1050:, embracing equally the structure and history of all the existing and extinct races of animals, this work may be viewed as an epitome of M. Cuvier's zoological labours; and it presents the best outline, which exists in any language, of the present state of zoology and comparative anatomy." The review continued less favourably, however, that "We cannot help thinking that the science of comparative anatomy is now so far advanced, as to afford the means of distributing the animal kingdom on some more uniform and philosophical principles,—as on the modifications of those systems or functions which are most general in the animal economy". The review argued that the vertebrate division relied on the presence of a vertebral column, "a part of the organization of comparatively little importance in the economy"; it found the basis of the mollusca on "the general softness of the body" no better; the choice of the presence of articulations no better either, in the third division; while in the fourth it points out that while the echinoderms may fit well into the chosen scheme, it did not apply "to the entozoa, zoophyta, and infusoria, which constitute by much the greatest portion of this division." But the review notes that "the general distribution of the animal kingdom established by M. Cuvier in this work, are founded on a more extensive and minute survey of the organization than had ever before been taken, and many of the most important distinctions among the orders and families are the result of his own researches."
1747:
587:
2402:
560:. It is summed up in a paragraph, Cuvier noting that it is the commonest tortoise in Europe, living in Greece, Italy, Sardinia and (he writes) apparently all round the Mediterranean. He then gives its distinguishing marks, with a highly domed carapace, raised scales boldly marked with black and yellow marbling, and at the posterior edge a bulge over the tail. He gives its size—rarely reaching a foot in length; notes that it lives on leaves, fruit, insects and worms; digs a hole in which to pass the winter; mates in spring, and lays 4 or 5 eggs like those of a pigeon. The species is illustrated with two plates.
278:
569:
50:
341:. Lamarck claimed that species could transform through the influence of the environment, while Saint-Hilaire argued in 1820 that two of Cuvier's branches, the molluscs and radiata, could be united via various features, while the other two, articulata and vertebrates, similarly had parallels with each other. Then in 1830, Saint-Hilaire argued that these two groups could themselves be related, implying a single form of life from which all others could have evolved, and that Cuvier's four body plans were not fundamental.
503:
355:
965:
476:
publication history. A translation by Edward
Griffith (with assistance by Edward Pidgeon for some volumes and other specialists for other volumes) was published in 44 parts by G.B. Whittaker and partners from 1824 to 1835 and many times reprinted (up to 2012 and eBook format); another by G. Henderson in 1834–1837. A translation was made and published by the ornithologist
1114:
animals." Taquet further notes that while Cuvier rejected evolution, it was paradoxically "the precision of his anatomical descriptions and the importance of his research on fossil bones", showing for instance that mammoths were extinct elephants, that enabled later naturalists including Darwin to argue convincingly that animals had evolved.
1093:'s theory of acquiring heritable characteristics from those Cuvieran conditions: "For natural selection acts by either now adapting the varying parts of each being to its organic and inorganic conditions of life; or by having adapted them during long-past periods of time: the adaptations being aided in some cases by
1097:, being slightly affected by the direct action of the external conditions of life, and being in all cases subjected to the several laws of growth. Hence, in fact, the law of the Conditions of Existence is the higher law; as it includes, through the inheritance of former adaptations, that of Unity of Type."
159:, the whole of the work was his own. It was translated into English many times, often with substantial notes and supplementary material updating the book in accordance with the expansion of knowledge. It was also translated into German, Italian and other languages, and abridged in versions for children.
475:
Many
English translations and abridged versions were published and reprinted in the nineteenth century; records may be for the entire work or individual volumes, which were not necessarily dated, while old translations were often brought out in "new" editions by other publishers, making for a complex
540:
There is then a section heading, in this case "The first order of
Reptiles, or The Chelonians", followed by a three-page essay on their zoology, starting with the fact that their hearts have two atria. The structure then repeats at a lower taxonomic level, with what Cuvier notes is one of Linnaeus's
513:
Each section, such as on reptiles at the start of Volume II (and the entire work) is introduced with an essay on distinguishing aspects of their zoology. In the case of the reptiles, the essay begins with the observation that their circulation is so arranged that only part of the blood pumped by the
484:
and others was published by
William S. Orr and Co. in 1840. An abridged version by an "experienced teacher" was published by Longman, Brown, Green and Longman in London, and by Stephen Knapp in Coventry, in 1844. Kraus published an edition in New York in 1969. Other editions were brought out by H.G.
