Russian conquest of Central Asia

2881:, 1844, the main forces of Kenesary hit the rear of the enemy, surrounding the Jantorin detachment. During fierce battles, this detachment was completely defeated: “-Kenesary's warriors! - from all shouted Boranbai and shot at one sarbaz, who was running headlong. He clutched his wounded arm and howled in pain. Hearing a shot and screams, the Cossacks began firing into the darkness. At that moment, there was a roar - a cannon shell exploded nearby. A moment later there was a second explosion. Sarbaz and Cossacks, throwing down their weapons, hurried to their horses. They jumped into the saddle and immediately fell to the ground. The straps that fastened the girths and the bridles were cut. The panic began. And at that moment, the rebels broke into the camp, surrounding it from two sides. Friendly fire from rifles mowed down opponents. The horsemen overtook the fleeing and dealt with it on the spot. 44 sultans were killed in the battle. 3322:

the main event of the conquest. Our sources do not say why an eastern approach was chosen, but an obvious guess is that irrigation made it possible to move armies without crossing steppe or desert. This was important when transport required grass-fed horses and camels. We are not told how Russia supplied an army this far east, or if this was a problem. It is not clear why a forward policy was now adopted. It seems that different officials had different opinions and much was decided by local commanders and the luck of the battlefield. All sources report Russian victories over greatly superior forces with kill ratios approaching ten to one. Even if enemy numbers are exaggerated it seems clear that Russian weapons and tactics were now superior to the traditional Asian armies that they faced. All sources mention breechloading rifles without further explanation.

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Tashkent and was joined by another army coming south from Aralsk. They met in the desert, ran short of water, abandoned part of their supplies and reached the Oxus in late May. Veryovkin left from Orenburg, had little difficulty moving along the west side of the Aral Sea and reached the northwest corner of the delta in mid-May. He was joined by Lomakin who had a hard time crossing the desert from the Caspian. Markozov started from Chikishlyar, ran short of water and was forced to turn back. Kaufmann crossed the Oxus, fought a few easy battles and on June 4 the Khan sued for peace. Meanwhile, Veryovkin, who was out of contact with Kaufmann, crossed the delta and attacked the city walls of Khiva until he was called off by Kaufmann. The Khanate of Khiva became a Russian protectorate and remained so until the

3294:. To guarantee that there would be enough fodder to move this much from Orenburg to Fort Aralsk, the Kazakhs were forbidden to graze the lands north of the fort. Command was given to the same Perovsky who earlier had failed to reach Khiva. He left Aralsk in June and reached Ak-Mechet on July 2. The Kokandis had strengthened the fort and increased the garrison. A regular siege was begun. When the trenches neared the citadel, a mine was dug under the walls. At 3AM on 9 August 1853 the mine was exploded, creating a large breach. The breach was taken on the third try and by 4:30AM it was all over. 230 Kokandi bodies were counted out of the original 300-man garrison. The place was renamed Fort Perovsky. 3632: 3659:, the Russians defeated the main forces of the Bukhara Emir, losing less than 100 people, while the Bukhara army lost from 3.5 to 10,000. On 5 July 1868 a peace treaty was signed. The Khanate of Bokhara lost Samarkand and remained a semi-independent vassal until the revolution. The Khanate of Kokand had lost its western territory, was confined to the Ferghana valley and surrounding mountains and remained independent for about 10 years. According to the Bregel's Atlas, if nowhere else, in 1870 the now-vassal Khanate of Bokhara expanded east and annexed that part of Bactria enclosed by the Turkestan Range, the Pamir plateau and the Afghan border. 4250:. Merv had the great fortress of Kaushut Khan and was inhabited by Merv Tekes, who had also fought at Geok Tepe. As soon as the Russians were established in Askhabad, traders, and also spies, began moving between the Kopet Dag and Merv. Some elders from Merv went north to Petroalexandrovsk and offered a degree of submission to the Russians there. The Russians at Askhabad had to explain that both groups were part of the same empire. In February 1882 Alikhanov visited Merv and approached Makhdum Kuli Khan, who had been in command at Geok Tepe. In September Alikhanov persuaded Makhdum Kuli Khan to swear allegiance to the White Czar. 1397: 1048: 475: 2040: 3905: 3331: 3688: 4602: 4493: 168: 3933: 1356: 927: 916: 3103: 2316: 3381: 1335: 1225: 352: 421: 2209: 989: 978: 969: 960: 951: 451: 260: 3628:, thus closing the mouth of the Fergana Valley. The losses of the Kokand residents were more than 2.5 thousand killed, 130 Russians killed and wounded. Then he moved west and took Ura-Tepe and Jizzakh from Bukhara. During the capture of Jizzak, the Bukharians lost 6,000 killed and 3,000 prisoners, as well as all the artillery. In total, during the campaign of 1866, the Russian troops lost 500 people killed and wounded, while the natives lost more than 12,000 killed. Defeats forced Bukhara to start peace talks. 2862:

Dunikovsky. The task of Kenesary was to prevent these detachments from connecting and getting out of the encirclement. Kenesary decided to send a small detachment to meet him and thus create a false impression among the enemy, suggesting to him that the Kenesary detachment was completely retreating towards Ulytau. The Siberian detachment was really deceived: having changed direction, it set off in pursuit of a small detachment of Kenesary. Meanwhile, Kenesary, with his main forces, appeared on the New Line on

436: 2060: 940: 378: 4203:. He died suddenly and Lomakin took command. Lomakin crossed the Kopet Dagh with too few men, made an incompetent attack on Geok Tepe and was forced to retreat. The warlike Teke put up resistance Russian observers assessed as "worthy of the best European armies," proof of that being the heavy losses, over 25 percent, the Russians suffered in combat. Russian officers additionally noted that the Turkmen position was "fortified in an exemplary manner, according to all the rules of modern fortification." 488: 4367: 2076:(1,500 mi) wide in the north and 1,400 km (900 mi) wide in the south. Because the southeast corner (Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) is mountainous the flat desert-steppe country is only about 1,100 km (700 mi) wide in the south. Using modern borders, the area was 4,003,400 km (1,545,730 sq mi), about half the size of the United States without Alaska. On the east side two mountain ranges project into the desert. Between them is the well-populated 2048: 4030: 4102: 4309: 3311: 2068: 4439: 4144: 3152: 66: 822: 813: 802: 786: 770: 761: 750: 739: 728: 717: 706: 695: 684: 673: 662: 643: 627: 611: 600: 589: 578: 569: 560: 549: 530: 519: 508: 1254: 1067: 25: 3486: 4088: 3956: 3940: 365: 3972: 4060: 4074: 3208: 3180: 3472: 3458: 2463: 3444: 3194: 2491: 2477: 4254:

elders, one threatening and the other persuading. Having no wish to repeat the slaughter at Geok Tepe, 28 elders went to Askhabad and on February 12 swore allegiance in the presence of General Komarov. A faction in Merv tried to resist but was too weak to accomplish anything. On March 16, 1884, Komarov occupied Merv. The subject Khanates of Khiva and Bukhara were now surrounded by Russian territory.

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meet them had a hard day's fight, called for reinforcements but next morning found that the Kokandis had retreated. In December a Kokandi force (said to be 12000 men) surrounded Fort Perovsky. A 500-man sortie was soon surrounded and in trouble. Major Shkupa, seeing the enemy camp weakly defended, broke out and burned the camp. Two more sorties drove the Kokandis off in disorder.

3273:. Both places were also called Fort Aralsk. Raiders from Khiva and Kokand attacked the local Kazakhs near the fort and were driven off by the Russians. Three sailing ships were built at Orenburg, disassembled, carried across to steppe and rebuilt. They were used to map the lake. In 1852/3 two steamers were carried in pieces from Sweden and launched on the Aral Sea. The local 2610:, Buchholz, then a lieutenant colonel, received the following Imperial decrees signed by Peter I on the St. Natalia galley: “On the capture of the city of Erket and on the search for golden sand along the Darya River” (Amu Darya), “On sand gold in Bukhara, about the departures made for this, and about the construction of fortresses along the Irtysh River, which are named: 3266:('White Mosque') further downriver, as well as smaller forts on both sides of Ak-Mechet. The area was ruled by the Beg of Ak Mechet who taxed the local Kazakhs who wintered along the river and had recently driven the Karakalpaks southward. In peacetime Ak-Mechet had a garrison of 50 and Julek 40. The Khan of Khiva had a weak fort on the lower part of the river. 3605:

position Chernayev determined to risk a storm. At 3 a.m. on 27 June, Captain Abramov scaled the wall and opened the Kamelan Gate, advanced along the wall and opened a second gate while another party took the Kokand gate. That day and the next there was constant street fighting, but on the morning of the 29th a deputation of elders offered surrender.

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northern Persia. Once in Afghanistan, they would swell their armies with offers of loot and invade India. Alternatively, they might invade India and provoke a native rebellion. The goal would probably not be the conquest of India, but to apply pressure on the British while Russia shifted focus on more important tasks, like taking Constantinople.

1723: 2901:, began a correspondence with the Orenburg governorate about the exchange of prisoners of war. Experiencing exceptional difficulties in unaccustomed, waterless deserts and sands and having achieved nothing significant in the fight against Kenesary, the Russian detachments were forced to withdraw back towards Orenburg and 2653:

hunger and disease. The detachments and provisions sent to help were intercepted by the Jungars, and Buchholz did not try to repel them, showing passivity. So a caravan of 700 people with a food convoy and 20,000 rubles of money for salaries, as well as 600 merchants from Tobolsk, Tara and Tomsk, was completely captured.

2780: 3524:). Russia placed a force at the Kastek pass to block a counterattack from Kokand. The Kokandis used a different pass, attacked an intermediate post, Kolpakovsky rushed from Kastek and completely defeated a much larger army. In 1864 Chernayev took command of the east, led 2500 men from Siberia, and captured Aulie-Ata ( 4721:Историческое описание Российской коммерции при всех портах и границах от древних времён до ныне настоящего и всех преимущественных узаконений по оной государя императора Петра Великого и ныне благополучно царствующей государыни императрицы Екатерины Великой. — Том 3. — Книга 1. — М.: Универ. тип., 1785. — Ст. 447. 4351:. In June 1871 General Kolpakovsky crossed the border and occupied Kulja (4 July 1871). Some talked of permanent occupation but the Russian Foreign Office told the Chinese that the province would be returned as soon as the Emperor could send enough troops to maintain order. In 1877 China regained control of 3619:. Finding the task impossible, he withdrew to Tashkent followed by Bokharans who were soon joined by Kokandis. At this point Chernayev was recalled for insubordination and replaced by Romanovsky. Romanovsky prepared to attack Bohkara, the Amir moved first, the two forces met on the plain of Irjar. Note: Near 4253:

Skobelev had been replaced by Rohrberg in the spring of 1881, who was followed General Komarov in the spring of 1883. Near the end of 1883, General Komarov led 1500 men to occupy the Tejen oasis. After Komarov's occupation of Tejen, Alikhanov and Makhdum Kuli Khan went to Merv and called a meeting of

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Skobelev was put in command in March 1880. He spent most of the summer and fall moving men and supplies from Chikishlyar to the north side of the Kopet Dag. In December he marched southwest, besieged Geok Tepe for a month and took it by detonating a mine to breach the wall. At least 14,000 Tekes were

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Russia now held a 320 km (200 mi) line of forts along the west-flowing part of the Syr Darya. The area between the Aral and Caspian Seas was too thinly-populated to matter. The next question was whether Russia would extend the line east to the mountains (Fort Vernoye was founded in 1854) or

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Russian military expense records indicate that between 1869 and 1879 the Transcaspian campaign cost 4.8 million rubles, the 1879–1880 expedition 5.525 million rubles, and the 1880–1881 expedition 11 million rubles. Railroad construction to that point cost 4,429,991 rubles, and construction materials

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that could usually outrun anything the Cossacks had. Unlike the rather antiquated armies of the Khanates, the Turkomans were good raiders and horsemen, but they could do little against the Russians' modern weapons and explosive artillery. As usual, the main problem was moving men and supplies across

