1999:
2196:
1877:
1846:'s 4,000 men were to support the coastal fleet's capture of Frederikshamn and crossed the border on 18 July, reaching its staging ground just north of Frederikshamn on 20 July. A further 1,100 men were under the command of Colonel Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt. When the failure at Frederikshamn became apparent, the Swedish troops were pulled back to the border. The war being perceived illegal as it did not have the support of the estates, along with its lack of success, contributed to rising unrest. Already on 9 August, a group of officers had pleaded for peace with Russia, and on 12 August had signed what became known as the Anjala declaration, with the whole matter being later known as the
740:
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2112:) and several others damaged, but it gained the Russians the control of the Barösund strait. Sporadic fighting in the archipelago near Porkala continued and on 23 September the Russians captured the island of Älgsjön from the Swedes, but lost it on 30 September when Swedish reinforcements under Colonel Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt arrived. The Russian fleet left the area suddenly on 23 October, possibly due to the news that the Swedish open sea fleet had set sail, which it had done on 13 October, only to return to Karlskrona on 22 October. The Russian departure opened the safe coastal sea route to Swedish transports.
1701:
145:
1623:
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973:
961:
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901:
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834:
822:
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1956:. While the troops still lacked supplies, their discipline and morale had been greatly improved from what it had been in 1788. On the naval front, Sweden had not been so lucky; the crews of the open sea fleet based at Karlskrona suffered heavily from fever, making both fitting and manning the ships very difficult, and it took until 6 July before the fleet was able to set sail, under command of Duke Charles of Södermanland, who had the experienced naval officer Admiral
2121:
2026:. The Swedish coastal fleet was able to sail from Sveaborg in late May and moved to the vicinity of Frederikshamn. However, after Hangö had been fortified, the Russians had moved in to blockade the coastal sea route at Porkala on 10 June. This effectively split the Swedish coastal fleet, as reinforcements from Sweden were unable to join with the main body, putting the coastal fleet at a severe disadvantage against the Russian coastal fleet.
1971:
36:
1527:. The war on land was marked by numerous skirmishes and shifting front lines but ultimately remained a stalemate. King Gustav III of Sweden, realizing the difficulty of defeating Russia and facing mounting war expenses, sought peace. Empress Catherine II of Russia, distracted by other conflicts and concerns, also desired peace. Overall, the war did not provide any lasting solutions to their respective domestic issues.
601:
581:
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2092:, who was in overall command of the Swedish coastal fleet in the Porkala region. Since von Rajalin's forces lacked the strength to overpower the Russian blockade, they instead covered the Swedish transports in their passage through the Barösund strait. The Swedish forces were repeatedly reinforced during the summer and already in mid-July consisted of 2 frigates, 10 galleys and several gunboats. Several
2136:. In addition, a determined effort was made to bolster the strength of the fleets as much as possible so as to be able to get them under sail as soon as possible. The coastal fleet especially was being reinforced with new and stronger ships, some of them donated by the various Swedish towns. The first action took place on 17 March 1790, when two Swedish frigates plundered the Russian-controlled port of
1913:
repair and refit the ships of the open sea fleet, it had to set sail for
Karlskrona. However, preparations and unsuitable weather delayed departure until 20 November, when the sea at Sveaborg was already frozen over and some ships had to be freed by sawing the ice open for them. The fleet, however, reached Karlskrona one week later without any losses, just days before that port also froze over.
2063:. The Russians tried to take advantage of their victory over the Swedes with a co-ordinated offensive of both the coastal fleet and the army, which managed to drive the remaining Swedes beyond the Kymmene river. The battered Swedish coastal fleet was soon reinforced with ships from Sveaborg, while its commander Admiral Carl August Ehrensvärd was replaced, first by Colonel
2042:
time the
Russian army had kept moving its forces south from Savolax. Small detachments (roughly 2,000 men) sent to stop the Russians were defeated at Kaipiainen and the Swedish army had to withdraw to the border once again. The Russian departure from Savolax enabled Swedish units in the area under the command of Colonel
2179:
The coastal fleet started its offensive on 8 May, under command of King Gustav III with de Frese as his flag-captain, without waiting for the coastal fleet's squadrons from Sweden or
Pommern. The Swedish coastal fleet attacked the Russian fleet at Frederikshamn on 15 May, winning a clear victory over
2041:
on 25 June. The Swedes won a resounding victory at Utti on 28 June, but instead of advancing to
Villmanstrand, the king headed for Frederikshamn. Once again, however, the Swedish offensive was bogged down. It took until 18 July for Russian defences outside Frederikshamn to be cleared, and during this
2224:
started on 3 July and lost several ships when they ran aground due to bad visibility in the treacherous waters. The
Swedish battle fleet retired to Sveaborg for repairs while the Swedish coastal fleet made for a strong defensive position at Svensksund. The Russian coastal fleet, led by Karl Heinrich
2232:
Despite recent success, King Gustav III believed that his chances of successfully continuing the war were low. His government was also rapidly suffering from ever-increasing debt caused by the war expenses. On the other hand, Empress
Catherine II became convinced that the Swedes would not be easily
2215:
arrived at
Svensksund on 19 June and supported the ground forces of General Meijerfeldt in driving away Russian forces from its vicinity. However, Cronstedt's squadron could not get past a Russian frigate detachment under Captain Rowan Crown (orig. Robert Cronin) blocking the coastal sea route near
1805:
forced the 300-man
Swedish landing party to return to their ships. On 3 August, landings were successful, some 10 km south-east of the town, and by the evening Swedish forces were advancing towards Frederikshamn. However, inspired Russian resistance in the early hours of 4 August convinced the
1546:
that ended parliamentary rule in 1772, his political powers did not give him the right to start a war. He was also becoming increasingly unpopular, an issue which became obvious during the parliament session of 1786. This unpopularity was also encouraged by Russia, which believed an autocratic king
2265:
The Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790 was, overall, mostly insignificant for the parties involved. Catherine II regarded the war against her
Swedish cousin as a substantial distraction, as her land troops were tied up in the war against Turkey, and she was likewise concerned with revolutionary events
2499:
Myllyntaus, Timo. "Cousins at War - Nothing
Changed? An Offensive of Gustav III against Catherine II, 1788 - 1790.", "Proceedings of the International Seminar, Finland and Russia: Images of the Shared Past, Eds. Irina Takala and Alexander Tolstikov, Petrozavodsk: PetrGU 2014, pp. 8-20. (2014): n.