1010:
of 1829 expressed surprise at the long interval between the first and second editions, surmising that there were too few scientific readers in France, apart from those in Paris itself; it notes that while the first volume was little changed, the treatment of fish was considerably altered in volume
150:
The work appeared in four octavo volumes in
December 1816 (although it has "1817" on the title pages); a second edition in five volumes was brought out in 1829–1830 and a third, written by twelve "disciples" of Cuvier, in 1836–1849. In this classic work, Cuvier presented the results of his life's
1065:
of Cuvier is, in short, an abridged expression of the entire science. He carried the lights derived from his zoological researches into kindred but obscure parts of nature." Lawrence calls the work "an arrangement of the animal kingdom nearly approaching to perfection; grounded on principles so
1113:
was an attempt to create a complete inventory of the animal kingdom and to formulate a natural classification underpinned by the principles of the 'correlation of parts'.." He adds that with the book "Cuvier introduced clarity into natural history, accurately reproducing the actual ordering of
270:: molluscs, crustaceans, insects and worms (differently understood), echinoderms and zoophytes. Cuvier divided the molluscs into three orders: cephalopods, gastropods and acephala. Still not satisfied, he continued to work on animal classification, culminating over twenty years later in the
1568:
Cuvier's insistence on the functional integration of organisms led him to classify animals into four "branches," or embranchements: Vertebrata, Articulata (arthropods and segmented worms), Mollusca (which at the time meant all other soft, bilaterally symmetrical invertebrates), and
Radiata
1011:
II, while the section on the
Articulata was greatly enlarged (to two volumes, IV and V) and written by M. Latreille. It also expressed the hope that there would be an English equivalent of Cuvier's work, given the popularity of natural history resulting from the works of
551:, with a solid bony support (the term being "charpente", commonly used of the structure of wooden beams that support a roof). He records that the legs are thick, with short digits joined for most of their length, five toenails on the forelegs, four on the hind legs.
485:
Bohn in 1851 and W. Orr in 1854. An "easy introduction to the study of the animal kingdom: according to the natural method of Cuvier", together with examination questions on each chapter, was made by Annie
Roberts and published in the 1850s by Thomas Varty.
444:
The work was illustrated with tables and plates (at the end of Volume IV) covering only some of the species mentioned. A much larger set of illustrations, said by Cuvier to be "as accurate as they were elegant" was published by the entomologist
1403:
Iconographie du règne animal de G. Cuvier: ou, représentation d'aprés nature de l'une des espèces les plus remarquables, et souvent non encore figurées, de chaque genre d'amimaux . Avec un texte descriptif mis au courant de la
514:
heart goes through the lungs; Cuvier discusses the implications of this arrangement, next observing that they have a relatively small brain compared to the mammals and birds, and that none of them incubate their eggs.
1085:(1859), in a chapter on the difficulties facing the theory, Darwin comments that "The expression of conditions of existence, so often insisted on by the illustrious Cuvier, is fully embraced by the principle of
1440:
308:
as an animal's principal organ system which controlled all the other organ systems such as the circulatory and digestive systems, Cuvier distinguished four types of organisation of an animal's body:
598:
The classification adopted by Cuvier to define the natural structure of the animal kingdom, including both living and fossil forms, was as follows, the list forming the structure of the
1001:, also a Quinarian, added that "no person of such transcendent talents and ingenuity, ever made so little use of his observations towards a natural arrangement as M. Cuvier."