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In 1847–1864 the Russians crossed the eastern Kazakh steppe and built a line of forts in the irrigated area along the northern Kyrgyz border. In 1864–68 they moved south, conquered Tashkent and Samarkand, confined the Khanate of Kokand to the Ferghana valley and made Bokhara a protectorate. This was

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During the siege Padurov went 160 km (100 mi) upriver to Julek and found that its defenders had fled. He wrecked the fort as well as he could and returned with its abandoned guns. In September a large force from Kokand reoccupied Julek and advanced toward Fort Perovsky. The column sent to

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disclosed their whereabouts to Russian troops. Gubaidullah, Sher Ghazi, and Kenesary were all captured and executed by Kyrgyz defectors who had been helping the Russians. By the end of 1847, the Russian army had captured the Kazakh capitals of Hazrat-e-Turkistan and Syghanaq, abolishing the Kazakh

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In 1841, the three khans obtained the help of their younger cousin Aziz id-Din Bahadur, the son of Kazakh commander Nasrullah Nauryzbai Bahadur, and gathered a large troop of well-trained Kazakhs to resist the Russian army. The Kazakhs captured a number of Kokand fortresses in Kazakhstan, including

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By 1837, tensions were rising in the Kazakh steppe once again. This time, the tensions were started by Kazakh co-rulers Ğubaidullah Khan, Sher Ghazi Khan, and Kenesary Khan, all of whom were sons of Qasim Sultan and grandsons of Abu'l-Mansur Khan. They launched a rebellion against Russia. The three

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Russians first came into contact with Central Asia when, in 1582–1639, Cossack adventurers made themselves masters of the Siberian forests. They did not expand south because they were seeking furs. The Siberian Cossacks were skilled in forest travel and knew little of the steppe and since the forest

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and most of the Tarim Basin. Kaufmann twice thought of attacking him. In 1872 forces were massed on the border but this was called off because of the impending war against Khiva. In 1875 more serious plans were made. A mission was sent to the Khan of Kokand to ask permission to move forces through

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The decision to attack Khiva was made in December 1872. Khiva was an oasis surrounded by several hundred kilometres of desert. The Russians could easily defeat the Khivan army if they could move enough troops across the desert. The place was attacked from five directions. Kaufmann marched west from

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In 1875 the Kokand Khanate rebelled against Russian rule. Kokand commanders Abdurakhman and Pulat bey seized power in the khanate and began military operations against the Russians. By July 1875 most of the Khan's army and much of his family had deserted to the rebels, so he fled to the Russians at

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and retreated, but was able to take it in his next attack. On 15 October he suddenly appeared before Tashkent, failed to take it by sudden assault and retreated to Chimkent. Kokand then tried and failed to re-take Hazrat-i-Turkestan. In April 1865 Chernayev made a second attack on Tashkent. Unable

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In 1852 a surveying party went upriver and was turned back before reaching Ak-Mechet. That summer Colonel Blaramberg and about 400 men were sent to raze Ak-Mechet on the pretext that Russia owned the north side of the river. The Kokandis responded by breaking the dykes and flooding the surrounding

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During the summer of 1844, the advance of Kenesary continued at an unrelenting pace. On August 14, detachments led by the batyrs Nauryzbay and Agybay laid siege to the Ekaterininsky fortress, where about 100 soldiers and a huge number of trophies were taken prisoner, including 1847 pounds of bread:

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to the Karakum. However, the Russian troops failed to carry out their plan. Giving separate battles, Kenesary safely retreated to the Karakum. He managed to send Lebedev's detachment along a false route and, along the way, mistakenly defeat the villages of Biy Baikadamov, subject to Russia. Lebedev

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Seeing that the enemy was very numerous, Bekovich-Cherkassky understood that diplomacy had a better chance of success. The Russian officer, accompanied only by 500 of his men, rode into the enemy's camp to propose terms. The khan pretended to surrender to him, welcomed him warmly, persuading him to

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to Yamysh Lake. There he had to stop for the winter, build a fortress, leave a garrison in it, and then continue on his way to the city of Erket (Yarkand), where there were supposedly placers of sand gold. The fact that there is a gold deposit in those places, Peter I was convinced by the Siberian

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A Russian invasion of India seems improbable, but a number of British writers considered how it might be done. While not much was known about the geography, it was thought that they could reach Khiva and sail up the Oxus to Afghanistan. More realistically they might gain Persian support and cross

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other unrest. Having aroused the crazy Kazakhs, he continues to carry them along. The great sovereign decided to suppress the rebellion of Kenesary by force. Taking advantage of the wide opportunity presented to you, leave Kenesary. Otherwise, remember, you will be subjected to merciless torture.

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During this period, Kenesary became dangerous adversary. The Governor-General of Western Siberia was forced to appeal to the Kazakh population with the following appeal: “You know, Kenesary Kasymov has been causing disorder in the steppe for a number of years and increasing robberies, murders and

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failed to give battle to Kenesary. Often maneuvering in the steppe expanses, he misled them. He exhausted the forces of the Russian detachments and partially exterminated their manpower. Exhausted soldiers, due to the early onset of a cold rainy autumn, stopped hostilities, and left the Steppe in

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Between Merv and the current Afghan border lies about 230 km (140 mi) of semi-desert. South of that is the important border fort of Herat. In the summer of 1884 Britain and Russia agreed to demarcate the northwest Afghan border. The Russians did what they could to push the border south

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April 28, 1716 Buchholz was forced to leave the Yamyshev fortress. The fortifications were razed to the ground, houses and barracks were destroyed, military supplies were loaded onto 18 planks. There were no more than 700 officers and privates left, most of whom were sick. The Dzungars after the

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sent Buchholz a demand to leave, and when the latter did not obey, on the night of February 10, 1716, he attacked the Yamyshev fortress with his 10,000-strong army and recaptured a herd of horses. The winter blockade of the fortress began, in which a detachment of Russians lost 2,300 people from

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with its headquarters at Tashkent. The Bokharan Amir did not fully control his subjects, there were random raids and rebellions, so Kaufmann decided to hasten matters by attacking Samarkand. After he dispersed a Bokharan force Samarkand closed its gates to the Bokharan army and surrendered (May

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to resolve disputes among the Kazakhs, but it was ignored by the Kazakhs. Following Vali's death in 1817 and his rival Bukei's death in 1818, Russia abolished the Khanate of the Middle jüz. In 1822, Russia began to refer to the land until then occupied by the Middle jüz as the territory of the

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By this time, Siberian detachments under the command of General Zhemchuzhnikov were sent to suppress the Kenesary uprising. Having sent out his scouts behind enemy lines in advance, Kenesary received from them information about the Siberian detachment heading to join the Orenburg detachment of

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at the northwest end of the Kopet Dag in mid-September 1881. From October through December Lessar surveyed the north side of the Kopet Dag and reported that there would be no problem building a railway along it. From April 1882 he examined the country almost to Herat and reported that were no

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arrived with 6,000 more troops and almost defeated the Russians, but was killed in the fight. The inhabitants now offered to submit to the Emir of Bokhara in return for assistance. About 21 June a party of Bokharans entered the town and more Bokharan troops were on the move. In this critical

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Rainfall decreases from north to south. Dense population, and therefore cities and organized states, requires irrigation. Streams coming down from the eastern mountains support a fairly dense population, especially in the Ferghana Valley. There is a line of oases along the Persian border. The

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The area was bounded on the west by the Caspian Sea, on the north by the Siberian forests and on the east by the mountains along the former Sino-Soviet border. The southern border was political rather than natural. It was about 2,100 km (1,300 mi) from north to south, 2,400 km

2776: 2893:, having penetrated into the stanitsa, quickly removed all guards and gave a prearranged signal. Kenesary's cavalry burst into its streets with a battle cry. Sleepy Cossacks jumped out of their houses and fell under the blows of the blades of the rebels. Few managed to leave the stanitsa”. 3815:

Russia now held an approximately triangular area bounded by the eastern mountains and the vassal Khanate of Bokhara along most of the Oxus. The southern point was about 1,600 km (1,000 mi) south of Siberia, 1,600 km (1,000 mi) southeast of Orenburg and 1,900 km

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Fearing the further growth of the uprising, the Orenburg and Siberian governorships decided, in addition to the detachments of Dunikovsky, Zhemchuzhnikov and Jantorins, to send another detachment of Colonel Kovalevsky. By this time, Kenesary, having fortified with his army in the

2768:, with the attribution of expenses for the head of Kenesary to the account of the wagon collection. The detachment of the military foreman Lebedev, consisting of 1,500 people, was supposed to become an advanced force, later the number of his detachment reached 1,900 people. 2872:

On July 17, 1844, some of his detachments began to impose a battle on the Russian troops, who were under the command of Sultan Zhantorin and Colonel Dunikovsky. Avoiding a decisive clash with the Russian troops, they had to wear down the enemy forces. On the night of

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divide the Russian army to dwell in five separate towns in order to facilitate foraging. The Khivans then attacked the five towns one by one, slaughtering most Russians, selling the others as slaves, and executing all Russian officers including Prince Cherkassky.

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had commanded the fort at one time, but it is not clear if he was in command during this first battle. Next summer the Russians assembled a force of over 2000 men, over 2000 each of horses, camels and oxen, 777 wagons, bridging timber, pontoons and the steamer

2272:. Returning laden with loot they were surrounded by the Khivans and slaughtered. A second expedition lost its way in the snow, starved, and the few survivors were enslaved by the Khivans. There seems to have been a third expedition which is ill-documented. 4458:, the British did nothing serious to prevent the Russian conquest of Turkestan, with one exception. Whenever Russian agents approached Afghanistan, the British reacted strongly, seeing Afghanistan as a necessary buffer state for the defense of India. 3285:

area. Having brought no scaling ladders or heavy artillery, Blaramberg saw that he could not take the citadel with its 25-foot-high walls. He therefore captured the outworks, burnt everything in the area and retired to Fort Aralsk. The later-famous

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about halfway between Jizzakh and Bokhara. The Bukharians scattered, losing most of their artillery, supplies and treasures and more than 1,000 killed, while the Russians lost 12 wounded. Instead of following him, Romanovsky turned east and took

2185:. Some time before 1714 Colonel Bukhholts and 1500 men went upriver to a ‘Lake Yamysh’ and returned. In 1715 Bukhholts with 3000 men and 1500 soldiers went to Lake Yamysh again and started to build a fort. Since this was on the fringe of the 4178:. The semi-sedentary population would drive their flocks out into the desert in spring and fall. The Turkomans had no organized state. Some served as mercenaries for Khiva. They habitually raided Persia and sold the resulting slaves in the 2080:

which is approximately the "notch" on the west side of Kyrgyzstan. North of this projection the mountain-steppe boundary extends along the north border of Kyrgyzstan about 640 km (400 mi) before the mountains turn north again.

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mountains extend about 640 km (400 mi) to the west. Water coming down from the mountains provides irrigation for a line of towns and supports a natural caravan route. South of this mountain projection is the densely-populated

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Following the rule of Abu'l-Mansur Khan's death in 1781, the Middle jüz was nominally ruled by his son Vali, but Vali never achieved control of the entire jüz. In an attempt to establish some order in 1798, Russia created a tribunal at

1426: 3549:) 80 km (50 mi) upriver was taken. In 1862 Chernyaev reconnoitered the river as far as Hazrat-i-Turkestan and captured the small oasis of Suzak about 105 km (65 mi) east of the river. In June 1864 Veryovkin took 3326:

are mentioned without giving numbers. MacGahan, in his account of the Khivan campaign, contrasts explosive artillery to traditional cannonballs. Artillery and rifles could often keep Russian soldiers out of reach of hand weapons.

