:. A&C Black.
2876:H.H. Ben-Sasson,
2789:978-0-87441-379-3
2751:Synagogal Judaism
2731:era of the Judges
2686:(questioner) and
2553:Mishnah Acharonah
2460:
2459:
2452:
2216:
2215:
1852:Jewish–Roman wars
1844:
1843:
1836:
1818:
1569:Jewish messianism
1563:Jewish messianism
1513:Hasmonean Kingdom
1487:Council of Jamnia
1376:Hasmonean dynasty
1293:
1292:
1246:
1245:
598:Important figures
272:Reconstructionist
86:Babylonian Talmud
74:Rabbanite Judaism
58:
16:(Redirected from
4880:
4868:Rabbinic Judaism
4844:
4843:
4842:
4829:
4828:
3961:Judeo-Golpaygani
3562:Palestinian Jews
3537:Alexandrian Jews
3493:Crimean Karaites
3410:Unterlander Jews
3363:
3362:
3277:Rabbinic Judaism
3202:
3195:
3188:
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3178:
3127:
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2969:on 24 March 2015
2961:Larry Domnitch.
2958:
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2929:Wilhelm Bacher.
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2718:Orthodox Judaism
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2607:
2561:Mishnah Rishonah
2549:Mishnah Rishonah
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2306:megillot setarim
2294:Jerusalem Talmud
2208:
2201:
2194:
2132:
2131:
1990:Simon bar Kokhba
1982:Aelia Capitolina
1913:Early Christians
1839:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1776:
1752:
1744:
1707:Jerusalem Talmud
1688:
1685:
1635:(before 31 CE).
1593:Maccabean Revolt
1521:) which led the
1446:Apostolic Decree
1430:Paul the Apostle
1323:Seleucid Kingdom
1288:
1285:
1275:You can help by
1267:
1259:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1208:
1207:
1206:
480:Aruch HaShulchan
204:
198:
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169:
168:
90:Pharisaic school
63:
53:
51:
49:
39:Rabbinic Judaism
21:
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3956:Judeo-Borujerdi
3931:Judeo-Malayalam
3877:Judeo-Aragonese
3848:Lishanid Noshan
3680:
3668:
3400:Oberlander Jews
3361:
3291:
3233:
3215:
3206:
3169:
3136:
3134:Further reading
3131:
3130:
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3119:
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2317:form, in which
2296:
2288:Main articles:
2274:
2212:
2135:Rabbinical eras
2130:
2124:
1966:Fiscus Iudaicus
1864:
1862:Karaite Judaism
1858:
1856:Jewish diaspora
1846:Main articles:
1840:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1777:
1775:
1765:
1753:
1742:
1734:Hanina Ben Dosa
1686:
1656:based upon the
1646:
1641:
1609:Iudaea Province
1577:
1571:
1565:
1505:
1499:
1471:Fiscus Judaicus
1405:throughout the
1397:Ptolemaic Egypt
1380:Iudaea province
1370:to ban certain
1331:Jewish diaspora
1315:
1309:
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137:Karaite Judaism
64:), also called
61:Yahadut Rabanit
34:Talmud students
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3197:
3190:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3167:External links
3165:
3164:
3163:
3153:Neusner, Jacob
3150:
3140:Neusner, Jacob
3135:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3117:
3100:
3087:
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2894:Julio-Claudian
2869:
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2767:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2746:
2743:
2714:
2711:
2708:Jewish history
2703:
2702:Jewish history
2700:
2672:interpretation
2582:Main article:
2579:
2576:
2559:suggests that
2530:Tractate Sotah
2526:Yehuda Nesi'ah
2515:in his famous
2462:Main article:
2458:
2457:
2440:September 2020
2408:
2406:
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2196:
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2166:
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2126:Main article:
2123:
2120:
2040:birkat haMinim
1921:Daniel Boyarin
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1842:
1841:
1824:September 2020
1756:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1589:Kingdom of God
1567:Main article:
1564:
1561:
1547:oral tradition
1501:Main article:
1498:
1495:
1402:religio licita
1311:Main article:
1308:
1305:
1300:Main article:
1297:
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1253:Main article:
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1138:Related topics
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1032:
1028:Major holidays
1026:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
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991:
986:
984:Birkat Hamazon
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847:Ritual objects
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668:Rabbinic sages
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574:Chevra kadisha
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470:Shulchan Aruch
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346:Musar movement
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4772:Protestantism
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4460:Sefer HaBahir
4458:
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4387:Sifrei Kodesh
4385:
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4268:
4267:
4264:
4263:
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4256:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4243:Who is a Jew?