1912:
to slip past the blockade and protect the transports west of the cape, which probably saved the transports containing army and fleet supplies from capture. A few days later, the Russians abandoned their position, allowing Swedish transports to deliver supplies unhindered. Since Sveaborg could not
1724:
island and after chasing the Russians down tried to provoke a conflict by demanding Russians render honours to the Swedes from which Russians had been exempted in the previous peace treaties. Vice Admiral Wilhelm von Dessin who commanded the small Russian squadron agreed to render honours to Duke
1614:
was set as the forward base of operations for the campaign. However, the whole concept was based on the assumption that the Swedish open sea fleet would be able to decisively defeat its Russian counterpart. Incidentally, Russian forces were not totally unprepared for the war since the bulk of the
2050:
and won several engagements against the Russians, first at Parkuinmäki Hill and later at Laitaatsilta. When forces moved to their winter encampments, very little had changed from the spring, with the Savolax Brigade having recaptured lost land, and only Puumala had remaining in Russian control.
1633:
War was far from popular, even less so in the eastern part of Sweden (Finland). Even senior military leaders voiced their opposition to the plans to go to war. Especially amongst the officers of the army, unrest spread widely. This could partly be explained by the still remaining supporters of
2211:, blockaded the Swedish fleets with their 30,000 men in Vyborg Bay. The blockade continued for a month and on 21–23 June, with supplies running out, the Swedes chose to attempt a breakout as soon as favorable winds would allow it. The Swedish coastal squadron under Lieutenant-Colonel
2021:
The Swedish coastal fleet had been unable to sail for Sweden for the winter and had to be fitted out in Finland. In addition to the problems, the commander of the coastal fleet Colonel Anckarsvärd was arrested for being involved with the Anjala conspiracy and replaced with Admiral
2009:
In stark contrast to Swedish troubles, the Russian open sea fleet had set sail already in mid-May; by 22 May a few ships reconnoitered the Swedish defences at Hangö, but after a short engagement the Russian ships chose to break off. The main body of the Russian fleet under Admiral
1764:, in which neither side managed to gain advantage. Upon return to Sveaborg to repair and resupply Duke Charles' fleet, the Swedes found that Sveaborg had been stocked only with coastal fleet in mind, which amongst other things meant that it did not store ammunition for the heavy
2058:
started attacking the Swedish coastal fleet on 15 August, by driving away the Swedish squadron which was scouting the area near Frederikshamn. This was followed by an attack against the main staging ground of the Swedish coastal fleet at Svensksund, leading to the first
2018:. As in the previous year, the battle was indecisive, with the Swedes heading to Karlskrona and the Russian fleet joining up with a Russian squadron from Danish waters. The raging epidemic then confined the Swedish fleet to Karlskrona for most of the year.
2144:
on 3 May. Even though the Swedish main effort was on the sea, they attacked also on land, where Swedes led by Colonel Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt defeated Russian defenders on 15 April in southern Savolax, while the army led by King Gustav III and Colonel
1935:
In an attempt to prevent Russian ships from cutting off coastal sea routes, the Swedes built several fortifications at Hangö and on its surrounding islands during the winter of 1788/1789. Additional fortifications were constructed west of Hangö, near
2164:. As some ships of the fleet were still separated from the main body, Duke Charles refused to carry out the attack on 12 May, when favourable winds still existed, and instead chose to attack on 13 May, leading to the Swedish failure at the
1800:
outside Frederikshamn on 28 July, and forced them to retire within the protection of the fortifications. Initial Swedish landing attempts began on 2 August but bad weather prevented the main force from landing and a Russian
1806:
Swedish landing force to return to its ships. Attempts to swiftly capture Frederikshamn ended in total failure for several reasons, one of the most glaring being the increasing unrest against the king amongst the officers.
2184:. However, attempts to capture the town and its fortifications failed. Instead of blockading the town, the Swedes chose to continue further towards Vyborg while raiding Russian supplies along the coast, and reached the
1892:
the Swedish open sea fleet in Sveaborg, as the Swedes were unable to get their fleet ready for battle. A small detachment, under command of James Travene, from the Russian fleet cut the safe coastal sea route past
1151:
1146:
1547:
to be a threat to its interests. However, Russian support for his opposition did not go unnoticed by Gustav III, and was one of the reasons why he thought of the war as inevitable. The Western powers — such as
730:
2460:
Wang, Kevin, and James Lee Ray. "Beginners and Winners: The Fate of Initiators of Interstate Wars Involving Great Powers Since 1495." International Studies Quarterly, vol. 38, no. 1, 1994, pp. 139–54. JSTOR,
1775:
The coastal fleet's Stockholm's squadron departed for Finland on 25 June, carrying over 9,000 troops. It reached its destination of Sveaborg on 2 July and started constructing an encampment on the island of
1066:
571:
1181:
3133:
Are They Ready to March and Battle? The Combat Capabilities of Naval Squadrons of the Russian Sailing Fleet of the XVIII – Mid-XIX Centuries. From the Point of View of the State of Their Personnel
1908:
sortied to drive off the Russians, but lacked the strength to do so. After receiving reinforcements, the Swedes managed on 17 October to engage large Russian units for long enough for the small
2088:
The Russian blockade caused considerable trouble to the Swedes. Starting already in early July, Swedish gunboats engaged the much larger Russians on a daily basis, under the command of Admiral
1291:
1835:
by surprise on 2 July ended in a siege which, given the besiegers' total lack of siege artillery, caused the Swedish advance to bog down. The siege had to be abandoned on 21 August. General
2096:
were constructed to protect the area. Fighting at sea near Porkala cape continued until September. The Russian blockade at Porkala was after 24 August 1789 under the command of Captain
2029:
In mid-June 1789, the Russians attacked Savolax from three different directions, with total forces of roughly 10,000 men against 4,000 Swedish defenders. Despite a clear victory at the
1897:
in late August 1788. This caused severe supply troubles for the Swedish fleets and armies, which were mostly east of the cape. A small coastal fleet detachment under Lieutenant-Colonel
1539:
of Sweden for domestic political reasons, as he believed that a short war would leave the opposition with no recourse but to support him. Despite establishing himself as an autocrat in
1166:
1836:
710:
690:
1571:
in the summer of 1788. However, only the Ottoman Empire was willing to ally with Sweden while Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, and Prussia rejected efforts to form an alliance.