1751: 3672:. Russian troops under the command of Skobelev and Kaufmann defeated the rebels at the Battle of Makhram. In 1876, the Russians freely entered Kokand, the leaders of the rebels were executed, and the khanate was abolished. 3816:(1,200 mi) southeast of the supply bases on the Volga. The next step was to turn this triangle into a rectangle by moving east across the Caspian Sea from the Caucasus. The Caucasus held many troops left over from the 2523:

By the late eighteenth century Russia held a line of forts roughly along the current Kazakhstan border, which is approximately the boundary between forest and steppe. For reference these forts (and foundation dates) were:

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provided a trade and pilgrim route from the Tarim Basin to India. It was not clear whether this could be used by an army. At the time of Yakub Beg both Russian and British agents were active at his court. A number of

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In 1839, Russia attempted to conquer Khiva. The Russians under Vasily Perovsky marched around 5,000 men south from Orenburg. The winter was unusually cold and most of his camels died, forcing him to turn back. See

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returned and brought the appalling news of the catastrophe that befell the Khivan expedition. The newly built forts in Turkmenistan were at once evacuated, and that at considerable loss from inclement weather and

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The Russians in Central Asia: Their Occupation of the Kirghiz Steppe and the line of the Syr-Daria: Their Political Relations with Khiva, Bokhara, and Kokan: Also Descriptions of Chinese Turkestan and Dzungaria

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Kojent along with a million British pounds of treasure. Kaufmann invaded the Khanate on September 1, fought several battles and entered the capital on September 10, 1875. In October he transferred command to

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that he was on their territory and later escorted a Lieutenant Davidson out of the area ('Pamir Incident'). In 1892 a battalion of Russians under Mikhail Ionov entered the area and camped near the present

4609:'s 1825 map of Asia, Central Asia (marked in green) is shown as politically independent and outside the boundaries of Russia (marked in yellow) – a situation which would change in the following decades. 3553:

from Kokand. He hastened surrender by bombarding the famous mausoleum. Two Russian columns met in the 240 km (150 mi) gap between Hazrat and Aulie-Ata, thereby completing the Syr-Darya Line.

4339:). Although normally part of Dzungaria the valley opens out onto the Russian-controlled steppe. In 1866 the Dungans captured Kulja and massacred its inhabitants. They soon began fighting with the 1718: 3824:

had so far not been active in Turkestan. The Caucasus has a fairly dense population but the east side of the Caspian is desert with significant population only in the oases of Khiva and along the

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occurred in 1857–58. This was about the time Russian was building forts east from the Aral Sea (1847–53). The Russian capture of Tashkent (1865) and Samarkand(1868) produced no British response.

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eastward from the Aral Sea. This brought Russia into conflict with the Khan of Kokand. In the early 19th century Kokand began expanding northwest from the Ferghana Valley. About 1814 they took

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before it became frozen. When they captured the Afghan fort of Panjdeh, Britain came close to threatening war. Both sides backed down and the border was delineated between 1885 and 1886.

1775: 1763: 2027:. In 1884, they took the Merv oasis and eastern Turkmenistan. In 1885, further expansion south toward Afghanistan was blocked by the British. In 1893–95, the Russians occupied the high 2714:

What exactly happened with Bekovich-Cherkassky remains a matter of some controversy. According to a few surviving members of his contingent, they advanced to within 120 km from

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and requested the return of Kulja. In September 1879 the Chinese ambassador concluded a treaty at Livadia but his government rejected it. This was replaced by the more favorable

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Back in Astrakhan by February 1717, Bekovich raised another army and started towards Khiva, together with some engineers and land surveyors. It was many months later that several

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tomorrow. After a few days in the fortress, Muraviev realized he was trapped. After some time the guards realized he was taking notes, so they relayed this information to the

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Morrison, Alexander. "Introduction: Killing the Cotton Canard and getting rid of the Great Game: rewriting the Russian conquest of Central Asia, 1814–1895." (2014): 131–142.

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co-rulers wanted to restore the relative independence that was present under previous Kazakh rulers such as Abu'l-Mansur, and they sought to resist taxation by the Russians.

2885:“At a distance of four kilometers from the Catherine Stanitsa, about two thousand Sarbazes of Kenesary gathered. The attack began at five o'clock in the morning. The sentry 1828: 1782: 1680: 1529: 4305:

his domains. A revolt broke out and the Russian troops were used instead to annex Kokand (see below). In 1877 China re-conquered the Tarim Basin and Yakub Beg was killed.

3545:

Meanwhile, Russia was advancing southeast up the Syr Darya from Ak-Mechet. In 1859, Julek was taken from Kokand. In 1861 a Russian fort was built at Julek and Yani Kurgan (

6372: 2055:

The three northwest-tending lines are, from south to north, the Kopet Dagh mountains and the Oxus and Jaxartes Rivers flowing from the eastern mountains into the Aral Sea.

1559: 1508: 1457: 2011:. They now held a triangle whose southern point was 1,600 km (990 mi) south of Siberia and 1,920 km (1,190 mi) southeast of their supply bases on the 1796: 1503: 2665:

In 1719, another expedition was organized led by I. M. Likharev, which reached Lake Zaisan, but, having been attacked by the Dzungars, was forced to return to Tobolsk.

6015: 5032: 2674: 1730: 4469:

both British and French agents were active in Persia, their goals varying depending on which power was allied with Russia at the time. In 1810 Charles Christie and

3832:

in the south. The main events were the defeat of Khiva in 1873, the conquest of the Turkomans in 1881, the annexation of Merv in 1884 and the Panjdeh area in 1885.

2919:

Siberian Kirgiz and introduced a set of administrative reforms, some of them intended to encourage the Kazakhs to become farmers, but the Kazakhs remained nomadic.

1630: 858: 3539:

which approximately established the current Chinese-Kazakh border. The Chinese thereby renounced any claims to the Kazakh steppe, to the extent that they had any.

1552: 1611: 5377: 3269:

Given Perovsky's failure in 1839 Russia decided on a slow but sure approach. In 1847 Captain Schultz built Raimsk in the Syr delta. It was soon moved upriver to

1840: 1464: 5118: 2869:

Kenesary and now decided to send only a small detachment against the Russians as a barrier, and prepare the main forces for a decisive blow behind enemy lines.

4558:

of 1878–80. During the second battle of Geok Tepe Colonel Charles Stewart was on the south side of the mountain doing something that has never been clarified.

1758: 1469: 6069: 4401:

but his escort would not permit him to go south onto the Pamir plateau. In 1876 Skobelev chased a rebel south to the Alay Valley and Kostenko went over the

4239:

military obstacles between the Kopet Dag and Afghanistan. Nazirov or Nazir Beg went to Merv in disguise and then crossed the desert to Bukhara and Tashkent.

1599: 1481: 1419: 896: 2980:. Muraviev was also to survey the lands, composing skilled reports, acting as a recon. He also was told he was to find the position and record the Russian 2143:

based in the Ferghana Valley. Bokhara had borders with the other two and all three were surrounded by nomads which the Khanates tried to control and tax.

6118: 1770: 1637: 1476: 3516:) within sight of the mountains. Vernoye is about 800 km (500 mi) south of the Siberian Line. Eight years later, in 1862, Russia took Tokmak ( 1616: 1642: 4862:"An Indian Officer". Note: The author puts this as two years before the foundation of Vernoye which he misdates to 1855, so 1852 is probably correct. 3687: 1623: 83: 38: 6084: 5414: 2775:

1843, a second group of 5,000 (25,000) people was equipped, led by Sultan Jantorin, Baimahambet Aichuvakov, colonels Gens and Bizyanov went to the

1661: 4359:. Russia finally evacuated Kulja in the spring of 1883. There were the usual border disputes and an additional protocol was signed at Chuguchak ( 4282:

The natural eastern boundary of Russian Turkestan was the eastern mountains, but the exact line had to be settled. There were four main problems.

6203: 3932: 1706: 6281: 5948: 5640: 4741: 4363:?) on October 19, 1883. The re-occupation of Kulja was one of the few Chinese successes against a Western power during the nineteenth century. 3858:

Novo-Aleksandrovsky (1834–1846): a shallow port, overlooking Dead Kultuk Bay, that was soon abandoned as the local climate was too inhospitable

1666: 130: 5086:

Malikov, A.M. The Russian conquest of the Bukharan emirate: military and diplomatic aspects in Central Asian Survey, volume 33, issue 2, 2014.

4953: 4932: 6387: 6057: 3380: 3102: 2315: 2101:

rises in the Ferghana Valley and flows northwest and then west to meet the northeast corner of the Aral Sea. Between them is the less-famous

102: 5229:

Williams, Beryl. "Approach to the Second Afghan War: Central Asia during the Great Eastern Crisis, 1875–1878." 'International History Review

6298: 4554:

rode from Orenburg to Khiva, an event that was only important because of his widely-read book. Kaufmann's intrigues in Kabul provoked the

2849:

The task of the Russian detachments was to take the detachments of Kenesary from both sides "in pincers", and cut off the retreat from the

4570:

mapped the area around the Pamirs. Russian expansion in the Pamirs provoked the British to move northward and gain control of places like

4170:

mountains in the southwest. East of the Kopet Dag two rivers, the Murghab and Tejen, flow north from Afghanistan, supporting the oases of

6362: 6010: 6005: 5265: 4508:

went to Khiva to negotiate the release of Russian slaves held there in order to remove a pretext for the invasion. He failed. Next year

3281:

and periodically stop to reload fuel. The Syr proved to be shallow, full of sand bars and difficult to navigate during the spring flood.

2889:

did not have time to detect and signal the movement of the Khan's troops towards the settlement. In the predawn hour, the most dexterous

1909: 3568: 1845: 877: 109: 6367: 5926: 5326: 2810:. As a result of the fighting, there were many casualties on both sides. Both sides ceased hostilities and withdrew. The rest of the 2581:. Orenburg was long the base from which Russia watched and tried to control the Kazakh steppe. The four eastern forts were along the 3277:

proving impractical, they had to be fueled with anthracite brought from the Don. At other times a steamer would tow a barge-load of

2984:. With these intentions in mind, a young Muraviev had a lot of charm attached to him. It was soon he was going to leave the port of 2831:

The Tsarist government decided to send three detachments to suppress the Kenesary uprising: from the side of the Orsk fortress, the

6377: 5552: 3806: 5243: 116: 5407: 5392: 1808: 2645:

with such a small number of troops, but the letter did not reach the sovereign on the Ingermanlandia ship until August 7, 1716.

6158: 6089: 5382: 5316: 2641:

On December 15, 1715, the lieutenant colonel did not dare to go further and wrote to Peter I that it was dangerous to meet the

6392: 6382: 5686: 5009: 4389:

of Tajikistan. The high plateaus on the east are used for summer pasture. On the west side difficult gorges run down to the

3019:, thus he was sent to a fortress, being told supposedly that he was going to have to wait in the fortress before meeting the 98: 44: 4520:, with British and Russian agents supporting the two sides. Britain ended the siege by occupying a Persian island. In 1838 2305:

The area remained quiet for about a hundred years. In 1819 Nikolai Muraviev traveled from the Caspian Sea and contacted the

6037: 6027: 5321: 3821: 3600:

to take such a large place (it was said to have a garrison of 30,000) he occupied the town's water supply at Niazbek. The

2846:

1844, a detachment led by Jantorin, Sultan Baimagambetov and Military foreman Lebedev headed south, towards the Karakums.

6062: 4115: 2638:, the detachment arrived at the Yamyshevsky salt lake. Here Buchholz started the construction of the Yamyshev fortress. 6276: 6108: 5995: 5474: 4505: 4409:

on the northeast part of the plateau. In the next 20 years most of the area was mapped. In 1891 the Russians informed

4386: 2718:, when the khan attacked them with a 24,000-strong army. After three days of bloody fighting, the Khivans were routed. 2574: 2291: 2279:

there was a major push southeast. In addition to the Irtysh expeditions above there was the disastrous 1717 attempt to

4535:

The British took Sindh in 1843 and Punjab in 1849, thereby gaining the Indus River and a border with Afghanistan. The

4485:

tried to reach Khiva from Persia but was turned back by bandits and continued on to Herat and British India. In 1832

6218: 5837: 5783: 5778: 5726: 5721: 5711: 5676: 5671: 5661: 5651: 5629: 5624: 5601: 5596: 5571: 5547: 5542: 5527: 5387: 4898: 4894: 4356: 3499: 3237: 2504: 2284: 229: 211: 189: 149: 52: 4242:

The irrigated area along the Kopet Dag ends east of Ashkebat. Farther east there is desert, then the small oasis of

182: 5756: 5581: 5494: 3817: 3512:

and met Kazakh resistance and next year destroyed the Kazakh fort of Tuchubek. In 1854 they founded Fort Vernoye (

2961: 1991:

river. In 1847–1864, they crossed the eastern Kazakh Steppe and built a line of forts along the northern border of

4691:

Mancall. Note: The dates for the first Bukhholts expedition on pages 211–212 are unfortunately self-contradictory.

