303:, they eventually lost hope that the long-term strategy would succeed. Polish schools had their accreditation refused, and state schools no longer took account of ethnic diversity. In schools with a high percentage of Polish-speaking students, German officials split up the students. When parents tried to organise private lessons for their children, police would come to their homes. Germany banned the use of the Polish language in schools (since 1873), in mines (since 1899), and at public gatherings (since 1908). Polish publishing houses and bookstores were often searched by the German police, and Polish patriotic books and publications were confiscated. Polish booksellers whose books were confiscated were sentenced by German courts to fines or prison. In 1909, the Central Office for Monitoring the Polish Movement in the Rhine-Westphalian Industrial Districts (
462:
263:
359:
20:
458:, increased censorship and confiscated Polish press for reporting on the persecution and arrests of Poles. In response, many Poles from the region came to Bochum for organizational and information meetings. On 24 August 1939, the Gestapo, under threat of arrest, demanded 30 leading Polish activists to appear at the Gestapo station in Bochum and present lists of members of Polish organizations, but again to no avail. Due to increasing German repressions, many Polish organizations suspended public activity.
516:
341:
350:
540:
480:. At least 60 of them were murdered for their activities by Nazi Germany. Headquarters of Polish organizations and premises in Bochum were looted and expropriated by Nazi Germany. The Gestapo closed the Polish monastery in Bochum, which was then converted into a transit camp for people deported from
453:
entered the headquarters of the Union of Poles in
Germany in Bochum, searched it and interrogated its chief Michał Wesołowski. The Nazis then carried out mass searches of Polish organizations in the region and interrogated Polish activists, however, they did not obtain the desired lists of Polish
113:, began in the late 19th century, with most of the Ruhrpolen arriving around the 1870s. The migrants found employment in the mining, steel and construction industries. In 1913 there were between 300,000 and 350,000 Poles and 150,000 Masurians. Of those, one-third were born in the Ruhr area. The
437:
and
Oberhausen), however, in the interbellum they were gradually limited, prohibited or cancelled. In 1934, the last Polish councilman was removed from the Bottrop city council. According to 1935 estimates, Polish organizations in Westphalia and Rhineland had 21,500 members.
891:
Stefan Goch, Polen nicht deutscher Fußballmeister. Die
Geschichte des FC Gelsenkirchen-Schalke 04, in: Der Ball ist bunt. Fußball, Migration und die Vielfalt der Identitäten in Deutschland: Hrsg: Diethelm Blecking/Gerd Dembowski. Frankfurt a.M. 2010,
310:
Other measures included instructing teachers and officials that their duty was to promote a German national consciousness. A decree was issued that ordered all miners to speak German. Discrimination started to affect issues of basic existence. The
385:, many Poles left the region and returned to Poland, although a sizeable community stayed. To take care of the remaining Polish population in the region and to facilitate the return of Poles to Poland, a Polish Vice-Consulate was established in
318:
In response to harassment by
Prussian authorities, the organisations of Ruhr Poles expanded what had been their purely cultural character and restored their links with Polish organisations in the east. The League of Poles in Germany, founded at
1244:
Chałupczak, Henryk (2004). "Powstanie i działalność polskich placówek konsularnych w okresie międzywojennym (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem pogranicza polsko-niemiecko-czechosłowackiego)". In
Kaczmarek, Ryszard; Masnyk, Marek (eds.).
823:
824:
http://www.oberschlesisches-landesmuseum.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=193:tagung-qspuren-der-oberschlesier-und-polen-in-nordrhein-westfalenq&catid=76:aktuelles
476:, all remaining Polish organizations in the Ruhr faced dissolution by the Nazis. On 11 September 1939, 249 leading Polish activists from the Ruhr were arrested and then placed in
1120:
159:
1024:
433:. Polish church services were held in numerous churches, often in multiple churches in the same cities (as in Bochum, Castrop, Dortmund, Duisburg, Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Herne,
315:
made it difficult for Poles who wished to return east to purchase land. In 1908, laws discriminating against the Polish language were applied to the entire German Empire.
1409:
484:. It was destroyed during air raids in 1943, rebuilt afterwards, and eventually demolished in 2012. Shortly before demolition, the church bells were sent to Poland.