547:, the tortoises, with five sub-genera. The first sub-genus comprises the land tortoises; their zoology is summed up in a paragraph, which observes that they have a domed
147:("Branches", roughly corresponding to phyla), namely vertebrates, molluscs, articulated animals (arthropods and annelids), and zoophytes (cnidaria and other phyla).
1417:
1506:
1462:
533:, now considered a separate class of vertebrates), describing each group in a single sentence. Thus the batracians are said to have a heart with a single
1484:
602:. Where Cuvier's group names correspond (more or less) to modern taxa, these are named, in English if possible, in parentheses. The table from the 1828
1066:
accurate, that the place which any animal occupies in this scheme, already indicates the leading circumstances in its structure, economy, and habits."
488:
A German translation by H.R. Schinz was published by J.S. Cotta in 1821–1825; another was made by
Friedrich Siegmund Voigt and published by Brockhaus.
1748:
Le Règne Animal
Distribué d'après son Organisation, pour Servir de Base à l'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux et d'Introduction à l'Anatomie Comparée
377:
Le Règne Animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée
2109:
438:
2331:
997:"Cuvier was notoriously deficient in the power of legitimate and intuitive generalization in arranging the animal series". The zoologist
1046:
of 1830 broadly admired Cuvier's work, but disagreed with his classification. It commented that "From the comprehensive nature of the
1800:
224:
1032:
446:
364:
2401:
2087:
1853:
1631:
1169:
165:
was influential in being widely read, and in presenting accurate descriptions of groups of related animals, such as the living
1298:
1251:
1676:
1337:
Whitehead, P. J. P. (1967). "The Dating of the 1st Edition Of Cuvier's Le Règne Animal Distribué D'après Son Organisation".
1702:
1315:
2209:
2436:
732:), 5. Malacoptérygiens abdominaux, 6. Malacoptérygiens subbrachiens, 7. Malacoptérygiens apodes, 8. Acanthoptérygiens (
1952:
1275:
1058:
430:
517:
Next, Cuvier identifies the taxonomic divisions of the group, in this case four orders of reptiles, the chelonians (
212:
2278:
2099:
2462:
2441:
2420:
325:
Grouping animals with these body plans resulted in four "embranchements" or branches (vertebrates, molluscs, the
318:
III. with two longitudinal, ventral nerve cords linked by a band with two ganglia positioned below the oesophagus
17:
2467:
2343:
537:, a naked body (with no scales), and to pass with age from being fish-like to being like a quadruped or biped.
333:)). This effectively broke with the mediaeval notion of the continuity of the living world in the form of the
2080:
1793:
414:
1290:
The Meaning of Evolution: The Morphological Construction and Ideological Reconstruction of Darwin's Theory
2151:
1964:
1022:
1006:
586:
2430:
2121:
1017:
243:
434:
2175:
2156:
2065:
1027:
266:'s two unsatisfactory classes ("insects" and "worms") into six classes of "white-blooded animals" or
208:
1742:
1130:
The date 1817 is printed on the title pages, but the books actually appeared before 2 December 1816.
380:
156:
31:
2185:
1786:
974:
242:
In an earlier attempt to improve the classification of animals, Cuvier transferred the concepts of
232:
1609:
1588:
1584:
The Mollusca and Radiata: Arranged by the Baron Cuvier, with Supplementary Additions to Each Order
329:
that he claimed were natural (arguing that insects and annelid worms were related) and zoophytes (
2326:
2018:
1875:
1662:
2472:
2416:
2268:
2216:
2133:
422:
410:
305:
151:
research into the structure of living and fossil animals. With the exception of the section on
1241:
1089:." Darwin continues, reflecting both on Cuvier's emphasis on the conditions of existence, and
406:
277:
2293:
2197:
2192:
2128:
2055:
1288:
1090:
1081:
998:
982:
968:
454:
338:
326:
554:
Then (on the ninth page) he arrives at the first species in the volume, the Greek tortoise,
2273:
2226:
1993:
1882:
1270:, Volume III, Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes, Lausanne, 1994, p. 94-96.