4241:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
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4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4185:
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4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4172:Chosen people
4170:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4129:
4128:Scots-Yiddish
4126:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4101:Klezmer-loshn
4098:
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4009:
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4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:Judeo-Shirazi
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3946:Judeo-Persian
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:Judeo-Marathi
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3916:
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3914:Judeo-Italian
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
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3890:
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3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:Judeo-Amazigh
3767:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
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3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
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3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3592:Hadhrami Jews
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3557:Mountain Jews
3555:
3553:
3552:Egyptian Jews
3550:
3548:
3547:Bukharan Jews
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:Lists of Jews
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3161:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3126:
3121:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3097:
3096:Herbert Danby
3091:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3063:
3057:
3050:
3044:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3017:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2886:0-674-39731-2
2883:
2879:
2873:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2850:
2848:9780881258134
2844:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2785:
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2772:
2768:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2742:
2740:
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2732:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2709:
2699:
2697:
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2661:
2655:
2648:
2646:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2465:
2454:
2451:
2443:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2409:This section
2407:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2364:
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2336:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2282:Vilna Edition
2278:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2080:
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2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:, also means
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1926:New Testament
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1857:
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1849:
1838:
1835:
1827:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785: –
1784:
1780:
1779:Find sources:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1757:This section
1755:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687: 200 CE
1682:
1678:
1674:
1673:Judah ha-Nasi
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1557:Second Temple
1554:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1464:as a "Jewish
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:, or circles
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1394:
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1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1303:
1287:
1284:February 2024
1278:
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1234:
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4520:perspectives
4354:Samaritanism
4315:Neo-Hasidism
4295:Conservative
4209:Names of God
4118:
4099:
3909:Judaeo-Greek
3904:Judeo-Gascon
3843:Lishán Didán
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3806:Judeo-Yemeni
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3648:Meshuchrarim
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3500:Kurdish Jews
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3320:Israeli Jews
3305:Assimilation
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3075:Sherira Gaon
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2808:
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2016:Judah haNasi
2013:
2002:
1971:
1964:
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1930:
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1761:verification
1758:
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1550:
1533:. Both were
1530:
1516:
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1470:
1466:superstition
1450:circumcision
1419:
1407:Roman Empire
1400:
1391:
1384:
1365:
1347:
1316:
1281:
1277:adding to it
1272:
1170:Anti-Judaism
1165:Antisemitism
1110:Samaritanism
1088:Christianity
989:Shehecheyanu
920:
913:
906:
899:
894:Four species
801:Pidyon haben
755:Rosh yeshiva
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559:Beth midrash
505:Noahide laws
248:Conservative
148:
141:Samaritanism
130:
117:
109:
73:
69:
65:
38:
37:
4762:Catholicism
4344:Hellenistic
4182:Eschatology
4120:Lachoudisch
4045:Lotegorisch
4023:Lachoudisch
4013:Koiné Greek
3926:Judeo-Latin
3863:Palestinian
3757:Palestinian
3606:Mustaʿravim
3532:Afghan Jews
3520:Berber Jews
3444:Bene Israel
3432:Falash Mura
3422:Beta Israel
3340:Persecution
3282:Middle Ages
3109:Pirkei Avot
2865:: Hellenism
2676:Torah study
2674:of text in
2478:attribution
2005:Constantine
1994:Rabbi Akiva
1901:Temple cult
1662:Mount Sinai
1619:during the
1480:Constantine
1456:. See also
1389:) culture.