312:
1000:
2378:
1839:
492:
835:
481:
2244:
323:
in 1894, merged with the ''Straż'' Movement set up in 1905. In 1913, the combined group formed an executive committee, which worked alongside the
202:
217:
187:
918:
300:
2322:
2261:
2398:
1690:
668:
270:
The main center of the Polish community of the Ruhr area was Bochum, and since 1905, many organizations and enterprises were based at
2006:
1728:
527:
It is estimated that in modern times, some 150,000 inhabitants of the Ruhr Area (out of roughly five million) are of Polish descent.
2358:
2363:
170:("Polish Professional Union") in 1902. Dozens of Polish bookstores were founded in various places, including Dortmund, Bochum,
1698:
Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w
Niemczech w latach 1939-1945".
1307:
449:
of Polish press. Polish activists, expecting a German attack, secured the files of Polish organizations. On 15 July 1939, the
1824:
1625:
1417:
1150:
Imperial
Germany, 1871-1918: economy, society, culture, and politics, Volker Rolf Berghahn, pages 107-108,Berghahn Books 2004
82:
944:
2222:
1089:
488:
547:
454:
activists, which had been previously hidden by Poles. Nazi terror and persecutions rapidly intensified. The Nazis limited
2373:
2329:
1774:
1250:
231:). There were also various Polish companies, co-operative shops, banks, sports clubs and singing clubs. In 1904, the
882:
The German melting-pot: multiculturality in historical perspective, Wolfgang Zank, page 139, Palgrave
Macmillan 1998
873:"Nationales Denken im Katholizismus der Weimarer Republik", Reinhard Richter, Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 2000, page 319
461:
73:, and other groups) migrated to the rapidly industrializing region from Polish-speaking areas of the German Empire.
2388:
2383:
1844:
164:
2308:
1960:
496:
2393:
2192:
1721:
839:
500:
171:
686:
1141:
Migration Past, Migration Future:Germany and the United States Myron Weiner, page 11, Berghahn Books 1997
2368:
2315:
2031:
109:
or earlier, and which housed a significant Polish-speaking population. This migration wave, known as the
1924:
1763:
714:
710:
446:
154:
2227:
2217:
1873:
1779:
1673:
414:
2212:
2108:
2026:
1714:
1620:
Kempka, Erich (2010) . I was Hitler's
Chauffeur. London: Frontline Books-Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.
477:
41:
1595:
324:
1639:
860:
1569:
1543:
596:
262:
117:
Masurians did not accept being identified with
Catholic Poles and underlined their loyalty to
2287:
2256:
2141:
1861:
1517:
1491:
1465:
1439:
292:
802:
1883:
674:
305:
Zentralstelle fur Uberwachung der Polenbewegung im Rheinisch-Westfalischen Industriebezirke
240:
106:
2156:
2146:
1316:, pp. 44, 64–65, 102, 166–167, 174–175, 194–195, 219–221, 275, 283–285, 452–453, 544.
572:
8:
2336:
2266:
2239:
2207:
2202:
2177:
2136:
2021:
1288:
792:
642:
612:
455:
430:
98:
2151:
1706:
1681:
Chojnacki, Wojciech (1981). "Księgarstwo polskie w Westfalii i Nadarenii do 1914 roku".
584:
358:
2282:
2120:
1934:
762:
726:
118:
102:
744:
2232:
2093:
2078:
2063:
2058:
1878:
1819:
1621:
698:
648:
590:
299:. While initially German officials hoped that the Polish population would succumb to
248:
86:
2187:
2172:
2115:
2103:
2068:
2011:
1965:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1888:
1868:
1856:
1851:
1829:
1814:
1809:
1769:
796:
732:
551:
473:
19:
2088:
2083:
2073:
2016:
1985:
1970:
1944:
1939:
1929:
1737:
756:
704:
680:
636:
630:
624:
618:
578:
282:
Monastery in Bochum, which was closed down by the Prussian government during the
207:
2197:
2182:
1990:
1980:
1975:
780:
515:
445:
increased both its invigilation of Polish activists and organizations, and the
222:
198:
192:
179:
1247:
Konsulaty na pograniczu polsko-niemieckim i polsko-czechosłowackim w 1918–1939
1058:
2352:
1741:
774:
768:
738:
692:
664:
606:
296:
279:
244:
213:
50:
46:
2249:
390:
340:
2036:
750:
658:
654:
442:
349:
94:
90:
441:
In early 1939, there were no anti-Polish riots in the Ruhr area, although
2098:
786:
394:
378:
284:
251:, were co-founded by Poles, and the former was even mockingly called the
291:
The rights of the Ruhrpolen as citizens were restricted in many ways by
266:
Tower of the former Polish monastery in Bochum before demolition in 2012
720:
418:
183:
114:
66:
600:
422:
145:. Various Polish organizations were founded in the region, including
110:
70:
62:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
406:
259:
club") by the Germans because of its many players of Polish origin.