4418:

in the northeast. Next year they built a proper fort there (Pamirskiy Post). In 1895 their base was moved west to

2173:(founded in 1587). It was thought possible to ascend this river and reach the riches of China and India. In 1654 6397: 6213: 5973: 5958: 5899: 5258: 4730: 4634:

about 32 km (20 mi) south of the middle 160 km (100 mi) the line between Jizzakh and Kozhent.

4466: 1869: 982: 647: 582: 251: 6113: 5096:

McKenzie, David. The Lion of Tashkent: The Career of General M. G. Cherniaev, University of Georgia Press, 1974.

4504:

The period from 1837 to 1842 was especially active. In 1839, at the time of Perovsky's failed attack on Khiva,

4454:. Although there was much talk of possible Russian invasion of India and a number of British agents penetrating 5681: 5645: 5191:

Sunderland, Willard. "The Ministry of Asiatic Russia: the colonial office that never was but might have been."

87: 123: 6096: 5847: 5576: 5402: 5397: 5352: 4374:

Left: part of Afghanistan, Hindu Kush, Bactria, Turkestan Range, Ferghana Valley, main range of the Tien Shan

4220:

40 km (25 mi) southeast, but could go no farther. In May 1881 the occupied area was annexed as the

2280: 534: 4473:

crossed western Afghanistan and eastern Persia. Christie was killed in 1812 supporting the Persians at the

4347:) who soon became dominant. In 1870 it appeared that Yakub Beg might move on Kulja so Kaufmann occupied the 3528:). Russia was now near the west end of the mountain range and about halfway between Vernoye and Ak-Mechet. 881: 6173: 6143: 6138: 6079: 5968: 5963: 5931: 5872: 5793: 5751: 5634: 4478: 6308: 6291: 6163: 6032: 6000: 5936: 5825: 5716: 5701: 5537: 5130:

Peyrouse, Sébastien. "Nationhood and the minority question in Central Asia. The Russians in Kazakhstan."

4293: 3563: 2866:

and attacked the Konstantinovsk. The speed and maneuverability of his troops stunned the Russian troops.

2543: 2226:

were nomads they could not be conquered in the normal sense. Instead Russian power slowly increased. See

2093:, forming a large delta which was ruled by the Khanate of Khiva and has a long history under the name of 1928: 1592: 4288:

East of the Feghana Valley and southeast of Fort Vernoye on the other side of the mountains is the oval

3631: 6208: 5746: 5736: 5706: 5696: 5311: 5251: 4582: 4551: 4394: 4191: 2965: 1987:. In 1847–1853, the Russians built a line of forts from the north side of the Aral Sea eastward up the 1833: 1580: 6047: 5941: 5741: 5166: 4319:

The Tien Shan mountains run along the northern border of Kyrgyzstan. They continue east and separate

3652: 2915: 2788: 1701: 1649: 993: 3651:

1868). He left a garrison in Samarkand and left to deal with some outlying areas. The garrison was

2854:

was recalled to Orenburg and soon put on trial for stealing and ruining the auls of Biys devoted to

2124:

is southwest of the Oxus in Turkmenistan. Between the Aral and Caspian Seas is the thinly-populated

6188: 5894: 5469: 5273: 4544: 3066:, who during Muravievs visit showed respect to the man. However, this would never go full with the 3003:

who inhabited the region. Muraviev soon befriended these tribesmen along the way, moving along the

2949: 1852: 920: 176: 3583:

In 1864 Alimkul tried to raid the territory of the Russians and recapture the occupied lands, but

2657:

flight of Buchholz released the prisoners: the priest and the commissar who was at the execution.

6101: 5830: 5449: 4709:Энциклопедический лексикон. — Т. 7: Бра — Бял. — СПб.: Тип. А. Плюшара. 1836. — С. 622. 4555: 3899: 3620: 3088: 3075: 2953: 1695: 1574: 1567: 843: 754: 699: 76: 5039: 6303: 5978: 5499: 5434: 4529: 4513: 4297: 3647: 3286: 2779:

to destroy the detachment of the "rebellious" Sultan Kenesary. Other detachments formed by the

1917: 1396: 1047: 1013: 732: 688: 480: 193: 5691: 4274:

another 3.518 million rubles. Total expenses from 1869 to 1881 amounted to 29,274,991 rubles.

6233: 6193: 5953: 5882: 5331: 5186: 4590: 4517: 4231: 3878: 3067: 3047: 2811: 2806:, 1843, fierce battles broke out with the advance detachments of the Russians, who left from 2227: 2156: 1877: 710: 6402: 5766: 5439: 5336: 5306: 5171: 4606: 4465:

In 1801, there was some loose talk of a joint Franco-Russian invasion of India. During the

4410: 4406: 3536: 677: 4752: 4601: 4492: 8: 6341: 6271: 6128: 5656: 5591: 5362: 4509: 4415: 4221: 4207: 3904: 3874: 3656: 3330: 3000: 2972:. The main goal of this perilous expedition was to make a commercial trade deal with the 2039: 1932: 1823: 1655: 1585: 1488: 604: 3835:

For reference, these were the Russian bases on the north and east side of the Caspian:

6331: 6313: 6266: 6248: 6228: 5867: 5619: 5517: 5489: 5372: 5357: 5224: 5142: 4474: 4328: 4179: 4175: 3918: 3596: 2726: 2136: 2008: 1355: 926: 915: 743: 426: 321: 5046:

Securing the Indian frontier in Central Asia: Confrontation and negotiation, 1865–1895

4742:Оренбургские казаки в борьбе с национально-освободительным движением казахского народа 4477:. In 1819 Muraviev reached Khiva. A Russian mission reached Bokhara in 1820. In 1825 666: 6238: 6178: 5985: 5911: 5889: 5788: 5666: 5479: 5459: 5454: 5444: 5279: 5005: 4919: 4890: 4889:

Kersnovsky, A. A. History of the Russian army Т. 2. — М.: Голос, 1993.—336 с., ил. —

4567: 4562: 4540: 4312:

Ili River basin. Yining is Kulja, Almaty is Fort Vernoye. Tarim Basin at lower right.

4199:

Lazarev landed a large force at Chikishlyar and began moving men and supplies up the

3355: 3254:

Southward from the Siberian Line the obvious next step was a line of forts along the

2819:. It was decided to resume hostilities against Kenesary in the following year, 1844. 2696: 2237: 2205:, left them alone. Several other places were built on the Irtysh at about this time. 2140: 2116:

The deserts in the south have enough grass to support a thin nomadic population. The

2004: 1885: 1865: 1493: 1334: 1224: 1052: 456: 357: 329: 314: 2725:

Peter the Great did nothing to avenge the defeat since he was still occupied by the

6223: 6168: 6074: 5815: 5586: 5556: 5522: 5367: 4521: 4512:

went after him, was successful, and led 416 Russian slaves to the Caspian. In 1837

4486: 4258: 3669: 3612: 3550: 3259: 3071: 3059: 3016: 3012: 2989: 2977: 2969: 2957: 2928: 2592: 2531: 2269: 2208: 2132: 2020: 1980: 1956: 1813: 1411: 1027: 1018: 1005: 988: 977: 968: 959: 950: 905: 900: 888: 867: 830: 806: 791: 775: 651: 632: 616: 538: 441: 325: 5202:

Valikhanov, Chokan Chingisovich, Mikhail Ivanovich Venyukov, and Other Travelers.

2294:(1735–1740). Once Bashkiria was pacified, Russia's southeastern frontier was the 259: 6243: 5990: 5842: 5810: 5484: 5464: 5060: 4586: 4581:

The Great Game came to an end with the demarcation of the northern Afghan border

4470: 4427: 3861: 3532: 3359: 3351: 3042:

The following day he arrived in the Palace, and he started a discussion with the

2898: 2615: 2563: 2276: 2198: 2186: 2182: 2125: 2117: 2102: 2028: 1901: 1037: 850: 721: 512: 404: 4532:(1839–42) Britain invaded Afghanistan, was driven out, re-invaded and withdrew. 3655:

and in great difficulty until Kaufmann returned. On June 2, 1868, in a decisive

3611:

The Bokhara was now involved in the war. In February 1866 Chernayev crossed the

3535:

to regulate trade along what was becoming a new border. In 1864 they signed the

3508:

In 1847 Kopal was founded southeast of Lake Balkash. In 1852 Russia crossed the

3054:

agreed to Muravievs deal, and he was to arrive home safely. Muraviev argued the

2155:

tribes were few and weak while the steppe nomads were numerous and warlike. See

1892:" was used to refer to the area due to the fact that it was and is inhabited by 6326: 6153: 5916: 5906: 5283: 4525: 4482: 4155: 3673: 3587:

his army got in front of a hundred Cossacks and as a result he had to retreat.

3584: 3004: 2996: 2948:

In 1819, a young 24 year old officer Nikolai Muraviev (not to be confused with

2734: 2730: 2708: 2649: 2202: 2121: 2077: 1968: 1905: 1904:. Upon witnessing Russia's absorption of the various Central Asian realms, the 1893: 1873: 1818: 1498: 1203: 944: 939: 821: 812: 801: 785: 769: 760: 749: 738: 727: 716: 705: 694: 683: 672: 661: 642: 626: 610: 599: 593: 588: 577: 568: 559: 548: 529: 518: 507: 493: 463: 411: 382: 370: 6356: 6286: 6123: 5761: 4402: 4235: 3323: 3315: 2932: 2850: 2765: 2683:, where he was engaged in the surveying work, preparing the first map of the 2559: 2306: 2265: 2261: 2212: 2174: 1972: 933: 467: 4960:

Unification of Central Asia to the Russian Empire in the XVIII–XIX Centuries

4939:

Unification of Central Asia to the Russian Empire in the XVIII–XIX Centuries

4366: 2240:

on the north shore of the Caspian Sea. The surrounding area was held by the

6042: 5566: 5532: 5287: 4571: 4455: 4151: 3051: 3043: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3020: 2973: 2688: 2582: 2166: 2024: 2015:. The next step was to turn this triangle into a rectangle by crossing the 1976: 1952: 1881: 862: 289: 5803: 2691:. He left some of the Cossacks on his way in order to set up the forts in 6148: 5877: 5798: 5731: 5561: 4631: 4536: 4451: 4423: 4398: 4348: 4336: 4324: 4289: 4200: 3870: 3843: 3546: 2803: 2799: 2692: 2684: 2299: 2249: 2241: 2047: 2016: 2012: 1924: 5196: 4561:

On the Chinese side of the mountains a line of passes corresponding the

6183: 6133: 6052: 5921: 5111: 4643: 4447: 4390: 4308: 4183: 3924: 3853: 3310: 2936: 2105:

which dries up before reaching the Oxus. It waters the great cities of

2059: 1992: 1979:

took place over several decades. In 1839, Russia failed to conquer the

1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1913: 1041: 854: 838: 5081:

Spying for empire: the great game in Central and South Asia, 1757–1947

4920:

New Alexander Fort: A Russian Empire Strategic Stronghold in Mangystau

4528:

went to secure his release and both were executed in 1842. During the

3646:

In July 1867 a new Province of Turkestan was created and placed under

2169:

rises in what is now China and flows northwest to the Russian base at

2067: 5771: 5237:

Strategies of British India. Britain, Iran and Afghanistan, 1798–1850

4332: 4320: 4167: 4163: 4143: 3886: 3839: 3825: 3636: 3509: 3371: 3346: 3270: 3263: 3255: 2816: 2792: 2680: 2631: 2589:

in 1759 both empires had a few border posts near the current border.

2547: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2000: 1988: 1889: 265: 5125:

Russian rule in Samarkand 1868–1910: A comparison with British India

4438: 3345:

by the Russians. South of this, along the modern Kyrgyz border, the

2687:. He was promoted captain and commanded a preliminary expedition in 2264:

had established themselves on the Ural River. In 1602 they captured

65: 6336: 6198: 4497: 4352: 4340: 4296:

China lost partial control of its western territories. A man named

4217: 4162:

desert nomads. Irrigation supported a settled population along the

4159: 3592: 3573: 3367: 3302:

continue southeast up the river to Kokand and the Ferghana Valley.