1387:melting pot
854:Sefer Torah
816:Bereavement
796:Zeved habat
579:Holy Temple
519:Holy cities
253:Conservadox
102:Mount Sinai
70:Rabbinicism
48:יהדות רבנית
4873:Oral Torah
4862:Categories
4757:Anabaptism
4699:Jew (word)
4566:Leadership
4379:Literature
4364:Secularism
4310:Humanistic
4177:Conversion
4147:Philosophy
3988:Judeo-Urdu
3752:Babylonian
3597:Saada Jews
3582:Adeni Jews
3375:Ashkenazim
3330:Samaritans
3297:Population
3252:Israelites
2763:References
2733:, and the
2660:approaches
2509:Rabbi Meir
2323:exegetical
2009:Tisha B'Av
1961:synagogues
1937:Procurator
1860:See also:
1794:newspapers
1537:, but the
1438:Godfearers
1434:proselytes
1411:Gnosticism
1395:spread to
1339:Septuagint
1335:Alexandria
1041:Yom Kippur
584:Tabernacle
329:Chosenness
301:Philosophy
282:Humanistic
165:Background
114:Oral Torah
112:) and the
4819:indicate
4767:Mormonism
4752:Christian
4632:Symbolism
4620:Synagogue
4600:Mythology
4561:Education
4532:Astronomy
4515:Astrology
4332:relations
4137:Zarphatic
4085:Galitzish
3887:Yeshivish
3764:Catalanic
3727:Samaritan
3702:Ashkenazi
3683:Diasporic
3678:Languages
3623:Sephardim
3618:Romaniote
3505:Krymchaks
3439:Desi Jews
3315:Buddhists
2809:The Blogs
2595:Babylonia
2591:Palestine
2411:does not
2363:Tannaitic
2315:midrashic
2224:sacrifice
2180:Acharonim
1986:rebellion
1980:, called
1953:president
1917:Pharisees
1870:from the
1714:Pharisees
1703:Babylonia
1699:Palestine
1601:Hasmonean
1597:Seleucids
1539:Sadducees
1535:Pharisees
1523:Sanhedrin
1361:Hellenism
1160:Criticism
1125:Pluralism
1103:Mormonism
1009:Kol Nidre
783:education
708:Acharonim
554:Synagogue
531:Jerusalem
213:Movements
133:Sadducees
66:Rabbinism
55:romanized
4832:Category
4802:Hinduism
4792:Buddhism
4694:Genetics
4610:Politics
4583:Marriage
4542:Holidays
4537:Calendar
4418:Rabbinic
4394:/Hebrew
4339:Haymanot
4266:Orthodox
4253:Branches
4226:Kabbalah
4221:Haskalah
4199:Holiness
4075:dialects
4055:Shassagh
4018:Krymchak
3998:Kayliñña
3892:Yinglish
3868:Galilean
3858:Talmudic
3853:Biblical
3828:Betanure
3747:Biblical
3742:Mishnaic
3737:Medieval
3722:Tiberian
3717:Yemenite
3707:Sephardi
3643:Paradesi
3587:Ḥabbanim
3577:Teimanim
3542:Baghdadi
3515:Maghrebi
3483:Karaites
3461:Gruzínim
3449:Kochinim
3367:Diaspora
3325:Karaites
3310:Atheists
3247:Timeline
3155:(2002).
3142:(1999).
2973:15 March
2931:"Talmud"
2757:Beth din
2745:See also
2735:prophets
2664:exegesis
2502:hachamim
2490:halakhic
2388:אמורא).
2353:(c. 200
2319:halakhic
2175:Rishonim
2163:Savoraim
2031:Pharisee
1718:Saducees
1681:redacted
1629:Caligula
1613:Josephus
1462:Domitian
1190:Muhammad
1093:Hinduism
1066:Hanukkah
1004:Tachanun
999:Havdalah
864:Tefillin
811:Marriage
703:Rishonim
689:Savoraim
546:Tiberias
495:Tzedakah
415:Rabbinic
314:Kabbalah
287:Haymanot
221:Orthodox
174:a series
172:Part of
159:Oral Law
153:(Jewish
18:Rabbinic
4817:Italics
4642:Studies
4588:Divorce
4554:Kashrut
4549:Cuisine
4507:Culture
4438:Midrash
4433:Tosefta
4423:Mishnah
4411:Ketuvim
4406:Nevi'im
4369:Schisms
4359:Science
4349:Karaite
4320:Renewal
4281:Litvaks
4276:Hasidic
4231:Sefirot
4216:Halakha
4187:Messiah
4160:Mitzvah
4155:Beliefs
4109:Western
4095:Poylish
4090:Litvish
4080:Eastern
4070:Yiddish
4065:Shuadit
4050:Qwareña
4038:Tetuani
4033:Haketia
4008:Knaanic
4003:Kivruli
3951:Bukhori
3897:Heblish
3833:Hulaulá
3823:Barzani
3779:Yahudic
3712:Mizrahi
3572:Urfalim
3527:Mizrahi
3471:Neofiti
3466:Italkim
3395:Lita'im
3287:Zionism
3239:History
3213:Judaism
3079:Grayzel
3005:Grayzel
2690:tartzan
2682:makshan
2668:Judaism
2641:(sing.