1071:
2286:
to support its forces fighting the Ottomans, as it was needed to protect the capital, Saint Petersburg. The war solved Gustav III's domestic problems only briefly, as he was
3100:
3096:
I fält för Gustaf III : beskrivning över kampanjen i Savolax 1788-1790 / G. H. Jägerhorn ; utgiven av Petra och Pertti Hakala ; kommentarer: Lars Ericson Wolke
2992:
1957:
2064:
1233:
2560:
1284:
2075:
1821:
1161:
1865:, before peace was signed on 9 July 1789, following the diplomatic intervention of Great Britain and Prussia. Under their pressure, Denmark–Norway declared itself
1106:
1039:
917:
881:
2100:, who started the effort to break the Swedish hold on Barösund. The Russian attack against Barösund started on 18 September. The attacking force consisted of 4
2168:. The Swedish fleet stayed near Reval until late May, when it set sail to protect the flank of the coastal fleet; this led to another naval engagement, at the
1810:
1598:. One Swedish army was to advance through Finland; a second army, accompanied by the Swedish coastal flotilla, was to advance along the Finnish coast into the
1277:
1898:
725:
705:
1081:
3129:К походу и бою готовы? Боевые возможности корабельных эскадр русского парусного флота XVIII – середины XIX вв. С точки зрения состояния их личного состава
1360:
965:
862:
1503:
During the Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790, Sweden attempted to prevent Russian ships from cutting off coastal sea routes by building fortifications at
1086:
2157:, but was thrown back before the end of the month. Fighting on land, however, reached stalemate, and already in June had turned into static warfare.
1111:
605:
1733:. Since the Swedish wanted to avoid initiating the conflict they had lost their chance to provoke the Russians into war and were left empty-handed.
566:
104:
2934:
1756:) – which were promptly captured together with their crew of 450 men. The Swedish fleet met a Russian fleet sailing under the command of Admiral
17:
76:
1736:
On 7 July the Swedish fleet was notified that a state of war with Russia was in effect, and already on 8 July surprised two unprepared Russian
649:
2172:. Failing to inflict a decisive defeat on the Russians, or to prevent separate Russian squadrons from joining, the open sea fleet sailed to
1507:
and on its surrounding islands. Both Swedish and Russian navies engaged in multiple indecisive battles throughout the conflict, such as the
1998:
1176:
1032:
685:
83:
3339:
2367:
3354:
3234:
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to the Russians. Meanwhile, King Gustav III had assumed control of the main body of the Swedish army and started an offensive towards
90:
1500:
declaring war on Sweden, but peace was eventually signed on 9 July 1789 after diplomatic intervention by Great Britain and Prussia.
3334:
3104:
2996:
1472:
initiated the war for domestic political reasons, hoping to gain support from the opposition. Despite forming an alliance with the
217:
2433:
2380:
1025:
46:
72:
1049:
1861:
on Sweden in August, in accordance with its treaty obligations to Russia. A Norwegian army briefly invaded Sweden and won the
1380:
3215:
3140:
3083:
2975:
2417:
2390:
1198:
1141:
1193:
2407:
1945:
814:
770:
3309:
3284:
3259:
1850:. King Gustav III's position, surrounded by rebellious officers, was greatly improved when news of a threat of war from
2509:
O'MALLEY, L. D. Catherine the Great's Woeful knight: a slanted parody. Theatre History Studies, , v. 21, p. 11–26, 2001
2267:
1454:
1944:
cape was left without fortifications. The bulk of the Swedish army in Finland, consisting of 13,000 men under General
1788:
had been readied for action already by mid-June. On 26 July, the coastal fleet under Colonel Anckarsvärd departed for
3192:
3163:
3004:
2908:
2602:
1841:
1673:
war without the agreement of the estates, who had already made clear that their acceptance would not be forthcoming.
1560:
1458:
1248:
1238:
1223:
1213:
1203:
977:
368:
Sweden was allowed to bring out 50,000 rubles worth of grain out of Russian harbors without additional export fees
3344:
2055:
1649:
received an order to sew a number of Russian military uniforms that later were used in an exchange of gunfire at
625:
97:
2160:
The Swedish open sea fleet under Duke Charles arrived on 10 May at Hangö and moved on 12 May to the vicinity of
3359:
3349:
2195:
1320:
758:
61:
57:
2108:. Fighting continued for two hours and cost the Swedes a single galley and the Russians one ship of the line (
1962:
2069:
1953:
253:
53:
3314:
2225:
von Nassau-Siegen started its attack against the Swedes on 9 July 1790, in what became known as the second
1826:
1579:
867:
1854:
became known and he could head back to Sweden on 25 August without being accused of deserting his troops.
2233:
defeated and was anxious for peace in a war which was not important for her. The Russian Vice-Chancellor
2221:
2200:
2080:
2060:
1930:
1512:
1420:
1355:
163:
3329:
3324:
3319:
2271:
2140:(Baltiyskiy Port). Swedish squadrons from Stockholm started towards Sveaborg on 21 April and also from
1635:
1619:
was planned to be transferred against the Ottoman Empire and had made preparations of its own for war.