477:
426:
398:
334:
1230:, lu le 11 Prairial de l'an III (30 mai 1795), à la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris.
993:" system of classification into 5 groups, each of 5 subgroups, etc., asserted that in the
568:
491:
An Italian translation by G. de Cristofori was published by Stamperia Carmignani in 1832.
8:
2321:
1826:
1217:, lu le 21 Floréal de l'an III (10 mai 1795), à la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris.
418:
402:
394:
359:
136:
1603:
1582:
1529:
2350:
2258:
2221:
2204:
2092:
1841:
675:
609:
591:
199:
49:
1656:
300:—including his own observations—Cuvier divided the animal kingdom into four principal
2426:
2013:
1907:
1887:
1860:
1294:
1271:
1247:
1086:
733:
725:
604:
578:
506:
285:
246:'s (1748-1836) method of natural classification, which had been presented in 1789 in
216:
1368:
2300:
2248:
2233:
2038:
1932:
1555:
1383:
1346:
1192:
461:, Lagesse, Lebrun, Vittore Pedretti, Plée and Smith illustrated some 6200 animals.
281:
1754:
458:
2372:
2048:
1959:
1937:
1927:
1870:
1809:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1718:
1106:
543:
235:
and the accompanying comparative method. He demonstrated that animals had become
194:
140:
2382:
2180:
2163:
2033:
2023:
1947:
1942:
1912:
1738:
1350:
1076:
717:
556:
534:
190:
178:
128:
63:
1387:
379:(1st edition, 4 volumes, 1816) (Volumes I, II and IV by Cuvier; Volume III by
2456:
2365:
2360:
2288:
2253:
2238:
2116:
2104:
2043:
1922:
1039:, which offered illustrations of all Cuvier's genera (except for the birds).
1012:
663:
453:, the nine volumes appearing between 1829 and 1844. The 448 quarto plates by
297:
263:
204:
2338:
2070:
2060:
2006:
2001:
1848:
885:
835:
729:
683:
481:
267:
1228:
Second Mémoire sur l'organisation et les rapports des animaux à sang blanc
2243:
2028:
1978:
1899:
1139:"Conditions d'existence" is used in Cuvier's Introduction to volume 1 of
909:
881:
877:
823:
815:
785:
767:
749:
621:
389:--- (3rd edition, 22 volumes, 1836–1849) known as the "Disciples edition"
608:
indicates species that were thought to belong to each group in Cuvier's
1094:
1071:
873:
865:
861:
801:
763:
706:
671:
667:
644:
632:
530:
502:
312:
I. with a brain and a spinal cord (surrounded by parts of the skeleton)
236:
125:
1751:. Déterville libraire, Imprimerie de A. Belin, Paris, 4 Volumes, 1816.
354:
1836:
990:
971:
937:
923:
898:
869:
857:
853:
842:
827:
792:
771:
756:
652:
648:
640:
518:
472:
was translated into languages including English, German and Italian.
301:
259:
174:
166:
964:
131:. It sets out to describe the natural structure of the whole of the
2263:
2075:
945:
941:
930:
916:
819:
808:
778:
742:
721:
690:
548:
258:. In 1795, from a "fixist" perspective (denying the possibility of
228:
170:
1778:
1602:
Loudon, John Claudius; Charlesworth, Edward; Denson, John (1829).
321:
IV. with a diffuse nervous system which is not clearly discernible
1406:(50 parts in 9 volumes, quarto ed.). Paris: J. B. Baillière.
902:
889:
849:
831:
698:
636:
628:
522:
330:
255:
231:
to monarchy. Essentially on his own he created the discipline of
220:
181:, although Cuvier himself rejected the possibility of evolution.
73:
494:
A Hungarian translation by Peter Vajda was brought out in 1841.
43:(The Animal Kingdom, Distributed According to Its Organization)
713:
702:
694:
526:
393:
The twelve "disciples" who contributed to the 3rd edition were
251:
152:
132:
95:
1608:. printed for Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. pp.