3055: 3032: 2985: 2886: 2807: 2642: 2586: 2570: 2555: 2535: 2295: 2257: 2190: 2094: 2090: 1996: 1984: 397: 4955:Присоединение Центральной Азии к Российской империи в XVIII–XIX вв 4934:Присоединение Центральной Азии к Российской империи в XVIII–XIX вв 3591:

About 80 km (50 mi) south of the new line was Chimkent (

2740: 4575: 4539:

occurred in 1853–56. A second Persian attack on Herat led to the

4360: 4301: 3625: 3616: 3601: 3521: 3363: 3063: 3008: 2981: 2890: 2878: 2874: 2863: 2761: 2619: 2245: 2223: 2170: 2106: 1959:

is still recognized in some capacity in many of these countries.

1001: 387: 4138:

Mountains run from beyond Geok Tepe northwest toward Krasnovodsk

2593:

1713–1716, 1719: Unsuccessful expeditions to the Dzungar Khanate

5275: 4442:

The Russian Turkestan (including Khiva and Bukhara) after 1900s

4419: 4397:

got the Khan's permission to explore southward. He reached the

4382: 4344: 3849: 3662: 3517: 3513: 3342: 3278: 3274: 2855: 2832: 2772: 2703: 2623: 2603: 2527: 2178: 1897: 1253: 1066: 4962:]. Historia Russica (in Russian). «ЦГИ Принт». p. 89. 4941:]. Historia Russica (in Russian). «ЦГИ Принт». p. 88. 4763:Бекмаханов Е.Б., Восстание хана Кенесары (1837-1847), с. 25–26 3595:) which belonged to Kokand. He failed to take Shymkent in his 3246: 2755: 2511: 4753:

Revolt of the 1837—1847 under the leadership of Khan Kenesary

4647: 4450:

refers to British attempts to block Russian expansion toward

4243: 4171: 4128: 4122: 3909: 3525: 3503:

Russian expansion along the mountains of Kyrgyzstan 1854–1864

3031:

and his officials had ensuing debates on what to do with the

3015:, but the intentions of Muraviev were well documented by the 2836: 2715: 2573:. Orenburg, Orsk and Troitsk were founded as a result of the 2253: 3889:(1837–?) a fort and naval station on land claimed by Persia. 3035:, with a final decision to be made to have him to visit the 4790:Бекмаханов Е.Б., Восстание хана Кенесары (1837-1847), с. 30 4781:Бекмаханов Е.Б., Восстание хана Кенесары (1837-1847), с. 29 4772:Бекмаханов Е.Б., Восстание хана Кенесары (1837-1847), с. 28 4670:Бекмаханов Е.Б., Восстание хана Кенесары (1837-1847), с. 27 4247: 3829: 2902: 2784: 2635: 2611: 2607: 2551: 2539: 2194: 1995:. In 1864–1868, they moved south from Kyrgyzstan, captured 5106:

Morris, Peter. "The Russians in Central Asia, 1870–1887."

4700:Мартынов Л. Крепость на Оми: . — Омск: Омскоблиздат, 1939. 3370:

and west of the southern range is Tamerlane's old capital

2287:

Russia briefly occupied the west side of the Caspian Sea.

5139:

Russian Central Asia, 1867–1917: a study in colonial rule

2843: 1872:. This effort continued until the 19th century under the 5181:

Spring, Derek W. "Russian imperialism in Asia in 1914."

3557: 3050:

wishes a commercial agreement. After some debating, the

2648:

Dissatisfied with the appearance of Russian troops, the

2290:

About 1734 another move was planned, which provoked the

2131:

When the Russians arrived the organized states were the

2089:

rises on the Afghan border and flows northwest into the

2085:

interior is watered by three great rivers. The Oxus or

5154:

Saray, Mehmet. "The Russian conquest of central Asia."

5053:

The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia

4843:(1st ed.). United Kingdom: Kodansha International. 4841:

The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia

4673: 4381:

The southeast corner of Russian Turkestan was the high

2931:. They decided to hide in the mountainous region near 4621:

The location is uncertain, possibly the modern Zhilek.

2935:, but were taken by surprise when a Kyrgyz khan named 6070:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

2976:, the same idea proposed upon the 1717 expedition to 2193:

drove them off. They retreated downriver and founded

5091:

Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728

4650:, Omar Bek of Chilek, Jura Bek, Baba Bek and others. 4224:. The eastern boundary of the oblast was undefined. 3925:

1879–1885: Turkmenistan: Geok Tepe, Merv and Panjdeh

3873:(1869–) the best port and later headquarters of the 3007:

for several days, for he was to arrive later in the

2999:

desert with little problems with the tribesmen, the

2908: 2750: 2737:

resumed its military expeditions into Central Asia.

1916:, which ended when both sides eventually designated 1441: 6373:

19th-century military history of the Russian Empire

4292:which had belonged to China since 1759. During the 4277: 4154:remained unconquered. The area corresponded to the 3366:. West of the northern range is the great city of 3305: 2858:. Lebedev's place was taken by Colonel Dunikovsky. 90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4166:in the northeast and along the north slope of the 4147:Russian assault on the fortress of Geok Tepe, 1881 2201:. The Dzungars, having just been weakened by the 2197:. In 1720 Ivan Likharev went upriver and founded 2063:Administrative map of russian Central Asia in 1900 5058: 4988: 2668: 6354: 6085:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 5415:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 3883:Chikishlyar (1871–?): a beach rather than a port 3341:The eastern end of the Kazakh steppe was called 3094: 6204:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 6119:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 5149:The expansion of Russia in East Asia, 1857–1860 4824:Olcott, Martha (1995). "The Russian Conquest". 4809:Olcott, Martha (1995). "The Russian Conquest". 3081: 2741:1731–1873: Gaining control of the Kazakh Steppe 2614:, Zhelezenskaya, Yamyshevskaya, Semipalatnaya, 4430:between the Russian Pamirs and British India. 3893: 6058:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 5259: 4924: 4213:1881: Skobelev's bloody victory at Geok Tepe: 3864:(1846–): important at this time but not later 3810:Russian forts on the east side of the Caspian 2960:) was instructed by the great general of the 2679:Bekovich-Cherkassky received these orders in 2135:in the Oxus delta south of the Aral Sea, the 1923:Although the Russian Empire collapsed during 1427: 471: 5027:Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire 4246:, more desert, and the much larger oasis of 3663:1875–1876: Liquidation of the Kokand Khanate 3262:on the Syr Darya and around 1817 they built 2943: 2733:. It was more than a century later that the 2622:, gather a detachment there and move up the 1884:. The majority of this land became known as 6011:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 6006:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 5002:The history of the conquest of Central Asia 4951: 4945: 4930: 4731:РОССИЙСКО-КАЗАХСКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ В XVI–XIX ВВ. 3852:(1645–): a small place at the mouth of the 2756:1843–1844: Failed attacks on Kazakh Khanate 2577:about 1740 and this section was called the 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 16:Period in Russian and Central Asian history 5327:Military history of the Russian Federation 5266: 5252: 4550:In 1875, following the conquest of Khiva, 4524:went to Bokhara and was arrested. In 1841 2597: 2071:Contemporary political map of Central Asia 1434: 1420: 320:Protectorate status extended by Russia to 258: 5577:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 5221:The modern history of Soviet Central Asia 5083:(Greenhill Books/Lionel Leventhal, 2006). 4995: 4679: 4335:valley with its capital of Kulja (modern 4317:1871–1883: temporary occupation of Kulja: 2053:White areas are thinly-populated desert. 230:Learn how and when to remove this message 212:Learn how and when to remove this message 150:Learn how and when to remove this message 5061:"Russia's March Towards India: Volume 1" 4600: 4491: 4437: 4365: 4307: 4142: 3903: 3630: 3567: 3329: 3309: 3245: 2207: 2066: 2058: 2046: 2038: 175:This article includes a list of general 5538:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 5408:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 4838: 4828:. Hoover Institution Press. p. 60. 4813:. Hoover Institution Press. p. 44. 3339:Advance from the northeast (1847–1864): 3241:Syr-Darya Line and Battles of Ak Mechet 2448: 2298:line roughly between the Urals and the 1870:expand the Russian frontier to the east 6355: 6159:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 6090:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 5949:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 5927:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 5641:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 5317:Military history of the Russian Empire 4823: 4808: 4799:Ж. Касымбаев «Кенесары Касымов», с. 54 4327:in the south. On the Chinese side the 3846:with connections to the rest of Russia 3362:and then the land the ancients called 3221: 3076:1839 failed winter expedition to Khiva 2120:is between the Oxus and Jaxartes. The 1935:until 1991. This region now comprises 1140:6,651 troops and 10,000 camels (Khiva) 6309:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 5687:Russian colonization of North America 5247: 3558:1864–1868: Kokand and Bukhara subdued 3334:Mountain-steppe boundary near Bishkek 2660: 2569:Uralsk was an old settlement of free 2434: 2392: 2244:. To the east of the Nogais were the 2139:along the Oxus and Zarafshan and the 1415: 6388:Russian colonisation in Central Asia 5322:Military history of the Soviet Union 5183:Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique 5067:. Sampson Low, Marston & Company 4197:1879: Lomakin's defeat at Geok Tepe: 3955: 3939: 3736: 3531:In 1851 Russia and China signed the 161: 88:adding citations to reliable sources 59: 18: 6063:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 5151:(University of Malaya Press, 1968). 5020:An Historical Atlas of Central Asia 4264:1885: Expansion stopped at Panjdeh: 4029: 3778: 3722: 3679: 2764:, Nicholas I allowed a trip to the 2745: 2729:, and also by the hostility of the 2181:. The main advance was made under 1971:gained increasing control over the 13: 6363:Central Asia in the Russian Empire 6109:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 5475:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 5099:Middleton, Robert and Huw Thomas. 4387:Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region 4119:Conquest of Turkmenistan 1879–1885 3867:Kenderli (?1873): a temporary base 2822: 2019:. In 1873, the Russians conquered 964:Abu al-Ghazi Muhammad Amin Bahadur 181:it lacks sufficient corresponding 99:"Russian conquest of Central Asia" 14: 6414: 6368:Wars involving the Russian Empire 5974:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 5108:Slavonic and East European Review 5093:, Harvard University press, 1971. 4433: 4357:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881) 4216:killed. A week later he occupied 4013: 3971: 3792: 3694: 3485: 3429: 3207: 3151: 3137: 2909:Fall of the Kazakh Khanate (1847) 2751:Abul Khair Khan's Russian clashes 2146: 1295:2,500 killed or died of diseases 34:This article has multiple issues. 6028:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 5821:Russian conquest of Central Asia 5757:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 5553:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 5495:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 4422:facing the Afghans. In 1893 the 4278:1872–1895: The Eastern Mountains 4127: 4121: 4100: 4087: 4086: 4072: 4058: 4044: 4028: 4012: 3998: 3984: 3970: 3954: 3938: 3931: 3818:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 3791: 3777: 3764: 3763: 3750: 3749: 3735: 3721: 3707: 3693: 3686: 3484: 3471: 3470: 3457: 3456: 3442: 3428: 3414: 3400: 3386: 3379: 3306:1847–1864: Down the eastern side 3220: 3206: 3192: 3178: 3164: 3150: 3136: 3122: 3109: 3108: 3101: 2650:Dzungar Khuntaiji Tsewang-Rabtan 2627:governor Prince Matvey Gagarin. 2510: 2489: 2475: 2461: 2447: 2433: 2420: 2419: 2405: 2391: 2377: 2363: 2350: 2349: 2335: 2321: 2314: 1445:Russian conquest of Central Asia 1395: 1392:~8,000 killed (incl. civilians) 1354: 1333: 1274:3,000 captured (Kazakh Khanate) 1252: 1223: 1065: 1046: 987: 976: 967: 958: 949: 938: 925: 914: 820: 811: 800: 784: 768: 759: 748: 737: 726: 715: 704: 693: 682: 671: 660: 641: 625: 615:Military foreman Vitoshnov 609: 598: 587: 576: 567: 558: 547: 528: 517: 506: 486: 473: 449: 434: 419: 376: 363: 350: 245:Russian conquest of Central Asia 166: 64: 23: 6378:Territorial evolution of Russia 6314:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 5959:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 5900:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 4998:История завоевания Средней Азии 4975: 4966: 4913: 4904: 4883: 4874: 4865: 4856: 4847: 4832: 4817: 4802: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4766: 4757: 4646:, Katti-Kurgan, Hussein Bek of 4637: 4624: 4615: 4516:reached Kabul. In 1838 Persia 4059: 4045: 3657:battle on the Zerabulak heights 3401: 3387: 2618:. Decrees ordered him to go to 2462: 2378: 2109:and Tamerlane's old capital of 2023:and in 1881, they took western 1967:In the nineteenth century, the 1880:succeeded in conquering all of 1214:~3,000-6,000 troops (1773–1775) 252:territorial evolution of Russia 75:needs additional citations for 42:or discuss these issues on the 5996:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 5646:War of the Austrian Succession 5239:(Oxford: Clarendon Press 1980) 5101:Tajikistan and the High Pamirs 5004:] (in Russian). Volume 1. 4989:References and further reading 4952:Бекмаханова, Наиля E. (2015). 4931:Бекмаханова, Наиля E. (2015). 4746: 4735: 4724: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4685: 4664: 4568:Indians in the British service 4331:branch off creating the upper 4101: 3985: 3708: 3443: 3415: 3193: 3123: 2781:West Siberian Governor-General 2669:1717: Failed conquest on Khiva 2490: 2336: 2322: 2248:and to the north, between the 2003:and dominated the Khanates of 1142:2,600 troops (Kazakh Khanate) 1098:200 shot and buckshot charges 973:Qutlugh Muhammad Murad Bahadur 264:Map of Russia's advances into 1: 6219:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 6097:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 5848:Russian invasion of Manchuria 5838:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 5784:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 5779:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 5722:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 5712:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 5677:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 5672:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 5662:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 5652:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 5630:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 5625:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 5602:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 5597:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 5572:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 5548:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 5543:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 5528:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 5403:List of wars involving Russia 5398:Sino-Russian border conflicts 5216:. March 1956, 6#3 pp 172–180. 4228:1884: The annexation of Merv: 4073: 3842:(1556–): at the mouth of the 3543:Up the Syr Darya (1859–1864): 3179: 3165: 3095:1847–1853: The Syr Darya line 2476: 2285:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 2236:In 1556 Russia conquered the 535:Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky 6393:Russian colonisation in Asia 6383:Russian military occupations 6174:Eritrean War of Independence 6144:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 6139:East German uprising of 1953 6080:Eastern Front (World War II) 5969:Red Army invasion of Georgia 5964:Red Army invasion of Armenia 5932:Estonian War of Independence 5873:Russian occupation of Tabriz 5794:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 5752:War of the Seventh Coalition 5635:War of the Polish Succession 5582:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 5211:The Russians in Central Asia 4657: 3999: 3082:1839: Failed attack on Khiva 2968:, to make the expedition to 2406: 2364: 2034: 7: 6214:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 6164:Sino-Soviet border conflict 6033:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 6001:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 5937:Latvian War of Independence 5826:Russian conquest of Bukhara 5717:War of the Fourth Coalition 5702:War of the Second Coalition 4467:Russo-Persian War (1804–13) 4405:and mapped the area around 3894:1873: The conquest of Khiva 3564:Russian conquest of Bukhara 3358:. South of Ferghana is the 2051:Ethnic map of Central Asia. 1929:Russian sphere of influence 1920:as a neutral buffer zone. 1593:Russian conquest of Bukhara 10: 6419: 6209:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 5747:War of the Sixth Coalition 5737:War of the Fifth Coalition 5707:War of the Third Coalition 5312:Military history of Russia 5274:Armed conflicts involving 5059:An Indian Officer (1894). 4552:Frederick Gustavus Burnaby 4481:reached Bukhara. In 1830 4395:Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko 4256: 4205: 4192:Battle of Geok Tepe (1879) 4189: 3897: 3676:was created in its place. 3561: 3250:Syr Darya (Jaxartes) Basin 2966:Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov 2672: 2234:Around the southern Urals: 1975:. The Russian conquest of 1962: 1868:embarked on a campaign to 1458:Russian conquest of Kokand 1272:About 4,000 killed (Khiva) 1220:~20,000 troops (1844–1845) 1216:~About 2,000 troops (1838) 931:Muzaffaruddin Bahadur Khan 6322: 6257: 6048:Soviet invasion of Poland 5858: 5742:French invasion of Russia 5610: 5508: 5427: 5353:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 5345: 5302: 5295: 4158:and was inhabited by the 2944:1819: Expedition to Khiva 2177:used this route to reach 2043:Present-day Central Asia. 1864:In the 16th century, the 1547:Russian conquest of Khiva 1453: 1245: 1058: 994:Muhammad Rahim Bahadur II 499: 342: 272: 257: 249: 244: 6189:South African Border War 6114:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 6016:Chechen uprising of 1932 5697:Russo-Persian War (1796) 5206:, Edward Stanford, 1865. 4997: 4596: 3615:to the Bokharan fort of 3070:, before round 3 of the 2950:Nikolai Muraviev-Amursky 2927:their former capital of 2585:. After China conquered 2508:Siberian Line about 1800 2260:. Around this time some 2215:in skirmish with Kazakhs 997:Muhammad Mallya Beg Khan 5831:Khivan campaign of 1873 5682:Russo-Polish War (1792) 5110:53.133 (1975): 521–538 4996:Terentyev, M. (2022). 4839:Hopkirk, Peter (1990). 4556:Second Anglo-Afghan War 4379:1893: Pamirs occupied: 4300:made himself master of 4294:Dungan Revolt (1862–77) 3900:Khivan campaign of 1873 3822:Viceroy of the Caucasus 3621:Kattakurgan, Uzbekistan 3602:Kokand Regent Alim Kuli 3089:Khivan campaign of 1839 3046:, telling him that the 2954:Nikolai Muraviev-Karsky 2675:Khivan campaign of 1717 2598:Expedition of 1713-1716 1302:500 killed and wounded 1149:30,000+ troops (Summer) 866:Azizuddin Bahadur 196:more precise citations. 