239:
newspaper was founded in Herne. The two most successful and popular
1756:
520:
466:
368:
367:
Churches of Saint Barbara, Saint Clara and Saint Anthony, three of
228:
134:
836:"Route der Migration Erinnerungsorte | Bochum Zeche Hannover"
434:
389:
in 1920, later elevated into a consulate, and eventually moved to
327:. Poles also demanded Polish priests and mass services in Polish.
1153:
974:
450:
153:("League of Poles in Germany") in 1894, a regional branch of the
58:
671:
member in German-occupied Poland, blessed of the Catholic Church
16:
Polish community in the Ruhr area in the 19th and 20th centuries
1686:
410:
382:
320:
275:
256:
175:
142:
141:, the first Polish newspaper in the region, was established in
24:
1383:
Weimar and Nazi Germany:Panikos Panayi, Longman 2000, page 235
426:
386:
1171:
288:
in 1873, was reopened and became a Polish religious center.
504:
54:
900:
898:
1802:
1736:
1367:
1365:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1331:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1090:"Nazizm, wojna i klub Polaczków – historia Adolfa Urbana"
235:
daily newspaper was founded in Dortmund, and in 1909 the
1195:
1183:
1039:
962:
405:, the oldest Polish newspaper of the Ruhr, was moved to
371:'s ten churches where Polish-language services were held
1225:
895:
1386:
1362:
1343:
1295:
1285:
Prasa polonijna w latach 1870–1939. Zarys problematyki
1257:
519:
Saint Anne church of the Polish Catholic Mission in
1319:
919:"St Michael's Polish Club in Recklinghausen, 1913"
523:, in which Polish-language services are held daily
413:was the headquarters of the Third District of the
397:, the main Polish newspaper of the Ruhr Poles was
942:
2350:
465:Mass grave of Polish victims of Nazi Germany in
53:migrants and their descendants who lived in the
713:(1901-1966), politician, Prime Minister of the
330:
23:Old inscription for the Polish workers bank in
81:The immigrants mainly came from what was then
1722:
1001:"Bochum as the center of the Polish movement"
425:, within which the Ruhr is located, but also
61:since the 19th century. The Poles (including
1637:
307:) was established by the Germans in Bochum.
1407:
1729:
1715:
1282:
1243:
274:Street, which was hence nicknamed "Little
1680:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1045:
980:
968:
904:
137:by bookseller Hipolit Sibilski. In 1890,
1697:
1392:
1371:
1356:
1337:
1301:
1270:
916:
514:
460:
261:
18:
2323:Polish population transfers (1944–1946)
1115:
1113:
1111:
1019:
1017:
995:
993:
991:
989:
2351:
1084:
1082:
1080:
401:, issued in Herne since 1921, whereas
1710:
1403:
1401:
49:”) is a German umbrella term for the
40:
2379:Germany–Poland relations (1918–1939)
1668:
1600:Polska Misja Katolicka w Dortmundzie
1325:
1313:
1231:
1121:"Polnische Seelsorger im Ruhrgebiet"
1108:
1014:
986:
945:"The Polish gymnastics club "Sokół""
534:
1410:"Der Kirchturm fällt nächste Woche"
1249:(in Polish). Katowice: Wydawnictwo
1077:
227:and Laar (present-day districts of
13:
1398:
14:
2410:
2399:History of North Rhine-Westphalia
1775:Polish occupation zone in Germany
1168:Imperial Germany... pages 107-108
593:(1922-2001), footballer and coach
530:
538:
495:in the region, including to the
491:were deported by the Germans to
357:
348:
339:
155:"Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society
149:("St. Michael's Club") in 1888,
124:
2359:German people of Polish descent
2330:Repatriation of Poles (1955–59)
2309:Colonization attempts by Poland
1662:
1631:
1614:
1588:
1562:
1536:
1510:
1492:"Dortmund (III. SS-Baubrigade)"
1484:
1458:
1432:
1377:
1276:
1237:
1216:
1207:
1144:
1135:
1051:
381:and the rebirth of independent
1025:""Klein Warschau" an der Ruhr"
936:
910:
885:
876:
867:
861:"Timelines Germany: Ruhrpolen"
853:
828:
817:
615:(1914-1972), basketball player
129:The first Polish organization
101:), which were acquired by the
1:
2364:Industrial history of Germany
1670:Leksykon Polactwa w Niemczech
810:
575:(1956-), footballer and coach
501:Buchenwald concentration camp
160:Zjednoczenie Zawodowe Polskie
1408:Sabine Vogt (25 July 2012).