1208:
523:
3042:
The Actions of the Russian Fleet During the War Between Russia and Sweden in 1788–90. Campaign of 1788
2368:
https://www.bokus.com/bok/9789198743951/gustav-iiis-ryska-krig-nar-tidens-brev-och-dagbocker-berattar/
1876:
1523:
was the biggest success of the Swedes in this war, whereas the highest Russian success at sea was the
2988:
Dagbok förd under kriget i Finland 1788-1790 / Carl Christopher Ekman ; utgifven af Reinh. Hausen
1862:
1415:
2023:
2015:
1922:
1508:
1350:
929:
3289:
3264:
3239:
2888:
1669:" on Russia. This was important since Gustav III did not have the constitutional right to start an
1548:
1477:
745:
542:
2238:
2132:
In 1790, King Gustav III revived the plan for a landing close to Saint Petersburg, this time near
1567:
from the Southern theatre. It was at their instigation that Gustav concluded an alliance with the
1450:
299:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3092:
1815:
1700:
1639:
2181:
1903:
1793:
1662:
1564:
1390:
1101:
850:
499:
385:
3037:Дѣйствія русскаго флота во время войны Россіи со Швеціей въ 1788–90 годахъ. Кампанія 1788 года
1785:
1345:
144:
2884:
2338:
2030:
1926:
1330:
1116:
2941:
2234:
2226:
1670:
1516:
1425:
1400:
1370:
168:
893:
8:
3062:
2254:
2212:
2189:
2169:
2146:
2089:
1646:
1493:
1405:
1335:
941:
905:
838:
486:
335:
158:
1622:
1582:
to raise funds and finance the war, a move that gave rise to a wave of inflation of the
3049:
2914:
2616:
2185:
2150:
2125:
1858:
1851:
1768:
of the open sea fleet and lacked suitable stocks of equipment required to repair large
1627:
1556:
1540:
1497:
1485:
1410:
1375:
1340:
1325:
1243:
1096:
1091:
1076:
739:
437:
266:
135:
2565:"Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Eighteenth Century (the 1700s)"
2153:. A Russian attack on 5 May close to the Kymmene river gained some success, capturing
1365:
554:
3211:
3188:
3159:
3136:
3108:
3079:
3010:
3000:
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2918:
2904:
2620:
2608:
2598:
2447:
2413:
2386:
2382:
Enlightening Europe on Islam and the Ottomans: Mouradgea d'Ohsson and His Masterpiece
2283:
2279:
2275:
2093:
2043:
1991:
1885:
1847:
1761:
1705:
1691:
1687:
1603:
1583:
1315:
953:
826:
527:
153:
3034:
The actions of the Russian fleet during the war between Russia and Sweden in 1788–90
3116:
3018:
2896:
2208:
2101:
2011:
1595:
1575:
1489:
1395:
1171:
637:
609:
589:
322:
318:
3174:
1156:
1131:
3184:
2165:
1866:
1599:
1563:
and lobbied for the war in the north, which would have diverted the attention of
1524:
1385:
3093:
Georg Henrik Jägerhorn; Petra Hakala; Pertti Hakala; Lars Ericson Wolke (2004),
2249:
2097:
1894:
1792:, carrying 6,000 men, while a 4,000-strong unit advanced on land under General
1726:
1568:
1552:
1504:
1481:
1473:
1446:
1269:
661:
585:
424:
311:
261:
3228:
3112:
3014:
2287:
2105:
2014:
met the Swedish fleet on 26 July, and engaged it in what became known as the
1982:
1802:
1666:
1602:; while a third army sailed with the Swedish battlefleet in order to land at
1442:
1121:
511:
342:
315:
3120:
3094:
3022:
2986:
2900:
2519:
2476:
2282:). The Swedish attack foiled the Russian plans of sending its navy into the
2038:
1949:
1769:
1757:
1717:
1616:
1520:
1218:
802:
673:
363:
1870:
1777:
1695:
1611:
1574:
Before the grand opening of the Riksdag in 1789, King Gustav III had the
1462:
1258:
1228:
1136:
442:
2188:
on 2 June, from where it attempted to support the open sea fleet in the
1126:
239:
232:
2173:
2047:
1832:
1730:
1729:
and managed to dissolve the threatening situation and continue towards
1713:
1654:
1536:
1469:
1465:. The war was, overall, mostly insignificant for the parties involved.
789:
200:
2945:
2564:
1653:, a Swedish outpost on the Russo-Swedish border, on 27 June 1788. The
2984:
2880:
2594:
2365:
Gustav III:s ryska krig : När tidens brev och dagböcker berättar
2217:
2141:
2120:
1658:
1017:
394:
359:
3044:] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: I. I. Glazunov Printing House.
1970:
1796:. The Swedish coastal fleet clashed briefly with a group of Russian
35:
2825:
2702:
2543:
2541:
2137:
1941:
1889:
1781:
1721:
347:
246:
3070:
Johnsson, Raoul (2011). Grönroos, Maria; Karttunen, Ilkka (eds.).
2462:
2345:. Zentrale für Unterrichtsmedien im Internet e.V. 19 November 2004
2003:
1720:
as its commander. On 21 June the fleet met a Russian squadron off
2237:
immediately agreed to negotiations, and the war was ended by the
2161:
2034:
2033:, the Swedish army was forced to withdraw, leaving the important
1975:
1909:
1737:
1650:
326:
224:
210:
2957:] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: V. Golovin Printing House.
2612:
2538:
1626:
Swedish warships fitted out in Stockholm in 1788; watercolor by
2726:
2690:
2154:
2133:
1797:
1789:
1765:
1578:
commissioned. The Parliament then decided on the creation of a
463:
355:
306:
205:
1884:
The Russian fleet had already in early August, soon after the
1937:
1453:
on 14 August 1790 and took place concomitantly with both the
1606:
to advance on Saint Petersburg. The goal was to instigate a
338:
de-facto recognizes Gustav III's regime and his constitution
3135:]. More v ogne (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Gangut.
2258:
2074:, who oversaw the repairs, and later by Lieutenant-Colonel
1704:
Contemporary Swedish drawing of the order of battle at the
3158:] (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: K. J. Gummerus Osakeyhtiö.
3101:
Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland
2993:
Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland
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2837:
2813:
2801:
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2777:
2765:
2738:
2714:
2639:
2627:
2755:
2753:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2002:
Swedish and Russian navies during a battle in July 1789,
27:
Conflict between the Russian Empire and Kingdom of Sweden
3078:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: John Nurminen Foundation.