1376:
Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History
1339:
Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History
1215:
Mémoire sur une nouvelle distribution des animaux à sang blanc
679:
659:
720:), 2. Sturioniens ou Chrondroptérygiens à branchies libres (
1581:
Cuvier, Georges; Griffith, Edward; Pidgeon, Edward (1834).
774:), 5. Pectinibranches, 6. Scutibranches, 7. Cyclobranches.
337:. It also set him in opposition to both Saint-Hilaire and
421:(crustaceans, annelids, zoophytes, and mammals in part),
1601:
227:, surviving changes of government from revolutionary to
905:
in English translations; now Cnidaria and other phyla)
1595:
1580:
1400:
926:
and other free-floating polyps): 1. Fixes, 2. Libres.
770:), 2. Inférobranches, 3. Tectibranches, 4. Pulmonés (
1369:"On the Disciples' Edition of Cuvier's Regne Animal"
1721:(2007). "Georges Cuvier". In Huxley, Robert (ed.).
41:Le Règne animal distribué d’après son organisation
1037:Iconographie du Règne Animal de M. le Baron Cuvier
2454:
1717:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1057:of 1834, the pre-Darwinian evolutionist surgeon
811:): 1. Tubicoles, 2. Dorsibranches, 3. Abranches.
1293:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 52–54.
1246:. University of California Press. p. 108.
1163:
1161:
1159:
631:): 1. Bimanes, 2. Quadrumanes, 3. Carnassiers (
572:Table of the Animal Kingdom based on Cuvier's
480:in Edinburgh in 1839–1840. Another version by
296:, using evidence from comparative anatomy and
1794:
1616:
1401:Guérin-Méneville, Felix-Edouard (1829–1844).
860:), 3. Parasites, 4. Suceurs, 5. Coléoptères (
1156:
716:): 1. Chrondroptérygiens à branchies fixes (
2332:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
1651:
1649:
1243:Not by Design: Retiring Darwin's Watchmaker
109:
1801:
1787:
1507:"ti:Le Règne animal au:Cuvier (Hungarian)"
1174:Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Review
800:III. Articulés. (Articulated animals: now
48:
1707:(1st ed.). John Murray. p. 206.
1410:
1336:
612:. The four major divisions were known as
451:Iconographie du Règne Animal de G. Cuvier
439:Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau
369:Iconographie du Règne Animal de G. Cuvier
155:, in which he was assisted by his friend
1983:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes
1725:. Thames & Hudson. pp. 209–211.
1646:
1521:
1485:"ti:Le Règne animal au:Cuvier (Italian)"
1362:
1360:
1286:
1268:Histoire du Développement de la Biologie
1233:
963:
585:
567:
501:
353:
276:
124:) is the most famous work of the French
1463:"ti:Le Règne animal au:Cuvier (German)"
1287:Richards, Robert J. (2 February 2009).
1280:
386:--- (2nd edition, 5 volumes, 1829–1830)
219:. He soon became a professor of animal
143:. Cuvier divided the animals into four
14:
2455:
1711:
781:etc.): 1. Testacés, 2. Sans coquilles.
315:II. with organs linked by nerve fibres
203:from the previous century, as well as
1782:
1366:
1357:
1239:
1763:(reptiles, fish, molluscs, annelids)
1677:"Beagle Library: The Animal Kingdom"
1629:
1553:
1527:
1313:
1190:
1167:
919:): 1. Cavitaires, 2. Parenchymateux.
173:, providing convincing evidence for
2210:The Naturalist on the River Amazons
1808:
989:which put forward the short-lived "
693:, inc. Amphibians): 1. Chéloniens (
225:Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle
24:
1700:
1642:. Black, Young and Young: 342–379.
1587:. Whittaker and Company. pp.
1438:
856:): 1. Myriapodes, 2. Thysanoures (
845:): 1. Pulmonaires, 2. Trachéennes.