1283:Paczkowski, Andrzej (1977).
1222:Imperial Germany... page 108
1213:Imperial Germany... page 218
581:(1921-1993), Olympic athlete
510:
503:in Bochum, Dortmund, Essen,
331:Interbellum and World War II
83:eastern provinces of Germany
27:, Bank Robotników e.G.m.b.H.
7:
2316:Ethnic minorities in Poland
1674:Związek Polaków w Niemczech
1416:(in German). Archived from
151:Związek Polaków w Niemczech
10:
2415:
2374:Polish minority in Germany
1803:Central and Eastern Europe
715:Polish government-in-exile
627:(1996-), basketball player
487:Polish men and women from
472:After the outbreak of the
243:clubs of the Ruhr region,
76:
2300:
2275:
2165:
2129:
2051:
1999:
1953:
1897:
1795:
1788:
1780:Poles in the Soviet Union
1748:
1685:(in Polish). No. 4.
1574:aussenlager-buchenwald.de
1548:aussenlager-buchenwald.de
1522:aussenlager-buchenwald.de
1496:aussenlager-buchenwald.de
1470:aussenlager-buchenwald.de
1466:"Dortmund (Hüttenverein)"
1444:aussenlager-buchenwald.de
587:(1916-2022), photographer
482:German-occupied Lithuania
417:, which covered not only
415:Union of Poles in Germany
212:(present-day district of
197:(present-day district of
105:in the late-18th-century
1764:Polish-Lithuanian people
983:, pp. 201, 204–205.
651:(1949- 2008), footballer
2389:20th century in Germany
2384:19th century in Germany
1640:"Z Niemcami warto grać"
1518:"Essen (Schwarze Poth)"
1287:(in Polish). Warszawa:
943:Krzysztof Ruchniewicz.
805:(1912-1991), footballer
789:(1914-1943), footballer
783:(1935-2020), footballer
777:(1912-1991), footballer
771:(1909-1976), footballer
759:(1934-2009), footballer
753:(1907-1974), footballer
747:(1932-2020), footballer
741:(1905-1969), footballer
723:(1937-2012), footballer
707:(1943-1996), footballer
701:(1926-2008), footballer
695:(1905-1990), footballer
677:(1910-1972), footballer
645:(1923-2005), footballer
639:(1909-1991), footballer
633:(1926-1983), footballer
621:(1989-), discus thrower
325:Polish National Council
147:Towarzystwo św. Michała
133:was founded in 1876 in
121:and the German Empire.
42:[ˈʁuːɐ̯ˌpoːlən]
1961:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1689:: Towarzystwo Naukowe
1251:Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
524:
489:German-occupied Poland
469:
313:Settlement Law of 1904
267:
28:
711:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
518:
464:
265:
22:
2394:Slavic ethnic groups
2262:United Arab Emirates
1672:(in Polish). Opole:
1596:"DORTMUND: St. Anna"
689:(1913-2001), athlete
687:Barbara Książkiewicz
675:Stanislaus Kobierski
552:adding missing items
107:Partitions of Poland
2337:Polish Diaspora Day
1289:Biblioteka Narodowa
1234:, pp. 165–167.