1449:
from June 1788 to August 1790. The war was ended by the
2526:
1559:— were alarmed by a string of Russian victories in the
2750:
2678:
2651:
2046:
to go onto the offensive. His forces advanced towards
1857:
The Swedish attack on Russia caused Denmark–Norway to
1784:. The coastal fleet's Sveaborg squadron under Colonel
2477:"Russian Expansion in the Baltic in the 18th Century"
1665:
and to provide Gustav with an excuse to declare a "
3226:
2985:Carl Christoffer Ekman; Reinhold Hausen (1900).
1594:The Swedes initially planned a naval assault on
1299:
332:Russian failure to politically subjugate Sweden.
3201:
2547:
2409:1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History
3031:
2955:The War Between Russia and Sweden in 1788–1790
2229:, which ended in a decisive Swedish victory.
2220:and had to return to Svensksund. The Swedish
1285:
1033:
2207:The Russian fleet, under command of Admiral
62:introducing citations to additional sources
3029:
2950:Война Россіи съ Швеціей въ 1788—1790 годахъ
2935:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)
1610:in Russia and depose Empress Catherine II.
1589:
364:assist each other in case of foreign attack
3172:
1292:
1278:
1040:
1026:
2569:Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century
528:
3210:] (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: Docendo.
3202:Viinikainen, Sakari; Mäki, Heli (2015).
3105:Society of Swedish Literature in Finland
3069:
2997:Society of Swedish Literature in Finland
2961:
2940:
2893:War in the Early Modern World, 1450–1815
2684:
2672:
2532:
2248:
2194:
2119:
1997:
1969:
1875:
1699:
1621:
52:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3149:
3126:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2807:
2795:
2783:
2771:
2759:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2660:
2645:
2633:
2474:
2378:
1712:The Swedish open sea fleet sailed from
1492:and instigate a coup to depose Empress
1476:, Sweden failed to secure support from
14:
3227:
2591:War and Peace in the Baltic, 1560–1790
2588:
2339:"The Swedish–Russian War of 1788–1790"
1047:
2879:
2559:
2405:
2379:Findley, Carter Vaughn (2019-02-04).
1273:
1021:
2970:] (in Russian). Moscow: Moskva.
2290:at the opera in Stockholm, in 1792.
1946:Johan August Meijerfeldt the Younger
1496:did not materialize. The war led to
771:Johann Friedrich von und zu Mansbach
29:
1952:river, with a further 5,000 men in
1535:The conflict was initiated by King
362:, whereby the countries pledged to
24:
3340:Warfare of the early modern period
3076:Gustaf III and the Great Naval War
1488:. Sweden's initial plan to attack
73:"Russo-Swedish War" 1788–1790
25:
3371:
3355:Wars involving the Russian Empire
2895:. London: UCL Press. p. 46.
606:Victor Amadeus of Anhalt-Bernburg
2520:"Swedish Military - Hans Högman"
2406:Grant, R. G. (24 October 2017).
2054:The Russian coastal fleet under
1837:Carl Gustaf Armfeldt the Younger
1657:attack, which caused outrage in
971:
959:
947:
935:
923:
911:
899:
887:
875:
856:
844:
832:
820:
808:
796:
782:
764:
752:
738:
718:
698:
679:
667:
655:
643:
631:
619:
599:
579:
560:
548:
536:
517:
505:
493:
479:
456:
430:
417:
143:
45:relies largely or entirely on a
34:
3335:Sweden during the Gustavian era
2968:The history of the Russian Army
2928:
2873:
2582:
2553:
2512:
2503:
2463:https://doi.org/10.2307/2600875
2300:
2056:Karl Heinrich von Nassau-Siegen
397:made by both sides are returned
341:The provisions of the previous
3173:Shirokorad, Aleksandr (2001).
2493:
2468:
2454:
2440:
2426:
2399:
2372:
2357:
2331:
2268:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1869:in the conflict, bringing the
1760:and fought an engagement, the
1645:In 1788, a head tailor of the
1455:Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)
1439:Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790
759:Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel
286:
128:Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790
13:
1:
3235:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
2947:The War of Russia with Sweden
2548:Viinikainen & Mäki (2015)
2325:
1880:The Battle of Hogland in 1788
1561:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
1530:
1459:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
3183:] (in Russian). Moscow:
3156:Sea Safeguarding Our Country
3072:Kustaa III ja suuri merisota
3030:Golovachyov, Viktor (1870).
2834:, pp. 195–196, 200–202.
2711:, pp. 143–144, 150–152.
2244:
1974:Capturing of Swedish 44-gun
7:
3181:The Northern Wars of Russia
3032:by.prlib.ru/en/node/407339
2962:Егоршина, Петрова (2023).
2589:Oakley, Stewart P. (1992).
2475:Janicki, Arkadiusz (2022).
2149:won another victory in the
1931:Battle of Svensksund (1789)
1517:Second Battle of Svensksund
18:Russo-Swedish War (1788–90)
10:
3376:
3310:1790 in the Russian Empire
3285:1789 in the Russian Empire
3260:1788 in the Russian Empire
2932:
2885:"Warfare at sea 1450–1815"
2316:Catherine II's Swedish War
2272:Constitution of 3 May 1791
2065:Carl Nathanael af Klercker
1920:
1716:on 9 June 1788, with Duke
1685:
1676:
1636:Georg Magnus Sprengtporten
972:
960:
948:
936:
924:
912:
900:
185:June 1788 – 14 August 1790
3127:Lebedev, Alexey (2015).
2434:"Biographical Dictionary"
1863:Battle of Kvistrum Bridge
1311:
1059:
999:
986:
469:
407:
177:
142:
132:
127:
3175:
3150:Mattila, Tapani (1983).
3128:
3103:(in Swedish), Helsinki:
3036:
2995:(in Swedish). Helsinki:
2963:
2949:
2735:, pp. 150, 152–155.
2699:, pp. 143, 146–150.
2465:. Accessed 28 Feb. 2024.