25:
2484:
1769:(crustaceans, arachnids, insects)
1732:
1661:. Hurst, Robinson. 1834. p.
54:Butterflies from the 1828 edition
2400:
1266:De Wit, Hendrik Cornelius Dirk.
1031:, 1802). The same review covers
912:): 1. Pédicellés, 2. Sans pieds.
2442:List of natural history dealers
2110:The Natural History of Selborne
1694:
1669:
1574:
1547:
1499:
1477:
1455:
1432:
1394:
1133:
1124:
1069:The book was in the library of
959:
464:
2344:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
1757:(introduction, mammals, birds)
1367:Cowan, C. F. (November 1976).
1330:
1307:
1260:
1220:
1207:
1184:
1033:Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville
447:Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville
365:Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville
213:Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
13:
1:
1569:(cnidarians and echinoderms).
1441:"The Animal Kingdom: English"
1150:
211:. He was brought to Paris by
1556:"Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)"
1193:"Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)"
954:
441:(annelids, arachnids etc.).
431:Louis Michel François Doyère
215:in 1795, not long after the
177:change to readers including
7:
2100:Bernard Germain de Lacépède
1775:(zoophytes; tables, plates)
1605:Magazine of natural history
1420:. Christie's The Art People
1007:Magazine of Natural History
563:
497:
349:
10:
2489:
2122:A History of British Birds
1351:10.3366/jsbnh.1967.4.6.300
1018:A History of British Birds
933:): 1. Nus, 2. À polypiers.
415:Charles Léopold Laurillard
244:Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu
184:
29:
2437:Natural History Societies
2409:
2398:
2314:
2305:The Royal Natural History
2157:Ornithological Dictionary
2144:
2066:Johan Christian Fabricius
1992:
1898:
1825:
1816:
1388:10.3366/jsbnh.1976.8.1.32
1100:
1028:Ornithological Dictionary
594:at bottom). 1828 edition.
437:(insects, zoophytes) and
91:
79:
69:
59:
47:
2283:The Naturalist's Library
2186:On the Origin of Species
1704:On the Origin of Species
1117:
788:, now a separate phylum)
662:): 1. Oiseaux de proie (
521:and turtles), saurians (
233:vertebrate palaeontology
2417:Natural history museums
2019:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1743:Latreille, Pierre André
435:Charles Émile Blanchard
363:, an illustration from
344:
30:For the 2023 film, see
2463:1816 non-fiction books
2269:William Jackson Hooker
2217:Alexander von Humboldt
2134:Philosophie zoologique
1917:Pinax theatri botanici
1530:"Baron Georges Cuvier"
978:
944:phyla): 1. Rotifères (
595:
583:
510:
423:Francois Desire Roulin
411:Georges Louis Duvernoy
381:Pierre André Latreille
372:
306:central nervous system
289:
157:Pierre André Latreille
32:Le Règne animal (film)
27:Book by Georges Cuvier
2468:Natural history books
2355:The Study of Instinct
2294:Kunstformen der Natur
2198:The Malay Archipelago
2193:Alfred Russel Wallace
2129:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
1723:The Great Naturalists
1418:"Sale 2361 - Lot 309"
1314:Schultes, F. Welter.
1091:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
1082:The Origin of Species
999:William John Swainson
983:William Sharp Macleay
967:
880:), 10. Lépidoptères (
834:), 5. Branchiopodes (
728:), 4. Lophobranches (
589:
571:
505:
455:Christophe Annedouche
357:
339:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
286:pin-tailed sandgrouse
280:
193:(1769-1832) read the
2274:Joseph Dalton Hooker
2227:The Birds of America
1528:McCarthy, Eugene M.
1240:Reiss, John (2009).