1180:, pp. 202–203.
729:(1990-), footballer
717:during World War II
683:(1937-), footballer
613:Florian Grzechowiak
609:(1995-), footballer
478:concentration camps
456:freedom of assembly
99:Province of Silesia
2369:Prussian Partition
1638:Stefan Szczepłek.
803:Édouard Wawrzyniak
765:(1912-1984), boxer
763:Franciszek Szymura
735:(1914-1965), boxer
727:Matthias Ostrzolek
550:; you can help by
525:
470:
409:, Poland in 1923.
268:
103:Kingdom of Prussia
29:
2346:
2345:
2296:
2295:
2047:
2046:
1742:Polish minorities
1700:Przegląd Zachodni
1626:978-1-84832-550-0
1340:, pp. 55–56.
699:Heinz Kwiatkowski
669:Polish resistance
591:Herbert Burdenski
573:Rüdiger Abramczik
568:
567:
377:After the end of
249:Borussia Dortmund
87:Province of Posen
2406:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1770:Great Emigration
1731:
1724:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1702:(in Polish) (4).
1694:
1683:Studia Polonijne
1677:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1635:
1629:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1405:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1360:
1354:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1255:
1254:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1117:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1086:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
997:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
959:
957:
955:
940:
934:
933:
931:
929:
914:
908:
902:
893:
889:
883:
880:
874:
871:
865:
864:
857:
851:
850:
848:
847:
838:. Archived from
832:
826:
821:
797:Polish Air Force
793:Stefan Wapniarek
733:Aleksander Polus
643:Edmond Kasperski
597:Stefan Głogowski
585:Stefan Arczyński
563:
560:
542:
541:
535:
474:Second World War
393:in 1936. In the
361:
352:
343:
295:policies of the
226:
211:
196:
168:
57:area in western
44:
39:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2292:
2271:
2161:
2125:
2043:
1995:
1954:Southern Europe
1949:
1898:Northern Europe
1893:
1784:
1744:
1738:Polish diaspora
1735:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1636:
1632:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1363:
1355:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1258:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1094:Historia.org.pl
1088:
1087:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1063:Borussia.com.pl
1057:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1005:
1003:
999:
998:
987:
979:
975:
967:
963:
953:
951:
941:
937:
927:
925:
915:
911:
903:
896:
890:
886:
881:
877:
872:
868:
859:
858:
854:
845:
843:
834:
833:
829:
822:
818:
813:
808:
757:Horst Szymaniak
745:Günter Sawitzki
705:Reinhard Libuda
681:Willi Koslowski
637:Ernst Kalwitzki
631:Erich Juskowiak
625:Julian Jasinski
619:Daniel Jasinski
579:Edward Adamczyk
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2049:
2048:
2045:
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2040:
2039:
2032:United Kingdom
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
2000:Western Europe
1997:
1996:
1994:
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1825:Czech Republic
1822:
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1678:
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1644:Rzeczpospolita
1630:
1613:
1587:
1570:"Witten-Annen"
1561:
1535:
1509:
1483:
1457:
1440:"Bochum (EHW)"
1431:
1420:on 22 May 2021
1397:
1385:
1376:
1361:
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1318:
1306:
1294:
1291:. p. 126.
1275:
1256:
1236:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1204:, p. 202.
1202:Chojnacki 1981
1194:
1192:, p. 206.
1190:Chojnacki 1981
1182:
1178:Chojnacki 1981
1170:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1107:
1076:
1050:
1048:, p. 203.
1046:Chojnacki 1981
1038:
1013:
985:
981:Chojnacki 1981
973:
971:, p. 204.
969:Chojnacki 1981
961:
949:Porta Polonica
935:
923:Porta Polonica
917:Jacek Barski.
909:
907:, p. 201.