2308:Gustav III's Russian War
2293:
2076:Georg Christian de Frese
1958:Otto Henrik Nordenskjöld
1590:Preparations for the war
1062:Swedish–Novgorodian Wars
314:right to interfere with
3208:War of the Theatre King
2901:10.4324/9781003071013-2
2115:
1916:
1725:Charles but not to the
1718:Charles of Södermanland
1681:
1010:3,000 killed or wounded
1005:2,640 killed or wounded
305:Favourable outcome for
3345:Wars involving Denmark
3204:Teatterikuninkaan sota
2262:
2222:escape from Vyborg Bay
2204:
2182:Battle of Fredrikshamn
2129:
2024:Carl August Ehrensvärd
2006:
1995:
1923:Battle of Öland (1789)
1881:
1794:Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt
1709:
1663:Riksdag of the Estates
1661:, was to convince the
1630:
1565:Catherine II of Russia
626:Karl von Nassau-Siegen
500:Valentin Musin-Pushkin
470:Commanders and leaders
386:Status quo ante bellum
3360:Wars involving Sweden
3350:Wars involving Norway
3176:Северные войны России
2964:История русской армии
2343:World History at KMLA
2252:
2198:
2180:the defenders in the
2123:
2031:Battle of Porrassalmi
2001:
1973:
1967:as his flag-captain.
1927:Battle of Porrassalmi
1879:
1703:
1625:
1519:. The last-mentioned
1381:Pardakoski–Kärnakoski
1000:Casualties and losses
918:Vilhelm Mauritz Pauli
2597:. pp. 156–157.
2593:. London; New York:
2363:Claes Rainer(2015).
2235:Alexander Bezborodko
2227:Battle of Svensksund
2201:Battle of Vyborg Bay
2061:Battle of Svensksund
1948:, was placed at the
1820:'s 1,700-man-strong
1811:Berndt Johan Hastfer
1809:Attempts by Colonel
1640:Finnish independence
1580:National Debt Office
1470:Gustav III of Sweden
169:Battle of Svensksund
164:Battle of Vyborg Bay
149:From left to right:
58:improve this article
3315:Catherine the Great
3152:Meri maamme turvana
2942:Brückner, Alexander
2870:, pp. 216–216.
2858:, pp. 202–216.
2846:, pp. 196–200.
2822:, pp. 190–193.
2810:, pp. 174–187.
2798:, pp. 169–173.
2786:, pp. 165–167.
2774:, pp. 162–165.
2747:, pp. 160–161.
2723:, pp. 150–152.
2648:, pp. 137–138.
2636:, pp. 136–137.
2255:Battle of Uttismalm
2213:Carl Olof Cronstedt
2190:Battle of Kronstadt
2170:Battle of Kronstadt
2147:Gustaf Wachtmeister
2094:artillery batteries
2090:Salomon von Rajalin
1899:Victor von Stedingk
1786:Michael Anckarsvärd
1647:Royal Swedish Opera
1441:was fought between
942:Salomon von Rajalin
906:Carl Olof Cronstedt
839:Gustaf Wachtmeister
524:Georg Sprengtporten
336:Catherine the Great
159:Battle of Uttismalm
2263:
2205:
2186:Beryozovye Islands
2151:Battle of Valkeala
2130:
2126:Battle of Valkeala
2104:, 1 frigate and 6
2007:
1996:
1981:by Russian 22-gun
1882:
1710:
1631:
1628:Louis Jean Desprez
1557:Kingdom of Prussia
1188:Russo–Swedish Wars
1051:Russo-Swedish wars
267:Vyborg Governorate
136:Russo-Swedish Wars
3330:Conflicts in 1790
3325:Conflicts in 1789
3320:Conflicts in 1788
3217:978-952-291-165-0
3142:978-5-904180-94-2
3085:978-952-9745-31-9
2977:978-5-699-42397-2
2675:, pp. 76–77.
2563:(November 2010).
2550:, pp. 12–17.
2419:978-0-7858-3553-0
2392:978-90-04-37725-7
2284:Mediterranean Sea
2280:French Revolution
2266:unfolding in the
2102:ships of the line
2044:Curt von Stedingk
1992:Alexey Bogolyubov
1886:Battle of Hogland
1848:Anjala conspiracy
1762:Battle of Hogland
1706:Battle of Hogland
1692:Anjala conspiracy
1688:Battle of Hogland
1584:Swedish riksdaler
1434:
1433:
1302:Russo-Swedish War
1267:
1266:
1016:
1015:
966:Klas Hjelmstierna
954:Enrique MacDonell
894:Rudolf Cederström
863:Lars von Kaulbars
827:Curt von Stedingk
815:Johan Meijerfeldt
403:
402:
270:
257:
249:
242:
235:
228:
220:
213:
154:Battle of Hogland
123:
122:
108:
16:(Redirected from
3367:
3221:
3198:
3169:
3146:
3123:
3089:
3066:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3045:
3026:
2981:
2958:
2923:
2922:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2472:
2466:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2376:
2370:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2335:
2319:
2312:Gustav III's War
2304:
2261:, Finland (1931)
2253:Memorial of the
2239:Treaty of Värälä
2209:Vasily Chichagov
2084:
2073:
2012:Vasily Chichagov
1988:on June 1, 1789.