1105:The palaeontologist
1061:commented that "the
1059:Sir William Lawrence
876:), 9. Hyménoptères (
766:): 1. Nudibranches (
724:), 3. Plectognates (
478:William MacGillivray
427:Achille Valenciennes
399:Gerard Paul Deshayes
335:great chain of being
2322:Martinus Beijerinck
1865:De Natura Animalium
987:Horae Entomologicae
985:, in his 1821 book
884:), 11. Ripiptères (
872:), 8. Névroptères (
864:), 6. Orthoptères (
795:, now in Crustacea)
643:), 6. Pachydermes (
425:(mammals in part),
419:Henri Milne Edwards
417:(mammals in part),
407:Antoine Louis Dugès
395:Jean Victor Audouin
360:Cyligramma limacina
137:comparative anatomy
44:
2427:Parson-naturalists
2259:Philip Henry Gosse
2222:John James Audubon
2205:Henry Walter Bates
2093:Histoire Naturelle
2081:Historia Plantarum
1969:Avium Praecipuarum
1953:Historia animalium
1854:Historia Plantarum
1842:History of Animals
1658:The Monthly Review
1636:The Foreign Review
1534:MacroEvolution.net
979:
868:), 7. Hémiptères (
826:), 3. Amphipodes (
822:), 2. Stomapodes (
705:), 4. Batraciens (
682:), 6. Palmipèdes (
678:), 5. Échassiers (
676:Gallinaceous birds
674:), 4. Gallinacés (
666:), 2. Passereaux (
596:
592:green tiger beetle
584:
529:) and batracians (
511:
373:
290:
262:), Cuvier divided
200:Histoire Naturelle
119:The Animal Kingdom
87:1829–1830 (5 vols)
39:
2450:
2449:
2396:
2395:
2014:Marcello Malpighi
1908:Ulisse Aldrovandi
1888:De Materia Medica
1701:Darwin, Charles.
1554:Waggoner, Ben M.
1439:Cuvier, Georges.
1316:"Cuvier, G. 1817"
1300:978-0-226-71205-5
1253:978-0-520-94440-4
1213:Cuvier, Georges.
1087:natural selection
981:The entomologist
888:), 12. Diptères (
818:): 1. Décapodes (
741:II. Mollusques. (
734:Acanthopterygians
726:Tetraodontiformes
701:), 3. Ophidiens (
670:), 3. Grimpeurs (
647:), 7. Ruminants (
605:Penny Cyclopaedia
579:Penny Cyclopaedia
217:French Revolution
101:
100:
92:Publication place
16:(Redirected from
2480:
2404:
2377:The Dancing Bees
2301:Richard Lydekker
2249:Jean-Henri Fabre
2234:William Buckland
2039:Regnier de Graaf
1933:Andrea Cesalpino
1823:
1822:
1803:
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1200:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1170:"Life of Cuvier"
1165:
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1131:
1128:
1109:wrote that "the
948:), 2. Homogènes.
897:IV. Zoophytes. (
830:), 4. Isopodes (
697:), 2. Sauriens (
635:), 4. Rongeurs (
590:Ground beetles (
403:Alcide d'Orbigny
248:Genera plantarum
169:and the extinct
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120:
117:
114:
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2373:Karl von Frisch
2310:
2279:William Jardine
2169:Le Règne Animal
2140:
2088:Comte de Buffon
2049:Systema Naturae
1988:
1960:Frederik Ruysch
1938:Valerius Cordus
1928:Hieronymus Bock
1894:
1876:Natural History
1871:Pliny the Elder
1828:
1818:
1812:
1810:Natural history
1807:
1739:Cuvier, Georges
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1138:
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1129:
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1107:Philippe Taquet
1103:
1053:Writing in the
1021:1797–1804) and
962:
957:
784:Brachiopodes. (
748:Céphalopodes. (
651:), 8. Cétacés (
639:), 5. Édentés (
620:I. Vertébrés. (
566:
500:
470:Le Règne Animal
467:
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347:
195:Comte de Buffon
187:
163:Le Règne Animal
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1412:
1402:
1396:
1382:(1): 32–64.