905:Chojnacki 1981
894:
884:
875:
866:
852:
827:
815:
814:
812:
809:
807:
806:
800:
790:
784:
781:Hans Tilkowski
778:
772:
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754:
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742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
708:
702:
696:
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672:
662:
652:
649:Gerd Kasperski
646:
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622:
616:
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604:
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531:Notable people
529:
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366:
365:
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355:
347:
346:
338:
337:
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335:
334:
332:
329:
278:". The former
253:Polackenverein
199:Castrop-Rauxel
180:Recklinghausen
126:
123:
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75:
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2110:
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2104:United States
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2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
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2085:
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2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
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2057:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2038:
2035:
2034:
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2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
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1885:
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1875:
1872:
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1867:
1863:
1860:
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1838:
1836:
1833:
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1826:
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1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
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1778:
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1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1761:
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1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1720:
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1688:
1684:
1679:
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1493:
1487:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1395:, p. 58.
1394:
1393:Cygański 1984
1389:
1380:
1374:, p. 57.
1373:
1372:Cygański 1984
1368:
1366:
1359:, p. 56.
1358:
1357:Cygański 1984
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1338:Cygański 1984
1334:
1328:, p. 74.
1327:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1304:, p. 54.
1303:
1302:Cygański 1984
1298:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1273:, p. 55.
1272:
1271:Cygański 1984
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1253:. p. 20.
1252:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1179:
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1091:
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1083:
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1018:
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996:
994:
992:
990:
982:
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965:
950:
946:
939:
924:
920:
913:
906:
901:
899:
888:
879:
870:
862:
856:
842:on 2008-06-30
841:
837:
831:
825:
820:
816:
804:
801:
798:
795:(1916-1940),
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
775:Otto Tibulski
773:
770:
769:Hans Tibulski
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
739:Emil Rothardt
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
693:Ernst Kuzorra
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:(1919-1942),
666:
665:Edward Klinik
663:
661:'s chauffeur.
660:
657:(1910-1975),
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
607:Leon Goretzka
605:
602:
599:(1910-1948),
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
570:
562:
553:
549:
546:This list is
544:
537:
536:
528:
522:
517:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
468:
463:
459:
457:
452:
448:
444:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:Wiarus Polski
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
370:
360:
351:
342:
328:
326:
322:
316:
314:
308:
306:
302:
301:Germanization
298:
297:German Empire
294:
289:
287:
286:
281:
277:
273:
272:Am Kortländer
264:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:FC Schalke 04
242:
238:
234:
230:
224:
219:
215:
214:Gelsenkirchen
209:
204:
200:
194:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
166:
161:
157:in 1898, and
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:Wiarus Polski
136:
132:
125:German Empire
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
35:
34:
26:
21:
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2321:
2314:
2307:
2257:Turkmenistan
2142:South Africa
2037:White Polish
1862:Transnistria
1834:
1762:
1755:
1699:
1682:
1669:
1663:Bibliography
1648:. Retrieved
1643:
1633:
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1599:
1590:
1580:24 September
1578:. Retrieved
1573:
1564:
1554:24 September
1552:. Retrieved
1547:
1538:
1528:24 September
1526:. Retrieved
1521:
1512:
1502:24 September
1500:. Retrieved
1495:
1486:
1476:24 September
1474:. Retrieved
1469:
1460:
1450:24 September
1448:. Retrieved
1443:
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1418:the original
1413:
1388:
1379:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1284:
1278:
1246:
1239:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1146:
1137:
1125:. Retrieved
1098:. Retrieved
1093:
1067:. Retrieved
1062:
1053:
1041:
1029:. Retrieved
1004:. Retrieved
976:
964:
952:. Retrieved
948:
938:
926:. Retrieved
922:
912:
887:
878:
869:
855:
844:. Retrieved
840:the original
830:
819:
751:Fritz Szepan
659:Adolf Hitler
655:Erich Kempka
556:
526:
507:and Witten.