6398:History of colonialism 6304:Western Libya campaign 5979:East Karelian uprising 5500:Wagner Group rebellion 5435:Uprising of Bolotnikov 5165:(London) 1876 2 Vols. 5103:, Odyssey Books, 2008. 5036:Russia in Central Asia 4610: 4530:First Anglo-Afghan War 4514:Jan Prosper Witkiewicz 4501: 4496:British army entering 4443: 4375: 4323:in the north from the 4313: 4148: 3913: 3640: 3635:Russian troops taking 3577: 3572:Russian troops taking 3335: 3318: 3251: 2216: 2072: 2064: 2056: 2044: 1955:in the southwest; the 1951:in the southeast, and 1406:~900 killed or wounded 1151:3,100 troops (Autumn) 1094:12 pounds of gunpowder 1017:Berdi Murad Khan 1014:Muhammad Khudayar Khan 887:Ğubaidullah Khan 790:Khorunzhiy Rybin 733:Konstantin von Kaufman 631:Ivan Krasnovskiy 500:Commanders and leaders 6299:Intervention in Syria 6234:Tajikistani Civil War 5942:Lithuanian–Soviet War 5883:Battle of Robat Karim 5332:Post-Soviet conflicts 5225:online free to borrow 5172:Skrine, Francis Henry 5143:online free to borrow 5134:59.3 (2007): 481–501. 5123:Morrison, Alexander. 4910:Malikov, pp. 180–198. 4604: 4591:Anglo-Russian Entente 4495: 4441: 4393:and Bactria. In 1871 4369: 4311: 4286:1867–1877: Yakub Beg: 4257:Further information: 4232:Trans-Caspian Railway 4206:Further information: 4190:Further information: 4184:desert-adapted horses 4146: 3907: 3879:Trans-Caspian railway 3634: 3571: 3333: 3314:A train crossing the 3313: 3249: 2228:History of Kazakhstan 2211: 2159:and linked articles. 2157:Siberian River Routes 2070: 2062: 2050: 2042: 1931:remained in what was 1878:Imperial Russian Army 1746:Taymanuly's rebellion 1322:645 died of diseases 1246:Casualties and losses 1208:~10,000 troops (1717) 904:Sher Ghazi Khan 6282:Annexation of Crimea 5986:Central Asian Revolt 5895:Ukrainian–Soviet War 5767:Russo-Circassian War 5450:Pugachev's Rebellion 5393:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 5337:Russian Armed Forces 5307:Early modern warfare 5231:2.2 (1980): 216–238. 5156:Central Asian Survey 5055:, John Murray, 1990. 4607:Sidney Edwards Morse 4411:Francis Younghusband 4152:The Turkoman country 4116:class=notpageimage| 3807:class=notpageimage| 3648:General von Kaufmann 3537:Treaty of Tarbagatai 3500:class=notpageimage| 3238:class=notpageimage| 2940:Khanate as a whole. 2505:class=notpageimage| 2163:Up the Irtysh River: 1908:sought to reinforce 1696:Kenesary's Rebellion 1329:11 killed or wounded 1218:~3,500 troops (1843) 999:Muhammad Sultan Khan 844:Kenesary's Rebellion 84:improve this article 6342:Sphere of influence 6272:Russo-Ukrainian War 6129:First Indochina War 6102:Soviet–Japanese War 6038:Xinjiang War (1937) 5907:Kazakhstan Campaign 5692:Kościuszko Uprising 5592:Second Northern War 5470:Coup attempt (1991) 5363:Soviet-Finnish wars 5219:Wheeler, Geoffrey. 5209:Wheeler, Geoffrey. 5161:Schuyler, Eugene. 5158:1.2-3 (1982): 1–30. 5147:Quested, Rosemary. 5137:Pierce, Richard A. 5132:Europe–Asia Studies 4510:Richmond Shakespear 4416:Murghab, Tajikistan 4222:Transcaspian Oblast 4208:Battle of Geok Tepe 3875:Transcaspian Oblast 2899:Mugodzhar mountains 2812:Russian detachments 2515:=the three Khanates 2097:. The Jaxartes or 1933:Soviet Central Asia 605:Catherine the Great 6332:Russian Revolution 6267:Russo-Georgian War 6249:Second Chechen War 6229:Georgian Civil War 5868:Russo-Japanese War 5620:Great Northern War 5518:Russo-Crimean Wars 5490:Second Chechen War 5388:Russo-Turkish wars 5383:Russo-Swedish wars 5373:Russo-Persian Wars 5358:Russo-Crimean Wars 5127:(Oxford UP, 2008). 5048:(Routledge, 2010). 4611: 4502: 4475:Battle of Aslanduz 4444: 4376: 4372:Right: Tarim Basin 4329:Borohoro Mountains 4314: 4180:Khiva slave market 4149: 3919:Russian Revolution 3914: 3908:Russians entering 3641: 3578: 3551:Hazrat-i-Turkestan 3336: 3319: 3260:Hazrat-i-Turkestan 3252: 2929:Hazrat-e-Turkistan 2661:Expedition of 1719 2521:The Siberian line: 2220:The Kazakh steppe: 2217: 2137:Khanate of Bukhara 2073: 2065: 2057: 2045: 2031:in the southeast. 1829:Alexandrovsky fort 1719:Punitive campaigns 1682:Datuly's rebellion 1212:~300 troops (1721) 1210:~500 troops (1720) 955:Allah Quli Bahadur 875:Jar Muhammad Khan 774:Alexei Rytov 744:Mikhail Chernyayev 427:Emirate of Bukhara 394:Pro-Russian Tribes 6350: 6349: 6239:First Chechen War 6194:Soviet–Afghan War 6179:Angolan Civil War 5954:Polish–Soviet War 5912:Finnish Civil War 5890:Russian Civil War 5789:November Uprising 5727:Anglo-Russian War 5667:Bar Confederation 5480:First Chechen War 5460:Russian Civil War 5455:Decembrist revolt 5445:Bulavin Rebellion 5440:Razin's Rebellion 5423: 5422: 5378:Russo-Polish Wars 5346:Lists by opponent 5176:The Heart of Asia 5079:Johnson, Robert. 5025:Brower, Daniel. 5011:978-5-4481-1327-7 4563:Karakoram Highway 4541:Anglo-Persian War 4489:reached Bokhara. 4385:which is now the 4370:Pamirs from space 4353:Chinese Turkestan 4182:. They also bred 3877:and start of the 3644:Samarkand (1868): 3609:Campaign of 1866: 3356:Khanate of Kokand 3074:expeditions, the 2988:for his goals in 2283:. Following the 2238:Astrakhan Khanate 2141:Khanate of Kokand 1912:, triggering the 1902:Iranian ethnicity 1886:Russian Turkestan 1866:Tsardom of Russia 1861: 1860: 1410: 1409: 1053:Abdur Rahman Khan 1035:Makhdum Kuli Khan 1026:Kara Bateer 847: 817:Dmitry Romanovsky 457:Khanate of Kokand 358:Tsardom of Russia 338: 337: 315:Russian Turkestan 313:Establishment of 240: 239: 232: 222: 221: 214: 160: 159: 152: 134: 57: 6410: 6224:Transnistria War 6169:War of Attrition 6075:Continuation War 6024: 5816:January Uprising 5657:Seven Years' War 5557:Time of Troubles 5523:Russo-Kazan Wars 5368:Russo-Kazan Wars 5300: 5299: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5245: 5244: 5195:(2010): 120–150 5185:(1979): 305–322 5076: 5074: 5072: 5051:Hopkirk, Peter. 5015: 4982: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4928: 4922: 4917: 4911: 4908: 4902: 4901:. — 100 000 экз. 4887: 4881: 4878: 4872: 4869: 4863: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4782: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4764: 4761: 4755: 4750: 4744: 4739: 4733: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4651: 4641: 4635: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4543:of 1856–57. The 4522:Charles Stoddart 4487:Alexander Burnes 4426:established the 4259:Panjdeh incident 4131: 4125: 4104: 4103: 4090: 4089: 4076: 4075: 4062: 4061: 4048: 4047: 4032: 4031: 4016: 4015: 4002: 4001: 3988: 3987: 3974: 3973: 3958: 3957: 3942: 3941: 3935: 3795: 3794: 3781: 3780: 3767: 3766: 3753: 3752: 3739: 3738: 3725: 3724: 3711: 3710: 3697: 3696: 3690: 3680:The Caspian side 3670:Mikhail Skobelev 3589:Tashkent (1865): 3488: 3487: 3474: 3473: 3460: 3459: 3446: 3445: 3432: 3431: 3418: 3417: 3404: 3403: 3390: 3389: 3383: 3224: 3223: 3210: 3209: 3196: 3195: 3182: 3181: 3168: 3167: 3154: 3153: 3140: 3139: 3126: 3125: 3112: 3111: 3105: 3011:. He arrived in 2962:Russian Caucasus 2958:Nikolai Muraviev 2833:Ulytau mountains 2746:Initial contacts 2514: 2493: 2492: 2479: 2478: 2465: 2464: 2451: 2450: 2437: 2436: 2423: 2422: 2409: 2408: 2395: 2394: 2381: 2380: 2367: 2366: 2353: 2352: 2339: 2338: 2325: 2324: 2318: 2270:Khivan territory 2133:Khanate of Khiva 1981:Khanate of Khiva 1957:Russian language 1896:, excluding the 1849: 1824:Rukin detachment 1805: 1791: 1779: 1767: 1755: 1739: 1727: 1715: 1691: 1670: 1646: 1634: 1620: 1608: 1563: 1540: 1526: 1512: 1485: 1473: 1448: 1446: 1436: 1429: 1422: 1413: 1412: 1400: 1399: 1359: 1358: 1351:thousands killed 1338: 1337: 1257: 1256: 1228: 1227: 1070: 1069: 1051: 1050: 1032: 1023: 1010: 992: 991: 981: 980: 972: 971: 963: 962: 954: 953: 943: 942: 930: 929: 919: 918: 910: 897:Sarzhan Qasimuly 893: 872: 859:Sapura Matenqyzy 841: 835: 825: 824: 816: 815: 807:Mikhail Skobelev 805: 804: 796: 789: 788: 780: 773: 772: 764: 763: 753: 752: 742: 741: 731: 730: 720: 719: 709: 708: 698: 697: 687: 686: 676: 675: 665: 664: 656: 646: 645: 637: 630: 629: 621: 614: 613: 603: 602: 592: 591: 581: 580: 572: 571: 563: 562: 552: 551: 543: 533: 532: 522: 521: 511: 510: 492: 490: 489: 483: 479: 477: 476: 461: 455: 453: 452: 446: 442:Khanate of Khiva 440: 438: 437: 431: 425: 423: 422: 416: 409: 381: 380: 379: 369: 367: 366: 356: 354: 353: 274: 273: 262: 242: 241: 235: 228: 217: 210: 206: 203: 197: 192:this article by 183:inline citations 170: 169: 162: 155: 148: 144: 141: 135: 133: 92: 68: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6318: 6259: 6253: 6244:War of Dagestan 6018: 5991:August Uprising 5860: 5854: 5843:Boxer Rebellion 5811:Amur Annexation 5612: 5606: 5510: 5504: 5485:War of Dagestan 5465:August Uprising 5419: 5341: 5291: 5272: 5242: 5089:Mancall, Mark. 5070: 5068: 5044:Ewans, Martin. 5012: 4999: 4991: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4950: 4946: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4837: 4833: 4822: 4818: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4654: 4642: 4638: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4599: 4471:Henry Pottinger 4436: 4428:Wakhan Corridor 4373: 4371: 4280: 4261: 4210: 4194: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4133: 4126:=Russian fort; 4120: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3995: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3927: 3902: 3896: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3682: 3665: 3566: 3560: 3533:Treaty of Kulja 3520:) and Pishpek ( 3506: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3360:Turkestan Range 3352:Ferghana Valley 3308: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3097: 3084: 2995:He crossed the 2946: 2911: 2825: 2823:Second campaign 2777:Orenburg Steppe 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2727:war with Sweden 2677: 2671: 2663: 2616:Ust-Kamenogorsk 2600: 2595: 2564:Ust-Kamenogorsk 2518: 2517: 2516: 2509: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2455:Ust Kaminogorsk 2452: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2277:Peter the Great 2275:At the time of 2199:Ust-Kamenogorsk 2187:Dzungar Khanate 2183:Peter the Great 2149: 2126:Ustyurt Plateau 2118:Kyzylkum Desert 2103:Zarafshan River 2054: 2052: 2037: 2029:Pamir Mountains 1965: 1943:in the centre, 1862: 1857: 1843: 1809:Ural and Turgai 1799: 1785: 1773: 1761: 1749: 1733: 1721: 1709: 1685: 1664: 1640: 1628: 1614: 1602: 1557: 1534: 1520: 1506: 1479: 1467: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1405: 1394: 1393: 1391: 1386: 1385:2,000+ wounded 1384: 1382: 1377: 1375:Turkmen tribes: 1373: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1353: 1352: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1320:254–669 wounded 1319: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1281:5,000 captured 1280: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1266: 1265:1,300 captured 1264: 1262: 1251: 1240: 1235: 1234:~12,000 troops 1233: 1222: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1064: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1038:Kurmanjan Datka 1036: 1034: 1028: 1025: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1006: 1000: 998: 996: 986: 985: 983:Sayyid Muhammad 975: 974: 966: 965: 957: 956: 948: 947: 937: 936: 932: 924: 923: 913: 912: 906: 903: 899: 895: 889: 886: 884: 880: 876: 874: 868: 865: 861: 857: 853: 851:Abul Khair Khan 837: 831: 819: 818: 810: 809: 799: 798: 792: 783: 782: 776: 767: 766: 765:Nikolai Lomakin 758: 757: 747: 746: 736: 735: 725: 724: 722:Vasily Perovsky 714: 713: 703: 702: 692: 691: 681: 680: 670: 669: 667:Iosif Igelström 659: 658: 652: 640: 639: 633: 624: 623: 617: 608: 607: 597: 596: 586: 585: 575: 574: 566: 565: 557: 556: 546: 545: 539: 527: 526: 516: 515: 513:Peter the Great 505: 487: 485: 484: 474: 472: 470: 466: 462: 459: 450: 448: 447: 444: 435: 433: 432: 429: 420: 418: 417: 414: 410: 407: 405:Dzungar Khanate 386: 377: 375: 374: 364: 362: 361: 351: 349: 334: 317:in Central Asia 306: 300:Russian victory 292: 263: 236: 225: 224: 223: 218: 207: 201: 198: 188:Please help to 187: 171: 167: 156: 145: 139: 136: 93: 91: 81: 69: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6416: 6406: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6327:Russian Winter 6323: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6269: 6263: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6154:Vlora incident 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6055: 6050: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5924: 5919: 5917:Sochi conflict 5914: 5909: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5875: 5870: 5864: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5840: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5514: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5271: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5248: 5241: 5240: 5233: 5227: 5217: 5207: 5200: 5189: 5179: 5169: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5115: 5104: 5097: 5094: 5087: 5084: 5077: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5038:(London) 1889 5030: 5023: 5018:Bregel, Yuri. 5016: 5010: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4974: 4965: 4944: 4923: 4912: 4903: 4882: 4880:Bregel, p. 64. 4873: 4864: 4855: 4846: 4831: 4816: 4801: 4792: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4756: 4745: 4734: 4723: 4711: 4702: 4693: 4684: 4682:, p. 323. 