1966:
1907:
1845:
1830:
1819:
1596:Saint Petersburg
1490:Saint Petersburg
1451:Treaty of Värälä
1306:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1054:
1052:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1019:
1018:
976:
975:
974:
964:
963:
962:
952:
951:
950:
940:
939:
938:
928:
927:
926:
916:
915:
914:
904:
903:
902:
892:
891:
890:
882:Jakob Gripenberg
880:
879:
878:
871:
861:
860:
859:
849:
848:
847:
837:
836:
835:
825:
824:
823:
813:
812:
811:
801:
800:
799:
787:
786:
785:
769:
768:
767:
757:
756:
755:
743:
742:
734:
723:
722:
721:
714:
703:
702:
701:
694:
684:
683:
682:
672:
671:
670:
660:
659:
658:
648:
647:
646:
638:Vasily Chichagov
636:
635:
634:
624:
623:
622:
614:
604:
603:
602:
594:
584:
583:
582:
575:
565:
564:
563:
553:
552:
551:
541:
540:
539:
530:
522:
521:
520:
510:
509:
508:
498:
497:
496:
484:
483:
482:
462:
460:
459:
446:
436:
434:
433:
423:
421:
420:
323:Treaty of Nystad
319:interior affairs
300:Treaty of Värälä
264:
252:
245:
238:
231:
223:
216:
208:
179:
178:
147:
125:
124:
118:
115:
109:
107:
66:
38:
30:
21:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3290:1790 in Denmark
3265:1789 in Denmark
3240:1788 in Denmark
3225:
3224:
3218:
3195:
3177:
3166:
3143:
3130:
3086:
3058:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3038:
3007:
2978:
2965:
2951:
2937:
2931:
2926:
2911:
2878:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2685:Johnsson (2011)
2683:
2679:
2673:Johnsson (2011)
2671:
2667:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2605:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2494:
2485:
2483:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2377:
2373:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2314:in Finland and
2305:
2301:
2296:
2247:
2166:Battle of Reval
2118:
2078:
2067:
2035:Puumala straits
2016:Battle of Öland
1989:
1960:
1933:
1919:
1901:
1839:
1824:
1822:Savolax Brigade
1813:
1698:
1684:
1679:
1600:Gulf of Finland
1592:
1533:
1525:Battle of Reval
1509:Battle of Öland
1435:
1430:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1268:
1263:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1011:
1006:
992:23,000 - 38,720
982:
970:
958:
946:
934:
930:Carl Ehrensvärd
922:
910:
898:
888:
886:
876:
874:
865:
857:
855:
845:
843:
833:
831:
821:
819:
809:
807:
797:
795:
783:
781:
775:
765:
763:
753:
751:
737:
728:
726:Alexander Kruse
719:
717:
708:
699:
697:
688:
680:
678:
668:
666:
656:
654:
644:
642:
632:
630:
620:
618:
610:
600:
598:
590:
580:
578:
569:
561:
559:
555:Iosif Igelström
549:
547:
537:
535:
518:
516:
506:
504:
494:
492:
480:
478:
457:
455:
452:
450:
440:
431:
429:
418:
416:
379:
373:
295:
294:
289:
277:
276:
273:
258:
227:
173:
148:
119:
113:
110:
67:
65:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3373:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3305:1790 in Sweden
3302:
3300:1790 in Norway
3297:
3295:1790 in Europe
3292:
3287:
3282:
3280:1789 in Sweden
3277:
3275:1789 in Norway
3272:
3270:1789 in Europe
3267:
3262:
3257:
3255:1788 in Sweden
3252:
3250:1788 in Norway
3247:
3245:1788 in Europe
3242:
3237:
3223:
3222:
3216:
3199:
3193:
3170:
3164:
3147:
3141:
3124:
3090:
3084:
3067:
3027:
3005:
2982:
2976:
2959:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2909:
2872:
2868:Mattila (1983)
2860:
2856:Mattila (1983)
2848:
2844:Mattila (1983)
2836:
2832:Mattila (1983)
2824:
2820:Mattila (1983)
2812:
2808:Mattila (1983)
2800:
2796:Mattila (1983)
2788:
2784:Mattila (1983)
2776:
2772:Mattila (1983)
2764:
2762:, p. 162.
2760:Mattila (1983)
2749:
2745:Mattila (1983)
2737:
2733:Mattila (1983)
2725:
2721:Mattila (1983)
2713:
2709:Mattila (1983)
2701:
2697:Mattila (1983)
2689:
2677:
2665:
2663:, p. 142.
2661:Mattila (1983)
2650:
2646:Mattila (1983)
2638:
2634:Mattila (1983)
2626:
2603:
2581:
2561:White, Matthew
2552:
2537:
2535:, p. 184.
2525:
2511:
2502:
2492:
2467:
2453:
2439:
2425:
2418:
2412:. Book Sales.
2398:
2391:
2371:
2356:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2246:
2243:
2241:on 14 August.
2117:
2114:
2098:James Trevenen
1918:
1915:
1852:Denmark–Norway
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1591:
1588:
1569:Ottoman Empire
1553:Dutch Republic
1532:
1529:
1498:Denmark–Norway
1482:Dutch Republic
1474:Ottoman Empire
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1013:
1012:4,500 captured
1008:
1007:6,000 captured
1002:
1001:
997:
996:
993:
989:
988:
984:
983:
981:
980:
968:
956:
944:
932:
920:
908:
896:
884:
872:
853:
851:Gustaf Armfelt
841:
829:
817:
805:
803:Prince Charles
793:
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1790:Frederikshamn
1787:
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1770:sailing ships
1767:
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1748:) and 24-gun
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1667:defensive war
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1638:'s plans for
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1478:Great Britain
1475:
1471:
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1426:Svensksund II
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343:Treaty of Abo
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75: –
74:
70:
69:Find sources:
63:
59:
55:
49:
48:
47:single source
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
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2954:
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2929:Bibliography
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2728:
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2680:
2668:
2641:
2629:
2590:
2584:
2574:10 September
2572:. Retrieved
2568:
2555:
2528:
2514:
2505:
2495:
2484:. Retrieved
2480:
2470:
2456:
2448:"Gustav III"
2442:
2428:
2408:
2401:
2381:
2374:
2364:
2359:
2347:. Retrieved
2342:
2333:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2288:assassinated
2264:
2231:
2206:
2178:
2159:
2131:
2109:
2087:
2053:
2028:
2020:
2008:
1985:
1978:
1934:
1883:
1856:
1808:
1774:
1758:Samuel Greig
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1727:Swedish flag
1711:
1644:
1632:
1617:Baltic Fleet
1608:coup de état
1607:
1593:
1573:
1542:
1541:a bloodless
1534:
1521:naval battle
1502:
1494:Catherine II
1467:
1438:
1436:
1391:Fredrikshamn
1371:Baltischport
1356:Svensksund I
1301:
1253:
1187:
1186:
1061:
978:Sidney Smith
788:
744:
674:Samuel Greig
650:Pyotr Slisov
611:
591:
487:Catherine II
485:
449:
408:Belligerents
384:
383:
346:
298:
293:Full results
134:
114:October 2021
111:
101:
94:
87:
80:
68:
44:
2500:pag. Print.
2349:18 November
2310:in Sweden,
2257:erected in
2216:modern-day
2079: [
2068: [
1961: [
1940:. However,
1902: [
1888:, moved to
1873:to an end.