493:slave labour
486:
471:
443:Nazi Germany
440:
402:
398:
376:
317:
309:
304:
290:
283:
280:Redemptorist
271:
269:
252:
236:
232:
158:
150:
146:
138:
130:
128:
95:West Prussia
91:East Prussia
80:
32:
31:
30:
2288:New Zealand
2223:Philippines
2027:Netherlands
1884:Switzerland
1646:(in Polish)
1602:(in Polish)
1576:(in German)
1550:(in German)
1524:(in German)
1498:(in German)
1472:(in German)
1446:(in German)
1123:(in German)
1096:(in Polish)
1065:(in Polish)
1027:(in German)
787:Adolf Urban
395:interbellum
379:World War I
293:anti-Polish
285:Kulturkampf
221: [
218:Bruckhausen
206: [
191: [
188:Habinghorst
163: [
2353:Categories
2267:Uzbekistan
2250:Polonezköy
2240:Tajikistan
2208:Kyrgyzstan
2203:Kazakhstan
2178:Azerbaijan
2022:Luxembourg
2007:after 2004
1840:after WWII
1749:Historical
1414:Der Westen
892:p.237-249.
846:2008-12-29
811:References
721:Hans Nowak
548:incomplete
447:censorship
431:Palatinate
419:Westphalia
391:Düsseldorf
237:Narodowiec
184:Oberhausen
115:Protestant
67:Kashubians
2283:Australia
2121:Venezuela
2059:Argentina
1935:Lithuania
1835:Ruhrpolen
1326:ZPWN 1939
1314:ZPWN 1939
1232:ZPWN 1939
601:Home Army
559:June 2016
511:Aftermath
423:Rhineland
203:Ückendorf
111:Ostflucht
71:Silesians
63:Masurians
33:Ruhrpolen
2301:See also
2233:Buryatia
2218:Pakistan
2157:Zimbabwe
2147:Tanzania
2094:Paraguay
2079:Colombia
2052:Americas
1879:Slovakia
1820:Bulgaria
1789:Diaspora
1757:Lechites
1606:27 March
1059:"Polacy"
954:27 March
928:27 March
521:Dortmund
497:subcamps
467:Dortmund
429:and the
369:Dortmund
241:football
229:Duisburg
135:Dortmund
45:, “Ruhr
2276:Oceania
2213:Lebanon
2188:Georgia
2173:Armenia
2137:Senegal
2116:Uruguay
2012:Belgium
1966:Croatia
1925:Ireland
1920:Iceland
1915:Finland
1910:Estonia
1905:Denmark
1889:Ukraine
1869:Romania
1857:Moldova
1852:Hungary
1830:Germany
1815:Belarus
1810:Austria
1676:. 1939.
1650:1 April
1628:. p. 10
1100:1 April
1069:1 April
603:officer
499:of the
451:Gestapo
131:Jedność
119:Prussia
77:Origins
59:Germany
38:German:
2245:Turkey
2228:Russia
2193:Israel
2152:Uganda
2130:Africa
2089:Mexico
2069:Canada
2064:Brazil
2017:France
1986:Serbia
1971:Greece
1945:Sweden
1940:Norway
1930:Latvia
1874:Russia
1796:Europe
1687:Lublin
1624:
1544:"Unna"
1424:22 May
1127:22 May
1031:22 May
1006:22 May
411:Bochum
407:Poznań
383:Poland
321:Bochum
276:Warsaw
257:Polack
176:Witten
143:Bochum
51:Polish
25:Bochum
2198:Japan
2183:China
2084:Haiti
2074:Chile
1991:Spain
1981:Malta
1976:Italy
799:pilot
435:Lünen
427:Baden
399:Naród
387:Essen
225:]
210:]
195:]
172:Herne
167:]
47:Poles
2166:Asia
2109:list
2099:Peru
1845:list
1740:and
1652:2021
1622:ISBN
1608:2021
1582:2022
1556:2022
1530:2022
1504:2022
1478:2022
1452:2022
1426:2021
1129:2021
1102:2021
1071:2021
1033:2021
1008:2021
956:2021
930:2021
505:Unna
421:and
247:and
55:Ruhr
1691:KUL
554:.
216:),
201:),
2355::
1642:.
1598:.
1572:.
1546:.
1520:.
1494:.
1468:.
1442:.
1412:.
1400:^
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1259:^
1155:^
1110:^
1092:.
1079:^
1061:.
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988:^
947:.
921:.
897:^
255:("
223:de
208:de
193:de
186:,
182:,
178:,
174:,
165:pl
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1558:.
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1454:.
1428:.
1131:.
1104:.
1073:.
1035:.
1010:.
958:.
932:.
863:.
849:.
561:)
557:(
85:(
36:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