2637:Amoraim
2631:Aramaic
2534:Iggeret
2518:Iggeret
2471:Tannaim
2464:Mishnah
2432:removed
2417:sources
2392:Mishnah
2384:(sing.
2381:Amoraim
2374:(sing.
2371:Tannaim
2351:Mishnah
2340:Shammai
2327:Mishnah
2266:the way
2261:halakha
2253:melakha
2249:melakha
2236:Mishnah
2218:As the
2158:Amoraim
2153:Tannaim
2111:Numbers
2109:18 and
2096:the way
2091:halakha
2083:Mishnah
2075:Gemarah
2062:exile.
2052:Yeshiva
2020:Mishnah
1998:messiah
1978:Jupiter
1974:Hadrian
1905:Essenes
1808:scholar
1726:Mishnah
1722:Zealots
1677:Mishnah
1633:Sejanus
1617:Zealots
1585:Messiah
1491:Gnostic
1454:Judaism
1424:). The
1150:Zionism
1056:Shavuot
974:Kaddish
951:Prayers
884:Menorah
879:Mezuzah
869:Tzitzit
824:Yeshiva
779:Culture
684:Amoraim
679:Tannaim
650:Rebecca
638:Solomon
606:Abraham
485:Kashrut
436:Tosefta
431:Midrash
421:Mishnah
403:Piyutim
384:Ketuvim
379:Nevi'im
319:Messiah
277:Renewal
267:Karaite
232:Hasidic
182:Judaism
150:halakha
78:Judaism
57::
50:
4625:Hazzan
4615:Prayer
4492:Siddur
4428:Talmud
4392:Tanakh
4327:Neolog
4300:Reform
4288:Modern
4271:Haredi
4194:Ethics
4060:Shassi
4028:Ladino
3993:Karaim
3976:Juhuri
3818:Targum
3732:Signed
3697:Modern
3692:Hebrew
3660:Xuetes
3456:Dönmeh
3415:Yekkes
3113:talmud
3031:
2884:
2845:
2786:
2696:talmud
2615:Hebrew
2611:Gemara
2599:Gemara
2584:Gemara
2578:Gemara
2494:Hebrew
2359:Gemara
2344:Hillel
2300:Tanakh
2290:Talmud
2272:Talmud
2240:Gemara
2220:rabbis
2170:Geonim
2143:Chazal
2107:Exodus
2103:Talmud
2035:Amidah
1949:prince
1932:Jews.
1915:, and
1897:Masada
1854:, and
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1720:, and
1695:Gemara
1691:Talmud
1689:. The
1444:: the
1155:Israel
1051:Pesach
1046:Sukkot
994:Hallel
979:Minyan
969:Aleinu
964:Amidah
937:Gartel
932:Kittel
915:Hadass
889:Shofar
874:Kippah
859:Tallit
834:Cheder
829:Kollel
745:Hazzan
698:Geonim
673:Chazal
655:Rachel
569:Sukkah
564:Mikveh
541:Hebron
523:places
500:Niddah
490:Tzniut
426:Talmud
398:Siddur
393:Ḥumash
368:Tanakh
324:Ethics
260:Reform
239:Modern
227:Haredi
199:
193:
126:Talmud
43:Hebrew
4797:Islam
4605:Names
4595:Music
4576:Rebbe
4571:Rabbi
4525:Monen
4480:Zohar
4401:Torah
4396:Bible
3510:Lemba
3385:Chuts
3107:e.g.
2739:sages
2727:Moses
2723:rabbi
2651:אמורא
2645:Amora
2620:gamar
2498:חכמים
2386:Amora
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2148:Zugot
2056:Yavne
1951:, or
1815:JSTOR
1801:books
1650:Torah
1605:Roman
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1353:Judea
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1185:Jesus
1180:Music
1098:Islam
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959:Shema
922:Arava
908:Lulav
901:Etrog
765:Kohen
760:Mohel
750:Dayan
740:Posek
735:Rebbe
730:Rabbi
645:Sarah
633:David
628:Aaron
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616:Jacob
611:Isaac
536:Safed
408:Zohar
374:Torah
360:Texts
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3029:ISBN
2975:2014
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2843:ISBN
2816:2020
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1787:news
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