4680:Terentyev 2022 4672: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4636: 4623: 4613: 4612: 4598: 4595: 4526:Arthur Conolly 4518:besieged Herat 4483:Arthur Conolly 4435: 4434:The Great Game 4432: 4279: 4276: 4156:Karakum Desert 4114: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4092: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4078: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4064: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4050: 4043: 4042: 4035: 4034: 4027: 4026: 4019: 4018: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4004: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3990: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3976: 3969: 3968: 3961: 3960: 3953: 3952: 3945: 3944: 3937: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3898:Main article: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3868: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3847: 3805: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3783: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3769: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3755: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3741: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3727: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3713: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3699: 3692: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3674:Fergana Oblast 3664: 3661: 3559: 3556: 3498: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3476: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3462: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3448: 3441: 3440: 3435: 3434: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3420: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3406: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3392: 3385: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3307: 3304: 3236: 3235: 3227: 3226: 3219: 3218: 3213: 3212: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3198: 3191: 3190: 3185: 3184: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3170: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3156: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3142: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3128: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3114: 3107: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3083: 3080: 3058:should invade 2945: 2942: 2910: 2907: 2824: 2821: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2735:Russian Empire 2731:Ottoman Empire 2673:Main article: 2670: 2667: 2662: 2659: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2503: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2481: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2467: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2453: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2439: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2425: 2418: 2417: 2412: 2411: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2397: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2383: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2369: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2355: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2341: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2327: 2320: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2311: 2148: 2147:Early contacts 2145: 2122:Karakum Desert 2078:Fergana Valley 2036: 2033: 1969:Russian Empire 1964: 1961: 1939:in the north, 1906:British Empire 1894:Turkic peoples 1874:Russian Empire 1859: 1858: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1780: 1768: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1728: 1716: 1704: 1692: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1659: 1652: 1647: 1635: 1621: 1609: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1571: 1564: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1513: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1474: 1461: 1460: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1439: 1438: 1431: 1424: 1416: 1408: 1407: 1372:3 500+ killed 1365:12 000 killed 1330: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1241:~36,000 troops 1204:Kazakh Khanate 1201: 1179:13,000 troops 1165:2,000+ troops 1105:35,000 troops 1061: 1060: 1056: 1055: 945:William Brydon 921:Nasrullah Khan 848: 648:Andrey Borodin 594:Anna Ioannovna 583:Nikita Borodin 502: 501: 497: 496: 494:British Empire 464:Turkmen tribes 412:Kazakh Khanate 402: 401: 400: 395: 383:Kalmyk Khanate 371:Russian Empire 345: 344: 340: 339: 336: 335: 333: 332: 318: 310: 308: 302: 301: 298: 294: 293: 288: 286: 282: 281: 278: 270: 269: 255: 254: 247: 246: 238: 237: 220: 219: 174: 172: 165: 158: 157: 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6415: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6292:2022 invasion 6290: 6288: 6287:War in Donbas 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6124:Ili Rebellion 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6022: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5857: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5762:Caucasian War 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5269: 5264: 5262: 5257: 5255: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5238: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5214:History Today 5212: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5193:Slavic Review 5190: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5178:, circa 1900. 5177: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5078: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5029:(London) 2003 5028: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5007: 5003: 4994: 4993: 4978: 4969: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4935: 4927: 4921: 4916: 4907: 4900: 4899:5-7117-0059-6 4896: 4895:5-7117-0058-8 4892: 4886: 4877: 4868: 4859: 4850: 4842: 4835: 4827: 4820: 4812: 4805: 4796: 4787: 4778: 4769: 4760: 4754: 4749: 4743: 4738: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4688: 4681: 4676: 4667: 4663: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4627: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4603: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4546: 4545:Indian Mutiny 4542: 4538: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4452:British India 4449: 4440: 4431: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4403:Kyzylart Pass 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4368: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4137: 4130: 4124: 4117: 3934: 3922: 3920: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3808: 3689: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3613:Hungry Steppe 3610: 3606: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3382: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3354:ruled by the 3353: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3324:Berdan rifles 3317: 3316:Kazakh steppe 3312: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3293: 3288: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3248: 3239: 3104: 3092: 3090: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2933:Lake Balkhash 2930: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2916:Petropavlovsk 2906: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2859: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2835:and from the 2834: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2789:Petropavlovsk 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2766:Kazakh Steppe 2763: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2676: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2579:Orenburg line 2576: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2560:Semipalatinsk 2557: 2553: 2549: 2548:Petropavlovsk 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2513: 2506: 2441:Semipalatinsk 2399:Petropavlovsk 2317: 2310: 2308: 2307:Khan of Khiva 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2281:conquer Khiva 2278: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2266:Konye-Urgench 2263: 2262:free Cossacks 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2214: 2213:Ural Cossacks 2210: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2175:Fyodor Baykov 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2153: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2069: 2061: 2049: 2041: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1983:south of the 1982: 1978: 1974: 1973:Kazakh Steppe 1970: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1947:in the east, 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1900:, who are an 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1795: 1789: 1784: 1783:Aqbulaq River 1781: 1777: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1737: 1732: 1731:Lake Balkhash 1729: 1725: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1586:2nd Geok Tepe 1584: 1582: 1581:1st Geok Tepe 1579: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1538: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1447: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1403: 1398: 1389: 1383:2,000+ killed 1380: 1376: 1369: 1362: 1357: 1348: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1318:59–268 killed 1315: 1311:~250 wounded 1306: 1299: 1292: 1288:2,500 killed 1285: 1278: 1269: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1238: 1231: 1226: 1205: 1202: 1197: 1193:7,100 troops 1190: 1186:3,500 troops 1183: 1176: 1172:2,500 troops 1169: 1162: 1158:3,000 troops 1155: 1146: 1137: 1133:2,620 troops 1130: 1126:3,080 troops 1123: 1119:3,347 troops 1116: 1112:1,050 troops 1109: 1102: 1087: 1083:4,000 troops 1080: 1076:2,940 troops 1073: 1068: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1043: 1039: 1033: 1031: 1024: 1022: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1003: 995: 990: 984: 979: 970: 961: 952: 946: 941: 935: 934:Syzdyk Sultan 928: 922: 917: 911: 909: 902: 901:Kenesary Khan 898: 894: 892: 883: 879: 873: 871: 864: 860: 856: 852: 849: 845: 840: 836: 834: 828: 827:Nikolai Rukin 823: 814: 808: 803: 797: 795: 787: 781: 779: 771: 762: 756: 751: 745: 740: 734: 729: 723: 718: 712: 707: 701: 700:Alexander III 696: 690: 685: 679: 674: 668: 663: 657: 655: 649: 644: 638: 636: 628: 622: 620: 612: 606: 601: 595: 590: 584: 579: 570: 564:Ivan Timofeev 561: 555: 554:Ivan Likharev 550: 544: 542: 536: 531: 525: 524:Ivan Buchholz 520: 514: 509: 504: 503: 498: 495: 482: 469: 468:Kyrgyz tribes 465: 458: 443: 428: 413: 406: 403: 399: 396: 393: 392: 391: 389: 384: 372: 359: 347: 346: 341: 331: 327: 323: 319: 316: 312: 311: 309: 304: 303: 299: 296: 295: 291: 287: 284: 283: 279: 276: 275: 271: 267: 261: 256: 253: 248: 243: 234: 231: 216: 213: 205: 195: 191: 185: 184: 178: 173: 164: 163: 154: 151: 143: 132: 129: 125: 122: 118: 115: 111: 108: 104: 101: – 100: 96: 95:Find sources: 89: 85: 79: 78: 73:This article 71: 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Retrieved 5065:Google Books 5064: 5052: 5045: 5035: 5033:Curzon, G.N. 5026: 5019: 5001: 4977: 4968: 4959: 4954: 4947: 4938: 4933: 4926: 4915: 4906: 4885: 4876: 4867: 4858: 4849: 4840: 4834: 4825: 4819: 4810: 4804: 4795: 4786: 4777: 4768: 4759: 4748: 4737: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4705: 4696: 4687: 4675: 4666: 4639: 4626: 4617: 4580: 4560: 4549: 4534: 4503: 4464: 4460: 4456:Central Asia 4445: 4407:Karakul Lake 4378: 4377: 4316: 4315: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4270: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4252: 4241: 4227: 4226: 4212: 4211: 4196: 4195: 4187:the desert. 4150: 4135: 3915: 3862:Alexandrovsk 3834: 3814: 3743:Alexandrovsk 3666: 3643: 3642: 3608: 3607: 3597:first attack 3588: 3580: 3579: 3542: 3541: 3530: 3507: 3338: 3337: 3320: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3283: 3268: 3253: 3085: 3062:to free the 3041: 2994: 2947: 2925: 2921: 2912: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2868: 2860: 2848: 2841: 2830: 2826: 2797: 2793:Karkaralinsk 2783:headed from 2770: 2759: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2701: 2697:Alexandrovsk 2689:Turkmenistan 2678: 2664: 2655: 2647: 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348: 343:Belligerents 290:Central Asia 250:Part of the 226: 208: 202:October 2022 199: 180: 146: 140:October 2022 137: 127: 120: 113: 106: 94: 82:Please help 77:verification 74: 50: 43: 37: 36:Please help 33: 6403:Colonialism 6149:Vietnam War 6019: [ 5878:World War I 5799:Crimean War 5732:Finnish War 5648:(1740–1748) 5637:(1733–1738) 5562:Ingrian War 5278:(including 5167:online free 5040:online free 4826:The Kazakhs 4811:The Kazakhs 4632:Istaravshan 4630:Apparently 4537:Crimean War 4424:Durand Line 4399:Alay Valley 4349:Muzart Pass 4337:Yining City 4325:Tarim Basin 4290:Tarim Basin 4236:Kyzyl Arbat 4201:Atrek River 3871:Krasnovodsk 3844:Volga River 3785:Chikishlyar 3729:Krasnovodsk 3581:Ican (1864) 3547:Zhanakorgan 2837:Tobol River 2800:September 1 2711:tribesmen. 2693:Krasnovodsk 2685:Caspian Sea 2575:Bashkir War 2300:Caspian Sea 2292:Bashkir War 2256:, were the 2242:Nogai Horde 2017:Caspian Sea 2013:Volga River 1925:World War I 1918:Afghanistan 1888:—the name " 1876:, when the 1844: 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4479:Moorcroft 4341:Taranchis 4333:Ili River 4321:Dzungaria 4298:Yakub Beg 4168:Kopet Dag 4164:Amu Darya 3978:PetroAlex 3887:Ashuradeh 3840:Astrakhan 3826:Kopet Dag 3799:Ashuradeh 3701:Astrakhan 3637:Samarkand 3510:Ili River 3492:Samarkand 3436:Aulie Ata 3372:Samarkand 3347:Tien Shan 3287:Yakub Beg 3271:Kazalinsk 3264:Ak-Mechet 3256:Syr Darya 3214:Turkestan 3158:Ak-Mechet 3144:Kazalinsk 3001:Turcomans 2817:September 2681:Astrakhan 2632:October 1 2111:Samarkand 2099:Syr Darya 2087:Amu Darya 2035:Geography 2001:Samarkand 1989:Syr Darya 1890:Turkestan 1702:Akmolinsk 1656:Zerabulak 1650:Samarkand 1600:Sarybulak 1575:3rd Khiva 1568:2nd Khiva 1554:1st Khiva 1489:Uzynagash 1096:300 cores 280:1713–1895 266:Turkestan 45:talk page 6337:Cold War 6199:Gulf War 5555:and the 5428:Internal 5284:Imperial 5223:(1964). 5071:11 April 4981:Hopkirk. 4589:and the 4498:Kandahar 4234:reached 4218:Ashgabat 4160:Turkoman 4132:=Khanate 4094:to Herat 3820:but the 3771:Kinderli 3757:NovoAlex 3653:besieged 3593:Shymkent 3574:Tashkent 3478:Tashkent 3464:Chimkent 3368:Tashkent 3292:Perovsky 3116:Orenburg 3056:Russians 3039:Palace. 2986:Lankaran 2887:Cossacks 2808:Orenburg 2643:Dzungars 2587:Xinjiang 2571:Cossacks 2566:(1720). 2558:(1720), 2556:Pavlodar 2554:(1716), 2550:(1753), 2546:(1743), 2542:(1735). 2538:(1743), 2536:Orenburg 2534:(1613), 2530:(1645), 2427:Pavlodar 2357:Orenburg 2296:Orenburg 2258:Bashkirs 2191:Dzungars 2152:Siberia: 2095:Khwarezm 2091:Aral Sea 1997:Tashkent 1985:Aral Sea 1797:Orenburg 1504:Tashkent 1494:Shymkent 1059:Strength 398:Bashkirs 285:Location 6277:Outline 6260:century 5861:century 5613:century 5296:Related 5280:Tsarist 5141:(1960) 5022:, 2003. 4853:Bregel. 4583:in 1886 4576:Chitral 4500:in 1839 4361:Tacheng 4302:Kashgar 4066:Bukhara 4052:Panjdeh 3912:in 1873 3828:and at 3639:in 1868 3626:Khujand 3617:Jizzakh 3585:at Ican 3576:in 1865 3522:Bishkek 3408:Pishpek 3394:Vernoye 3364:Bactria 3228:Vernoye 3033:Russian 3017:Khivans 3009:Khanate 3005:Karakum 2997:Karakum 2891:Kazakhs 2875:July 20 2864:June 23 2762:June 27 2709:Turkmen 2620:Tobolsk 2612:Omskaya 2562:(1718) 2544:Troitsk 2469:Bukhara 2385:Troitsk 2246:Kazakhs 2224:Kazakhs 2203:Chinese 2171:Tobolsk 2107:Bokhara 2009:Bokhara 1963:Outline 1853:Andijan 1834:Chagrai 1814:Panjdeh 1771:Tastobe 1638:Jizzakh 1477:Khujand 1402:In 1885 1388:In 1881 1379:In 1879 1368:In 1868 1361:In 1866 1347:In 1875 1340:In 1853 1325:In 1885 1314:In 1881 1305:In 1879 1298:In 1866 1291:In 1839 1277:In 1722 1268:In 1717 1259:In 1716 1237:In 1865 1230:In 1853 1189:In 1881 1182:In 1879 1175:In 1873 1168:In 1864 1161:In 1853 1154:In 1844 1145:In 1843 1129:In 1838 1122:In 1837 1115:In 1835 1079:In 1717 1030:† 1021:† 1008:† 1002:Alimqul 908:† 891:† 870:† 833:† 794:† 778:† 654:† 635:† 619:† 541:† 388:Kalmyks 322:Bukhara 307:changes 190:improve 124:scholar 5587:Deluge 5511:Russia 5290:times) 5288:Soviet 5276:Russia 5197:online 5187:online 5119:online 5112:online 5008: 4893: 4420:Khorog 4383:Pamirs 4345:Uigurs 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Russian conquest of Central Asia

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