1379:
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1318:. AnimalBase
1309:
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936:Infusoires (
886:Strepsiptera
841:Arachnides (
836:Branchiopods
730:Syngnathidae
684:Anseriformes
627:Mammifères (
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18:Règne Animal
2387:Shearwaters
2244:Mary Anning
2029:Hans Sloane
1979:John Gerard
1973:New Herball
1900:Renaissance
1883:Dioscorides
1819:naturalists
1686:29 December
1539:29 December
1513:29 December
1491:29 December
1469:29 December
1447:27 December
1322:28 December
1199:28 December
922:Acalèphes (
910:Echinoderms
882:Lepidoptera
878:Hymenoptera
824:Stomatopods
816:Crustaceans
814:Crustacés (
807:Annélides (
786:Brachiopods
777:Acéphales (
768:Nudibranchs
750:Cephalopods
622:Vertebrates
433:(insects),
397:(insects),
2457:Categories
1817:Pioneering
1767:Volume III
1509:. WorldCat
1487:. WorldCat
1465:. WorldCat
1443:. WorldCat
1180:: 451–463.
1151:References
1072:HMS Beagle
969:Swainson's
940:, various
874:Neuroptera
866:Orthoptera
862:Coleoptera
848:Insectes (
802:Arthropods
764:Gastropods
712:Poissons (
707:Amphibians
689:Reptiles (
672:Piciformes
668:Passerines
645:Pachyderms
633:Carnivores
531:amphibians
429:(fishes),
327:articulata
302:body plans
229:Napoleonic
189:As a boy,
139:, and its
126:naturalist
1837:Aristotle
1829:antiquity
1827:Classical
1773:Volume IV
1761:Volume II
1424:5 January
991:Quinarian
972:Quinarian
955:Reception
942:protistan
938:Infusoria
929:Polypes (
924:Jellyfish
917:Helminths
901:, called
899:Zoophytes
870:Hemiptera
858:Thysanura
854:Myriapods
843:Arachnids
828:Amphipods
793:Barnacles
772:Pulmonata
757:Pteropods
722:Sturgeons
658:Oiseaux (
653:Cetaceans
649:Ruminants
641:Edentates
519:tortoises
405:(birds),
371:1829–1844
282:Blackcock
260:evolution
209:Fabricius
167:elephants
135:based on
2264:Asa Gray
2076:John Ray
1755:Volume I
977:of birds
946:Rotifers
931:Cnidaria
820:Decapods
809:Annelids
779:Bivalves
743:Molluscs
695:Chelonii
691:Reptiles
610:taxonomy
564:Contents
549:carapace
541:genera,
498:Approach
457:, Canu,
350:Editions
292:For the
264:Linnaeus
205:Linnaeus
171:mammoths
1562:8 March
1404:science
1143:, p. 6.
903:Radiata
890:Diptera
852:, inc.
850:Insects
832:Isopods
699:Lizards
637:Rodents
629:Mammals
576:in the
544:Testudo
523:lizards
449:in his
331:radiata
256:zoology
250:, from
237:extinct
223:at the
221:anatomy
185:Context
153:insects
113:
74:Zoology
70:Subject
2410:Topics
1861:Aelian
1297:
1274:
1250:
1101:Modern
714:Fishes
703:Snakes
680:Waders
582:, 1828
535:atrium
527:snakes
252:botany
96:France
60:Author
1612:–364.
1372:(PDF)
1118:Notes
660:Birds
2431:List
2421:List
1688:2014
1564:2018
1541:2014
1515:2014
1493:2014
1471:2014
1449:2014
1426:2015
1324:2014
1295:ISBN
1272:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1201:2014
1075:for
1042:The
1004:The
345:Book
284:and
207:and
110:lit.
1663:570
1610:360
1589:435
1384:doi
1347:doi
1035:'s
367:'s
254:to
197:'s
2459::
1971:,
1745:.
1741:;
1679:.
1648:^
1638:.
1634:.
1618:^
1591:–.
1566:.
1532:.
1378:.
1374:.
1359:^
1341:.
1176:.
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