1871:Theatre War
1859:declare war
1840: [
1825: [
1814: [
1782:Helsingfors
1746:Jarislawits
1742:Jaroslavets
1696:Theatre War
1604:Oranienbaum
1543:coup d'état
1463:Theatre War
1331:Porrassalmi
1304:(1788–1790)
1254:(1788–1790)
1249:(1741–1743)
1244:(1700–1721)
1239:(1656–1658)
1229:(1610–1617)
1224:(1590–1595)
1219:(1558–1583)
1214:(1554–1557)
1204:(1495–1497)
1199:(1479–1482)
1194:(1475–1476)
866: [
729: [
709: [
689: [
570: [
443:Theatre War
378:Territorial
3229:Categories
3121:Q113530005
3059:|url=
3023:Q113393919
2933:See also:
2881:Glete, Jan
2486:2023-12-25
2326:References
2318:in Russia.
2174:Vyborg Bay
1921:See also:
1780:, next to
1731:Copenhagen
1714:Karlskrona
1686:See also:
1537:Gustav III
1531:Background
1421:Vyborg Bay
1416:Björkösund
1401:Savitaipal
790:Gustav III
706:Yuly Litta
686:Ivan Balle
445:1788–1789)
356:convention
351:confirmed.
325:expressly
201:Baltic Sea
84:newspapers
3113:0039-6842
3050:cite book
3015:0039-6842
2919:160039951
2621:160160829
2595:Routledge
2481:ejournals
2385:. BRILL.
2306:Known as
2274:) and in
2245:Aftermath
2218:Virolahti
2138:Rågersvik
1831:to storm
1740:– 32-gun
1671:offensive
1659:Stockholm
1406:Kronstadt
1346:Parkumäki
1336:Uttismalm
1259:(1808–09)
1152:1350–1351
1147:1348–1349
1142:1338–1339
1137:1321–1323
1127:1311–1314
1122:1300–1301
1117:1293–1295
1112:1283–1284
1107:1256–1257
1102:1249–1250
1092:1236–1237
1082:1227–1228
395:conquests
360:Stockholm
321:from the
287:aftermath
54:talk page
3117:Wikidata
3019:Wikidata
2944:(1869).
2883:(1999).
2613:92006571
1986:Merkuriy
1910:gunboats
1890:blockade
1778:Sandhamn
1738:frigates
1722:Saaremaa
1615:Russian
1612:Sveaborg
1555:and the
1511:and the
1411:Uransari
1376:Valkeala
1341:Kaipiais
1326:Kvistrum
987:Strength
724:Admiral
348:De Facto
312:Russia's
247:Dalsland
240:Bohuslän
233:Jämtland
190:Location
133:Part of
3061:value (
2891:(ed.).
2436:. 1844.
2203:in 1790
2142:Pommern
2128:in 1790
2106:cutters
2048:Nyslott
1976:frigate
1954:Savolax
1950:Kymmene
1942:Porkala
1867:neutral
1833:Nyslott
1798:galleys
1766:cannons
1708:in 1788
1677:The war
1651:Puumala
1486:Prussia
1321:Kilduin
1316:Hogland
612:†
592:†
526: (
380:changes
327:revoked
316:Swedish
254:Savonia
225:Gotland
218:Karelia
211:Gotland
98:scholar
3214:
3191:
3162:
3139:
3119:
3111:
3082:
3057:Check
3021:
3013:
3003:
2974:
2917:
2907:
2619:
2611:
2601:
2416:
2389:
2276:France
2155:Anjala
2134:Vyborg
1983:cutter
1929:, and
1754:Gektor
1750:Hektor
1694:, and
1655:staged
1551:, the
1484:, and
1480:, the
1447:Russia
1443:Sweden
1396:Keltis
1361:Kalmar
1234:(1656)
1209:(1499)
995:38,000
704:Count
608:
588:
464:Sweden
461:
435:
422:
307:Sweden
282:Result
262:Russia
206:Sweden
100:
93:
86:
79:
71:
3206:[
3179:[
3154:[
3131:[
3074:[
3040:[
2966:[
2953:[
2915:S2CID
2887:. In
2617:S2CID
2294:Notes
2278:(the
2270:(the
2162:Reval
2083:]
2072:]
2004:Öland
1979:Venus
1965:]
1938:Korpo
1906:]
1895:Hangö
1844:]
1829:]
1818:]
1513:First
1505:Hangö
1468:King
1386:Reval
1366:Elgsö
1351:Öland
870:]
733:]
713:]
693:]
574:]
345:were
105:JSTOR
91:books
3212:ISBN
3189:ISBN
3160:ISBN
3137:ISBN
3109:ISSN
3080:ISBN
3063:help
3011:ISSN
3001:ISBN
2972:ISBN
2905:ISBN
2609:LCCN
2599:ISBN
2576:2021
2414:ISBN
2387:ISBN
2351:2011
2259:Utti
2199:The
2124:The
2116:1790
1990:(by
1917:1789
1682:1788
1515:and
1461:and
1445:and
1437:The
1182:1448
1177:1444
1172:1411
1167:1399
1162:1396
1157:1395
1132:1318
1097:1240
1087:1229
1077:1187
1072:1164
1067:1142
393:All
285:See
182:Date
77:news
3185:AST
2897:doi
529:WIA
60:by
3231::
3187:.
3115:,
3107:,
3099:,
3054::
3052:}}
3048:{{
3017:.
3009:.
2999:.
2991:.
2913:.
2903:.
2752:^
2653:^
2615:.
2607:.
2567:.
2540:^
2479:.
2341:.
2192:.
2176:.
2085:.
2081:sv
2070:sv
1963:sv
1925:,
1904:sv
1842:sv
1827:sv
1816:sv
1772:.
1690:,
1642:.
1586:.
1457:,
868:sv
731:ru
711:ru
691:ru
572:ru
389::
354:A
3220:.
3197:.
3168:.
3145:.
3088:.
3065:)
3025:.
2980:.
2921:.
2899::
2623:.
2578:.
2522:.
2489:.
2450:.
2422:.
2395:.
2353:.
1994:)
1752:(
1744:(
1293:e
1286:t
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1027:v
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441:(
329:.
269:)
265:(
256:)
209:(
116:)
112:(
102:·
95:·
88:·
81:·
64:.
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
